Elementary School Level

Glo

ssar

y Social Studies Glossary

English / Punjabi

Translation of Social Studies terms based on the Coursework for Social Studies Grades 3 to 5.

Word-for-word glossaries are used for testing accommodations for ELL/LEP students

Last Updated: 08/10/09

THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234

THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234

Education - P-16 Office of Elementary, Middle, Secondary, and Continuing Education and Office of Higher Education

Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign Language Studies http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/biling/

THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

Regents of the University

MERRYL H. TISCH, Chancellor, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. ....................................................................... New York MILTON L. COFIELD, Vice Chancellor, B.S., M.B.A., Ph.D. ......................................................... Rochester ROBERT M. BENNETT, Chancellor Emeritus, B.A., M.S. ............................................................... Tonawanda SAUL B. COHEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D................................................................................................ New Rochelle JAMES C. DAWSON, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. ................................................................................ Plattsburgh ANTHONY S. BOTTAR, B.A., J.D. ................................................................................................... Syracuse GERALDINE D. CHAPEY, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. ................................................................................. Belle Harbor HARRY PHILLIPS, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. ........................................................................................... Hartsdale JOSEPH E. BOWMAN, JR., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D......................................................... Albany JAMES R. TALLON, JR., B.A., M.A. ............................................................................................... Binghamton ROGER TILLES, B.A., J.D. ................................................................................................................ Great Neck KAREN BROOKS HOPKINS, B.A., M.F.A........................................................................................ Brooklyn CHARLES R. BENDIT, B.A. ............................................................................................................. Manhattan BETTY A. ROSA, B.A., M.S. in Ed., M.S. in Ed., M.Ed., Ed.D..................................................... Bronx LESTER W. YOUNG, JR., B.S., M.S., Ed. D. ..................................................................................... Oakland Gardens CHRISTINE D. CEA, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. .......................................................................................... Staten Island WADE S. NORWOOD, B.A. ............................................................................................................. Rochester

Interim President of the University and Commissioner of Education CAROLE F. HUXLEY

Senior Deputy Commissioner of Education, P–16 JOHANNA DUNCAN-POITIER

Associate Commissioner for Curriculum and Instructional Support JEAN STEVENS

Coordinator, Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign language Studies PEDRO J. RUIZ

Acknowledgements:

The New York State Education Department Glossaries for English Language Learners were reviewed and updated during the 2008-2009 school year. We would like to thank in these efforts the New York State Education Department Language BETACs (Spanish, Asian and Haitian Bilingual Education Technical Assistance Centers), the NYS Office of Curriculum, Instruction and Instructional Technology; the New York City Department of Education Office of English Language Learners, and the NYC Department of Education Translation and Interpretation Unit.

The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier status, or sexual orientation in its educational programs, services and activities. Portions of this publication can be made available in a variety of formats, including brailed, large print or audio tape, upon request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be directed to the Department’s Office for Diversity, Ethics, and Access, Room 530, Education Building, Albany, NY 12234.

ENGLISH PUNJABI

A

A.D. fJ;th ;zB ftZuabilities :'rsktKabsence of government ;oeko dh p/fXnkBhabsentee ballot n?p;/INh p?bNaccomplishments g{oshachievements ekw:kphacid rain nwbh toykacross time and place g{ok ;wK ns/ EKaction plan ekoiekoh :'iBkactivities feqnktKadults pkbraerial photographs J/fonb s;thoKAFL-CIO J/n?cn?b-;hnkJhUAfrica ncohekagriculture y/shpkVhAlgonquians n?brkZBe/B;alike/different n;wkB$tZyallegiance d/F-Grshalternative solutions t?ebgZe ;wkXkBaltiplano n?bNhgbkB'altitude bzwkamendment ;zF'aXBAmerican democracy: ideals, values/principles of

nwoheh b'eszsoL nkdoF, w[Zb$f;XKs

American Revolution, the Americas nwoheh eqKsh, dk nwohek;Americas nwohek;ancestor tv/okAntarctic Circle n?INkoefNe uZeoAntarctica n?INkoefNe anthem rhsappoint fBFfus eoBkappointed leaders fB:[es B/skappointed office fB:[es d\soarchaeologists g[oksB ftfrnkBArctic Circle nkoefNe uZeoareas y/soKarid pzioart ebkartifacts fFbgeqsh

ENGLISH PUNJABI

assembly n;/Ipbhassembly line n;/I/pbh o'ykauthority nfXeoDautobiographies nksweEktKautobiography nksweEkautomobiles nkZN'w'pkJhbavailability T[gbpZXskavenues of participation Gkrhdkoh d/ nt?fBT{aztecs n?}N/e;

B

B.C. fJ;k s'I gfjb/backgrounds fgS'eVbarter tNKdokbasic w{bbasin p/f;BBattle of Quebec e:[p/e dh bVkJhbattles bVkJhbefore/after gfjb/$pkd ftZubelief ftFtkFbelief system ftFtkF gQDkbhbeliefs ftFtkFBill of Rights nfXekoK dk fpbbiographies ihtBhbiography ihtBhbodies of water ib XkoktKborder ;ojdBoston Tea Party p';NB Nh gkoNhboundary ;hwkboycott pkJhekNbranches of government ;oeko dh FkyktKBritish North America Act fpfofNF T[Zsoh nw/foek n?eNbudget piN

C

cabinet wzsoh wzvbcable e/pbcalendar e?b/Ivocampaign w[fjwCanada eBkvkCanadian Bill of Rights nfXekoK dk eB/fvnB fpb

ENGLISH PUNJABI

canal Bjocapital (state and money) okiXkBh iK g{zihcapital goods g{zihrs wkbcapital resources g{zihrs ;z;kXBcapitalism g{zihtkdcardinal directions w[Zy fBod/Fcause ekoDcelebrate wBkT[Dkcelebration gotcelebrations gotcensus iBrDBkCentral America ;/INQb nw/foekcentury Fskpdhchange pdbBkchecks and balances u?e ns/ p?b/I;child labor pkb wid{ohchildren pZu/Chippewa fug/tkchoice ftebZg, u'Dchoices ftebZgK, u'DKcitizen Bkroecitizenship Bkroeskcivic life Bkroe ihtBcivic values Bkroe wkBcivil rights Bkroe nfXekoKcivil rights movement Bkroe nfXeko nKd'bBcivil wars roj:[ZXcivilization ;Gskcivilizations ;GsktKclans vpoclassroom iwks ewokclimate nkp'jtkclothing egV/ gjBktKcollect taxes eo ;zrqjDcolonial p;shtkdcolonial governments p;shtkd ;oekoKcolonies eb'BhnKcolonists eb'fB;Ncolony eb'BhCommittees of Correspondence gsZokuko dh ew/NhnK

ENGLISH PUNJABI

common good b'eK bJh uzrkcommonwealth okFNowzvbCommonwealth of Nations okFNoK dk okFNowzvbcommunication ;zukocommunism ikshtkdcommunities ;w[dkJ/community ;w[dkJ/community service ;w[dkJ/ ;/tkcompact ;wM"skcompare/contrast s[bBk$nzsocompass ezgk;compromise ;wM"skcompulsory education io{oh f;Zfynkcomputer ezgT{Noconfederacy oki;zxconflict ;zxoFconflict resolution ;zxoF ;wkXkBconflicts ;zxoFcongress eKro?;conquistador ekZBfe;Nkv'oconsequences Bshi/conservation ;zofynDconsideration ftukoConstitution of the State of New York fBT[ :kZoe oki dk ;zftXkBConstitution of the United States nwohek dk ;zftXkBconstitutional democracy ;z;Ekrs b'eszsoconsumer T[gG'rskconsumers T[gG'rskconsumption T[gG'rconsumption of goods wkb dh ygscontinent wjkdhgContinental Congress eKfNB/INb eKro;Continental Divide eKfNB/INb ftGkiBcontinents wjkdhgcontour ekZBNocontrast nzsocontributions :'rdkBcooperation ;j:'rcosts bkrscotton belt ekZNB p?bB

ENGLISH PUNJABI

credit eq'fvNcriteria wkgdzvcultural characteristics ;z;feqse bZSDcultural contributions ;z;feqse :'rdkBcultural differences ;z;feqse nzsocultural diffusion ;z;feqse c?bktcultural diversity ;z;feqse nzsocultural groups ;z;feqse ;w{jculture ;z;eqshcultures - characteristics, distriubtion, complexity of

;z;feqshnK - bZSD, ftsoD, ifNbsk

currency w[dokcustoms gozgoktK

D

day fdBDe Witt Clinton v/ftZN efbzNBdecade dFedecision fBoD/decision-making fBoDk b?Dkdecisions fBoD/declaration x'FDkDeclaration of Independence ;[szsosk dh x'FDkdelta v?bNkdemocracy b'eszsoDemocratic Party b'esKsfoe gkoNhdemocratic principles b'esKsfoe f;XKsdemocratic values b'esKsfoe w[Zbdeveloped nations ftef;s okFNodeveloping nations ftek;Fhb okFNodevelopments ftek;diagram nko/ydiagrams nko/ydictatorship fveN/NofFgdifferent/same nzso$;wkBdirection fdFkdiseases fpwkohdisplay gqdoFBdisputes MrV/distance d{ohdistribution ftsoD

ENGLISH PUNJABI

diverse tZy tZydiversity tZyskdocument d;skt/idue process pkeh gqfefonkDutch colonies du eb'BhnKDutch West India Company vu t?;N fJzvhnk ezgBh

E

earn ewkT[DkEarth’s surface Xosh dh ;sjeconomic nkoEeeconomic capital nkoEe g{ziheconomic concepts nkoEe ntXkoDkeconomic decision making nkoEe fBoDk b?Dkeconomic decisions nkoEe fBoD/economic development nkoEe ftek;economic factors nkoEe ekoeeconomic growth nkoEe gqrsheconomic interdependence nkoEe go;go fBoGoskeconomic systems nkoEe gqDkbheconomics noE Fk;soeconomies feckfJsheffects gqGktKelect u[DBkelected leaders u[fDnk B/skelected office u[fDnk dcsoelection u'DEllis Island n?bh} dQhgemigrants gqtk;hempathy ;wkB[G{shemployee eowukohemployer fB:'eskencomienda system fJBe'fwBvk gqDkbhencounter dk ;kjwDk eoBk, w[mG/Venforce bkr{ eoBkEnglish colonies nzrqQih eb'BhnKenvironment tksktoDenvironmental factors tksktoDh ekoeequality ;wkBskequality of opportunity nt;o dh ;wkBsk

ENGLISH PUNJABI

era i[reras i[rKethnic iksh, r?o-fJ;kJhethnic group iksh ;w[jethnicity iksh, wB[zyikshEurope :{o'g

European encounter and exchanges-of technologies, plants, animals, diseases

:{o'fgnkJh n?BekT[INo ns/ seBheK, g"fXnK, ikBto, fpwkohnK dh pdbh

events nt;o, xNBkexchange ndbk pdbh eoBkexecutive ekoiekohexecutive branch of government ;oeko dh ekioekoh Fkykexpansion c?bkexploitation F'FDexploration y'iexplorers y'ihexports fBo:ks

F

facilities ;[ftXktKfact/opinion ekoe$ftukofactors of production T[sgkdB d/ ekoefactory c?eNohfamily gotkofar/near d[o$gk;federal ;zxhfederal government ;zzxh ;oekofestival fsT[jkofestivals fsT[jkoKflag Mzvkfolktale c'beN/bfolktales c'beN/b;food G'iDforced relocation ipod;sh nzsoDforeign policy ftd/F fBshforeign relations ftd/F ;zpzXFort Orange febk ;zsohfoundation ;z;EKfree enterprise w[es T[Xwfree trade w[es tgko

ENGLISH PUNJABI

freedom ;[szsoskFrench Canadians co?Iu eB/fvnB;French colonies co?Iu eb'fBnKfrontier ;hwkfunctions of government ;oeko d/ ezwfundamental economic questions w[b nkoEe ;tkbfundamental values w{b wkBfuture GftZy

G

game y/vgender fbzrgeneration ghVhgeographic characteristics G[r'be ftF/FsktK geographic factors G{r'be ekoegeographic features G{rbe bZSDgeographic features/areas G[r'be bZSD$y/sogeographic information G{r'be ikDekohgeography G{r'bgeological processes G{r'be gqfeqnkglobal warming rb'pb tkofwzrglobe rb'pglobes rb'p

goods and services - production, distribution, exchange, consumption of

wkb ns/ ;/tktK - T[sgkdB, ftsoD, b?Dd/D, T[gG'r

goods wkbgovern gjpzX eoBk, oki eoBkgovernance nfXeko, FkFB gqDkbhgovernment ;oekoGreat Depression t?Fte wzdhgrid ikbh, frqvGross Domestic Product ;eb xo/b{ T[sgkdGross National Product ;eb okFNoh T[sgkdgroups ;w[jgrowth ftek;Gulf Stream rbc ;Nqhw

H

habitat fBtk;Haudenosaunee j'v/BU;'Bhhealth ;/js

ENGLISH PUNJABI

hemisphere r'bkoXhistoric events fJsjk;e xNBkhistorical fJsjk;ehistorical evidence fJsjk;e gowkDhistorical narratives fJsjk;e eEkhistory fJsjk;

Holidays ( Columbus Day, Election Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, New Years Day, Dr. Martin Luther King Day, Presidents Day, Memorial Day, Flag Day)

S[Nh (e'bzp; v/, fJb/eFB v/, t/N/oz; v/, Xze;frftzr, fB:{ fJno v/, vkZH wkofNB b{Eo fezr v/, go/;hv/IN v/, w/w'fonb v/, cb/r v/)

home xohopes T[zwhdHouse of Representatives b'e ;Gkhuman wBz[yhuman capital wBz[y g{zihhuman migration wB[zy gotk;Bhuman migrations wB[zy gotk;Bhuman resources wB[zy ;z;kXBhuman rights wB[zyh nfXnkohuman settlements wB[zyh pzd'p;shuman systems wB[zyh gqDkbh

I

ideals of American democracy nwoheh b'eszso d/ nkdoFideas ftukoidentity fgSkDimmigrants nkgotk;immigration nkgotk;Bimportant wjsZtg{oDimports nk:ksinaugurated confederation F[o{ ehsk frnk wjk;zxIncas fJze?;income nkwdBhindentured servant nB[pzX ehsk frnk B"eoindependence ;[szsoskindigenous peoples d/;h b'eindividual ftneshindividual rights fBZih nfXekoindividual rights to life, liberty, pursuit of happiness.

ihtB, ;[szsosk, y[Fh dk fBih nfXeko

ENGLISH PUNJABI

individuals ftneshindustrial expansion T[d:'re c?bkindustrial growth T[d:'re ftek;industrial growth/expansion T[d:'re ftek;$c?bkIndustrial Revolution T[d:'re eqKshindustrialization T[d:'rheoBindustry T[d:'rinhabitants fBtk;hinterdependence go;go fBoGointerdependent go;go fBoGoskinternational organizations nzsookFNoh ;zrmBinterpret law fJzNogo/N eB{zBinterpret laws fJzNogo/N eB{zBinterpretations nB[tkdInuits fJB[fJNinvention y'iinventions y'iIroquois fJo'e';Iroquois Confederacy fJo'e'; oki;zxirrigation f;zukJhissues wkwb/isthmus fJEw;

J

judgments fBnKjudicial fBnK ;zpzXhjudicial branch of government ;oeko dh fBnK ;zpzXh Fkykjudicial branch fBnK ;zpzXh Fkykjunta i[Bskjury i{ohjury service i{oh ;/tkjustice fBnkJ/

K

kindergarten pkb ftjko

L

labor wid{olabor force wid{o Feshlabor movement wid{o nkBd'bBlabor union wid{o ;zx

ENGLISH PUNJABI

land formations G{wh fBowkDland masses G{wh dk N[eVklanguages GkFktKLatin America b?fNB nw/foeklatitude neFKFlaws eB[zBlaws/rules eB[zB$fB:wleaders B/skLeague of Nations bhr nkZc B/FB;learn f;yDklegal eB{zBhlegends b'e eEk otkfJs, legislative branch e~Bh Fkylegislative branch of government ;oeko dh e~Bh Fkylegislature ftXkB ;Gkliberty nkikdhlibrary g[;sekb/library resources g[;sekb/ ;z;kXBlife ihtBlifestyle ihtBF?bhlike/dislike g;zd$Bkg;zdlimited ;hwslimited resources ;hws ;z;kXBlimited/unlimited ;hws$n;hwslocal ;EkZBelocal government ;EkZBe ;oekolocal region ;EkZBe y/sohlocation EKlock skbklocomotive ubBFhblong ago pj[s ;wK gfjbKlonghouse bKrjkT[;longitude bKfrfNT[vloyalist tckdkoloyalty tckdkoh

M

maize wZekmajority rule pj[sk okimake laws e~B pDkU

ENGLISH PUNJABI

manor w?Bomanufacture fBowkDmanufacturing fBowkD eoBkmaps BeF/markets pikomass starvation G[Zy/ b'eMayas wkfJnk;Mayflower Compact w/cbkto ekZwg?eNmegalopolis w/rkb'g'fb;member w+pomemorials w/w'fonbmerchant tgkohmeridians w/ohfvnBmidwest fwvt?;Nmigration gqtk;Bmigration/immigration gqtk;B-nktk;millenium 100 ;kbmillennia fwb/fBnkmining yBBminority rights, respect for nbZg ;zfyne nfXeko, ;BwkBminutemen wkJhfBT[Nw?BMississippi River fw;hf;Zgh Bdhmodernization nkX[fBeheoDmodify ;zF'XBmonarchy w'Bkoehmoney o{gJ/months wjhB/monument ;wkoemonuments ;wkoemotives gq/oDkmovement of people and goods b'eK ns/ ;wkB b? ikDkmulticultural pj[ ;z;feqsemyself w+ myths fwEe

N

NAFTA n?BJ/n?cNhJ/nation okFNonational okFNohnational level of governments ;oeko d/ okFNoh gZXo

ENGLISH PUNJABI

nation-state okFNo-okiNative American Indian okFNoh nwoheh GkoshNative American Indians okFNoh nwoheh Gkoshnatural resources e[dosh ;z;kXBnear/far Bidhe$d{oneeds b'VKneighborhood r[nKYneutral fBTNqbNew Amsterdam fBT[n?w;Nov?wNew Netherlands fBT[Bhdob+v;northwest passage T[sogfSZwh g?;inow j[Dnuclear family gowkD{ gfotko

O

OAS UJ/n?;objects uh}Koceans wjk;krooligarchy nbZgszsohJ/opportunity cost w"e/ dh bkrsoral history w"fye fJshjk;others j'o

P

parallel ;wkBKsoparallels ;wkBKsoparent wK-fgUParliament ;z;dparticipatory skills Gkr b?D d/ e"Fbpast G{spast/present G{s$toswkBpatriot d/FGrspatriotism d/FGrshpatriotisms d/FGrshpatriots d/FGrspatroon g?No{Bpeople b'eperson pzdkperspectives gfofdqFPeter Stuyvesant ghNo ;N[t/;zspetition :kfuek

ENGLISH PUNJABI

physical G"fsephysical characteristics G"fse bZSDphysical environment G"fse wkj"bphysical feature G"fse ftF/Fskphysical features G"fse ftF/FsktKphysical map G"fse BeFkphysical setting G"fse ;?fNzrphysical systems G"fse gqDkbhnKplaces EKtKplan :'iBkpledge tuBPledge of Allegiance fBFmk dk tuBpoints of view fdqF d/ fpzd[political okiBhsepolitical boundaries okiBhse ;hwktKpolitical map okiBhse BeF/political party okiBhes gkoNhpolitical power okiBhse skespolitical systems okiBhse gqDkbhnKpollution gqd{FDpopulation iB;zfynkpopulation density iB;zfynk ;xBskpopulation distribution iB;zfynk ftsoD

population movement - rural to urban to suburban - 20th century

iB;zfynk nzd'bB - g/Iv{ s'I Fjoh s'I T[g-Fjoh - 20 ;dh

power Feshpractices nfGnk';prairies gq/:ohPreamble to the Constitution fbZfys ;zftXkBpresent w"{}dpresident okFNogshPrime Meridian gqkJhw w?fvfv:BPrime Minister gqXkB wzsohprinciples of democracy b'eszso d/ f;XKsproblem solving go/FkBh jb eoBkproblems go/FkBhnKproducers fBowkskproduction T[sgkdproductivity T[sgkdeskproducts T[sgkd

ENGLISH PUNJABI

profit bkj/projects gq'i?eNproperty ;zgshprotect pZukT[Dkprotests fto'Xprovince gqKspublic benefit iBsZe bkj/public education iBsZe f;Zfynkpurpose of government ;oeko d/ T[d/Fpursuit of happiness y[FhGok ;wK

Q

quantities wksoktK

R

race ikshradios o/vhUrailroad o/bo'Vrain forest po;ksh izrbraw material eZuk wkbreason ekoBreceipts o;hdKrecycling oh;kJhefbzrreference books ;zdoG feskpKreform ;[Xkoregion ]/soregions ]//sorelationships ;zpzXrelief (physical) map nokw (G"fse BeFk)religion Xowreligious Xkowerenewable resource Bt/I eoB :'r ;z;kXBrepeal oZd eoBkrepresentation gqshfBXhsZtrepresentative gqshfBZXrepresentatives gqshfBZXrepublic rDszsoRepublican Party rDszso gkoNhreservation ;zofynDresources ;z;kXBrespect ;BwkB

ENGLISH PUNJABI

responsibilities fizw/tkohnKrevolution eqKshRichard Nicholls fouov fBe'b;rights nfXekoRobert Fulton okZpoN c[bNBrole G{fwekroles G{fwekroles of citizens BkrfoeK dh G{fwektKroots of American culture nwoheh ;z;feqsh dh iVKrules ek":d/rural g/Iv{rural to urban to suburban migration g/Iv{ s'I Fjoh s'I T[g-Fjoh gqtk;B

S

sachem ;?u/wsafeguarding individual liberties ftneshrs ;zszsosk ~ pZukT[Dksafety ;[oZfynksame/different ;wkB$nzsosatellite-produced images ;?N/bkJhN tb'I fbZs/ rJ/ fuZsosatisfy ;zs[FNscale g?wkBkscarce resources n;XkoD ;z;kXBscarcity n;XkoD school ;e{bscience and technology ftfrnkB ns/ seBhescientific/technological exchanges and connections

ftfrnkBe$seBheh n?e;u/Ii ns/ ;zgoe

seaways ;w[doh wkorsecondary source wkXfwe ;q'ssecurity ;[oZfynkself ;t?selling t/uDkSenate of the United States nwohek d/ ;/B?Nseparatists tZy eoB tkb/services ;/tktKsettle fBgNkoksettlement ;Ekgs j'Dksettlements ;Ekgs j'Dksettler ;Ekgs eoB tkbkshape nkekoshelter gBkj

ENGLISH PUNJABI

similarities/differences n;wkBsktK$nzsoslave r[bkwslave trade rbkwK dk tgkoslavery r[bkwhsocial ;wkiesocial/cultural changes and connections ;wkie$;z;feqse pdbkT[ ns/ ;zgoesocialism ;wkiesksocieties ;';kJhNhnKsociety ;';kJhNhsolutions jbsolving problems go/FkBhnK jb eoBksongs rhsSons of Liberty ;[szsok d/ g[ZsoSouth America dfyZD nwohekSpanish colonies ;g/Bh eb'BhnKspatial organization nkekFhJ/ ;zrmBspeeches GkFDstandard of living ihtB wkBestars and stripes sko/ ns/ behoKstate okiJ/state government oki ;oekoStatue of Liberty ;N?u{ nkZc fbpoNhsteamboat ;Nhwp'Nsteamboats ;Nhwp'Nstock market ;NkZe wkoe/Nstories ejkDhnKstrategy oDBhshstrengths skesstrike ;NqkJhestudent rights ftfdnkoEh nfXekosuburban T[g-Fjohsuburbs ;popsubways ;pt/suffrage ;co/}supply and demand nkg{osh ns/ wzrsupply and demand 4 symbols nkg{osh ns/ wzr 4 gqsheSupreme Court ;[gqhw e'oNsurplus pussymbolize gqshesymbols gqshe

ENGLISH PUNJABI

systems gqDkbhnK

T

tables N/pbtariff F[betax eotaxes eoteach f;ZykT[Dkteacher nfXnkgZetechnological seBhehtechnologies - exchanges of seBheh - n?e;u/Iitechnology seBhehtelegraph N/fbrqkctelevision N/fbft}Btenant farmer feokJ/dko fe;kBthemes ftFkthen/now fco$j[D/time ;wKtime zones ;wK i'Btimeline NkJhwbkJhBtoday nZitolerance podkFstomorrow eZbtools T[geoDtowpath N'gZEtrade tgkotraditions gozgoktKtraffic lights :ksk:ks bkJhNKtrains Nq/Btraitor ftFtk;xkshtransmit NqqK;fwNtransportation gohtjBtransportation revolution gohtjB eqKshtreaty NqhNhtrends gqftoshtribe iBikshtributaries ;jk:eTropic of Capricorn Nqkfge nkZc e?gohekoBTropic of Cancer Nqkfge nkZc e+;otrucks Nqe

ENGLISH PUNJABI

truth ;Zutundra N[zvokturning points NofBzzr gkfJzNturnpike NoBgkJhe

U

unify fJZe eoBkunions ;zxunique p/i'Vunite fJZemkUnited Nations ;z:[es okFNoUnited States of America nwohekunlimited n;hwsunlimited needs and wants n;hws b'VK ns/ ukjsKup/down T[s/$EZb/urban Fjohurbanization FjoheoDuses of geography G{r'b dk tos'I

V

values w[Zbveteran nB[Gthveto t/N'village fgzvvote wsvoting t'fNzr

W

wampum t?wgwwants ukjsKwar izrwar strategy izr dh oDBhshwater masses ib Gzvkoweaknesses ewi'ohnKweek ewi'oWestern Hemisphere gfSZwh r'bkoXwestward expansion gfSwh ft;skowigwam ftrt?wwork ezwworker eowukohworld bank ftFt p?Ie

ENGLISH PUNJABI

world in spatial terms ]/soh FpdK ftZu d[Bhnkwritings fbZysK

Y

year toQKyesterday phfsnk fdB