Elementary#Computing CSC100 - University of Victoriamcheng/100/fall.2016/lectures/5... ·...

M. Cheng, Computer Science

Elementary ComputingCSC 100

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Software Applications

• Application Software • Personal Computing • Text and Graphics based Computing • Examples of Applications • Word Processing, Spreadsheets, Graphics and Database

• Search Engine and Semantic Web

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Outcomes

• Early computer applications were mostly processing data for banks, payrolls, scientific calculations.

• With personal computers, we entered a new era of interactive computing, where applications are more graphics intensive.

• WWW introduced “information at your finger-‐tip” and Web-‐based applications.

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Study Guide

• What is application software? • What are typical mainframe software applications?

• What are typical software applications for personal computers?

• What are the early text-‐based and graphics-‐based applications?

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Study Guide

• What is Human Computer Interface (HCI)? • What hardware technologies are driving our personal computer applications?

• What is cloud computing? • What are file formats, file types/extensions? • What are spreadsheets and databases? • What is a search engine? • And semantic web?

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Without software applications, a computer is not a useful tool.

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If a computer is the “body”, then the software is the “soul”.

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Early Mainframe Applications

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Early Computer Room

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Early Interactive Computing

• XEROX invented the mouse and graphical user interface (GUI).

• It introduced a personal workstation (precursor to personal computer) for office applications.

• With a laser printer, WYSIWYG computing is a reality.

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XEROX Alto Workstation

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Early Personal Computing

• Personal computing in early 80s is mostly text-‐based, no mouse and no graphics.

• Early microprocessors were too slow; the display technology was mostly monochrome and cannot do graphics.

• Apple Macintosh was the first personal computer that uses a mouse and a graphical display.

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Human Computer Interface have gone from keyboard-‐based to mouse-‐based, now to touch-‐based.

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Software applications have evolved from mostly text-‐based

to graphics-‐based.

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Early Applications on PC

• Spreadsheets (e.g., VisiCalc, Lotus-‐123)

• Draw and Paint (e.g., MacPaint, MacDraw)

• Word processing (e.g., Apple Works)

• Simple text-‐based or low-‐quality graphics-‐based games

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Apple II User Interface

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VisiCalc : First “Killer” App

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Early Microsoft Word

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GUI of Apple Macintosh

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M. Cheng, Computer Science 20


Business Applications on PC

• Accounting

• Database

• Payroll & Taxes

• Cashier Registers

• Inventory

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Engineering Applications on PC

• Computer-‐Aided Design

• Medical Imaging

• Project & Budget Management

• Automation & Manufacturing

• Data Analysis and Visualization

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Applications on Today’s PC

• Digital Media Player and Editor • Desktop and Web Publishing • Gaming • Entertainment • Instant Messaging • Online Shopping • TV, News & Magazines

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Faster microprocessors, high definition color displays and high

speed network changed the way we use our computers today.

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With WWW, smartphones and tablets, we are entering a new era of mobile computing.

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As long as we are connected to the network, we can do almost anything with a tablet or laptop.

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Chromebook

iPad

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Examples of Cloud Services

• All Google services, including gmail, calendar, youtube, etc.

• Apple’s iCloud services, iWorks, etc.

• Microsoft’s Office365, Google Doc

• Dropbox, GoogleDrive, Microsoft SkyDrive

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https://mail.google.com/mail/help/intl/en/about.html

https://www.icloud.com/

http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/education.aspx

https://www.dropbox.com/


Cloud computing is about storing and processing all your personal data somewhere in the network.

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“Network is the computer.”

SUN MicroSystems

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What does a typical software application do?

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Typical Software Applications

• Read some input data, do some processing on that data, then write some output data.

• Typically, the data are stored or represented in some application-‐specific format.

• Some formats are standard (i.e., open); some are proprietary. Here is a list.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_formats


Common File Formats and Types

• Text is a common plain-‐text file format. It usually use “.txt” as the file type.

• HTML is another plain-‐text file format. It typically uses “.htm”, “.html”, “.xhtml” file types.

• JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP are common image format, with file types “.jpg”, “.gif”, “.png”, “.bmp”.

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File Types and Applications

• Operating Systems (e.g., OS X, Windows) use file types (i.e., file extensions) to associate with the applications.

• There may be multiple applications that can read/write the same file format.

• A user can choose which application is the default one.

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Windows 7 File Types

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Apple OS X File Types

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How to turn on File Extensions in Windows 7?

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7cybrfk4_U


How to turn on File Extensions on OS X?

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxleQ4iBwmA


What is a Spreadsheet?

• A spreadsheet consists of rows and columns of cells.

• A cell may contain a value (a number or some text) or a formula.

• A formula defines a relationship between the current cell and other cells.

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An Example Spreadsheet

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Values, Addresses and FormulasColumn addresses

Row addresses Formulae48


Automatic Re-‐calculations

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Charting

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Benefits of Spreadsheets

• They are easy to learn.

• No pencil or paper!

• They are visual, What You See Is What I Mean.

• Once formulae are set up correctly, calculations are automatic and instant.

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What is a Database?

• A database is a structured collection of record of data.

• Each record represents an item, an individual, or an entity of interest.

• All records have common attributes, e.g., age, sex, name, id#, address, etc.

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An Example of a Database

Each rowis a record

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Data Entry into a Database

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Why use a Database?

• A database is not a spreadsheet. It has rows and columns, but it doesn’t have the concept of cell address or formula.

• It is primarily used for maintaining a very large collection of “similar” (structured) records.

• We can sort, search, select a subset of records of interests.

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Database in the Real World

• Many government organizations, banks, universities, etc., use databases heavily to maintain a record of their assets and members.

• The data must be structured, with well-‐defined attributes.

• For unstructured data (i.e., no fixed format), we will need a search engine such as Google.

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iTunes is a Database of Songs

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Songs & Albums

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Smart Playlist & Search

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The Dawn of WWW

• Netscape was the first widely browser.

• Hundreds of thousands of websites were created, but nobody knows!

• Yahoo! started a portal that organizes websites for visitors.

• Webcrawler, Lycos, Excite, and Infoseek are some of the early search engines on the WWW.

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Search Engines

• WWW is built around HTML (text), images and videos.

• A search engine collects all text inside HTML pages and looks for phrases which a user is interested.

• When it finds something relevant, it displays the URLs (hyperlinks) to the search results.

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Domination of Google

• Early search engine’s results are not very good. Most search results are irrelevant.

• A user must sift through the results to look for something relevant.

• In 2000, Google announced their PageRank algorithm, which changes the way how a search engine works.

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PageRank Algorithm

The more a webpage is being linked to, the higher its ranking. 63


A Semantic Web

• Current search engines are based on search phrases or keywords.

• The search engine doesn’t understand the meanings of the search phrases. For example,What is the Gross Domestic Product of Canada?

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www.wolframalpha.com

A Computational Knowledge Engine

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http://www.wolframalpha.com/


Questions to Try in WolframAlpha

• gene • 3rd largest country in Europe • China • GDP of Canada / China • birth rate of Japan • Apple • . . .

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The End.

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