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Elements of Military Intelligence
2
3
Terminal Learning Objective
• ACTION: Identify the role of intelligence in the
tactical Army.
• CONDITION: In a classroom with the use of
references
• STANDARD: The student will identify the four
intelligence tasks IAW FM 2-0 and how they are
influenced by the variables of the Contemporary
Operational Environment.
4
Admin Data
• Normal safety considerations for this class.
• The risk assessment is LOW.
• There are NO environmental considerations.
• Evaluation:
– 25 multiple choice questions at the end of the
Intelligence instruction, Must answer 70% correctly
to pass.
5
Warfighting Functions
• Maneuver• Intelligence • Fire Support• Air Defense Artillery• Command and Control• Logistics• Mobility, Survivability, Counter-
Mobility
6
Your S2 Section
• Brigade S2– MI (35D) MAJ– MI (35D) CPT– MI (35D) CPT– INF (11) MSG– MI (96B) SFC*– MI (96B) SGT– 4 MI (96B) SL1– INF (11) SL1
• BATTALION S2– MI (35D) CPT– MI ( 35D) LT– INF (11) MSG– MI (96B) SSG*– MI (96B) SL1
Half of the MI Branch
Works at Corp Level or Higher
7
What Does MI Do??
1-1. The commander requires intelligence about the enemy and the battlespace prior to engaging in operations in order to effectively execute battles, engagements, and other missions across the full spectrum of operations. Intelligence assists the commander in visualizing his battlespace, organizing his forces, and controlling operations to achieve the desired tactical objectives or end-state. Intelligence supports force protection by alerting the commander to emerging threats and assisting in security operations.
8
Intelligence - The Forms
• All Source Intelligence
• HUMINT - Human Intelligence• SIGINT - Signals Intelligence• IMINT - Imagery Intelligence• TECHINT - Technical Intelligence• MASINT – Measurements and Signals
Intelligence • CI – Counter Intelligence
9
The Four Intelligence Tasks
1. Support to Situational Understanding
2. Support to Strategic Responsiveness
3. Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance and
Reconnaissance
4. Provide Intelligence Support to Effects
10
The Four Intelligence Tasks
1. Support to Situational Understanding
11
Enabling Learning Objective #1
• ACTION: Discuss the role of the Intelligence soldier in Support to Situational Understanding.
• CONDITION: In a classroom with the aid of References.
• STANDARD: The student will understand that all intelligence tasks stem from the Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) process and what input they will have as a platoon leader.
12
13
Enabling Learning Objective #2
• ACTION: Conduct IPB in as leader.
• CONDITION: In a classroom with the
aid of references.
• STANDARD: The student will correctly
define IPB and identify the steps of IPB
IAW FM 34-130, as well as understand
their role in conducting IPB as leaders.
14
IPB Definition
• IPB is a systematic, continuous
process of analyzing the threat and
the environment in a specific
geographic area.
15
Objective
• Answer the commander’s questions about:
– Terrain
– Weather
– Enemy Situation.
• IPB helps commanders selectively apply combat
power at critical points in time and space on the
battlefield by -
– Describing the environment and it’s effects.
– Determining the threat’s likely Course of Action (COA).
16
Who Conducts IPB?
• Conducted at all levels
– Different levels of detail are required
• S2/G2 is staff lead in IPB
• Everyone in the US Army conducts IPB
in some form
17
The Four Steps of IPB
1. Define the Battlefield Environment
2. Describe the Battlefield Effects
3. Evaluate the Threat
4. Identify Threat Courses of Action
18
Define The Define The Battlefield Battlefield EnvironmentEnvironment
Describe The Describe The Battlefield Battlefield EffectsEffects
Evaluate Evaluate The The Threat Threat
Determine Determine Threat Threat COAsCOAs
1
23
4
Continuous Systematic
The IPB Process
Define The Define The Battlefield Battlefield EnvironmentEnvironment
19
Define The Battlefield Environment
• AREA OF OPERATIONS - The physical space
where your unit is authorized to conduct operations.
Given to you by your higher headquarters.
• AREA OF INTEREST - The physical area where
enemy forces or their actions may affect your unit’s
mission. Determined by the S2 and commander.
20
LOA (PL Gold)
PL Zinc
PL Silver
XX
II
21
The IPB Process
Define The Define The Battlefield Battlefield EnvironmentEnvironment
Describe The Describe The Battlefield Battlefield EffectsEffects
Evaluate Evaluate The The Threat Threat
Determine Determine Threat Threat COAsCOAs
1
23
4
Continuous Systematic
22
Describe The Battlefield Effects
• Analyze the battlefield with regards to:– Terrain
– Weather
• Describe the battlefield’s effects on threat / friendly capabilities and broad courses of action.
• Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO) is the ultimate product.
23
Describe The Battlefield Effects (Terrain Analysis)
• Military aspects of terrain (OCOKA / OAKOC)– Aerial photos– Line of site (LOS) index
• Lines of communications (roads, rail, waterways)
• Cross-country movement overlay• Drainage overlay
24
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• OBSERVATION - The ability of a force to see the enemy either visually or through the use of surveillance devices.– From where can the enemy see me?
– Where can I see the enemy from here?
• FIELDS OF FIRE - An area that a weapon or groups of weapons can effectively cover with fire from a given position.– From where can the enemy shoot me?
– Where can I shoot the enemy from here?
OCOKA
25
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• COVER - Physical protection from the effects of both direct and indirect fires.– Examples - Ditches, caves, hills, ravines, river
banks, shell craters, buildings, fighting positions, and embankments.
• CONCEALMENT - Protection from observation.– Examples - Camouflage, weeds, underbrush, tall
grass, heavy vegetation, rocky outcrops.
OCOKA
26
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• OBSTACLES - Natural or man-made terrain
features that stop, impede, or divert military
movement.
– Obstacles are the foundation of an engagement area.
– Can I stop/slow the enemy here long enough to mass
fires upon him?
– Will the enemy stop/slow me here and try to mass fires
upon me?
– Use the MCOO to graphically depict obstacles.
OCOKA
27
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• KEY TERRAIN– Any natural or man-made feature which gives the
force which controls it an advantage.– Consider the following in analyzing terrain:
• Mission • Level of Command• Type of Unit.
– Does that piece of terrain aid me in the accomplishment of my mission?
– Would it aid the enemy in the accomplishment of his mission?
OCOKA
28
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• AVENUES OF APPROACH
– Air or ground route of an attacking force which
leads to the objective or key terrain within its
path.
– On the attack, ask - what route can I take to the
objective?
– In the defense, ask - what route could the
enemy take to get to me or the objective?
OCOKA
29
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• Always consider both mounted and dismounted avenues of approach.
• Develop a MCOO (Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay) to identify avenues of approach.
• Consider– doctrinal distances
– formations
– speeds
– maneuver space.
30
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• Classify terrain as it pertains to maneuverability into one of three categories:– UNRESTRICTED. Free of any restriction to movement.
Units maneuver at doctrinal speeds/distances. Nothing needs to be done to enhance mobility.
– RESTRICTED. Terrain hinders movement. Units must adjust doctrinal distances or speeds. Some effort required to enhance mobility .
– SEVERELY RESTRICTED. Terrain severely hinders movement. Units cannot travel at doctrinal distances and speeds.
31
LOA (PL Gold)
PL Zinc
PL Silver
XX
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
IIII
X
X
II
II
II
AA3C
AA4A
AA4B
AA3B
K1
K3
K7a
K7b
K4
K5
K6
K8
K9
K2
32
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• OTHER ASPECTS OF THE BATTLEFIELD
• Examples include:
– Logistical Infrastructure (Sources of potable water, power
production facilities, natural resources, communications
system, transportation system)
– Population Demographics (Education levels, cultural
distinctions, religious beliefs)
– Economic Conditions
– Politics (Local, regional and international, treaties,
‘unofficial’ politics (gangs, warlords))
33
Summary
•Terminal Learning Objective
ACTION: Identify the role of intelligence in
the tactical Army.
• Enabling Learning Objectives
1. ACTION: Discuss the role of the Intelligence
soldier in Support to Situational Understanding
2. ACTION: Conduct IPB in as leader.
34
35
The IPB Process
Define The Define The Battlefield Battlefield EnvironmentEnvironment
Describe The Describe The Battlefield Battlefield EffectsEffects
Evaluate Evaluate The The Threat Threat
Determine Determine Threat Threat COAsCOAs
1
23
4
Continuous Systematic
36
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• MILITARY ASPECTS OF WEATHER
(FM 34-81-1)– Visibility– Winds– Precipitation– Cloud Cover– Temperature and Humidity
37
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• VISIBILITY– Light data (BMNT, EENT, Sunrise, Sunset,
Moon Phases)
– Laser range finding
– Poor visibility increases light infantry survivability
• WINDS– Smoke / Chemical dispersion
– Decrease trajectory data and first hit probability
– Affects airborne, air assault, aviation operations
38
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• PRECIPITATION– Degrades mobility– Limits visibility– Degrades weapons effectiveness– Affects troop morale
• CLOUD COVER– Heavy cloud cover limits illumination and solar heating of
targets– Degrades many target acquisition systems– Ceiling affects aviation operations
39
Describe the Battlefield Effects(Military Aspects of Terrain)
• TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY
– Extreme temperature reduces personnel
effectiveness
– Low temperature degrades ballistics of weapons
– Temperature can affect vehicle performance
– High humidity decreases stamina of foot soldier
40
The IPB Process
Define The Define The Battlefield Battlefield EnvironmentEnvironment
Describe The Describe The Battlefield Battlefield EffectsEffects
Evaluate Evaluate The The Threat Threat
Determine Determine Threat Threat COAsCOAs
1
23
4
Continuous Systematic
41
Evaluate The Threat
Do not underestimate your opponent!
• Doctrinal Template
• Description Of Tactics And Option
• Identify High Value Target
• Identify Threat Capabilities
• Operational Capabilities: Attack, Defend, Reinforce,
And Retrograde
• BOS Capabilities (Equipment and Capabilities)
42
Doctrinal Template
• Illustrate the deployment pattern and disposition preferred by the threat's normal tactics when not constrained by the effects of the battlefield environment.
• Usually scaled graphic depictions of threat dispositions for a particular type of standard operation, such as a– battalion movement to contact
– an insurgent ambush
– terrorist kidnapping.
43
DOCTEMP
Fire Sac
I
I
I
44
Description Of Tactics And Options
• Operations of the major units or elements
portrayed on the template
• Activities of the different battlefield operating
systems.
• Listing or description of options available to
the threat should the operation fail
(branches), or subsequent operations if it
succeeds (sequels).
45
Identify High Value Targets
• HVTS are assets the enemy commander
requires to accomplish his mission.
• High Payoff Targets are the targets (HVTS)
that belong to the enemy that we must kill to
be successful.
46
Identify Threat Capabilities(Can the enemy dance?)
• Four tactical COAs open to military forces in
conventional operations:
Attack.
Defend.
Reinforce.
Conduct a retrograde.
• Broad COAs can be divided into a variety of more
specific COAs.
47
BOS Capabilities (Equipment and Capabilities)
• Examples of these types of capabilities are--– Use of NBC weapons. – Use of supporting air assets. – Intelligence collection. – Electronic Warfare. – Engineering operations. – Air assault or airborne operations. – Amphibious assaults. – Psychological operations (PSYOP). – Deception operations.
48
The IPB Process
Define The Define The Battlefield Battlefield EnvironmentEnvironment
Describe The Describe The Battlefield Battlefield EffectsEffects
Evaluate Evaluate The The Threat Threat
Determine Determine Threat Threat COAsCOAs
1
23
4
Continuous Systematic
49
Determine Threat COAs(How the Enemy will Dance)
• Identify the threat's likely
objectives and desired end
state.
• Identify full set of COAs
available to the threat SITEMPs.
• Evaluate and prioritize each
COA.
• Develop each COA in the
amount of detail time allows.
• Identify initial collection
requirements.
50
Identify Threat's Likely Objectives/Desired End State.
• What does the enemy seek to do to us?
• How does the enemy define success?
• How can we deny him success?
51
Identify Full Set of COAs Available to the Threat.
• Develop as many potential COAs as time allows.• Criteria for each COA
– suitability
– feasibility
– acceptability
– uniqueness
– consistency with doctrine.
• Situation templates are graphic depictions of expected threat dispositions should he adopt a particular COA
52
I I I
Fire Sac
II I
Fire Sac
Enemy SOP
(Threat Model)
Environment
(Terrain Weather)
Enemy COA (SITEMP)
53
Develop Each COA in the Amount of Detail Time Allows.
• WHAT• WHEN • WHERE• HOW• WHY
54
IPB for Special Staff and Support Units
• The products will be slightly different, but• THE PROCESS REMAINS THE SAME!
Define The Define The Battlefield Battlefield EnvironmenEnvironmenttDescribe The Describe The Battlefield Battlefield EffectsEffects
Evaluate Evaluate The The Threat Threat
Determine Determine Threat Threat COAsCOAs
1
23
4
Continuous Systematic
55
56
Situation Development
• The act of quickly compiling, displaying, and analyzing the current battle as it relates to the enemy and friendly forces.
• Based upon the collection effort and the unit’s effort to answer the Commander’s Critical Information Requirements.
• Determines which COA the enemy has adopted• May identify some HVTs not initially named
during IPB process• Based on the Priority Intelligence Requirements. • Helps the commander make decisions.
58
Force Protection
• Determines if friendly forces are – under threat of
enemy action– in proper security
posture– informed of the
threat
59
Enabling Learning Objective #3
• Action: Identify elements of Subversion And Espionage Directed Against The U.S. Army (SAEDA)
• Conditions: With the use of references.• Standard: Identify the elements of
SAEDA, the threat to Fort Benning, and how to respond to and report any SAEDA incidents.
60
Definitions
• SUBVERSION - Sabotage or terrorist acts.
• ESPIONAGE - Spying (Internal and External)
61
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE MEASURES
• The enemy must not get information about US operations.
• This means that you and your fellow soldiers must: – Practice camouflage principles and
techniques. – Practice noise and light discipline.– Practice field sanitation.– Use proper radiotelephone procedure.
62
Counterintelligence Measures
– Do not take personal letters or pictures into combat areas.
– Do not keep diaries in combat areas.– Be careful when discussing military affairs (the
enemy may be listening).– Report anyone who tries to get information
about US operations.– Discuss military operations only with those
persons having a need to know the information.
– Remind fellow soldiers of their counterintelligence responsibilities
63
What Defines A SAEDA Incident?
• Attempts by unauthorized personnel to obtain classified information.
• Attempts by unauthorized personnel to obtain unclassified, yet FOUO information.
• Acts of espionage or treason by Army personnel.• Contact with persons known or suspected to be a
foreign agent or terrorist.• Missing classified documents.• Discovery of surveillance devices near sensitive
areas.
64
What If I Am Approached?• Don’t play James Bond• Don’t make any deals, agreements or think about anything.• Don’t try to apprehend or be your own SWAT team• Simply stay calm, get info, and buy time then report.
Reporting Procedures• Recall as many details as possible as SOON as possible.
Make notes of what occurred.• Contact your S2 / security manager.• Inform as few people as possible, generally only two (your
commander and the S2)• If outside US, report it to nearest military authority or US
Embassy/Consulate.
65
66
Summary
•Terminal Learning ObjectiveACTION: Identify the role of intelligence in the tactical Army.
• Enabling Learning Objectives2. ACTION: Conduct IPB in as leader.3. ACTION: Identify elements of Subversion And Espionage Directed Against The U.S. Army (SAEDA)
67
68
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The Four Intelligence Tasks
2. Support to Strategic Responsiveness
70
Enabling Learning Objective #4
• ACTION: Discuss Intelligence Personnel Support to Strategic Responsiveness.
• CONDITION: With the aid of References. • STANDARD: The student will correctly
identify the role of intel personnel and leaders in preparing soldiers to act in any operational environment as well as identify the challenges posed by the variables of the Contemporary Operational Environment
71
Operational Environment
• A composite of all the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of military forces and bear on the decisions of the unit commander.
• IN SHORT: The factors and variables that affect where soldiers will live, work, and fight.
72
Enabling Learning Objective #5
• ACTION: Identify the Critical Variables in
the COE
• CONDITION: With the aid of References
• STANDARD: Identify and define the 11
Critical Variables of the COE
73
EconomicsEconomicsEconomicsEconomics
InformationInformationInformationInformation
OperationalOperationalEnvironmentEnvironment
Makeup of Makeup of PopulationPopulation
Makeup of Makeup of PopulationPopulation
Nature & Nature & Stability of Stability of the Statethe State
Nature & Nature & Stability of Stability of the Statethe State
National WillNational WillNational WillNational WillTimeTimeTimeTime
External External OrganizationsOrganizations
External External OrganizationsOrganizations
TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology
PhysicalPhysicalEnvironmentEnvironment
PhysicalPhysicalEnvironmentEnvironment
Alliances & Alliances & CoalitionsCoalitions
Alliances & Alliances & CoalitionsCoalitions
Military Military CapabilitiesCapabilities
Military Military CapabilitiesCapabilities
Critical Variables
74
Physical Environment(Operational Environment Factors)
• Military forces are optimized
for certain environments.
• Less complex and open
environments favor the US.
• Enemies will use urban
environments and other
complex terrain to their
advantage.
75
Nature/Stability of State (Operational Environment Factors)
• Who is in charge.• Where the real strength is.
– Political leadership– Military– Police
• How strong or how shaky.• Nature and aims of military campaign.
• Kinds of threat present.
76
Makeup Of Population (Operational Environment Factors)
• Cultural, religious, ethnic.• Failed and failing states.• Devotion to a cause/hatred of
another group• Refugees and displaced
persons.• Urban environments (cities).
77
Makeup Of Population (Operational Environment Factors)
• ROE has to Address
• Difficulty distinguishing friend from foe.
• Presence of children/ women.
• Short ranges of contact/ time to react.
• Involvement of civilians from both sides.
78
Alliances And Coalitions (Operational Environment Factors)
• Political, economic, military, or cultural.• Regional or global.• Opponents can influence our coalitions.• Add to military capability and broaden
scale of military operations.• Unpredictability.• Nonaligned states.
79
Military Capabilities(Operational Environment Factors)
• The most critical and most complex factor.• Foreign views:
– US has overall technological advantage.– Others use this as guide to optimizing their own
capabilities and negating ours (asymmetric focus).
• Conventional against local or regional actors.• Adaptive (asymmetric) when US becomes
involved.
80
Military Capabilities (WMD in Third World States)
• Negate US advantages
• Threaten higher casualties
• Complicate military planning
• Perception of military strength
• Interfere with force buildup / early entry
• Complicate operations
• Require protective measures
81
Who Has Nuclear Weapons
• Nuclear– US, UK, France, Russia, Pakistan, India,
China, North Korea, Israel???
• Suspected to have Nuclear Weapons– Libya, Iran
82
Technology(Operational Environment Factors)
• Symmetric capabilities.– Level the playing field.– A few systems that are more advanced.
83
Technology (Operational Environment Factors)
• Asymmetric counters to our high-tech systems.– Less advanced systems in
complex/urban settings.– Selected niche areas.– Low-cost, high-payoff new
technologies.– Upgrades and hybrids.– Precision munitions.
• Technological surprise.
84
?
Information(Operational Environment Factors)
• Information-based society and information technology.– Computers.– Other information systems.
• Information warfare.– Information systems attack.– Psychological warfare.– Deception.
85
Information(Operational Environment Factors)
• Media and global information flow.– Transparency (access to data).– Sway public and political
opinion.
• Many factors to take into consideration.
• Very short time to react.• Strategic implication of the
tactical incident- the strategic corporal (he works for you).
87
External Organizations(Operational Environment Factors)
• International humanitarian assistance.– Manmade and natural disasters.– Disease, hunger, and poverty.
• Growing in influence and power.• Willingness to become involved in crisis situations.• Stated and hidden interests/objectives.
– Favorable to US and provide assistance.– Adverse to US or create conflict.– Make mistakes.
88
National Will(Operational Environment Factors)
• People, government, and military.
• Objectives and duration of a conflict.
• Victory often depends on will.
• Attack the opponent’s national will and try to preserve your own.
• US national will as a vulnerability—a strategic center of gravity.
89
Time(Operational Environment Factors)
• Time drives decision making and operations.
• Opponents see time as being in their advantage.– Adjust the nature of the conflict.– Control US entry.– Dictate the tempo.
• Outlast the US will to continue.
90
Economics(Operational Environment Factors)
• “Haves” and “have-nots.”
• Economic vs military superiority.
• Ability to buy military technology or to conduct prolonged operations.
• Regional and global relationships can result in military or political assistance.
91
11 Variables
I T and ECONOMIC NATURE WILL MAKE EXTERNAL ALLIED MILITARY PHYSICAL in TIME
Please Never Make Any MILTIARY I T Excuses Near The
End
93
Enabling Learning Objective #6
ACTION: Categorize actors.
CONDITION: In a classroom with aid of references
STANDARD: Correctly categorize nation states as Core States, Transition States, Rogue States, Failed or Failing States and Non-nation actors as rogue actors, third-party actors.
94
Actors
• Who are the actors (participants)?– Nation-states
(countries).
– Non-nation actors.
95
Nation-state Actors
• Categories of nation states– Core States (Major Powers).– Transition States (Want-to-be).– Rogue States (Hostile).– Failed or Failing States (Instability).
• Fluid definitions based on:– Economics– Politics (Internal and External)– Expeditionary Military
96
Transition States (Want-to-be)• Larger, industrialized countries that want
to be Core States.– China– India– Indonesia– Russia
Core States (Major Powers).
• Dominate World Politics.
• Most conflict with global consequences will involve the core states.
97
Rogue States (Hostile).
• Countries hostile to their neighbors• Weaker countries, but still a threat.• Seek weapons of mass destruction.• Support and sell arms to terrorists.
– North Korea– Iran– Cuba– Libya
98
Other Areas of Concern(SatireWire)
Axis of Just as Evil?
• Libya
• China
• Syria
Axis of Somewhat Evil?
• Cuba
• Sudan
• Serbia
99
Failed or Failing States (Instability).
• Weaker countries falling apart.
• Revolution• Economic collapse
100
Countries Can Switch Categories
• Iran - long time ally of U.S. became rogue nation
• Soviet Union/Russia - once a world power - now is a collection of transition and failing states.
Multinational Alliances and Coalitions• NATO
–Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, Canada, Poland
• OPEC– Algeria, Indonesia, Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela
101
Non-nation Actors
• Rogue actors
• Third Party Actors
102
Rogue Actors
– Terrorist.
– Drug-trafficking.
– Criminal.
103
Third Party Actors
– Media
– External Orgs
– Civilians
104
Indication and Warnings
• Analysis of situation development. – What does this mean?– Why would the enemy
do this?
• Determines enemy’s future intentions
SO WHAT???
105
Summary•Terminal Learning ObjectiveACTION: Identify the role of intelligence in the tactical Army.
• Enabling Learning Objectives4. ACTION: Discuss Intelligence Personnel Support to Strategic Responsiveness.5. ACTION: Identify the Critical Variables in the COE6. ACTION: Categorize Actors
Nation State Core, Transition, Failed or Failing, Rogue Switch categories & may one day face multinational
coalition Non-Nation
Rogue Third Party
106
107
108
The Four Intelligence Tasks
3. Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance and
Reconnaissance
109
Enabling Learning Objective #7
• ACTION: Discuss the conduct of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) in a collection planning and management framework.
• CONDITION: In a classroom with the aid of references.
• STANDARD: Students must understand that Intelligence personnel plan and synchronize collection assets and the role of platoon leaders in the collection process.
110
Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance, And Reconnaissance (ISR)
With staff participation, the intelligence officer synchronizes intelligence support to the ISR effort by focusing the collection, processing, analysis, and intelligence products on the critical needs of the commander. The operations officer, in coordination with the intelligence officer, tasks and directs the available ISR assets to answer the commander’s critical information requirements (CCIRs). Through various detection methods and systematic observation, reconnaissance and surveillance obtains the required information. A continuous process, this task has four subtasks: perform intelligence synchronization, perform ISR integration, conduct tactical reconnaissance, and conduct surveillance
111
112
ISR
• The CCIR (PIR and FFIR).
• A prioritized list of the remaining
intelligence requirements.
• Evaluated ISR assets and resources.
• All of the assigned ISR tasks.
113
• Surveillance involves continuously observing an area to collect information. Wide-area and focused surveillance provide valuable information.
• Reconnaissance assets collect information and can validate current intelligence or predictions. Reconnaissance units, unlike other units, are designed to collect information.
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
114
Surveillance and Reconnaissance
• Orient the reconnaissance asset on the named area of interest (NAI) and/or reconnaissance objective in a timely manner
• Report all information rapidly and accurately• Complete the reconnaissance mission not
later than (NLT) the time specified in the order• Answer the requirement that prompted the
reconnaissance task.
115
Collectors Must Ask 4 Questions of an NAI
• Why is it important to look there?
• What do we expect to see?
• When should we expect to see it?
• How long do we need to look?
• FM 34-8
How Do I Contribute as a LT?
Reporting!!!
117
Salute Report
SIZE
ACTIVITY
LOCATION
UNIT / UNIFORM
TIME
EQUIPMENT
118
The Five S’s
SEARCH
SILENCE
SEGREGATE
SAFEGUARD
SPEED TO THE REAR
119
The Unapproved Five S’s
SUBDUE BY FORCE
SLAP DOWN
SHAKE UNTIL BLUE
SLAM HEAD INTO WALL
SCAR WITH BAYONET
120
Search
• Search PWs as soon as they are captured.
• Take weapons and papers, EXCEPT identification papers and protective masks.
• Give them a written receipt for any personal property and documents taken.
• Tag documents and personal property to show which PW had them.
121
Captured Equipment Tag
• Before evacuating a PW, attach a tag to him. You can make these tags yourself.
• The battalion S2 should be able to supply these tags.
122
HANDLING CAPTURED DOCUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
• Enemy documents and equipment are good sources of information.
• Documents may be official (maps, orders, records, photos) or personal (letters or diaries).
• If such items are not handled properly, the information in them may become lost or outdated.
• Give them to your leader quickly.
• Tag each item using the form shown on the next slide.
• If the item was found on a PW, put that PW's name on the tag.
123
Segregate
• Segregate PWs – By Sex
• And Into Subgroups Such As – Enlisted Personnel– Civilians– Political Figures.
• This keeps the leaders from promoting escape efforts. Keep the groups segregated as you move them to the rear.
124
Silence
• Silence PWs
• Do not let them talk to each other.
• This keeps them from planning escape and cautioning each other on security.
• Report anything a PW says or does.
125
Speed
• Speed PWs to the rear.
• Turn them over to your leader.
• He will assemble them and move them to the rear for questioning by the S2.
126
Safeguard
• Safeguard PWs when taking them to the rear.
• Do not let anyone abuse them. • Watch for escape attempts. • Do not let PWs bunch up, spread out
too far, or start diversions (Such conditions may create a chance for escape).
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Safeguard
• If a PW is wounded and cannot be evacuated through normal channels, turn him over to medical personnel to be evacuated through medical channels.
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The Four Intelligence Tasks
4. Provide Intelligence Support to Effects
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Enabling Learning Objective #8
• ACTION: Discuss The Support Of Intelligence To
Targeting, Information Operations and Combat
Assessment
• CONDITION: In a classroom with the aid of references
• STANDARD: Students must understand that
Intelligence personnel interact with all other staff
elements in support of ongoing operations and
planning for future operations.
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Provide Intelligence Support To Effects
The task of providing the commander information and intelligence support for targeting of the threat’s forces, threat organizations, units and systems through lethal and non-lethal fires to include electronic attack and information operations.
This task includes three subtasks:
1. Provide Intelligence Support To Targeting2. Provide Intelligence Support To Information Operation 3. Provide Intelligence Support To Combat Assessment.
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• Provide Intelligence Support to Target Development - is the systematic analysis of the enemy forces and operations to determine HVTs, systems, and system components for potential attack through maneuver, fires, or information.
• Provide Intelligence Support to Target Detection - establishes procedures for dissemination of targeting information. The targeting team develops the sensor / attack system matrix to determine the sensor required to detect and locate targets. The intelligence officer places the following requirements into the integrated ISR plan
– Requires reconnaissance and surveillance operations to identify, locate, and track high-payoff targets (HPTs) for delivery of lethal or non-lethal effects.
– Includes employing fires, offensive IO, and other attack capabilities against enemy C2 systems as part of the unit’s FS plan and IO objectives.
Provide Intelligence Support to Targeting
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• IO are actions taken to affect adversary information, influence other’s decision making processes and information systems while protecting one’s own information and information systems. Overall operational continuity and mission success requires close, mutual coordination and synchronization of intelligence plans and operations with IO elements and related activities.
• This task has three subordinate tasks: – Provide Intelligence Support to Offensive IO. – Provide Intelligence Support to Defensive IO. – Provide Intelligence Support to Activities Related to IO.
Information Operations
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Combat Assessment
• Determines if desired effects were achieved on
targets that were engaged.
– Conduct Physical Damage Assessment
– Conduct Functional Damage Assessment
– Conduct Target System Assessment
• Re-attack Recommendation.
• Part of collection plan.
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Targeting Process
• Decide
• Detect
• Deliver
• Assess
• IPB– HVTs identified– HVTs depicted in different
COAs on SITTEMPS– Specific areas identified
where enemy actions will occur
• Situation Development– Collection plan based on
EVENTTEMP– Collection assets
refocused after targets are engaged
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Asymmetric Warfare
• Avoid your opponent’s strengths.
• Use whatever advantages you may
have against his weaknesses.
• The enemy will not fight you at the
tip of the spear.
Is terrorism asymmetric warfare?
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Summary• Terminal Learning ObjectiveACTION: Identify the role of intelligence in the tactical Army.
• Enabling Learning Objectives1. ACTION: Discuss the role of the Intelligence soldier in Support to Situational Understanding2. ACTION: Conduct IPB in as leader.3. ACTION: Identify elements of Subversion And Espionage Directed Against The U.S. Army (SAEDA)4. ACTION: Discuss Intelligence Personnel Support to Strategic Responsiveness.5. ACTION: Identify the Critical Variables in the COE6. ACTION: Categorize Actors7. ACTION: Discuss the conduct of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) in a collection planning and management framework.8. ACTION: Discuss The Support Of Intelligence To Targeting, Information Operations and Combat Assessment
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Summary
• Four Intel Tasks1. Support to Situational Understanding
2. Support to Strategic Responsiveness
3. Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
4. Provide Intelligence Support to Effects
• 5 S’s– Search, Silence, Segregate, Safeguard, Speed To The Rear
• Captured Equipment– Tag and ship
• SAEDA– Simply stay calm, get info, and buy time then report.
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What is the IPB ?
What are the four steps of the IPB ?
IPB is a systematic, continuous process of analyzing the threat and the environment in a specific geographic area.
1. Define the Battlefield Environment2. Describe the Battlefield Effects3. Evaluate the Threat4. Identify Threat Courses of Action
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What is the purpose of the MCOO ?
What is a Doctrinal Template ?
A scaled graphic depiction of threat dispositions for a particular type of standard operation
Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay – A Graphical depiction of all Military Aspects of terrain
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– Physical Environment– Makeup of Population– Nature/Stability of State– Military Capabilities– Technology– Information– Alliances & Coalitions – External Organizations– National Will– Time– Economics
•What are the 11 Critical variables of the COE?
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• Which is the most complex Variable?
– Military Capabilities
• What is meant by Asymmetric Warfare?– Avoid your opponent’s strengths.
– Use whatever advantages you may have against his
weaknesses.
– The enemy will not fight you at the tip of the spear.