ELEVATOR

Prepared by: Albert S. De Jesus

ELEVATOR

An elevator is a platform, either open or enclosed, used for moving people or freight vertically, from one floor to another within a building. Elevators are a standard part of any tall commercial or residential building. These days elevators are often a legal requirement in new buildings with multiple floors.

Did You Know… In 1852 Elisha Grave Otis invented the safety

elevator, giving rise to modern skyline.

Without the elevator the modern buildings would be limited to five or six stories

Consider that today, elevator’s move the equivalent of the world’s population every 72 hours.

Uses of elevators

Passenger Elevators are designed to move people between different floors of a building, their capacity being related to available floor space.

Passenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform, including: Hospital emergency (Code blue), front and rear entrances, double Decker, and other uses.

Express elevators are designed to move people from ground floor to a sky lobby skipping several floors in between at a high speed.

Wheelchair, or platform lifts, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a wheelchair 6 ft (1.8 m) or less, often can accommodate just one person in a wheelchair at a time with a maximum load of 1000 lb (455 kg).

Uses of elevators

Freight Elevators are meant to carry heavy loads generally 2300 to 4500 kg. They usually don’t comply with fire service requirements and carrying passengers is generally prohibited unless specified.

On aircraft carriers, elevators carry aircraft between the flight deck and the hangar deck for operations or repairs. These elevators are designed for much greater capacity than any other elevator.

A small freight elevator is often called a dumbwaiter, often used for the moving of small items such as dishes in a 2-story kitchen or books in a multi-story rack assembly. Passengers are never permitted on dumwaiters.

A special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving chain of boxes, generally used in industrial plants.

Grain Elevators are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos

I- According to hoist mechanism: Hydraulic Elevators - Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at

the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

Elevator Types

I- According to hoist mechanism:

• Traction Elevators (Pull Elevators) - Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators.

Elevator Types

I- According to hoist mechanism:• Climbing Elevators - They hold their own power device on them,

mostly electric or combustion engine. Climbing elevators are often used in work and construction areas.

Elevator Types

I- According to hoist mechanism:• Pneumatic Elevators - Pneumatic elevators are raised and lowered by

controlling air pressure in a chamber in which the elevator sits.

Elevator Types

II- According to building height:A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories) Buildings up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost

B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories) Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared Traction Elevators

C- High-Rise buildings (12 + stories) Buildings up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-Less Traction Elevators

Elevator Types

III- According to building types:1- Hospital Elevators - Hospital bed elevators generally transport patients who are not well enough to sit up even in a wheelchair.

Elevator Types

III- According to building types:2- Passenger Elevators - Domestic elevators which are intended to move passengers up and down stairs in a multilevel residence are quite similar to those used in large public buildings.

Elevator Types

III- According to building types:3- Agricultural applications

Elevator Types

III- According to building types:4- Industrial Elevators - The most common types of industrial elevators are hoist elevators and incline elevators. These types of elevators are built to carry huge amounts of weight effortlessly, therefore the term industrial elevators. This type of elevators is used in construction, warehouses, and shipyards.

Elevator Types

III- According to building types:5- Parking Elevators

Auto Car Parking Elevator

Elevator Types

III- According to building types:6- Commercial Elevators - A passenger elevator is designed to move people between a building's floors. Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space.

Elevator Types

1222: General Provisions

1222.01: Application:The owner/manager or his authorized representative shall file with the Secretary or his authorized representative having jurisdiction an application to install or construct an elevator together with the necessary plans in triplicate signed and sealed by a registered professional mechanical engineer for the mechanical plans and by a professional electrical engineer for the electrical plans, both duly licensed to practice in the Philippines.

1222.02: Permit:No elevator, (passenger or freight) shall be installed and/or operated in any place of employment in the Philippines without a written permit issued for the purpose by the Regional Labor Office or authorized representative having jurisdiction.

1222: General Provisions

1222.03: Construction:(1) Upon approval of the application and plans together with the necessary supporting papers, the installation and/or construction of the elevator may be started under the direct charge and supervision of a professional mechanical engineer and professional electrical engineer,(2) The Regional Office or authorized representative shall be informed either in writing or in person of any deviation made from the approved plans.(3) In cases where major alterations are made that may affect the approved design, the plans shall be resubmitted for approval.(4) Upon completion of the installation and/or construction, a request for final inspection shall be filed with the Regional Labor Office or authorized representative having jurisdiction. If such inspection show compliance with the approved plans, standards and necessary tests, a permit or certificate shall be issued valid for one (1 )year from the date of final inspection.

1222: General Provisions

1222.04: Renewal:Application for the renewal of a permit/certificate shall be filed by the owner/manager or his duly authorized representative with the Regional Labor Office or authorized representative with the Regional Labor Office or authorized representative having jurisdiction at least thirty (30) days before the expiration date of permit or certificate.

1222: General Provisions

1223: General Requirements:(1) Every part of the structure, machinery, and equipment shall be:a. of good design, good mechanical construction, sound material, adequate strength, free from defects, andb. kept in good working condition.(2) Hoistways from all elevators shall be substantially enclosed throughout their height and there shall be no openings except for necessary doors, windows or skylights.(3) Hoistways for elevators outside the buildings shall be substantially enclosed to a height of at least 3 m (10 ft.) provided that the enclosure shall be continuous to the top of any side where there is access to the cage.

1222: General Provisions

1223: General Requirements:(4) The enclosures shall be either a continuous wall or substantial grill work, metal bars, or wood slats. In general enclosures shall be fire resistant.(5)a. Where a hoistway extends into the top of a building, fire-resistant hoistway or machinery spaced enclosures shall be carried to the underside of the roof, if the roof is of fire-resistive construction, and at least 90 cm (3 ft.) above the surface of the roof, if the roof is of non-fire-resistive construction;b. Where a hoistway does not extend into the top floor of a building, the top of the hoistway shall be enclosed with a fire resistant construction.

1222: General Provisions

1223: General Requirements:(6)a. A pit shall be provided for every elevator.b. The floor of the pit shall be approximately level.c. Pits extending below the ground level shall have non-combustible floors and shall be designed to prevent entry of ground water into the pit. The pit floor of any hoistway not extending to the ground shall be of fire resistant construction.d. Hoistway pits shall be of such depth that when the car rests on the fully compressed buffers, there shall be a vertical clearance of not less than 610 mm. between the pit floor and the lowest structural or mechanical part, equipment or device installed beneath the car platform except guide shoes or rollers, safety jaw assemblies, and platform aprons, guards, or other equipment located within 305 mm. horizontally from the sides of the car platform.

The End