ELIT 48C: Class 5

Spelling Error #4: Writing that something has “peaked your interest.” We’re not talking mountain climbing here. The correct word is piqued.

"I knew a peek at the peak would pique my curiosity.” While that's not something anyone would ever say, it does illustrate proper usage of three of the most commonly confused homophones.

"Peek" (a verb and a noun) denotes a stolen glance: "I have a present for you, so close your eyes and don't peek.”"Peak" (also a verb and a noun) signifies the top of something: a mountain peak, or the peak of popularity."Pique,” (French) (also a verb and a noun) : As a verb it means to stimulate (interest or curiosity). As a noun, it suggests a feeling of irritation or resentment resulting from a slight, esp. to one's pride.

AGENDA

Lecture: Trifles Historical Context and Style

Discussion:QHQs, Themes, and Symbols

Author Introduction: Willa Cather

Lecture: Trifles Historical Context

and Style

Historical Context:Women’s Issues

In many ways, Susan Glaspell’s success at the turn of the century signaled a new age for women, and Trifles, still her best-known play, represents the struggles women of her era faced.

In 1916, the year Glaspell wrote Trifles for the Provincetown Players, some of the important issues of the day were women’s suffrage, birth control, socialism, union organizing, and the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud.

Women had not yet achieved the right to vote (19th Amendment 1920), and in most states women could not sit on juries.

1914: Margaret Sanger publishes the first text on birth control.1916: Sanger arrested for opening America’s first birth control.

City life: Manufacturing jobs pay little for long days of work. Pre-teens constitute a sizable portion of America’s workforce.

The factory system creates earning opportunities for women, yet women earn significantly less than men, and most are relegated to jobs in domestic service, textile factories, or offices.

Life for rural women was not much better. A large portion of America’s population was still scattered in rural towns, ranches, and farmsteads. Women were responsible for the maintenance of the family.

Style: One-Act PlayThe structure of a play affects all of its most important elements—the plot, characters, and themes. The one-act play is restrictive and difficult. With playing times of fifteen to forty-five minutes, the number of characters introduced is limited, and they must be developed quickly.

The one-act format tends to focus on a single location and a tight plot. The Wright farmhouse, located in the countryside and set back from the road, is a lonely, desolate place. The plot involves seeking clues to suggest a motive for the murder of John Wright. Note that everything that is said and done, from the way the characters enter Mrs. Wright’s kitchen to the discovery of her dead canary, relates in some way to the mystery at hand.

Style: Local ColorIn the late nineteenth century, a style of writing known as ‘‘local color’’ emerged. It is characterized by its vivid description of some of the more idiosyncratic communities in the American landscape. Writers such as Mark Twain created characters whose speech and attitudes reflected the deep South These stories and novels appealed to people in larger cities, who found these descriptions of faraway places exotic and entertaining.

Susan Glaspell began writing during this age of regionalism, and Trifles incorporates many of the elements of local color: regional dialect, appropriate costuming, and characters influenced by a specific locale.

Trifles is filled with a strong sense of place. The characters in the play are deeply rooted in their rural environment. Lewis Hale was on his way into town with a load of potatoes when he stopped by the Wright’s house to see about sharing a party line telephone, a common way for people in small communities to afford phone service during the first few decades of the century.

The lives of the women seem to consist of housekeeping chores, food preparation, sewing, and raising children, with little time left for socializing.

The characters’ manner of speech reveals their limited education and rural, Midwestern environment. They use a colloquial grammar peppered with country slang. ‘‘I don’t think a place’d be any cheerfuller for John Wright’s being in it,’’ Mrs. Hale tells Henderson.

Still, at the same time that she provides these carefully crafted details of country life, Glaspell provides her audience with ideas that transcend local color. The struggle between the sexes, loneliness, and the elusive nature of truth are all experiences shared by people across cultures and boundaries of geography.

Discussion:QHQs, Themes, and

Symbols

Themes:Gender Differences

Perhaps the single most important theme in Trifles is the difference between men and women, distinguished by the roles they play in society, their physicality, their methods of communication and—vital to the plot of the play— their powers of observation.

In simple terms, Trifles suggests that men tend to be aggressive, brash, rough, analytical and self-centered; in contrast, women are more circumspect, deliberative, intuitive, and sensitive to the needs of others. These differences allow Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale to find the clues needed to solve the crime, while their husbands miss the same clues.

Themes:Isolation

The devastating effects of isolation—especially on women—is another theme of the play.

The men seem better suited to the loneliness and isolation of rural farming. John Wright, for example, is described as a hard-working farmer who kept to himself. He did not share a telephone line, and no one other than his wife knew him very well.

The women, on the other hand, are deeply affected by isolation. Mrs. Peters remembers with dread when she and her husband were homesteading in the Dakota countryside and her only child died, leaving her alone in the house all day while her husband was out working the farm. Mrs. Hale, who has several children of her own, imagines how terrible it would be to have to live in an empty house, like Minnie, with nothing but a canary and a taciturn man for company.

Symbols

The Title

The Bird

The Bird Cage

The Dirty Towel

The Apron

The Jars of Fruit

The Telephone

Knitting

The Quilt

The Quilting knots

The Women’s names Minnie Foster Mrs. Peters Mrs. Hale

Laughter

Author Introduction: Willa Cather

Willa Cather

Born in Virginia in 1873. Willa Cather spent the first decade of her life on her family's farm. In 1884, her family moved to join her father's relatives among the ethnically diverse settlers of the Great Plains. This area would serve as the inspiration for several of her novels, including My Ántonia

Her father tried farming but soon settled the family in Red Cloud, Nebraska. Cather remembered vividly both the trauma of leaving a hill farm for a flat, empty land and the subsequent excitement of growing up in the new country. She took intense pleasure in riding her pony to neighboring farms and listening to the stories of the immigrant farm women she met there.

At sixteen, she enrolled at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. Her freshman English instructor gave her essay on Thomas Carlyle to a Lincoln newspaper for publication, and by her junior year, she was supporting herself as a journalist.

From Lincoln, she moved to Pittsburgh as a magazine editor and newspaper writer. She then became a high school teacher, using summer vacations to concentrate on fiction. In 1905, she published her first collection of short stories, The Troll Garden.

In 1906, Cather was hired to edit a leading magazine and moved to New York City. Her older literary friend Sarah Orne Jewett advised her to "find your own quiet centre of life, and write from that to the world."

Yet, she found it difficult to give up a position as a highly successful woman editor during a time when journalism was almost wholly dominated by men, and did not quit her position for three years. In 1912, on a visit to her family in Red Cloud, she stood on the edge of a wheat field and watched her first harvest in years. By then, she was emotionally ready to use her youthful memories of Nebraska. From this experience evolved O Pioneers!, the novel she preferred to think of as her first. It is this long perspective that gives Cather's work about Nebraska a rich aura of nostalgia, a poignancy also found in her next Nebraska novel, My Ántonia.

Although Cather's 1922 novel about World War I, One of Ours, was received with mixed critical reviews, it was a best seller and won Cather the Pulitzer Prize. She continued to write until physical infirmities prevented her from doing so. In 1945, she wrote that she had gotten much of what she wanted from life and had avoided the things she most violently had not wanted—too much money, noisy publicity, and the bother of meeting too many people. Willa Cather died from a massive cerebral hemorrhage on April 24, 1947.

HOMEWORK

Read My Antonia (1918) Book I Chapters 11-19

Post #5: Answer one of the following prompts:1. QHQ CHAPTERS 1-19

2. Discuss why Willa Cather chose a male narrator and why women dominate the novel.

3. Explore the story or relationship of Pavel and Peter.

4. Compare and contrast the lives of Jim Burden and Antonia. Explain what drew them together and enabled them to become close friends.

5. Compare and contrast the relationship between Antonia and Jim in Section 1 (Chapters 1-10) and Section 2 (Chapters 11-19)