Elizabeth I.docx

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Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 to 1603, and is often regarded as one of England's greatest

monarchs.

Overview

Elizabeth came to power in 1558, inheriting problems with religion, poverty and foreign policy.Historians in the 1970s thought that, when Elizabeth came to the throne, the country was about to

collapse. Elizabeth restored the stability and the status of the monarchy:

She solved the religious tensions by following a 'middle way' which allowedCatholics

andPuritansto keep their private beliefs as long as they went to the Church of England inpublic. However, she hunted, tortured and executed Catholic priests who came into

England to undermine her power.

She survived plots and rebellions, and executed Mary Queen of Scots in 1587.

She encouraged the 'Gloriana' myth, andcommissionedportraits which presented her aspure and powerful. Her reign was a time of art, music and literature.

She defeated theArmada,and by the end of her reign England was a world power whichhad set up its firstcolony.

Elizabeth I is regarded by many as one of England's greatest monarchs, whose reign laid the

foundations of England's greatness. But is this true?

She was as 'bloody' as Mary and executed many more people for religion than her father.

She established a network of spies and informers to ensure her safety.
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Far from encouraging Parliament, she bullied and controlled it, ran the government as she

wished and even arrested an MP when he complained.

The Armada was a triumphbut it was also a verylucky escape.

You could compare Elizabeth's reign to that ofHenry VIII.Why is she regarded as England's

greatest monarch, when he is regarded as a monster? Also compare her reign to that ofCharles I.Why was she able to establish a secure and powerful monarchy, when he caused a civil war and

lost his head?

Problems, problems

Elizabeth came to the throne after three short-reigned rulersher brother Edward VI

(15471553), Lady Jane Grey (1019 July 1553) and her sister Mary (15531558).

A Mid-Tudor Crisis?

Some historians have suggested that the years between 1547 and 1558 were a time of 'crisis',when government and society were in danger of collapsing altogether. Modern historians do not

agree about this. However, the government had suffered a period of disasters, and Elizabethfaced bigproblems when she came to the throne. This crisis, it is suggested, involved five

problems:
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Problem Solution Did it work?

Religion

There was adanger that

England would fall

into a 'War of

Religion'.

At first she tried to follow a'middle way' between Protestants

and Catholics. This failed. The

Pope excommunicated her in 1570.When Mary Queen of Scots came

to England in 1568 there were a

number of Catholic plots. The

plotters wanted todeposeorassassinateProtestant Elizabeth

and replace her with Catholic

Mary.

The 'middle way' failed.Elizabeth became more anti-

Catholic as her reign went on.

162 Catholics were executed

between 1577 and 1603.

Poverty

Poverty wasespecially high in

the countryside,

caused by harvest

She passed the Poor Law (1601).

Her Poor Law was not reallysuccessful. People were still

starving and poor relief was

very hit or miss.
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The power of Queen Elizabeth

Elizabeth kept hold of her power because she chose good advisors, especially Lord Burghley and

then his son, Sir Robert Cecil.


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She cultivated a cult of personality for the Virgin Queen she had portraits painted of herselfwhich showed her as a powerful ruler.


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Parliament was NOT important in Elizabeths reign (MPs were too frightened to displease her).When the MP Peter Wentworth complained about this in 1576, he was sent to the Tower.


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In times of difficulty Elizabeth could be inspiringeg her speech in 1588 to the troops atTilbury: I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and

stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think foul scorn that Spain should dare toinvade the borders of my realm.


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But she had to deal with several plots. The Northern Rebellion in 1569 (the leaders wanted todepose Elizabeth), the Ridolfi Plot in 1571 (a plot by an Italian banker and the Duke of Norfolk

to assassinate Elizabeth), and the Babington Plot in 1589 (a plot to assassinate Elizabeth).


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At the end of her reign, there is some evidence that Elizabeth was losing her grip. Some of thenobles became dissatisfied, such as the Earl of Essex who attempted a rebellion in 1601.


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Parliament became troublesome, for example, it did not grant her enough taxes for her wars.


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Looking at the reign of Elizabeth, what do you thinkwas she a success or a failure?

Consequences

She was popular. In 1588 the troops at Tilbury shouted "Gloriana!", which means

'glorious woman', and in 1590, the poet Edmund Spenser made 'Gloriana' the heroine ofhis poem The Faerie Queene.

Her reign was a time of art, music and literature with the talents of Nicholas Hilliard,

John Dowland and William Shakespeare flourishing at this time. It is often known as "theGolden Age of English history".

Her long reign created stability. When she died, James VI of Scotland, the son of her

cousin Mary Queen of Scots, inherited the throne peacefully.

By the end of her reign, the Church of England was safe, and there was no chance of aWar of Religion.

By the end of her reign, England was a world power. Pope Sixtus V could not understand

it: "She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island, and yet she makes herself feared

by Spain, by France, by all".

During her reign, the firstcolonyof the British Empire was set up - Virginia in North

America.
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Interpretations

Gloriana and the growth of Parliament

The Protestants of the time portrayed Elizabeth as a saviour, sent by God. This was reinforced bythepropagandaportraits Elizabethcommissioned,which included many symbols of power andpurity.

Some later historians questioned this interpretation of Elizabeththey interpreted her as

dithering and pig-headed, or as a tyrant and bully.

However, generally Elizabeth's good reputation continued into the 20th century. J E Neale(1934) portrayed her as a skilful politician, brilliantly managing Parliament and the nobles at

court.

Some modern historians, however, have begun to suggest that the 'Gloriana' image of Elizabethwas a manufactured myth, which even people at the time had tired of by the end of her reign.

In 1988, Christopher Haighcriticised Elizabeth's court, suggesting that she let her nobles

behave childishly, and that this led to dangerousintriguesand plots. This is the impression youwill get if you watch modern films or TV series about Elizabeth.

The comedy TV series Blackadder portrayed Elizabeth as immature, dotty and murderous.

The woman inside the queen

Recent books have tried to reveal Elizabeth as a person.

The historian Carole Levine(1994) has claimed how Elizabeth's rule was dominated by the factthat she was a woman in a man's world. And David Starkey(2001) has presented an Elizabeth

moulded by her difficult childhood and personal faith.

What is yourinterpretation of Elizabeth? Was she England's greatest monarch, or as much a

murderer as her father? Was she a fake and a fraud who had a successfulpropagandamachine or

was she a brilliant politician? Or was she just lucky?
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Elizabeth I as Princessattributed to William Scrots

More Images

Born: 7 September 1533Greenwich Palace

Became Queen: 17November 1558

Coronation: 15 January1559Westminster Abbey

Died: 24 March 1603Richmond Palace

Buried: 28 April 1603Westminster Abbey

Elizabeth's life was troubled from the moment she was born.Henry VIIIhad changedthe course of his country's history in order to marryAnne Boleyn,hoping that she wouldbear him the strong and healthy son thatCatherine of Aragonnever did. But, onSeptember 7, 1533 inGreenwich Palace,Anne bore Elizabeth instead.

Anne did eventually conceive a son, but he was stillborn. By that point, Henry hadbegun to grow tired of Anne and began to orchestrate her downfall. Most, if not all,historians agree that Henry's charges of incest and adultery against Anne were false,

but they were all he needed to sign her execution warrant. She was beheaded on theTower Greenon May 19, 1536, before Elizabeth was even three years old.

Elizabeth was probably at the royal manor at Hunsdon when her mother was arrestedand executed after being at court for Christmas (and likely the last time she saw hermother). Henry had remarried and was eagerly awaiting the son he hopedJaneSeymourwas carrying. As it turned out, she was indeed to bear Henry a son, Edward(futureEdward VI). Jane died shortly after her son was born.

Elizabeth's last stepmother wasKatherine Parr,the sixth queen to Henry VIII. Katherinehad hoped to marryThomas Seymour(brother to the late Queen Jane), but she caught

Henry's eye. She brought both Elizabeth and her half-sisterMaryback to court. WhenHenry died, she became the Dowager Queen and took her household from Court.Because of the young age of Edward VI,Edward Seymour(another brother of Jane'sand therefore the young King's uncle) became Lord Protector of England.

Elizabeth went to live with the Queen Dowager Katherine, but left her household afteran incident with the Lord Admiral, Thomas Seymour, who was now Katherine'shusband. Just what occurred between Elizabeth and Thomas will never be known for
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sure, but rumors at the time suggested that Katherine had caught them kissing orperhaps even in bed together. Katherine was pregnant at the time of the incident. Shelater gave birth to a daughter named Mary. Katherine died not too long afterwards andwas buried atSudeley Castle.This left Thomas Seymour as an eligible bachelor onceagain.

Because Elizabeth was a daughter of the late King Henry VIII, she was in line to thethrone (despite several attempts to remove her from the chain, she was in Henry's willas an heir) and was therefore a most sought-after bride. During the reign of Edward VI,Thomas Seymour asked for Elizabeth's hand in marriage, which she refused. From thisincident, both Thomas and Elizabeth were suspected of plotting against the king.Elizabeth was questioned, but was never charged. Seymour however, after an attemptto kidnap the boy king, was arrested and eventually executed for treason. Elizabeth wasreported to have said, upon hearing of the Lord Admiral's death (although it is probablyapocryphal): "Today died a man of much wit, and very little judgment."

Edward may have contracted what was then called consumption (possibly tuberculosis)or had a severe respiratory infection. When it looked inevitable that the teenager woulddie without an heir of his own body, the plots for his crown began. Reports of the youngKing's declining health spurred on those who did not want the crown to fall to theCatholic Mary. It was during this time thatGuilford DudleymarriedLady Jane Grey,whowas a descendant of Henry VIII's sisterMary,and was therefore also an heir to thethrone. When Edward VI died in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen by her fatherHenryGreyand her father-in-lawJohn Dudley,who rallied armies to support her. However,many more supported the rightful heir: Mary, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of

Aragon. Nine days after Jane was proclaimed Queen, Mary rode into London with hersister Elizabeth. Jane Grey and her husband Guilford were imprisoned in the Tower.

Shortly after becoming Queen, Mary was wed toPrince Philip of Spain,which made theCatholic Queen quite unpopular. The persecuted Protestants saw Elizabeth as theirsavior, since she was seen as an icon of "the new faith". After all, it was to marry hermother Anne Boleyn that Henry instituted the break with Rome. Because of this, severalrebellions and uprisings were made in Elizabeth's name, although she herself probablyhad little or no knowledge of them. However, Mary sensed the danger from her youngersister, and imprisoned her in the Tower.

The story, possibly apocryphal, of Elizabeth's entry into the Tower is an interesting one.She was deathly (pun intended) afraid of the Tower, probably thinking of her mother'sfate in that place, and when she was told she would be entering through Traitor's Gate,she refused to move. She had been secreted to the Tower in the dark so as not to raisethe sympathy of supporters. That night was cold and rainy, and the Princess Elizabethsat, soaking wet, on the stairs from the river to the gate. After her governess finallypersuaded Elizabeth to enter, she did so and became yet another famous prisoner ofthe Tower of London.
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Elizabeth was released from the Tower after a few months of imprisonment and wassent to Woodstock where she stayed for just under a year. When it appeared that Maryhad become pregnant, Elizabeth was no longer seen as a significant threat and theQueen let her return to her residence atHatfield,under semi- house arrest. Mary Tudorwas nearly 40 years old when the news of her "pregnancy" came. After a few months,

her belly began to swell, but no baby was ever forthcoming. Some modern historiansthink that she had a large ovarian cyst, and this is also what lead to her failing healthand eventual death.

News of Mary's death on November 17, 1558 reached Elizabeth at Hatfield, where shewas said to be out in the park, sitting under an oak tree. Upon hearing that she wasQueen, legend has it that Elizabeth quoted the 118th Psalm's twenty-third line, in Latin:"A Dominum factum est illud, et est mirabile in oculis notris" -- "It is the Lord's doing, andit is marvelous in our eyes."

Elizabeth had survived and was finally Queen of England.

Elizabeth I's Coronation Portraitby an unknown artist

More Images

Born: 7 September 1533Greenwich Palace

Became Queen: 17November 1558

Coronation: 15 January1559Westminster Abbey

Died: 24 March 1603Richmond Palace

Buried: 28 April 1603

Westminster Abbey

On January 15, 1559, Elizabeth I was crowned Queen by Owen Oglethorpe, bishop of
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Carlisle atWestminster Abbey,a little less than two months after the death ofMary I.The total cost of the celebrations, excluding the coronation banquet was 16,741, whichaccording to one calculation would equal about 3.5 million today. Like herpredecessors, Elizabeth knew the importance of a good show, especially for a newmonarch who needed to re-affirm her right to her crown.

Three days earlier, Elizabeth resided at theTower of Londonand on the 14th made theprocession to Westminster. Along the way were various displays and pageants forElizabeth's entertainment. On the night of the 14th, she spent the night at the Palace ofWestminster, which was just a short walking distance from the Westminster Abbey. Thenext day, the 15th, Elizabeth walked in procession to the Abbey for the coronation onthe date chosen byDr. John Dee,who besides being a mathematician and Greekscholar, was also an astrologer. For the procession, Elizabeth walked on a blue carpetthat ran from the palace to the abbey, which was torn up by souvenir seekers after theQueen walked past. The ceremony of the coronation was much as it had been forElizabeths predecessors, but with a few significant alterations to the religious aspects

of the service. The coronation mass now included readings in English and Latin for theEpistle and Gospel and she retreated to a curtained area in St. Edwards Chapel duringthe elevation of the host. After the coronation, Elizabeth walked from the Abbey toWestminster Hall for the traditional coronation banquet, a custom that ended with thecoronation of George IV in 1821.

When Elizabeth took the throne, she was immediately descended upon by suitors.However, as we all know, she never married. One of the most obvious questions wouldbe "why?". Some theorize that because of the way her father treated his wives,Elizabeth was disgusted by the idea of marriage. The more romantic feel it was becauseshe couldn't marry the man that she really loved,Robert Dudley.When Elizabeth

became Queen, Dudley was married, and then his wifeAmydied under mysteriouscircumstances a few years later. Although Robert Dudley was cleared of any wrong-doing in the matter, Elizabeth could not marry him because of the scandal that would nodoubt arise. Or perhaps she never married because of a combination of reasons.Regardless, Elizabeth never married, but managed to successfully play her suitors off ofone another for about 25 years, gaining alliances and wealth from gifts on the possibilityof marriage. The one serious contender for her hand wasFrancis, Duke of AlenonofFrance, but negotiations eventually failed.

The later years of Elizabeth's reign are sometimes referred to as a Golden Age. Duringthis time, England and Elizabeth faced several major trials. First, Elizabeth had to dealwith the growing threat ofMary Queen of Scots,who had a strong and legitimate(especially in the eyes of Catholics) claim to the throne of England. When Mary fled hercountry in the 1560s, she was taken into house arrest in England, where she hadexpected the protection of her cousin Elizabeth. Elizabeth however knew Mary was athreat. Eventually, a plot serious enough arose in Mary's name, and Elizabeth sign herdeath warrant. Mary was executed in 1587, on February 8th, at Fortheringhay.
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Also, the greatest military threat to Elizabeth's reign came a year later, when theArmada from Spain sailed toward the tiny island nation. England prevailed and was onits way towards becoming the supreme naval power that it was in the 1600 and 1700s.This was also near the time that Robert Dudley died. Elizabeth kept the last letter hesent her in her desk, with "His Last Letter" written on it. In the final years of her reign

Elizabeth faced the challenges of increasing Puritain influence and the rebellion ofRobert Devereux,the Earl of Essex.

Elizabeth died on March 24, 1603 atRichmond Palaceand was succeeded byJames I(James VI of Scotland), the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. The Tudor dynasty ended andpassed to the Stuarts.

According to Henry VIIIs will, the next heirs after Henry VIIIs own children were thoseremaining daughters ofFrances Brandon,daughter of Henry VIIIs sister Mary Tudorand her husbandCharles Brandon.Frances first daughter was Jane Grey, who wasexecuted in the reign of Mary I after briefly holding the throne for 9 days after the death

of Edward VI. Jane had two sisters,CatherineandMary Greyand early in Elizabethsreign it appeared that Catherine would be, at least legally, the next in line to the throne.However, Catherine marriedEdward Seymour(son of theEdward Seymour, the LordProtectorfrom Edward VI's reign) in secret without the Queens permission and hermarriage was declared invalid in 1561, making her children illegitimate. Catherineherself died in 1568, so was not a question in the succession in 1603, but she had twosons: Edward and Thomas, who were still alive at the time.

After the children of Catherine Grey would have been the heirs of Mary Grey, butalthough she married, she is not known to have produced any heirs and she herselfdied in 1578, long before Elizabeth.

After the heirs of Frances Brandon would come the heirs of Frances younger sister,Eleanor Brandon. Eleanor married Henry Clifford, the Earl of Cumberland and had adaughter, Margaret. Margaret died a few years before Elizabeth I, but she had a son,William, who was alive and therefore another potential legal heir of Elizabeth Is throne,and one without the questions of legitimacy that surrounded Catherine Greys sons.

The children ofMargaret Tudor,wife ofJames IVof Scotland were not mentioned aspart of the succession since they were born in a foreign country. But, since they werethe heirs of an older daughter ofHenry VII,going by the usual hereditary rules theywould have a stronger claim to the English throne than the descendants of H enry VIIsyounger daughter Mary. In the first few decades of Elizabeths reign, the primaryclaimant to Elizabeths crown through this line was Mary Queen of Scots. Since she wasCatholic, she was a rallying point for those who wished to see someone from the oldfaith on the English throne.

After the death of James IV, Margaret Tudor married Archibald Douglas, and they had adaughter namedMargaret,who married Matthew Stuart, the Earl of Lennox. MargaretDouglas had two sons,Henry Lord Darnleyand Charles, who later inherited his fathers
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title. In 1565, the two lines of descent from Margaret Tudor were united when MaryQueen of Scots was married to Henry Lord Darnley. Two years later Mary bore a sonJames, the future James VI of Scotland. Margaret Douglas second son, Charlesmarried Elizabeth Cavendish and had one child, a daughter,Arabella Stuart.

By the time Elizabeth was in the final days of her life, it seemed a foregone conclusionthat the crown would go to James VI of Scotland. Secret behind-the-scenes dealingswith members of Elizabeths government paved the way for his succession. However, itis still not known for sure whether or not Elizabeth actually named James as her heir onher deathbed It is possible that Elizabeth never formally named James her heir inwriting because she remembered the events surrounding her sisters death and how thepeople abandoned Mary in favor of Elizabeth in Marys final weeks. It is generally saidthat when asked who she wanted to succeed her, Elizabeth made a hand signindicating James, since she was no longer able to speak. Regardless of whether or notshe actually indicated James, it was the King of Scotland who succeeded Elizabeth,peacefully, although there were several others with claims to the English throne as

weve gone through above. In 1603, the kingdoms of Scotland and England were finallyunited under one crown.

Thumbnail Description Location/Owner

Elizabeth I's signature Various documents

The Family of Henry VIII c.1545. Painted by an unknownartist. Oil on canvas, 141 x 355

cmLeft to Right: 'Mother Jak', The

Lady Mary, Prince Edward,Henry VIII, Jane Seymour, TheLady Elizabeth and Wil Somers

The RoyalCollection; On

display at HamptonCourt Palace
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Elizabeth from the abovepainting


display at HamptonCourt Palace

Princess Elizabeth, aged about13 (1546). Sometimes attributed

to William Scrots


Display at WindsorCastle

A close-up of Elizabeth's face

from the above portrait.


Display at WindsorCastle

Woodcut of the PrincessElizabeth and her sister Queen

MaryBritish Library

Woodcut of Princess Elizabethas a prisoner in the Tower of

LondonBritish Library

The Coronation Portrait ofElizabeth I.

Painted c. 1600, copy of a lostoriginal

NPG London

Elizabeth's CoronationProcession

The British Library

Elizabeth painted by anunknown artist, c. 1560

NPG London
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Miniature of Elizabeth painted in1572, by Nicholas Hilliard.

Watercolor on vellum.NPG London

"The Darnley Portrait" ofElizabeth, painted by anunknown artist c. 1575

NPG London

"The Pelican Portrait" c. 1575-

1580.Attributed to Nicholas Hilliard

Walker Art Gallery,

Liverpool

"The Phoenix Portrait", attributedto Nicholas Hilliard

NPG London


The Family of Henry VIIILeft to right: Philip and Mary with

War, Henry VIII, Edward VI,Elizabeth I with Peace and Plenty

National Museumof Wales, on loanto Sudeley Castle
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Elizabeth playing the lute. Paintedby Nicholas Hilliard c. 1580

The Bridgeman ArtLibrary, London

The frontispiece of a book.Elizabeth is shown in one of the

sets of coronation robes.?

Elizabeth at prayer. Frontispieceto Christian Prayers, 1569

Mansell Collection

An extraordinary ring with theportraits of Elizabeth and her

mother, Anne Boleyn, made in1575

At The Chequers

A sketch of Elizabeth c. 1575By Federigo Zuccaro

British Museum

Stained glass window of Elizabeth

At St. Mary'sChurch, Sudeley

Castle;Photograph byLara E. Eakins

"The Phoenix Jewel"

On display at theBritish Museum;Photograph byLara E. Eakins
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"The Sieve Portrait". Elizabeth witha sieve, a symbol of virginity

PinacotecaNazionale, Siena

The Procession of the Knights ofthe Garter. Engraved by Marcus

Gheeraerts the Elder in 1576?

"The Ermine Portrait". Painted in1585 by Nicholas Hilliard

In the collection ofthe Marquess of

Salisbury; On

Display at HatfieldHouse

Wax figure of Elizabeth I based onthe Ermine Portrait.

At MadameTussaud's,

London.Photograph byLara E. Eakins

"Elizabeth I out Hunting". Woodcutfrom The Booke of Hunting

British Library

Elizabeth at a picnic. Woodcut fromThe Booke of Hunting

British Library


One of at least three versions ofThe Armada Portrait.

At Woburn Abbey
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A close-up of the crown from theArmada Portrait

At Woburn Abbey

A sketch of Elizabeth in the dressshe wore to attend the

Thanksgiving celebration after thevictory over the Armada; Sketched

by an unknown artist, c. 1588

The Royal Libraryat Windsor Castle

A Miniature of Elizabeth,celebrating the victory over the

Armada

Victoria and AlbertMuseum, London

A plate in honor of ElizabethMuseum of

London

The Rainbow Portrait. Attributed toIsaac Oliver

In the collection ofthe Marquess of

SalisburyOn display at

Hatfield House

Miniature of Elizabeth by NicholasHilliard. Case set with diamonds


A pattern miniature by Isaac Oliverfrom about 1592

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Elizabeth I with a fanThe RoyalCollection

Another image of Elizabeth with afan, similar to the paintings above

and below.Painted c.1585, by an unknown

artist.Oil on panel.

NPG London

Elizabeth I. Painted by John Bettesthe Younger Hever Castle, Kent

"The Ditchley Portrait", painted byMarcus Gheeraerts the Younger c.

1592.Oil on canvas.

NPG London

Elizabeth in procession toBlackfriars in 1600. In the style of

Peake

In a privatecollection

Elizabeth near the end of her lifeBurghley House

Collection,Lincolnshire, UK

The funeral procession forElizabeth, 1603

British Library
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The effigy from Elizabeth's tomb inWestminster Abbey

Dean and Chapterof Westminster

The effigy from Elizabeth's tomb inWestminster Abbey


The tomb of Mary and Elizabeth atWestminster Abbey.


The tomb of Mary and Elizabeth atWestminster Abbey.The Latin

translates:"Partners both in throne and grave,here rest we two sisters, Elizabeth

and Mary, in the hope of oneresurrection."


Mary Queen of Scots

Mary, Queen of Scots, was born in 1542 and was executed on 1587. It is generallybelieved that Mary's execution - ordered byElizabeth I- was the final reason Philip IIneeded to launch theSpanish Armada.There are few other figures inTudor Englandwho had such an eventful life, though for Mary, Queen of Scots, it was to end intragedy.

Mary, Queen of Scots, aged 17
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Mary was Elizabeth I's cousin. Mary had been brought up as a strict Catholic which puther at odds with the Protestant Elizabeth. Mary's father, James V of Scotland, diedwhen she was one. At such a young age, the Scottish lords found it difficult to respecther and by 1548, Mary was sent to France for her own safety.

As a young girl, Mary lived in France where she had married the king of France -Francis II. She was fifteen and he was fourteen. Her father-in-law, Henry II, king ofFrance, said of her

"the little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child I have ever seen."

While in France, Mary lived in luxury travelling from one palace to another. Shedeveloped a love of animals - especially dogs - and spent a lot of time learning. Shecould speak French, Latin, Spanish and some Ancient Greek. Mary could also play thelute with some skill. Her religious teacher was a monk from the priory at Inchmahome in

Scotland and she developed very strong views on religion.

Her doting father-in-law, Henry II, had been killed in a jousting accident in 1559. Hermother had died in Scotland in 1560. Her husband, Francis had always been a sicklyyouth and his death aged sixteen in 1560 surprised no-one but it left Mary a widow atthe age of seventeen. Within just six months she had lost three close members of herfamily. many say that she never really recovered from this sad period in her life.

After the death of Francis, she wrote a poem about him. One verse is as follows:

"By day, by night, I think of himIn wood or mead, or where I be

My heart keeps watch for one who's goneAnd yet I feel he's aye to me"

She returned to Scotland as Queen of the Scots aged eighteen in 1561.

In 1565, she married her cousin, Lord Darnley, when she was 22. He was veryunpopular with the people of Scotland as he was a violent, bad-tempered drunkard.

During their marriage, Mary's secretary was an Italian called David Rizzio. Darnley got itinto his head that they were spending too much time together and in 1566, while Marywas entertaining some of her friends in her private rooms, Rizzio, who was a guest atMary's supper party, was attacked by a gang including Darnley and stabbed over 50times. Mary was horrified.


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However, in June 1566, Mary gave birth to a baby boy called James. He was to becomethe king of England whenElizabethdied in 1603. Mary's marriage with Darnleyremained full of stress and she became more and more attracted to the Earl of Bothwell.

On February 9th 1567, Mary and Darnley was at a house called Kirk O'Field. Late in the

evening she remembered that she had to see some friends and rode off. Scotland wasa very dangerous country in the Sixteenth Century and it would have needed a verybrave person to venture out at night without being fully guarded. That night, Kirk O'Fieldwas blown up. Darnley's body was found in the garden of the house. The explosion hadnot killed him - he had been strangled. Just three months later, Mary married Bothwell.He was as disliked as Darnley by the Scots lords and they rose up against Mary.Bothwell escaped to Europe where he died an alcoholic and all but insane. Mary wasarrested and held prisoner at Lochleven Castle.

She was made to give up the throne for James, her son. Mary later escaped from herprison and she fled to England where she hoped her cousin, Elizabeth, would look after

her. Mary's logic was twofold. First, Mary was a queen and so was Elizabeth. Maryexpected a queen to help a queen. Secondly, Mary assumed that their family ties wouldprove strong. She could not have been more wrong. At the age of 25, the former queenof Scotland started a lengthy spell in a number of manor houses or castles that were herprison.

Mary in prison in England

Simply by being in England, Mary represented a threat toElizabeth.Why?

Elizabeth had brought what might have passed as religious stability to England.Certainly the religious discord under her half-sisterMary I,had greatly weakened.Elizabeth had a belief that if someone was a Catholic and practiced their beliefsprivately and represented no threat to the queen, then she was willing to tolerate theirreligion. If the Catholics were respectful to the queen and obedient, then Elizabeth couldsee no reason why they should not be tolerated. The nation greatly benefited fromreligious stability. Mary, Queen of Scots, threatened this stability. As a Catholic, shemight become a focus for all the Catholics who existed in England and a leader forthem. In this sense, Mary was a very real threat to Elizabeth.

Another major reason is as follows: there were some who believed that the marriagebetweenHenry VIIIand Anne Boleyn had been illegal. Catholics certainly did notrecogniseHenry'sdivorce from the Catholic Catherine of Aragon and there wererumours thatHenryhad married Anne before his divorce had actually come through.Therefore, if the marriage was illegal, Elizabeth was illegitimate and had no right to thethrone. If Elizabeth had no right to the throne, the nearest legalheir to the Englishthrone was.........Mary, Queen of Scots. Though most people would have found this anabsurd idea, it could have acted as an incentive for the Catholics in England to rebel
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against Elizabeth and put Mary onto the throne. It may also have been a reason forElizabeth's advisors to decide that England was better off with Mary dead - though theywould need proof to convince a court of law about her guilt.

Elizabeth now hit a problem. Her cousin quite clearly posed problems for her. If Mary

was sent back to Scotland, from where she had escaped, she may well have been killedand Elizabeth would not accept that a queen (and family) should be treated in such away. But by being in England, Mary might act as a spur for Catholics to rebel.

Elizabeth's solution was to keep Mary, Queen of Scots, in prison. For the next 19 years,Mary was kept in safe custody in various castles and manor houses. In all this time,Mary never met Elizabeth.

Mary, Queen of Scots, did not help herself. She made it clear to anybody who wouldlisten, that she felt that she should be the queen of England. In 1570, she received thebacking of the pope. This meant that there was no reason why a Catholic should not

assassinateElizabethbecause it would not be a sin as the pope had said that Maryshould be queen of England. Mary was clearly becoming a major problem for Elizabethand her advisors.

It took many years for the government to build up a case against Mary - even if such acase actually existed! This work was carried out by Sir Francis Walsingham. His spynetwork kept a close eye on Mary.

In 1586, a man called Anthony Babington devised a plot to kill Elizabeth,rescue Maryand then see her as the next queen of England. Babington wrote in code to Mary toexplain what he was doing. Mary wrote back, stating that she agreed with what he was

doing. Walsingham's spies intercepted both letters. Babington was arrested andcharged with treason. In September 1586, Babington was executed. Now thegovernment had a case against Mary. She was put on trial in October 1586.

Mary defended herself well but the judges found her guilty of treason. To the judges,who would not listen to her arguments, she said "You are indeed my enemies". Thereply was "We are the enemy of the enemies of our queen." The trial lasted just 2 days.

Mary was found guilty of plotting to kill Elizabeth. She was sentenced to death. InFebruary 1587, Mary was given just 24 hours notice that she would be executed thenext day.

How strong was the evidence against Mary?

by 1587, she was in poor health and was frail. Was she in any fit state to becomeinvolved in a plot against her cousin?

how did Walsingham's men manage to find the letter by Mary that was hidden in a beerbarrel? Did they know where to look? Did they write it?
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locked up in a castle, how could Mary know what others were doing or have any way ofinfluencing their movements?

Regardless of this, Babington admitted his part in the plot and he admitted that Maryknew about the plot against Elizabeth all along. However, it is almost certain that his

confession was as a result of torture.

Elizabeth hesitated about signing Mary's death warrant. Eventually she did and Marywas executed at Fortheringhay Castle, 70 miles north of London, on February 8th,1587. Mary was not allowed to have her chaplain present at her execution.

Mary's execution

Mary's execution was a curious affair. She dressed in scarlet, the colour of martyrdom.She had to be helped onto the scaffold as she was so frail. She spoke her last words inLatin and then putting her head onto the block said "Into your hands, O Lord" threetimes, again in Latin. It took two goes with the axe to remove her head. When theexecutioner lifted up her head, he found that he had a wig in his hand and the actualhead was still on the scaffold. No-one had known that she had lost her hair. Then herbody moved. Underneath her skirt, a small dog, a Skye terrier, was seen. Mary hadbrought her dog to her own execution..........

In 1612, her son and the now king of England, James, brought his mother's body toWestminster Abbey where she was buried in a magnificent tomb.

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