Elizabethan Catholics and PuritansEnglish Catholicism after Mary

The Council of TrentConformity, Recusancy, Exile

Catholic Resistance in EnglandJesuit PriestsPlots against the Queen’s

Life

Survival of the Catholic Community

Early Elizabethan Puritanism“But Halfly Reformed”Conformity, Moderation,

Separatism

Puritanism Within/Without the Church

Political PuritanismPresbyterianism &

Separatism

The Attack on Separatism

A “Priest Hole” for Harboring Catholic Priests while under Investigation

English Catholicism after MaryThe Council of Trent

1545-63: 3 Periods, last was 1559-63Doctrinal Clarity; Condemning HeresyCatholic/Counter ReformationInvitations to English/German ProtestantsDeclined; Prot. Solidarity/Alliance

ConformitySwearing the Oath of Supremacy (M.P.s)Universities: Protestant Theology (Clergy)

RecusancyRefusing to Attend Church ServicesLack of Outward Conformity

ExileFlight to the Mainland: France, Italy, L.C.

Pope Paul III, 1543, by Titian

Catholic Resistance in EnglandJesuit Priests

Society of Jesus; Ignatius LoyolaDouai, ’68: William AllenValladolid, ‘89; St. Omer, ’96Edmund Campion, Robert ParsonsMission to England, ‘80-1

Plots against the Queen 1569: Northern RebellionCatholic Nobles for Mary, Q. Scots1570: Regnans in ExcelsisPope Pius V’s Deposition1571: Ridolfi PlotPope, Spain, Scotland, Norfolk1583: Throckmorton PlotEnglish, Spain, Scotland, Guise1586: Babington PlotEnglish, Jesuits, Scotland Mary, Queen of Scots, 17th

Cent.

Survival of the Catholic CommunityRecusancy Fines

Initially Low EnforcementIncreased £ and Enforcement, ’70

Landed FamiliesNobility and GenryPriest HolesItinerant Priests

Clandestine NetworksStrong in the North, WalesPockets in Oxfordshire, Kent

Elizabethan Catholicism Did Not DieQua Marian Protestantism Coughton Court, Home of the

Throckmorton Family; Warwickshire

Early Elizabethan Puritanism“But Halfly Reformed”

Alienated by Compromise of ER SettlementYearning for “Further Reformation”Returning Marian Exiles (esp. Swiss Lands)Calvin’s Geneva; Bullinger’s Zürich

Conformity (Officials)Outward/Public ObservanceInward/Private DevotionE.g.: Cecil, Jewel

Moderation (“Hotter Sort of Protestants”)Calvinist Clergymen; Emmanuel, CambridgeEdmund Grindal, Bp. London

NonconformityAdmonition to Parliament, 1572Some Support from Powerful Patrons

Emmanuel College, est. ‘84Training Ground for Puritan Clergymen

Puritanism Within/Without the ChurchPolitical Puritanism

Advocacy of Protestant ChurchHome/AbroadClergy, Laity; Politicians, DiplomatsRobert Dudley, Earl of LeicesterFrancis Walsingham, SecretaryGrindal, Abp. CanterburyProphesyings (Special Meetings)

Presbyterianism & SeparatismRejection of Est. EcclesiologyPresbyt: Congregation, Classis, SynodsThomas Cartwright, John FieldSepar: Private CongregationsRobert Browne, Norwich, 1580Henry Barrow, London, 1592

Francis Walsingham, c. 1587; NPG

The Attack on SeparatismSeparatism as Sedition

Catholics & Presbyterians AlikeNot Treated as Heresy, so much as TreasonExtension of Recusancy FinesUnlicensed Preaching

John Whitgift, Abp. Cant, 1583Succeeded Grindal (Had been Suspended)Enforcement of Supremacy, BCP, 39 Arts.Court of High Commission; Oath Ex OfficioRequired to Answer All QuestionsRadicals Going too Far (Justified Attack)Marprelate Tracts (Funny Pamphlets)“Frantic” William Hacket (“Messiah”)

An Effort Towards Protestant ConformityLessened Catholic ThreatContinued Protestant Diversity

“And be it known unto them that Martinism stands upon another manner of foundation than their prelacy does, or can stand. Therefore if they will needs overthrow me, let them go in hand with the exploit rather by proving the lawfulness of their places than by exercising the force of their unlawful tyranny. For once again, I fear not their tyranny.”From The Protestation of Martin Marprelate, September 1589