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ELN230 – Bazlur slide 1
ELN230 Lecture – 02a
PC History
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 2
Evolution of Computers1. Mechanical Calculators
2. Mechanical Computers
3. Electronic Computers
– Tubes
– Transistors
– ICs
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 3
Mechanical Calculator• 1617 - John Napier created “Napiers Bones” for
calculating, similar to abacus.
• 1642 - Blaise Pascal introduced Pascaline digital adding machine.– Could add numbers entered on dials.
• 1671 - Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a calculator capable of adding and multiplying.– It was built in 1694.
• 1820 - Charles Xavier Thomas developed first successful mechanical calculator. – capable of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 4
Mechanical Computers• 1822 - Charles Babbage (father of computers)
invents the Difference Engine.– Solved polynomial equations.– Steam-powered and capable of printing results
• 1833 - Charles Babbage designed a general-purpose, program-controlled, automatic mechanical computer.– Called the Analytical Engine.
– Capable of working on 50 digit numbers with a storage capacity of 1,000 50 digit numbers.
– Considered first true general purpose computer.
– Would have included:Input device, Control unit, Processor, Storage, Output device
– Never built because intricate gear and mechanisms could not be built.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 5
Before Electronic Computers• 1890 - Punch cards developed by Herman
Hollerith for input and storage.– Herman later founded Tabulating Machine
Company, also known as IBM.
• 1906 - Deforest invents a vacuum tube that later serves as one of the first types of electronic switches in a computer circuit.
• 1937 - Iowa State College professor invents the base-two (binary) numbers instead of the traditional base ten. – bits : Short for “Binary Digits”
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 6
Electronic Computers• 1942 - First digital computer created by a
physicist, John V. Atanasoff using vacuum tubes (patented in 1906) as switches.
• 1945 - John Von Neumann demonstrated that computers did not needed to be rewired to enter a new program.– Stored-program technique became fundamental
for future generations of high-speed digital computers.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 7
First large scale electronic computer
• 1946
– First large scale electronic computer built for the military.
– ENIAC, Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator
• Operated on 10 digit numbers, could multiply two such numbers 300 times a second by finding the value of the product from a multiplication table stored in memory.
• Used 18,000 tubes, needed 1,800 square feet of space, consumed 180,000 watts of power.
• Punch cards used for input and output. • Registers used for adders and quick-access storage.• Programs were entered into ENIAC by rewiring it.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 8
Transistorised Computers• 1947
– First transistors developed.– The invention of the transistor that lead revolution to
the miniaturization of circuitry.– EDVAC and UNIVAC computers appeared.
• They did not need to be rewired for new programs (Stored Program Computer).
• Used RAM.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 9
Integrated circuit Computers• 1959
– Integrated circuit developed.– Texas Instruments invented the IC (Integrated
Circuit)– Third generation computers were born.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 10
First microprocessor 4004• 1971
– First microprocessor.– 4-bit Intel 4004– Smaller than a thumbnail, with 2300 transistors on
board.– As powerful as the first electronic computer, ENIAC
and cost $200.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 11
First personal computer
• 1975– First personal computer sold, Altair.– Used CP/M (Control Program for Microprocessors)
and BASIC language.
– MITS introduced the “Altair” featuring an 8080 processor and 256 Bytes of memory for $395.
• 1975
IBM introduced the”Model 5100” with 16 Kilobytes of memory for $9,000.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 12
Apple Computers
• 1976
Apple introduced the “Apple-I” for $666.
• In the 1980’s,
Apple was the primary dominating force behind PCs.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 13
IBM started developing personal computers
• End of 1980– IBM started developing personal computers.– Contracted out operating system and software
development to a small company, Microsoft.
– Digital Research was originally contacted to write the OS (Operating System) but refused to proceed.
– Microsoft eagerly took up the task.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 14
The IBM Personal Computer
• Wednesday, August 12th, 1981, IBM changed the face of computing by releasing the “IBM PC”
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 15
What is a PC?
“IBM Compatible” or “Clone”
• Who controls Hardware and Software?
• Microsoft was free to sell their OS (DOS) to anyone, making IBM clones seemingly identical to their competition
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 16
IBM compatibles
• Now– IBM compatibles made and improved by hundreds
of companies.– Apple Macintosh is a closed system and they
control the primary system software.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 17
Who is the leader in PC?
• Intel is the leader in PC processors
• Intel develops chipsets to support their processors
• Intel develops new expansion buses such as PCI and AGP
• Intel makes motherboards for leading vendors such as Dell and Gateway
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 18
System Types
• 8 Bit
• 16 Bit
• 32 Bit
• 64 Bit
• PC/XT systems
• AT systems
• ATX systems
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 19
System Types
• PC - Personal Computer
• XT systems - Extended Systems (PC + HD)
• AT systems - Advanced Technology 16 bits
• Shape, layout, Power supply brought different Form Factors:
PC/XT, AT, AT/Desk, AT/Tower, Baby-AT, LPX, ATX, NLX, SFX, ATX Auxiliary, ATX12V, ATX Optional, Dell Proprietary ATX
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 20
Growth
• Each new chip contains roughly twice as much capacity as its predecessor, and each new chip is released with 18-24 months. Computing power is rising exponentially over a brief period of time.
ELN230 – Bazlur slide 21
Growth
10M(transistors)
1M
100K
10K
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
4004
8080
8086
80286
80386
80486
Pentium, 66MHzProcessor, 1993, 5.5 M
PII, 350 MHz1999, 27 M 500
(MIPS)
25
1.0
0.1
0.01
2000 2005
P4A, 2,5 GHz2002, 55 M
20 nm, 20GHz2007, 1000 M