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Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Location—under back muscles, behind parietal peritoneum, just above waistline; right kidney usually a little lower than left (Figure 17-1)
Internal structure (Figure 17-2) Cortex—outer layer of kidney substance Medulla—inner portion of kidney Pyramids—triangular divisions of medulla Papilla—narrow, innermost end of pyramid Pelvis—expansion of upper end of ureter; lies
inside kidney Calyces—divisions of renal pelvis
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 3
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 4
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 5
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 6
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Microscopic structure—nephrons are microscopic units of kidneys; consist of (Figure 17-3): Renal corpuscle
▪ Bowman’s capsule—the cup-shaped top▪ Glomerulus—network of blood capillaries surrounded
by Bowman’s capsule Renal tubule
▪ Proximal convoluted tubule—first segment▪ Loop of Henle—extension of proximal tubule; consists
of descending limb, loop, and ascending limb▪ Distal convoluted tubule—extension of ascending
limb of loop of Henle▪ Collecting tubule—straight extension of distal tubule
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 8
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 9
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 10
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Functions Excretes toxins and nitrogenous
wastes Regulates levels of many chemicals
in blood Maintains water balance Helps regulate blood pressure via
secretion of renin
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Occurs by a series of three processes that take place in successive parts of nephron Filtration—goes on continually in renal corpuscles;
glomerular blood pressure causes water and dissolved substances to filter out of glomeruli into Bowman’s capsule; normal glomerular filtration rate 125 mL per minute
Reabsorption—movement of substances out of renal tubules into blood in peritubular capillaries; water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed; water is reabsorbed by osmosis from proximal tubules
Secretion—movement of substances into urine in the distal and collecting tubules from blood in peritubular capillaries; hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and certain drugs are secreted by active transport; ammonia is secreted by diffusion
Control of urine volume—mainly by posterior pituitary hormone’s ADH, which decreases it
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 13
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Structure (Figure 17-6)—narrow, long tubes with expanded upper end (renal pelvis) located inside kidney and lined with mucous membrane
Function—drain urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 15
Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Structure (Figure 17-7) Elastic muscular organ, capable of
great expansion Lined with mucous membrane
arranged in rugae, as is stomach mucosa
Functions Storage of urine before voiding Voiding
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 17
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Structure Narrow tube from urinary bladder to
exterior Lined with mucous membrane Opening of urethra to the exterior called
urinary meatus Functions
Passage of urine from bladder to exterior of the body
Passage of male reproductive fluid (semen) from the body
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Passage of urine from body (also called urination or voiding)
Regulatory sphincters Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
Bladder wall permits storage of urine with little increase in pressure
Emptying reflex Initiated by stretch reflex in bladder wall Bladder wall contracts Internal sphincter relaxes External sphincter relaxes, and urination occurs
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Elsevier items and derived items © 2008, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Urinary retention—urine produced but not voided
Urinary suppression—no urine produced but bladder is normal
Incontinence—urine is voided involuntarily May be caused by spinal injury or stroke Retention of urine may cause cystitis
Cystitis—bladder infection Overactive bladder—need for frequent
urination Called interstitial cystitis Amounts voided are small Extreme urgency and pain are common
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