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ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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in collaboration with University of Sunderland ELX 218 Electronics Lab 1 Report SUBMISSION DATE:31thOctober
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Page 2: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

NAME: RAJENDRAN A/L MOHANA

ID: SCSJ 0012170

Page 3: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

SEGI University College 1

LAB ORATORY ETHICS

1. Sign in the attendance sheet.

2. A student coming in 20 minutes after laboratory session has started will be considered ABSENT.

3. Switch off the hand-phone during laboratory sessions.

4. No eating and drinking inside the laboratory

5. Forbid make noisy or interfere other student.

6. Students must obtain PERMISSION from the instructor prior to leaving a laboratory session.

7. Students must do PRE-LAB assignments and understand the relevant worksheets, PRIOR to attending the relevant laboratory session.

8. Data acquired must approved by instructor (stamped and signed).

9. Data acquired by other students are not allowed and will be penalized heavily.

10. After complete the experiment, students must tidy the table, chair and equipments before leave the laboratory

Page 4: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

SEGI University College 2

ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

EAT117 ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES LABORATORY - REPORT EVALUATION

No Criteria Excellent4

Good3

Poor2

Very Poor

1

Weightage Score1. Report format

& Organization General format

and structure Cover page,

title, objective

Completereport and fully complied with criteria. Nicepresentation.

Complete report and fully complied with criteria.

Some criteria are missing. Poor presentation.

Major criteria are missing, untidy, bad presentation

2

2. Pre Lab Questions

Originality of the answers

and

Fully answered the question upon attending the lab, with

Fully answered the questions , few errors

Answer little questions, major errors.

Questions are notanswered. 4

3. Results Results in

the form of data, graphs etc.

Complete andaccurate results, neatly presented

Complete andneatly presented, minor mistakes

Incompleteresult, major mistakes

Major dataare missing

4

4. Discussion Ability

to present,inteprete, andanalyse result

Compare with theoretical values @ ideal conditions

Answer questions or

All points of discussion onthe resultsobtained covered and elaborated.

Some points of discussionon resultsobtained covered and elaborated.

Some points of discussionon resultsobtained covered but not properly elaborated.

Very few points ofdiscussion,not properly elaborated 4

5. Conclusion Provide

answers toobjectivesstated earlier

Ability to learn something

The closing paragraphsummarizes and draws a well developed conclusion

The closing paragraphsummarizes and draws a sufficient conclusion

The closing paragraphattempts to summarize but draws a weakconclusion

Concluding paragraph isnot apparent

2

6 Attitudes

Punctuality to the lab

Cooperatio

Excellent Good Fair Poor 2

Page 5: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

Total Score(max 72 ) = SUM{Score x Weightage}

Total Marks (max 30)= Total Score/2.4

*any part of the report suspected of plagiarsm will be given zero mark.

Lecturer :

Signature :

Date:

Page 6: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

SEGI University College 4

ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

EXPERIMENT 1: INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE

To construct the inverting and non-inverting op-amp circuit and verify the output

THEORY

1. The op-amp is a dc amplifier which has high gain due to the high input impedance and low output impedance.

2. The schematic diagram of an op-amp is shown below.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a basic op-amp.

3. A basic op-amp requires two power supply, a +Vss and –Vss.

4. There are two inputs, the inverting input and non-inverting input.

5. The output of the op-amp depends on the two inputs and the feedback resistors.

6. When the input of the inverting terminal is higher than the non-inverting terminal, the output produces an amplified out-of-phase voltage.

7. On the contrary, if the input of the non-inverting terminal is higher, the output is an amplified in-phase voltage.

8. The open-loop gain is the maximum possible gain of an op-amp since there is no feedback resistor.

9. When feedback resistors are included, the effective voltage gain of the op-amp is reduced.This provides some form of control of the gain of the op-amp.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

No Apparatus Range Quantity1 Operational amplifier IC741 12 Resistors 1kΩ,5kΩ, 10kΩ Each One3 Function generator - 14 Bread board - 15 Power supply (30-0-30)V 16 Multimeter - 17 Connecting wires - Few8 Battery 1.5V 1

Page 7: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 2: Open loop op-amp with 1.5 V inverting input.

Figure 3: Open loop op-amp with 1.5 V non-inverting input.

Figure 4: Open loop op-amp with non-inverting input higher than inverting input.

Page 8: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

Figure 5: Open loop op-amp with inverting input higher than non-inverting input.

Figure 6: Inverting amplifier.

Figure 7: Non-inverting amplifier

Page 9: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

PROCEDURE

1. First the circuit is constructed as in Figure 2. The output of the inverting open loop op-amp is recorded.

2. Next the input is connected to the non-inverting terminal as in Figure 3. The output is then noted.

3. The circuit is then arranged as in Figure 4 where the input to the non-inverting terminal is higher. The output of the op-amp recorded.

4. Both of the inputs are then swapped between the two terminals as in Figure 5 so that the input of the inverting terminal is higher. The output is then recorded.

5. The inverting amplifier circuit with feedback is then constructed as in Figure 6. The output of the op-amp is recorded.

6. Finally, the non-inverting amplifier with feedback is constructed as shown in Figure 7. The output of the op-amp recorded.

Page 10: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

CALCULATION

1. The gain of the open loop op-amp is the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage. The formulae is given as;

2. In figure 4 and 5 where there are two supplies, the input voltage is the voltage difference of the two terminals. Hence, the output phase is determined by the terminal with higher input.

3. For inverting amplifier, the derivation is given as;

Since op-amp has high input impedance, I1=I2

Since gain A is very large, . Va is referred as virtual ground.

Page 11: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

Therefore,

As we know,

Given Vi=1.5V,

For non-inverting amplifier, the derivation is given as;

Page 12: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

Since,

Since gain is very large, R1 and R2 at denominator

Hence,

Page 13: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

As we know,

Given Vi=1.5V,

RESULTS

RE S U L T S 1 Figure 8: Open loop op-amp with 1.5 V inverting input with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.

Figure 8

RE S U L T S 2

Page 14: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

Figure 9: Open loop op-amp with 1.5 V non-inverting input with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.

Figure 9

RESULT 3

Figure 10: Open loop op-amp with non-inverting input higher than inverting input with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.

Figure 10

Page 15: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

RESULT 4

Figure 11: Open loop op-amp with inverting input higher than non-inverting input with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.

Figure 11

RESULT 5

Figure 12: Inverting amplifier with feedback with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.

Figure 12

RESULT 6

Page 16: ELX 218 Lab 1 Feb2012 Labmanual

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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012

Figure 13: Non-inverting amplifier with feedback with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.

Figure 13

CONCLUSION

Operational Amplifiers have a very high open loop DC gain. When applying some form of Negative Feedback, then the operational amplifier circuit will has a very precise gain characteristic that is dependent on the feedback used. An operational amplifier only reacts to the deviation between the voltages on its two input terminals, known as the "Differential Input Voltage" and not to their common potential. If the same voltage potential is applied to both terminals the resultant output will be zero. An Operational Amplifiers gain is known as the Open Loop Differential Gain(Ao).


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