8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

1/41

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

2/41

Dimensions of

Environmental Management

Economic Dimensions

Socio cultural Dimensions

Ethical and Moral DimensionsTechnological Dimensions

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

3/41

Economic Dimensions

Production and consumption of goods and services

Utilization of resources (maximum utilization)

Waste management (reduction of waste)Growth and development

Population poverty- production- pollution link

Consumerism its impact

Resource crisis (energy, food, water etc)

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

4/41

Socio-cultural Dimensions

Social life and status of people

Standard of living

Social interactions

Modern way of livingSimple living/luxurious lifestyle

Consumer society

Need and greed

Equity ( income, social life, education)

Environmental awareness

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

5/41

Moral and Ethical Dimensions

Dharma and moral laws

Value systems and culture

Right and wrong

Respect to nature

Worship of nature

Responsible citizen

Stewardship

Deep ecology

On being morally considerable to nature

Sustainable living

Ahimsa manishada -Non violence to nature

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

6/41

Technological Dimensions

Industrialization

Mechanization

Advanced technologyAppropriate technology

Applied technology

Information technology

Biotechnology

Nanotechnology

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

7/41

Applied technology

Biodiversity conservation

Prevention of pollution

Creating eco-friendly productsBio-degradable packing materials

Developing renewable energy

Improving energy efficiency

Reducing energy consumption

Improving agricultural productivity

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

8/41

Culture,values,

conventions

Dimensions of

Environmental

Management

Communityliving ,village

life

Civilization

, city life

Corporate life

consumer

society

Moral/ethical

Economical

Technological

Sociocultural

Resource Depletion

Food

crisis

AcidRain

EnergyCrisis

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

9/41

Participation Approach

People are primary ingredients of development

People have knowledge and expertise

The entire community is involved in developmentPeoples abilities, skill and knowledge should be developedthrough participation

The role of environmental education and training

Expertise is a resource to the people rather than to the

productPeople have ability to determine their own future anddestiny

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

10/41

Community participation

Usefulness of community participation

Participation in development programs

Success stories of community participationLack of government resources

Uncoordinated development activities

Failure of centralized approaches

Active engagements of community

Participation in decision makingActive involvement in environmental matters

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

11/41

Benefits

Recognition of local needs and priorities

Recognition of local knowledge, skill and abilities

Direct prescriptions Vs. prescriptive solutionsMore reliable feed back on the impact of initiatives

New insights from the communities

Lower costs in dealing with local organizations

Better design of programs

Improved utilization of facilitiesCooperation in new program innovations

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

12/41

Environmental Planning

Environmental Planning concerns itself with the decisionmaking processes where they are required for managing

relationships that exist within and between natural systemsand human systems.

Environmental Planning endeavours to manage theseprocesses in an effective, orderly, transparent and equitablemanner for the benefit of all constituents within suchsystems for the present and for the future.

Present day Environmental Planning practices are theresult of continuous refinement and expansion of the scopeof such decision making processes.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

13/41

Managing the Environment

Some of the main elements of present day environmental

planning are:

Social & economic development

Urban development

Regional development

Natural resource management & integrated land use

Infrastructure systems

Governance frameworks

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

14/41

Rural IndiaMajority of rural people live below poverty line

Several forms of social deprivation

Poor survival chances

Landlessness

Employment of childrenEnvironmental pollution

Social exclusion

Caste and gender discrimination

Income disparity

Disadvantaged group/under privileged.

Marginalized societies

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

15/41

Government InitiativesParticipatory planning

Growth with equity

Priority of agriculture and rural development

Creating of productive employment

Eradication of poverty

Environmental sustainability

Stability in prizes

Participation of people in all levels

Empowerment of women

Development of peoples participatory institutionsCooperatives and self help groups

Sustainable development

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

16/41

Social InitiativesEquity in education, education for all

Technical know how in education

Livestock rearing

Forestry and sericulture

Water management

Health promotion programs

Community participation in development

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

17/41

Environmental InitiativesEconomic use of electricity

Increasing the energy efficiency

Expanding the alternative energy base

Minimize the impact on environment

Stop the reckless use of resources

Social forestry programs

Conventional pollution control

Balancing poverty eradication program with ecologicaldegradation

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

18/41

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

DEGRADATION

RURAL

DEVELOPMENTINCREASED

PRODUCTION,

CONSUMPTION

PRESSURE OF

RURALPOPULATION

SMALL BUSINESS

INITIATIVES

INTENSIVE

AGRICULTURE

POVERTY,

DEPRIVATION

FOOD SCARCITY &

ENERGY PROBLEM

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

19/41

UrbanizationGrowth in the proportion of a population living in urban areas

According to UN, in 1800 only 3 per cent of the worldspopulation lived in urban areas

By 1900, 14 per cent were urbanites, although only 12 cities had

one million or more inhabitantsIn 1950, 30 percent of worlds population resides in urban centres

In 2000 about 47 per cent of the worlds population (about 2.8billion) lived in urban areas

At that time there were 411 cities with population of over onemillion.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

20/41

UrbanizationIn developed countries about 76 per cent of residents are urbanwhile the corresponding figure for less developed countries is 40per cent

It is expected that 60 per cent of the worlds population will be

urban by 2030Most urban growth will take place in less developed countries

In developing and less developed countries, urbanization resultsdue to demographic and economic pressures; and social serviceslike health and education

The coming years will see the making of mega cities ( cities with5 million habitants)

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

21/41

Making of Mega CitiesThere were only 8 cities with 5 million population in 1950, 2 ofthem in less developed countries

Mega cities numbered 41 in 2000. by 2015, 59 mega cities willexist. Out of which 48 will be in less developed countries

By 2015, 23 cities are projected to hold over 10 million peopleWithin hundred years (1900-2000) city population multiplied tentimes, 200 million to 2000 million

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

22/41

Urban ProblemsDEMAND FOR DWELLING PLACE

OVER CROWDING

PRESSURE FOR MEDICAL AND OTHER SERVICES

INCREASED CRIME

DEMAND FOR FOOD AND ENERGY

EXPLOITAITON OF WATER RESOURCES

AIR POLLUTION

PRESSURE FOR HABITAT

GENERATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

23/41

INDIASecond most populated and second largest country

The quality of urban development is decreasing

The rising level of air and water pollution

Weak provision of sanitation services

Negative impact on human health and morbidity

Mumbay, Delhi, Chennai ranked among the to ten most pollutedcities

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

24/41

Urban Problems

"our burgeoning population and urban way of life have been

purchased at the expense of vast ecosystems and habitats. ...

It's no accident that as we celebrate the urbanization of the

world, we are quickly approaching another historic watershed:

the disappearance of the wild.

Jeremy Rifkin,

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

25/41

Urban ProblemsUrban air pollution

Water pollution

Industrial hazardous waste

Soil degradation

Deforestation

Coastal marine resources

Biodiversity loss

Tourism development

Health problems

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

26/41

Urban Problemsdepletion and degradation of natural resources.

the rural population to migrate to cities

converted the cities into a major slum and concrete jungles.Numbers of slums are increased in metropolitan cities

acute shortage space for housing.Development exerted pressure on the basic amenities

increased traffic congestion in the cities.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

27/41

evils of modern urban environmentLack of in adequate sewerage treatment facilities

Lack of adequate drinking water

encroachment of open spaces

littered garbage in the streets,

polluted coastal seawaters. The water in the rivers became unfitfor human consumption

constant flow of untreated sewerage and effluents.

The incidence of air borne and water borne diseases

deterioration of air and water quality.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

28/41

Slums and PopulationSlums are continuing to increase and the housing is dwindlingdue to influx of rural population into urban areas in search of somemeans of subsistence livelihood

Most of the dwelling places have no civic facilities like watersupply, drainage, roads, transport etc.

This conditions lead to many social evils and health problems inthe slum areas.

Slum dwellers face unhygienic environmental conditions, social,economic, health, educational and cultural problems.

The children living in the slum area started suffering frommalnutrition, and water borne diseases like diarrhea.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

29/41

Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collection and disposal has beenproblem in the cities.

Solid wastes can be broadly classified into organic and inorganicwastes.

Inorganic wastes are further classified as recyclable and non-recyclable ones.

Average waste generation ranges from 1000-2500 metrictones/day in the urban areas.

Un organized dumping of solid waste contaminates the groundand surface water sources and gives out a foul smell to theneighboring areas.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

30/41

Sanitation:

Many rural house do not have toilets and people use backyards,

roadsides or community land.

Such poor sanitary conditions promote the breeding of flies and

germs which spread many diseases.

As many of the families cannot build toilets for themselves, it isnecessary to build community toilets, and drainages to keep the

surroundings clean.

This discharge known as sewage can be treated to kill germs and

then used to irrigate fruit and forestry plantations.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

31/41

ENVIRONMENT AUDIT

Environmental audits are systematic and objective assessments

of the environmental status and performance of properties,

facilities, processes, and/or operations.They are a valuable management tool which can be used to

identify and assess environmental problems, and initiate corrective

actions which ensure compliance with applicable environmental

laws and regulations and internal management policies and

practices.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

32/41

Environmental Review

(Environmental Audit)

Environmental reviews are also carried out as a first stage towards

an environmental management system. They are used to identifythe company's impact on the environment and to create a register

of impacts and aspects. These can be used to signpost areas of

concern or where further investigative work may be required

.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

33/41

Waste Audit

these audits are often linked with environmental reviews and

usually form the first step in any waste minimisation exercise. Theaudit is concerned with waste production and handling at a site.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

34/41

Waste Disposal Site Audits

These audits cover the transport and disposal of wastes by a

disposal contractor. They are often undertaken to ensure that a

company's waste is being handled correctly. They are usually

carried out internally, and involve a questionnaire-type approach

.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

35/41

Water Audit

These audits usually form the first step in any water reduction

exercise.

The audit is concerned with water use on a site and wastewater

production..

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

36/41

Compliance Audit

This type of audit is usually done 'in house' to assess compliance

with environmental legislation or company procedures.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

37/41

Environmental Management System (EMS) Audit

these audits form a key element of the environmental management

systems established underISO 14001 and the EC's Eco-

Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS).

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

38/41

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

39/41

Audit ToolsChecklist - useful in providing pointers to the type of information

being sought..

Questionnaire - this is useful for straightforward situations or

when audits are repeated as part of an on-going programme.

Interviews - these can be undertaken to determine staff awareness on site of particular environmental issues

Observation - watching how a process is carried out can provide

a more realistic picture of the extent of compliance with a specific

procedure.

Discussion - at the start of an audit it is usual that a meeting is

held with key personnel on the site to inform them of the audit

activities and what is required of them.

Reporting - whatever the outcome of an audit, it is vital that it is

recorded and that a report is produced.

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

40/41

BenefitsThe benefits of carrying out environmental audits are numerous

and include:

Reducing liability and reducing the potential for environmental

fines

Ensuring compliance with legislation

Reducing waste costs

Reducing water and energy costs

Good public relations (if the results are published).

8/3/2019 EM CAPE III

41/41

Integrated Environmental Management

The integrated or holistic approach

Knowledge of integrated and inter related studies

Multidimensional and multidisciplinary

Interrelationship and interactions among various variablesNot just a mechanistic or materialistic approach

It has economic, social, cultural, ethical, technical dimensions

The study involves all the entities from molecules to matter; micro

organisms to man as an integrated system

It studies about the harmonious relationship between man and

nature