eMag-District Energy 2006 Q3

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District

Energy

www.districtenergy.org

T H I R D Q U A R T E R 2 0 0 6

District EnergyHelps Preserve

Aesthetics,Environment

in Paris

Tapping LandfillGas as Fuel

North Vancouver'sMini-Plants

Ultrasound forMicrobial Control

Employee Safety andTraining Insights

A Look Back atAnnual Conference

and more . . .

District

Energy
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3/60 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006

16 Postcard From Paris: Sister companies heat and cool theCity of LightLouis Toulgoat, Research & Development Manager, Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain

The Louvre Museum, Notre Dame Cathedral, chic hotels and shops, train stations these andmany other noted Paris landmarks are among the buildings heated and cooled by two of thecitys district energy systems. Subsidiaries of Elyo, the systems are thriving and growing whilepracticing principles of good environmental management.

6 Trash to Treasure: Landfills as an energy resourceRachel Goldstein, Program Manager, Landfill Methane Outreach Program, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency

In the U.S., nearly 400 landfills are being tapped as an energy source. Instead of contributing tosmog or global warming, landfill gas is captured, converted and utilized in applications includingthe fueling of district energy systems. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is successfullyworking with organizations and communities to put more landfill gas to beneficial use.

12 North Vancouvers Progressive Vision: Mini-plants and asustainable energy futureWilliam Susak, PEng, General Manager, Lonsdale Energy Corp., and Deputy City Engineer,

City of North Vancouver

When North Vancouver, B.C., sought redevelopment, the citys official community plan dictatedthat energy planning be part of the overall planning process something typically not done bymunicipalities in the province. With the support of effective partnerships, the city developed aunique and sustainable solution: district heating mini-plants.

23 New Solution to an Old Problem: Ultrasonic treatmentoffers microbial controlJoanne Kuchinski, Product Manager, Ashland Specialty Chemical

Controlling microbial activity in recirculating cooling systems is essential to optimizing systemefficiencies and maximizing equipment life. Traditionally, system operators have turned to chemicalmicrobiocides to do the job. An innovative alternative has arrived: low-power, high-frequencyultrasound, which offers a greener approach to maintaining building systems.

26 WebLink Employee Safety and Training Programs: Insightsfrom System of the Year winners

The safety and training of employees is important for district energy systems worldwide. Five past IDEASystem of the Year Award winners share information on their safety and training programs and

what works for them. Full article online at www.districtenergy.org/weblink.htm.

28 Annual Conference Highlights Solutions, Advantages:Growth takes center stage

More than 420 people attended IDEAs 97th Annual Conference & Trade Show in Nashville inJune. Check out this years activities and award winners and put next years conference inScottsdale, Ariz., on your calendar for June 17-20, 2007.

36 Gary Rugel, New IDEA Chairman: Reflections on Illinois,China and the Baltimore Ravens

Gary Rugel from EVAPCO Inc. became IDEAs chairman at the associations annual meeting inJune. Here is an opportunity for you to get to know more about him.

ON THE COVER:Located on the River Seine in Paris, NotreDame Cathedral is a CPCU district heatingcustomer. Construction of Notre-Dame deParis began in 1163 during the reign of LouisVII. Pope Alexander III laid the foundationstone. Construction was completed roughly200 years later in about 1345.

3 Chairmans Message

4 Presidents Message40 Industry News

47 People in the News

49 Members Speak Out

50 Inside Insights

52 Energy and Environmental Policy

54 Question of the Quarter

54 Customer Closeup

55 Meet Our Advertisers

56 Calendar of Events/Dates To Remember

10% POSTCONSUMERWASTE

DistrictEnergyDistrictEnergy

T H I R D Q U A R T E R 2 0 0 6

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N U M B E R 3

Departments

Cover

Features

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4/60District Energy

District Energy (ISSN 1077-6222) is published quarterly by the International District Energy Association,125 Turnpike Road, Suite 4, Westborough, MA 01581-2841. Phone: (508) 366-9339. Home page:http://www.districtenergy.org.

Yearly non-member subscription price: $50 USA; all international $75. Single copy: $15 and $20respectively. Forty dollars of all membership dues are allocated to subscriptions. Periodical postage,USPS No. 158-240, paid at Minneapolis, Minn., and at Westborough, Mass. Postmaster: Send addresschanges to District Energy, International District Energy Association, 125 Turnpike Road, Suite 4,Westborough, MA 01581-2841.

Statements and opinions advanced in articles are to be understood as the individual expressions ofthe authors and are not necessarily those of District Energy or the International District Energy Association.

District Energy is an official publication of the International District Energy Association. Published quarterly since 1915.

IDEA was founded in 1909. Its purpose is to foster the success of its members as leaders in providingreliable, economical, efficient and environmentally sound district energy services. The associationsmembership consists of representatives from utilities, municipalities, universities, hospitals, military bases,airports, industrial parks and other physical plant systems engaged in supplying thermal energy in theform of steam, hot water and/or chilled water for heating, cooling and process uses. It also representsengineers; architects; financial, legal, and management consultants; and manufacturers who supplyservices and equipment for community energy systems.

Copyright 2006 by the International District Energy Association. All rights reserved. Articles appearingin District Energy may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any other publication without thepermission of the publisher. District Energy is indexed by Engineering Index Inc.

PublisherRobert P. Thornton

Executive Editor & Chair ofEditorial Advisory CommitteeMonica Westerlund

Technical EditorAnthony Mirabella

Advertising SalesTanya Kozel

Art DirectorDick Garrison

Editorial Advisory CommitteeChris AsimakisEnwave, Toronto

Ray DuBoseUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Joe HooseCool Systems, Inc.

Jack KattnerKattner Associates

Doug MaustHGA Architecture Engineering Planning

Mike NagelUniversity of Minnesota

Steve SpiwakNalco Company

David WoodsEnergy Systems Company of Omaha

To contact the publication:District Energy125 Turnpike Road, Suite 4Westborough, MA 01581-2841

(508) 366-9339(508) 366-0019 (fax)[email protected]

Board of Directors2006-2007

Executive CommitteeChairGARY RUGEL

Evapco Inc.

5151 Allendale Lane

Taneytown, MD 21787

(410) 756-2600(410) 756-6450 fax

[email protected]

Vice ChairROBERT SMITH

RMF Engineering, Inc.

190 West Ostend Street

Baltimore, MD 21230

(410) 576-0505

(410) 385-0327 fax

[email protected]

Second Vice ChairDENNIS FOTINOS

Enwave Energy Corporation

181 University Ave, Ste 1710

Toronto, Ontario M5H 3M7

Canada

(416) 338-8912

(416) 338-8925 fax

[email protected]

Secretary/TreasurerTOM GUGLIELMI

NRG Thermal LLC

Suite 2600

80 S. 8th Street

Minneapolis, MN 55402

(612) 436-4106(612) 349-6067 fax

[email protected]

At-LargeJUAN MANUEL ONTIVEROS

University of Texas at Austin

PO Drawer 7850

Austin, TX 78713

(512) 232-4191

(512) 471-3311 fax

[email protected]

Past ChairCHERYL GOMEZ

University of Virginia

575 Alderman Road

P.O. Box 400726

Charlottesville, VA 22904-4726(434) 982-5414

(434) 982-5894 fax

[email protected]

Board MembersGORDON APPERLEY

UBC Utilities

2040 West Mall, Room 114

Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2

Canada

(604) 822-0971

(604) 822-8833 fax

[email protected]

VINCENT BADALI

Johnson Controls

2600 Christian Street

Philadelphia, PA 19146

(215) 875-6900

(215) 875-6910 fax

[email protected]

CLIFF BRADDOCK

Austin Energy

721 Barton Springs Road

Austin, TX 78704

(512) 322-6302

(512) 322-6016 fax

[email protected]

JOSEPH BRILLHART

York, a Johnson Controls company

PO Box 1592 - 232S

631 South Richland Avenue

York, PA 17405

(717) 771-6114

(717) 771-6844 fax

[email protected]

JOHN CARLSON

Entergy Corporation

1661 Gravier Street

New Orleans, LA 70112

(504) 569-2120

(504) 569-2120 fax

[email protected]

KENNETH CLARK

Burns & McDonnell Engineering

Co., Inc.

9400 Ward Pkwy

Kansas City, MO 64114

(816) 822-3109

(816) 822-3415 fax

[email protected]

JOHNATHAN COLEMAN

Solar Turbines Incorporated

Suite 305

600 E Crescent Avenue

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

(201) 825-8200

(201) 825-8454 fax

[email protected]

W. LYNN CRAWFORD

Carter-Burgess

55 Waugh Drive Suite 800

Houston, TX 77219-1487

713-803-2172

(713) 869-2556 fax

[email protected]

DAVID LEACH

Thermal Science Technologies LLC

7526-R Connelley Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1600

(877) 266-3834

(410) 760-002 fax

[email protected]

JIM LODGE

Northwind Phoenix

400 E. Van Buren Street

PO Box 53901 MS 103

Phoenix, AZ 85072-3901

(602) 744-5030

(602) 744-5136 fax

[email protected]

P. FERMAN MILSTER

University of Iowa Power Plant

207 Burlington Street West

Iowa City, IA 52242-1523

(319) 335-5132

(319) 335-6082 fax

[email protected]

RICHARD J. PUCAK

Akron Thermal LP

226 Opportunity Parkway

Akron, OH 44307

(330) 374-0600

(330) 374-0202 fax

[email protected]

DANY JOSEPH SAFI

National Central Cooling Co

Tabreed

Abu Dhabi Mall, West Tower

13th Floor PO Box 29478

Abu Dhabi, UAE

+971 2 6455007

+971 2 6455008 fax

[email protected]

WILLIAM VERGE

University of Michigan

1110 E. Huron

Ann Arbor, MI 48104

(734) 936-4219

(734) 647-0967 fax

[email protected]

EVERETT WOLVERTON

University of Cincinnati

51 Goodman Suite 200

Cincinnati, OH 45221

(513) 556-4828

(513) 556-1190 fax

[email protected]

Ex-OfficioRobert P. Thornton

Monica L. Westerlund

Legislative DirectorMark Spurr

Legal CounselJoel L. Greene

District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERV
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leadership has carried on throughout the

year and is a hard act to follow! Cheryl,

you are tireless in your commitment to

IDEA. It has been a pleasure working with

you, and I am grateful you will be around

for one more year.

During our annual meeting in Nashville,

we elected new board members who will

help carry on the charge. Welcome and

congratulations go to Vincent Badali,Johnson Controls; Cliff Braddock, Austin

Energy; Joe Brillhart, York; John Carlson,

Entergy Thermal; Juan Ontiveros, University

of Texas at Austin (elected to a second term);

Dany Safi, Tabreed (elected to a second

term); and Everett Wolverton, University of

Cincinnati. Rick Pucak of Akron Thermal

was selected to complete the final year of

another members term.

In spite of the boards greatest efforts,

however, IDEA could never be what it is

without a great staff. I thank Rob Thornton,

president; Dina Gadon, director for memberservices; Tanya Kozel, director of marketing;

Melissa Benowitz, conference planning;

Laxmi Rao, research and development;

Monica Westerlund, executive editor of

District Energy magazine; and Mark Spurr,

legislative director, for their efforts.

And I would be remiss if I did not

mention our top award winners who led

the way this past year: Robert P. Thornton,

president, IDEA, recipient of the Norman

R. Taylor Award; Metro Nashville District

Energy System and Constellation Energy &

Project Services Group, recipients of theSystem of the Year Award; Rich Mayer,

formerly with NRG Energy Center San

Francisco, recipient of the Life Member

award; and Dany Safi, Tabreed, recipient

of the Unsung Hero Award. Additional

award winners are recognized on p. 30-

31. Congratulations!

Lets all strive for top performance in

the coming year. I look forward to working

together with the IDEA board and every

IDEA member as we work to lead the way.

Gary Rugel

Chair, 2006-2007

Director, Global Thermal Storage &

District Energy

EVAPCO Inc.

[email protected]

I

t is a pleasure and an honor to have

been nominated and elected as your

chairman for the coming year. As a busi-ness partner, I know that not all associa-

tions treat all of their members equally,

and this separates IDEA from many of

those organizations. It is a nearly 100-year

tradition. When you treat your business

partners as partners, I think we all benefit.

I have been fortunate to have served

on the board for the past five years. When

I started, Ray DuBose, University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill, was chairman, and

we were still in financial difficulty. Thats

not the case today. IDEA has a strong,

diverse, growing membership, with solidfinancial backing. Im committed to con-

tinue this progress and to advance the

district energy and combined heat and

power (CHP) industries.

In my view, IDEA is definitely on the

right track. I believe the June annual con-

ference in Nashville in many ways raised

the bar and continued to set new stan-

dards for the association. IDEA is starting

to see the fruitful results of the strategic

plan initiated two years ago that now

drives our operations. The process helped

the board and staff determine and focus

on what is important:G Grow membershipG Be the go-to resourceG Increase IDEA influenceG Strengthen operations

My goal is to continue our focus on these

areas as I mesh my professional experience

with my IDEA responsibilities.

Since my background is district cool-

ing, I will be able to bring that experience

to bear as we work to grow district cool-

ing globally. This will provide for plenty of

new opportunities for IDEA members. In

parallel, IDEA is being asked to lead. Thedistrict cooling experience and knowledge

in our association is second to none. It is

demonstrated by the pull to establish a

chapter of IDEA in the Middle East where

reliable district cooling is not a luxury, but

a life-safety issue.

In addition IDEA received a significant

grant from the U.S. Department of Com-

merce to help our member companies

export their products or knowledge. We

have seen the benefits of collaboration

and the need for education to help the

rest of the world understand and adopt alltypes of district energy. We are committed

to outreach, education, quality and techni-

cal advice as IDEA and our member com-

panies strive to become a go-to resource.

This year, more than ever, we must

continue growing our influence. IDEA now

has an opportunity to be recognized by

sharing the knowledge our members have

gained while developing and operating

some of the most energy-efficient systems

in the world utilizing CHP and district

heating and cooling technologies.

Reflecting on where we are headed, Ihave set my theme for the upcoming year

as Leading the Way. IDEA must help lead

the way as we champion the benefits district

energy and CHP can provide to society. We

need to start to making the words district

energy and combined heat and power

household words.

IDEA is fortunate to have board mem-

bers who understand the importance of

leadership and vision. Anders Rydaker,

District Energy St. Paul, will leave the board

this year after serving as past chairman. I

thank Anders for the calm and steady lead-

ership he has shown day in and day out.

He helped us start the strategic planning

process, and were grateful.

I also extend my deepest gratitude to

these board members as their terms come

to a close: Scott Clark, Carter & Burgess;

Mike Thompson, Trane; and Steve Spiwak,

Nalco. Thank you for your contributions!

Cheryl Gomez, University of Virginia,

served as our chair this past year. Her

unbelievably dynamic and high-energy

Column also available atwww.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htm

ChairmansMessage
mailto:[email protected]://www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htmhttp://www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htmmailto:[email protected]


6/60

Energy and will feature a special pre-confer-

ence workshop devoted to emergency pre-

paredness and disaster recovery. (See p. 38.)

IDEA has witnessed continuous expan-

sion of our conferences and, in particular, has

sold out all available exhibit space at every

meeting in the past few years. I urge our

business partners to contact IDEA early to

secure exhibit or sponsorship opportunities.

Before we know it, the 98th Annual Confer-ence & Trade Show District Energy/CHP

2007: Leading the Way, Setting the Pace

will be under way at the Hyatt Gainey Ranch

Resort in Scottsdale, Ariz. On tap for June 2007,

the conference will be hosted by Northwind

Phoenix. (And Jim Lodge of Northwind Phoenix

has assured us that Scottsdale has a dry heat,

so we wont even notice it.) In any case, I urge

readers to make plans to attend, to present

and to participate in IDEA conferences, as we

all prosper through collaboration.

One example of productive collaboration

is IDEAs publication District Energy Space.Since 1990, IDEA members have reported

more than 348 million sq ft of customer

building space being connected or committed

to district energy systems in North America.

Since last year, IDEA also has recorded District

Energy Space growth outside of North America

where the pace of expansion is dramatically

increasing with 52 million sq ft listed in 2004

and more than 62 million sq ft in 2005. (For

more on District Energy Space, visit www.

districtenergy.org/de_space.htm. )

Clearly, cities and campuses are invest-

ing in district energy to solve critical energyneeds for today, with the promise of enhanced

dividends in the future. Reliable and environ-

mentally responsible energy systems will grow

in value and importance as limits on fossil

fuel supplies drive prices ever higher as sup-

plies continue to tighten. If the discussions at

IDEAs 97th Annual Conference are an indica-

tor, the district energy industry will continue

to play a larger role in the energy portfolio

mix around the world in the years and

decades ahead.

Robert P. Thornton

President

rob.idea @districtenergy.org

District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERV

spoke of their respective visions for the indus-

try and the acceleration of infrastructure

development underpinning massive real estateexpansion in Dubai, Abu Dhabi and across

the Gulf Region. IDEA members were urged

to visit the Middle East to explore opportunities

for collaboration, and more than one panelist

spoke of the important role that IDEA can

play in promoting excellence in operations,

design and construction.

A common objective was the need

to educate users at all levels on the value

proposition of district energy while reinforc-

ing operational excellence, adherence to

sound business models and the importance

of maintenance for reliability and systemintegrity. In consideration, IDEA has launched

a Middle East Chapter and is planning the

inaugural Middle East Cooling Conference

for Jan. 14-17, 2007, at the Emirates Palace

Hotel in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

(For information on becoming a charter

member of the new chapter, download

www.districtenergy.org/pdfs/MidEastFlyer.pdf.)

Many of these themes also will be on

the agendas of the 19th Annual Marketing

Workshop and 18th Annual Distribution

Workshop to be co-located in New York City

and hosted by Con Edison Steam Business

Unit Sept. 6-8, 2006. Discussing common

challenges and sharing collective experiences

are the principal features of these combined

workshops.

Youll note that these workshops and

the Middle East conference are all just within

the next six months alone! In addition, IDEA

has set the 20th Annual Campus Energy

Conference for Houston, Texas, Feb. 27-

March 2, 2007. To be co-hosted by Thermal

Energy Company and Rice University, the

conference theme is Critical Needs, Critical

M

ore than 420 IDEA members and

guests recently attended the 97th

Annual IDEA Conference & TradeShow in Nashville, Tenn., another excellent

turnout and successful industry meeting. The

conference drew nearly 70 attendees from

14 different foreign countries, including over

30 from the Middle East, where district cool-

ing development is growing dramatically.

Based on feedback we received, attendees

were very pleased with the quality of the

technical program, the depth of discussion

and, as usual, the networking and business

opportunities the gathering afforded.

The conference theme District

Energy/CHP 2006: Todays Solution, TomorrowsAdvantage illustrates how cities and cam-

puses across the world are investing in dis-

trict energy systems today to solve a myriad

of energy challenges. During the opening

plenary panel, industry leaders from around

the globe provided insightful overviews of

the renewal, expansion and development of

district energy systems in the worlds largest

cities like New York and the fastest-growing

like Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

The discussion of U.S. systems centered

on acquisition and renewal of district energy

systems through private investment, private/

public partnerships and comprehensive infra-

structure renewal projects to optimize fuel

efficiency and support urban load centers. In

Korea, industry leaders are emphasizing sus-

tainable technologies that will support con-

tinued growth and environmental stewardship

through fuel flexible options firmly embrac-

ing the premise that district energy is todays

solution for tomorrows advantage.

Finally, leaders from three of the worlds

fastest-growing district cooling businesses

IDEA is planning the

inaugural Middle East

Cooling Conference for

Jan. 14-17, 2007.

PresidentsMessage

Column also available atwww.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htm
http://www.districtenergy.org/de_space.htmhttp://www.districtenergy.org/de_space.htmmailto:rob.idea%[email protected]://www.districtenergy.org/pdfs/MidEastFlyer.pdfhttp://www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htmmailto:rob.idea%[email protected]://www.districtenergy.org/de_space.htmhttp://www.districtenergy.org/de_magazine.htmhttp://www.districtenergy.org/de_space.htmhttp://www.districtenergy.org/pdfs/MidEastFlyer.pdf


7/60

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8/60District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERV

Trash to Treasure:Landfills as an energy resourceRachel Goldstein, Program Manager, Landfill Methane Outreach Program, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency

Most people dont think of land-

fills as much more than a nec-

essary evil at best, a community

liability at worst. However, societys cur-

rent primary method of waste management

produces a byproduct with a significant

energy value: landfill gas. A landfill can

provide a valuable, lower-cost supply of

energy that is also considered green in

many places. Corporations, utilities andgovernments are increasingly recognizing

landfill gas for its many benefits.

Putting Landfill Gas to WorkLandfill gas naturally results from

the decomposition of organic waste in

landfills and is comprised primarily of

methane the main component of natu-

ral gas and carbon dioxide. Instead of

being allowed to escape into the air, land-

fill gas can be captured, converted and

used as an energy source. Using landfillgas has multiple benefits. It reduces odors

and other hazards associated with landfill

gas emissions, such as local air pollution

from the volatile organic compounds in

the gas or subsurface gas migration. It also

prevents methane from migrating into

the atmosphere and contributing to local

smog and global climate change. (Methane

is a potent greenhouse gas about 21 times

more so than CO2.)

Landfill gas is extracted from landfillsIn the U.S., nearly 400 landfills such as this one are currently being tapped to supply landfill gas for use

as a fuel in power production, district energy systems and other applications.

using a series of wells and a blower/

flare (or vacuum) system. This system

directs the collected gas to a central point

where it can be processed and treated

depending on the ultimate use for the gas.

From this point, the gas can be simply

flared or used to generate electricity,

replace fossil fuels in industrial manufac-

turing and district energy operations, fuel

greenhouse operations or be upgraded topipeline-quality gas.

The U.S. Environmental Protection

Agencys Landfill Methane Outreach

Program (LMOP), which helps various

communities and organizations develop

landfill-gas-to-energy projects, has seen a

dramatic increase in the use of landfill

gas as an energy source in the U.S. over

the past 10 years. Nearly all of these

applications have had some contact or

involvement with LMOP. There are cur-

rently 396 projects on line in the U.S.alone and more than 1,100 worldwide

(most of these international projects are

FeatureStory



in a large number of utilization projects,

they do need to be considered in project

planning.

Landfill gas systems typically require

bulk moisture removal, refrigerated drying

and dew-point suppression through a

reheat cycle. Moisture removal from the

landfill gas is generally greater than 90

percent, depending on the technology

used. A method for removal of contami-nants, including non-methane organic

compounds (NMOCs) and siloxanes, is

generally also recommended. Combustion

turbines and reciprocating engines have

operated with no provisions for contami-

nant removal. Although there is an

increasing list of siloxane and contami-

nant removal technologies available, car-

bon adsorption is still the only proven

and cost-effective method.

Market DriversIn the past two years, LMOP has seenincreasing interest in utilizing landfill gas,

particularly to offset fossil fuel consump-

tion. The interest is fueled by both eco-

nomic and environmental factors. Energy

costs in general have been rising, and

energy markets are becoming increasingly

volatile. At the time of this writing, the

Henry Hub and NYMEX indicators showed

the price of natural gas at just over

$7/MMBtu, down from $13/MMBtu a few

months prior.Higher prices not only encourage

energy users to look for less expensive

sources, but they also make project eco-

nomics more attractive. A perfect example

is that high energy prices are making

longer pipeline projects not only possible

but profitable. Five years ago, a pipeline

not LMOP-assisted). While this number is

impressive, there is still a long way to go.

There are still at least 600 U.S. landfills

that could economically support a proj-

ect. These 600 landfills would have a

generation capacity of more than 1,400

MW or could supply 356 billion cu ft per

year of gas to industrial end-users.

The generation of electricity from

landfill gas makes up about two-thirds ofthe currently operational projects in the

United States. Electricity for on-site use,

district energy system use or sale to the

grid can be generated using a variety of

different technologies, including internal

combustion engines, turbines, microtur-

bines, Stirling engines (external combustion

engines) and Organic Rankine Cycle

engines. The vast majority of projects

use internal combustion engines or tur-

bines, with microturbine technology being

used at smaller landfills and in nicheapplications. Electricity generation that is

not for the grid will often utilize combined

heat and power. Directly using landfill gas

to offset the use of another fossil fuel is

occurring in about one-third of the cur-

rently operational projects. This direct

use of landfill gas can be in a boiler (e.g.

district energy), dryer, kiln, greenhouse

or other thermal applications.

Although landfill gas is widely used

as fuel to produce electricity and fire boil-

ers, there are differences between usinglandfill gas and natural gas in these appli-

cations. Unlike natural gas, landfill gas is

normally saturated with moisture and

carries varying quantities of compounds

that contain sulfur, chlorine and silicon.

Although the constituents in the gas have

not deterred successful landfill gas use

project was generally thought to be eco-

nomically feasible at five miles or less.

In 2003, however, BMW Manufacturing

developed a landfill gas project at its

South Carolina plant that involved the

construction of a 10-mile pipeline. In

2004, a Honeywell landfill gas project

came on line with a 23-mile pipeline

the longest in the U.S.!

Industrial operations and govern-ments are realizing significant energy

cost savings when they use landfill gas.

BMW notes that it saves more than

$1.0 million per year at its South Carolina

plant alone, where it is using landfill gas

to generate electricity and capturing waste

heat from the turbines for plant opera-

tions. The National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, the first federal facility

to use landfill gas, saves more than

$350,000 per year by using landfill gas

in place of natural gas in its Maryland

flight center district heating system (fig. 1;

also see sidebar on p. 9). Prompted by

rising energy costs, the University of NewHampshire is also exploring the feasibility

of a landfill gas project. The gas would be

transported through a 13-mile pipeline

for heat and electricity at the universitys

cogeneration plant.

Economic benefits are certainly a

powerful motivator, but environmental

NASA saves more than $350,000

per year by using landfill gas in

its Maryland flight center district

heating system.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency understands

the importance of controlling landfill gas emissions while

at the same time realizing the potential for beneficial

use. In 1994 the EPA created the Landfill Methane

Outreach Program (LMOP). LMOP is a voluntary assis-

tance program that helps reduce methane emissions

from landfills by encouraging the recovery and use of

landfill gas as an energy resource.

LMOP forms partnerships with communities, landfill

owners, utilities, power marketers, states, project devel-

opers, tribes and nonprofit organizations to overcome

barriers to development of landfill-gas-to-energy projects.

LMOP does so by helping these groups assess project fea-

sibility, find financing and market the benefits of a

project to the community.

To read more about the program, go to www.epa.gov/lmop.

Overcoming Barriers: EPAs Landfill Methane Outreach Program
http://www.epa.gov/lmophttp://www.epa.gov/lmop


10/60District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERV

stewardship and corporate social respon-

sibility are also strong market drivers for

landfill gas projects. Good corporate citi-zens are joining voluntary greenhouse

gas reduction programs such as the EPAs

Climate Leaders program and the Chicago

Climate Exchange. Climate Leaders is an

industry-government partnership that

works with companies to develop long-

term comprehensive climate change strate-

gies. The Chicago Climate Exchange is a

greenhouse gas emission reduction and

trading program for emission sources and

offset projects in the U.S., Canada and

Mexico. Local municipalities and univer-sities have also joined the Chicago

Climate Exchange.

Additional market drivers, particu-

larly for electricity generation, include the

recent energy bill. The Energy Policy Act

of 2005 has the Section 45 Production

Tax Credit, which applies to landfill gas.

The tax credit is worth 0.9 cents/kWh for

electricity produced from landfill gas.

Piping gas to another location for non-

grid generation and CHP is included;

Figure 1. Landfill-Gas-to-Energy Use in NASAs Goddard Space Flight Centers Landfill Gas and District Energy System, Prince Georges County, Md.

The success of the EPAs domestic Landfill Methane Outreach Program led the

agency to develop Methane to Markets, an international methane reduction

initiative launched in November 2004. This action-oriented effort focuses on

cost-effective, near-term methane recovery and use as a clean energy source

to be accomplished through the collaboration of developed countries,

developing countries and countries with economies in transition, together

with strong private-sector participation.

To date, the Methane to Markets Partnership consists of 17 member countries.

Their shared goal is to reduce global methane emissions to enhance economic

growth, promote energy security, improve the environment and reduce

greenhouse gases. Other benefits of the partnership include improving mine

safety, reducing waste and improving local air quality. In its work, Methane

to Markets targets four major methane sources: landfills, underground coal

mines, natural gas and oil systems, and agriculture.

For more information, see www.methanetomarkets.org.

LMOP Goes Global: Methane to Markets
http://www.methanetomarkets.org/http://www.methanetomarkets.org/



University of California,Los Angeles

Project System Information G 4.5-mile pipeline delivers medium-Btu (500-Btu/scf) gas to UCLA from Mountaingate Landfill.G Includes two 14.5 MW combustion turbine generators fueled by 65% natural gas/35% landfill

gas and one condensing steam turbine electric generator.G Heat capacity: 234 MMBtu/hr.G Electric capacity: 43 MW.G Started 1984 (pre-dating LMOP).

Project Impact/Benefits G Saves $250,000 annually in natural gas purchases.G Provides 85% of UCLAs electricity needs.G Won IDEAs System of the Year Award, 1997.

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Landfill Methane Outreach Program. Includes information compiled from the California Energy Commission, IDEA and NST Engineers.

NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)

Prince Georges County, Md.

Project System Information G First federal facility in the country to implement a landfill gas energy project.G Two of five boilers at GSFC district heating plant were modified to run on landfill gas and can

use natural gas or fuel oil as backup.G Landfill gas is supplied from nearby Prince Georges County-owned Sandy Hill landfill and fuels

two boilers to make steam that circulates to heat GSFC buildings.G An LMOP-assisted project.

Project Impact/Benefits G Illustrates a successful public-private partnership between Prince George's County Waste

Management, Toro Energy, NASA and LMOP.G Saves an estimated $350,000 per year in energy costs.

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Landfill Methane Outreach Program.

Pacific Palms ResortCity of Industry, Calif.

Project System Information G Pacific Palms Resort includes two golf courses, a conference center, Olympic-sized pool, tennis

complex, equestrian center, laundry facility and hotel.G Landfill gas is supplied by the Industry Hills Landfill, which is owned by the City of Industry and

located on resort property.G First phase: In 1980 a medium-Btu landfill-gas-to-energy project was installed for convention

center boilers and water heaters for pool and laundry.

G Second phase: In late 2002 the system was converted to blend landfill gas with natural gas(50%/50%) to power one of two 1 MW Jenbacher 320 reciprocating engines (second engine is

100% natural gas-fired). Waste heat recovery from the engines provides thermal energy to the

hotel and conference center.G Uses 2,100 MMBtu/month of landfill gas.G Second phase was an LMOP-assisted project.

Project Impact/Benefits G Saves $10,000 to $15,000 per month in natural gas costs.

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Landfill Methane Outreach Program. Includes information compiled from a December 2005 Waste Age article and the SCS Engineers Web site.

Landfill-Gas-to-Energy Project Examples


12/600 District Energy / Third Quarter 2006 2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESER

to deal with their landfill gas, LMOP con-

tributes to the creation of livable commu-

nities that enjoy increased environmental

protection, better waste management and

responsible community planning.

however, only the electricity generated is

eligible for the tax credit.

Is Landfill-Gas-to-Energy inYour Future?

Are you interested in using landfill

gas as an energy source? Dont know where

to start? LMOP has a number of tools that

can help determine if there could be a

landfill in your future. The program offerstechnical support that includes finding a

landfill, estimating gas generation and

project economic analysis.

The first step is as simple as providing

the plant address. From there LMOP can

search a 5-, 10-, 15- or 20-mile radius to

find the landfills near that facility. If you

are a landfill searching for an end-user,

LMOP can help find potential end-users

in the same radius and model the gas

generation using the EPAs LandGEM soft-

ware. Then LMOP can compare theresults to an end-users energy demand

and see if there is a good match.

Via its cost-analysis tool called

LFGCost, LMOP can determine if a project

might be a good investment. The cost

tool provides economic data such as net

present value, internal rate of return and

years to payback. In addition, the tool

estimates environmental benefits such as

total amount of methane destroyed and

the overall greenhouse gas emissions

reductions. (More information on LMOPtools is available at www.epa.gov/lmop.)

Using landfill gas for energy is a

win-win opportunity. Landfill gas energy

projects involve citizens, nonprofit

organizations, local governments and

industry in sustainable community plan-

ning and creative partnerships. These

projects go hand-in-hand with communi-

ty and corporate commitments to cleaner

air, renewable energy, economic develop-

ment, improved public welfare and safe-

ty, and reductions in greenhouse gasesthat contribute to global warming. By

linking communities with innovative ways

Rachel Goldstein is a programmanager of the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency's Landfill Methane

Outreach Program (LMOP), a vol-

untary program that encourages

methane emissions reductions

through the capture and beneficial use of land-

fill gas. Goldsteins primary roles are to manage

the New England/Mid-Atlantic territory and

LMOPs corporate outreach activities. Prior to

joining the EPA, she spent 11 years in the envi-

ronmental safety and health field. Goldstein,

who holds a master of business administration

degree, is on the board of directors for the

Womens Council on Energy and Environment.She can be reached at Goldstein.Rachel@

epamail.epa.gov.
http://www.epa.gov/lmopmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.urecon.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.epa.gov/lmop


13/60
mailto:[email protected]://www.empower.ae/



North VancouversProgressive Vision:Mini-plants and a sustainableenergy futureWilliam Susak, PEng, General Manager, Lonsdale Energy Corp., and Deputy City Engineer, City of

North Vancouver

North Vancouver, a member munici-

pality of the Greater Vancouver

Regional District, is a vibrant city

of approximately 50,000 within a regional

population of 2 million. It has a diverse

culture, thriving arts community and

abundant recreational activities not to

mention a setting of breathtaking natural

beauty on an inlet along British ColumbiasPacific Coast. Founded on the principle of

sustainability, the citys official communi-

ty plan embraces a vision of a continued

vibrant, diverse and highly livable com-

munity while it balances social, economic

and environmental needs. All of the work

of the city its projects, programs, budgets

and initiatives must support that vision.

In the late 1990s, planning com-

menced for the redevelopment of much

of the citys waterfront and adjacent core

areas. Along with other traditional urban

planning issues, such as land use, trans-portation and infrastructure, North

Vancouvers city council also insisted that

energy planning be included. This was an

unusual consideration because in British

Columbia, energy planning is traditionally

carried out by provincial-scale organiza-

tions such as BC Hydro for electricity and

Terasen Gas for natural gas. There is very

little history of a municipality planning

for, or providing energy services within, the

province of British Columbia; the city of

North Vancouver is a significant exception.

FeatureStory

With sustainability as its overarching

theme, the citys official community plan

defines the citys energy policy and plan-

ning objectives. The highest public policy

document governing the community

emphasizes community energy efficiency,

partnership collaboration and greenhouse

gas reduction as the citys top energy-plan-

ning objectives. City officials and staff had

these in mind as they undertook the rede-

velopment project. Through effective part-

At the base of the North Shore Mountains, North Vancouver is just a five-minute drive and ten-minute

Seabus ride across Burrard Inlet from downtown Vancouver.

There is very little history of a

municipality planning for, or

providing energy services within,

the province of British Columbia;

the city of North Vancouver is asignificant exception.



developed between the city and the

Federation of Canadian Municipalities

(FCM), the group that represents the

interests of Canadian cities at the

national level. The concept of district

energy as a viable alternative to the

status quo was introduced to North

Vancouver via educational energy mis-

sions sponsored by FCM.

FCM commenced these energy mis-

sions for its members in the late 1990s.Approximately 25 elected and non-elected

municipal officials participated in a series

of tours, lectures and debriefings by sen-

ior-level policy makers, urban planners

and engineers, and energy industry repre-

sentatives of various European community

energy systems. Occurring annually, these

missions introduced Canadian municipal

decision makers to best practices in the

European systems. The visits and briefings

confirmed for both the city council and

senior staff that district energy could

play an important role in driving a com-munity toward a more sustainable future.

The Mini-Plant ConceptFCMs educational and information

sessions led the city to commission engi-

neering studies from 1999 to 2002 on

how best to implement a district heating

utility. The central plant model was ini-

tially studied but it presented several

problems that had to be overcome. First,

the city was and remains proudly

debt-free: All projects and programs are

internally funded and fiscal prudence is

rigorously applied to city operations.

Implementation of a central plant would

mean a very large upfront capital cost

with relatively little marginal revenue. A

large plant also would require full-time

attendance of personnel with implica-

tions for operating expenses.

Another problem was that a central

plant located in the midst of a high-densi-

ty, high-value area of redevelopment waslikely to have land-use conflicts with its

immediate neighbors. In addition, land in

the city was very expensive, so a signifi-

cant lost economic opportunity would

accrue to the city if city-owned land were

devoted to an energy plant rather than

for a revenue-producing redevelopment.

Such issues with central plant imple-

mentation led North Vancouver to exam-

ine a non-central plant alternative. If a

way could be found to distribute the gen-

eration equipment throughout the rede-

veloping service area, why bother with acentral plant and its associated challenges?

In 2001-2002 the city started to look very

closely at the concept of a series of mini-

plants as an alternative to the central plant

model of utility operations. With input

from Keen Engineering Ltd., the city deter-

mined in 2002 that the mini-plant model

would be its best solution. The mini-plant

model was accepted in late 2003 by FCM

as the basis of a partnership funding

package for the city.

These mini-plants, which each can

nerships both within city government as

well as with outside organizations, they

ultimately implemented a mini-plant dis-

trict heating system uniquely suited to

North Vancouvers needs.

Partners in PlanningIn practical terms, all members of

North Vancouvers city council, key senior

city staff members (including the author)

and the public participated in developingthe official community plan. The current

and previous city councils have all sup-

ported the energy-planning objectives

within the community plan. (Three key

political champions continue to serve on

the city council: Mayor Darrell Mussatto

and Councillors Bob Fearnley, Barbara

Perrault and Craig Keating. The authors

role was to transform that vision and policy

goal into reality.)

The city council understood that sta-

tus quo land development practices, where

large buildings are often heated solely withelectricity, would only contribute to a grow-

ing electrical energy supply-and-demand

gap within British Columbia. For the

council, the status quo was no longer an

option. The city had a responsibility to

lead the way in ensuring that community

energy use was as sustainable as possible

in the future.

So how did a small city, with no prior

history in providing an energy service,

enter the energy industry and start a

district heating utility? In a word: part-

nerships.The first and most crucial partner-

ship was between the North Vancouver

city council and its own staff. With a

clear governance vision, an entire organi-

zation can be mobilized to achieve a

goal like starting up a district heating

operation. Combining the knowledge of

administrative, engineering, financial

and planning professionals, the city was

able to achieve the goal within the

capacity of the organization.

The second crucial partnership

The status quo was no longer an

option. The city had a responsi-

bility to lead the way in ensuring

that community energy use was

as sustainable as possible in thefuture.

Both of North Vancouvers mini-plants (the first one shown here) are equipped with high-efficiencycondensing boilers with reduced-emission burner technology.



tion, system changes or improvements canbe more easily incorporated into future

growth with the distributed plant versus a

central plant generation model.

Operating PartnerWith its decision to bring the mini-

plant concept to life, North Vancouver

established Lonsdale Energy Corp. a dis-

trict heating utility with its own board of

directors, wholly owned by the city and

responsible for overall system design as

well as the construction, commissioning

and operation of the plants. LonsdaleEnergy Corp. contracted with the city of

North Vancouver to supply and install the

district energy distribution system buried

under city streets.

Fitting out and commissioning the

plants, along with operating the entire sys-

tem, required the search for an operating

partner. The city needed a credible, highly

experienced organization to provide sys-

tem operations services as well as cus-

tomer care and rate design services.

Terasen Utility Services Inc. was contract-

house from four to six high-efficiency

condensing boilers, only require a floor

area equivalent to several automobile

parking spaces. Developers have been

asked to provide, in certain select build-

ing sites, space in the proper configura-

tion for this type of small energy plant.

Given that all new buildings in the rede-

velopment precinct are required to have

underground parking garages, this request

has not been a barrier to proceeding witha building project.

To date, two mini-plants have been

constructed and commissioned, in 2004-

2005, and are interconnected with the in-

street energy distribution system. A third

plant is under construction and will be

operational by late 2006. It will also be

fully interconnected late this year. These

three plants, with a total capacity of 15

boilers (with only seven installed) should

provide thermal energy needs for more

than 3 million sq ft of residential, com-

mercial and institutional customers. Whilethe initial engineering analysis indicated

up to five mini-plants might be needed to

serve up to 30 buildings, recent system

evaluation indicates that there is a possi-

bility that only one more plant may be

required.

The interconnected mini-plant concept

provides greater financial and operational

flexibility during system buildout. Marginal

costs of system growth are more closely

matched with marginal revenues. In addi-

North Vancouvers two mini-plants are interconnected with the in-street energy distribution system,

being installed here by city crews. A third plant, expected to be operational later this year, will also be

fully interconnected to the system.

CourtesyCityofNorthVancouver.

Services Provided Thermal energy for space heating and domestic hot water

Startup Year 2004

Total System 6 MWt [expansion expected to 15 MWt (52 MMBtu/hr)]

Production

Distribution System Treated, two-pipe, closed-loop hot water system. Medium

supply temperature [target 82 C (approximately 179.6)]; low

return temperature [target 45 C (113 F)]. 8-inch diameter,

1,400 meters (approximately 4,593 ft)

Number of Customer Five (eight projected by 2007 and 15-20 by 2010)

Buildings on System

Square Footage of 600,000 (2 million expected by 2010)

Space Served

Customer Building Luxury high-rise residential, commercial and institutional

Types

Number of Plants Three mini-plants by end of 2006 containing total of seven

and Boilers boilers, with capacity for 15 at buildout

Equipment Type Viesmann Vertomat condensing boiler with reduced-

emission burner technology

Fuel Used Natural gas

Source: Lonsdale Energy Corp.

District Heating in North Vancouver



mining how you will work together to

achieve the goal.

For many years, North Vancouver has

mobilized its staff to work together in

multi-departmental, multi-disciplinary

task teams on initiatives of high strategic

importance to the city. This model has

been at the root of many of the citys suc-

cesses, of which Lonsdale Energy Corp. is

but one. Other essential city participants

in the creation of Lonsdale Energy Corp.included Ken Tollstam, city manager;

Isabel Gordon, director of finance; and

Richard White, city planner.

FCM was essential to the startup of

Lonsdale Energy Corp. well beyond the

energy missions that introduced North

Vancouver to district energy. The federation

also provided low-interest loans and grant

funds as part of its partnership funding

package based on the companys concept

of mini-plant distributed generation.

Lonsdale Energy Corp. represents a

combination of clear vision at the govern-ment level, staff implementation guid-

ance, consulting engineering expertise,

development industry professionals,

energy industry professionals, contrac-

tors and collaborative support from FCM.

The contributions of all these partners

made it possible for North Vancouver to

take the remarkable step of implementing

its own energy planning, tapping district

energy as part of its vision for a more

sustainable future.

In recognition of that step, Lonsdale

Energy Corp. was honored with Canadas

National Energy Efficiency Award in 2005

and the Canadian Association of Munici-

pal Administrators Willis Award forInnovation in 2004.

ed by Lonsdale Energy Corp., not the city

to provide a complete suite of energy

utility operations services. With this last

piece of the puzzle in place, Lonsdale

Energy Corp. commenced operations in

2004.

With two mini-plants currently up

and running, Lonsdale Energy Corp. is

now providing space and domestic hot

water heating services to approximately

600,000 sq ft in five buildings in mid- tohigh-density residential and commercial

development. By 2007, the system will

provide thermal energy services to more

than 1 million sq ft of customer space.

Key ContributionsLonsdale Energy Corp. would not

have become reality without the signifi-

cant assistance and contribution of many

members of city staff. In any significant

venture, it is crucial to understand both

the vision of where you want to go and

the state of where you are, if you are tosucceed in closing the gap between the

two. Choosing the best course of action

to close that gap brings you further to

realizing the goal. But often the most

important part of the process is deter-

Bill Susak, PEng, is the generalmanager and a director of Lonsdale

Energy Corp. He is also the deputy

city engineer for North Vancouver,

B.C., as well as the citys approving

officer for land subdivision. Prior to

municipal employment, Susak worked in a senior

capacity in the land development industry in

Vancouver. He holds a master of business admin-

istration degree as well as bachelors degrees incivil engineering and fisheries ecology. A regis-

tered professional engineer in British Columbia,

Susak serves on the Canadian District Energy

Associations board of directors. He may be

reached at [email protected].
mailto:[email protected]://www.thermalsciencetech.com/mailto:[email protected]



PostcardFromParis:

Sister companiesheatand cool

the

City ofLight

CoverStory

Paris, France, is unquestionably one of the most visited

cities in the world. Tourism is a major driver of its econo-

my. Last year, nearly 26 million visitors came to the City

of Light an internation-

al business and political

center, a fashion capital

and a mecca for the

arts. Many of thesetourists no doubt

enjoyed such quintes-

sential Parisian experi-

ences as going to the

top of the Eiffel

Tower, strolling along

the Champs-Elyses,

touring Notre Dame

Cathedral, sipping a

glass of wine at a

sidewalk caf or

viewing master-

pieces at the

Louvre Museum.

For all the

fabulous things

there are to see

and do in Paris,

visitors and even city natives are

most certainly unaware of the very impor-

tant activity going on behind the scenes

and beneath their feet. Around the clock,

underground networks are supplying district

heating and cooling services to many locales

frequented by tourists famed hotels, chic

shops, train stations and banks as well as

thousands of homes, offices and other spaces.

Both the district heating system,

Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain

(CPCU), and the district cooling company, Clime-

space, are subsidiaries of Elyo, owned by SUEZ,

Louis Toulgoat, Research & Development Manager,

Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain

OpraGarnier,Parisoperahouse,Climespacecustomer.

Tour Montparnasse, largests

kyscraper

in Paris, CPCUcustomer.


19/60

and almost one quarter are offices; the remain-

der are hospitals, schools, hotels, industrial

plants and other facilities (fig.1). Among CPCUs

more recognizable customers are

G 14 different national embassies, including

those of the United States and Canada;

G numerous hotels such as the Htel Saint

Lazare, Htel Crillon, Htel Meurice and

Htel Bristol;

G the French National Assembly and Senate,

and Ministries of Finance, Justice, Interiorand Defense;

G museums including the Louvre (see side-

bar), Muse Grevin and Muse dOrsay;

G five major train stations the Gare de

Lyon, Gare Montparnasse, Gare du Nord,

Gare de lEst and Gare Saint Lazare; and

G famous landmarks like Notre Dame and

Tour Montparnasse, the largest skyscraper

in Paris.

In 2004, CPCU supplied more than 8.5million metric tons of steam (18,739 million

Mlb) used primarily for heating but also for

domestic hot water and industrial processes

including laundry, cooking, sterilization,

humidification and food processing. The

sources for steam are the companys eight

production plants across Paris (fig. 2) hous-

ing a total of 21 oil-fired boilers, two gas-fired

boilers, two gas-fired cogeneration steam gen-

erators and two coal-fired boilers and three

the energy services arm of Tractebel. Both

companies share the distinction of being the

only district energy providers of their kind in

downtown Paris CPCU distributing steam

and Climespace, chilled water. And both are

making important contributions to the pro-

tection of Pariss environment.

One of Europes Greenest SystemsCPCU is one of 380 large public and

private district heating networks in France.

The system began in 1927 and is owned

not only by Elyo, the majority shareholder,

but also the City of Paris, the public and

employees. Today CPCU serves 5,774

customer buildings totaling 35 million sq

m (377 million sq ft). Nearly half of those

buildings represent residential housing,

Figure 1. Customer Mix of Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain, Pariss District

Heating System.

Figure 2. District Heating Network, Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain, Paris.

Source:CompagnieParisiennedeChauffageUrbain.

CPCU Distribution Network

SYCTOM domestic waste incineration plant

CPCU boiler house

CPCU cogeneration plant

Boilers (in suburbs not linked to CPCU network)

Existing networks

Main transport pipes at least 500 mm

(20 inches) in diameter

2006 International District Energy Association. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. District Energy / Third Quarter 2006



Snapshot: Two systems in ParisCompagnie Parisienne de

Chauffage Urbain Climespace

Services Provided District heating District cooling

Shareholders Elyo 64.39% Cofathec (a subsidiary of Gaz deCity of Paris 33.5% France) 50%Public and employees 2.11% Elyo 28%

CPCU 22%

Startup Year 1927 1991

Annual Turnover (2004) 248.7 million euros (more than $319 million) 54 million euros (nearly $69.3 million)

Number of Employees (2004) 493 70

Total System Production (2004) 8.5 million metric tons of steam (18,739 360 GWh/year (102,348,000 ton-hr) ofmillion Mlb): chilled water 4.7 million metric tons (10,362 million Mlb)produced at CPCU plants 3.8 million metric tons (8,377 million Mlb)produced at SYCTOM household wasteincineration centers

1.04 million MWh of electricity sold toElectricit de France, of which CPCU used2% for its own uses.

Uses of Steam or Chilled-Water Output Steam: Chilled water:75% heating 100% air conditioning15% domestic hot water10% industrial processes

Number of Customer Buildings on System 5,774 350

Square Footage of Space Served (2004) 35 million sq m (377 million sq ft) 3.5 million sq m (37.7 million sq ft)

Customer Building Type 46.9% housing 58% commercial offices23.2% office space 19% banks and other financial10.2% hospitals organizations

6.0% schools 8% hotels or restaurants4.9% industrial plants 7.5% businesses3.2% hotels 0.5% housing1.3% sports venues 7% miscellaneous0.3% cafes and restaurants3.9% other

Number of Plants Eight, including two cogeneration facilities Seven, including more than 12,000 cu m(31,692,000 gal) of chilled-water storage

Equipment Type 21 oil-fired boilers, two natural gas-fired boilers, Primarily electrical centrifugal chillers (95%)two gas turbine cogeneration units,two coal-fired boilers

Fuel Consumption Natural gas 3,728 GWh Electricity (100%)

(12.7 million decatherms)

Coal 1.59 million MWh(5.43 million MMBtu)

Oil 576,297 MWh(1.97 million MMBtu)(See figure 3.)

Length of Distribution System 427 km (265 miles) 58 km (36 miles)

Pipe Diameters Between 40 and 1,100 mm Between 65 and 800 mm(1.6 and 43 inches) (2.6 and 31.5 inches)

Source: Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain.


21/60

refuse incineration plants owned by

SYCTOM, a domestic waste process-

ing association serving several local

town councils in the Paris urban area.

CPCU buys steam produced by

these three incineration units and

feeds it into its district heating net-

work. In 2004, nearly half of the steam

distributed by CPCU, more than 3.8

million metric tons (8,377 million Mlb),

was produced in SYCTOM incineration

centers; approximately 4.7 million

metric tons (10,362 million Mlb) were

generated in CPCUs own district heat-

ing plants.

But utilizing steam from waste is

not the only way CPCU helps protectthe local environment. Aware of the

environmental impact of its opera-

tions, the company has taken many

measures to prevent and reduce pol-

lution. It supports the environmental

charter of the SUEZ group, and all its

production centers are monitored to

meet the requirements of the ISO

14001 standard. CPCU is, in fact,

considered among the greenest dis-

trict energy systems in Europe. Fully

76 percent of the heat supplied by

CPCU is produced using clean tech-

nologies 50 percent through the

incineration of waste and 26 percent

using cogeneration.

The companys two cogeneration,

or combined heat and power, plants

supply more than 1 million MWh of

electricity to the heart of Paris. The

Saint-Ouen cogeneration operation

started up in March

2001 and the Vitry

plant, in November

2001. These sys-

tems, which burn

natural gas, have an

overall energy efficien-

cy rating of 85 percent.

In 2002, CPCU further

cut emissions by

installing a nitrous oxide

reduction system on the

Saint-Ouen plant combus-

tion turbine.

By providing electricitythrough cogeneration instead of tradi-

tional power production methods,

CPCUs CHP plants prevent the release

of more than 400,000 tons of carbon

dioxide each year. The company close-

ly monitors all emissions discharged

from its plants, ensuring their compli-

ance with emission levels set for the

Paris area. To help achieve these levels,

CPCU burns low-sulfur coal and low-

sulfur heavy fuel oil (with less than

0.55 percent sulfur content).

Between 2000 and 2004, CPCUs

various efforts to minimize its envi-

ronmental impact resulted in signifi-

cant reductions in greenhouse gas

emissions decreasing sulfur dioxide

levels by 62 percent, NOx by 46 per-

cent, dust by 81 percent and CO2 by19 percent.

Looking ahead, the company has

plans to expand its network and services

beyond Paris. In October 2005, it began

operating a new 130 MW substation

in Vitry; construction is under way on

another 20 MW substation located near

the new Franois Mitterrand National

Library in Pariss 14th District.

As referred to in Paris, a substa-

tion is a facility that uses steam to

generate hot water, which is then cir-

culated to new customers on the net-

work. The substation consists of a

heat exchanger with

steam on

one side and

circulating water on the other

side. The substation contains pumpsthat pump the hot water to customers

who have secondary heat exchangers

and pumps within their buildings. The

system hot water then returns to the

substation to be reheated.

The addition of three other loops

to the system is also under study. As

CPCU grows, it anticipates that European

and local environmental regulations

will become more restrictive. Therefore

Gare du Nord, majo

r train station in

Paris, CPCUcusto

m

Seventy-six percent of

the heat supplied by

CPCU is produced using

clean technologies.

Oil

Coal

Cogeneration

WasteIncineration

MMlb PER DAY

STEAM DELIVERED IN 200401/01/2004 12/31/2004

154

132

110

88

66

44

22

0

Figure 3. Steam Delivered in 2004 by Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain, as

Produced by Various Fuel Sources. The graph illustrates the proportion of steam supplied fromeach of four fuel sources throughout the year. The system is baseloaded with waste-fired steam;

cogeneration provides the next greatest level of steam supply followed by coal-fired steam; and

oil-fired steam provides the balance of supply.

Source:CompagnieParisienne

deChauffageUrbain.




the company is committed to imple-

menting any necessary technological

changes that will allow it to further

improve energy efficiency and reduce

CO2 emissions. CPCU also plans to

explore the development of a biomass

system that would burn industrial

wood waste.

Cooling and Preserving Aesthetics

The success of CPCUs district

heating network helped pave the way

for the introduction of district cooling

in Paris. In 1990, Elyo and Cofathec,

a subsidiary of Gaz de France, founded

Climespace as a joint venture. (Elyo

holds a 28 percent share while its

subsidiary CPCU also owns 22 per-

cent.) The system started operation

the following year, and today Clime-

space exports its district energy

know-how via numerous projects

including the trigeneration plant

the only one of its kind in Europe

that supplied power to Expo 98 in

Lisbon.

In 2004, Climespace produced

360 GWh (102,348,000 ton-hr) of

chilled water for air conditioning 3.5

million sq m (37.7 million sq ft) of

space. Production

reaches its

peak dur-

ing August,

when the

company

generates

60,000 MWh

(17,880,000

ton-hr).

Although thecompanys

350 customer

buildings pri-

marily house

office space and

financial organi-

zations, its varied

customer base includes

G renowned shopping venues such

as the Hermes and Chanel stores,

Galeries Lafayette and Passage du

Havre;

G hotels such as the Htel George V

and InterContinental;

G financial institutions including

Banque du France, BNP Paribas

and the Caisse des Dpts et

Consignations;

G cultural gems like the Opra

Garnier and Louvre Museum; andG other noted Paris landmarks like

the Forum des Halles, Cercle

Militaire and the National

Assembly.

Most of Climespaces customers were

CPCU customers first. Although mar-

keting district cooling was originally a

tougher sell when the system was

new, the concept is now better known

in Paris, and demand to connect to

the system is high.

The opportunity to establish a

district cooling system in Paris was

created by a combination of rising

air-conditioning demand, interest in

the technologys traditional energy-

saving and environmental benefits,

and its ability to help the city decrease

or eliminate a number of nuisances.

Those included polluting emissions,the potential outbreak and spread of

legionella, and noise and vibration

from individual building cooling

equipment and towers. District cool-

ing could also help preserve Pariss

architectural aesthetics a very

important consideration in a city

known worldwide for its neoclassical

architecture, romantic atmosphere

and historic landmarks.

A Look at the LouvreAt 60,000 sq m (196,850 sq ft), the Louvre Museum in Paris is one of the

largest and most famous museums in the world. Each year 6 million visitors enter

its doors to admire some of the worlds greatest artistic masterpieces, which

encompass 11 millennia of culture and civilization. The museum has been a CPCU

customer since 1947; it connected to the Climespace system in 1988. The Louvre

utilizes steam for heating and maintaining the proper humidity and temperaturelevels for its art collection. It uses chilled water for air conditioning.

The Louvre was originally built as a fortress at the end of the 12th century by

King Philippe II to protect the Right Bank of Paris from invasion. Some parts of

the original structure remain, including the dungeon. Inhabited and redeveloped

by various kings through the ages, the Louvre became a museum in 1793 and

began expanding its treasures with acquisitions, donations and the addition of

royal collections. As

part of former

French President

Franois Mitterrandsefforts to enlarge

the Louvre in the

1980s, architect I.M.

Pei designed the

glass pyramid that

now stands at the

main entrance to

the museum. The Louvre Museum, a customer of both CPCU and Climespace,is home to such world-class art masterpieces as the Mona Lisa

and Venus de Milo.


23/60

One of the largest district cooling

systems in the world, Climespace

produces chilled water at seven plants

in locations around Paris (fig. 4) includ-

ing 12,000 cu m (31,692,000 gal) of

chilled-water storage capacity at the

Tour Maubourg facility and another 2

MWh (596 ton-hr) of cooling storage

at the Opra plant. The chilled wateris then supplied to customers via the

companys 58-km-long (36-mile-long)

distribution network. An additional

50 MW (14,215-ton capacity) plant,

Palais de Tokyo, is now under con-

struction and expected to begin oper-

ation at the end of 2006.

Helping to chill the water circulat-

ing in the Climespace system is one

of Pariss major tourist attractions

(and an inspiration to many painters):

the River Seine. The Seine provides

about 70 percent of the required heat

rejection for the companys chillers;

cooling towers provide the balance,

primarily in summer when river tem-

peratures peak. Flat plate heat exchang-

ers are used to transfer heat from the

chiller condenser-water loop to the

river-water cooling system. The river-

water pumps for the new Palais de

Tokyo system will have a capacity of

20,000 cu m per hour (88,000 gpm).

Challenging Landscape

While water from the Seine is an

integral part of the Climespace net-

work, the river is among the features

of Pariss landscape that have pre-

sented a challenge to operating and

maintaining both the CPCU and

Climespace systems. Although thenetworks are for the most part under-

ground and sometimes under river

water, in a few instances the pipe-

lines have had to cross some of the

historic bridges that span the Seine,

such as the Pont Notre Dame. This

has created aesthetic issues as well as

security concerns. Another river-related

problem is the real risk of flooding.

In a 1910 flood, the majority of Paris

was under water a scenario that

could happen again, and next time

would include the district energy net-

works. Flooding is particularly a con-

cern in winter, the rainy season.

Operating district heating and

cooling systems in Paris can be diffi-

cult in other ways. In the citys down-

town section, some

streets are very narrow,

making it hard to install

and maintain the network

in the midst of traffic and

with minimal disturbance

to the surrounding neigh-

borhoods. Also, below

street level, the under-

ground space is very limit-

ed and already overcrowd-

ed with lines for electricity,

gas, water, telecommunica-

tion and sewers, not to mentionthe Paris subway.

Despite the unique challenges of

establishing and delivering district

energy services in Paris, CPCU and

Climespace have built thriving systems

that continue to expand in terms of

customers and infrastructure. They

will do so into the future, guided by a

corporate commitment to principles

of good environmental management.

Given Europes and the worlds

increasing awareness of the need to

reduce pollution and conserve energy,

these two green companies stand to

play an ever more vital role in serving

the City of Light.

Louis Toulgoat is research anddevelopment manager at Compag-

nie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain.

With the company for 30 years,

he has worked in production and

network management and is cur-

rently in charge of R&D for district heating dis-

tribution networks in Paris. Toulgoat earned a

degree in electrical engineering (Diplme

Enseignement Suprieur Technique) from the

University of Lorient. He can be reached at

[email protected].

TheRiverSeine, importantcomponentofClimespac

districtcoolingsystem.

Figure 4. District Cooling Network, Climespace, Paris.

Chilled-WaterDistribution Network

Existing plants

Storage tanks

Existing networks with pipe less than400 mm (15.75 inches) in diameter

Existing networks with pipe at least400 mm (15.75 inches) in diameter

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


24/60

expect morethan specsCarter & Burgess helps youbreak new ground.

Carter & Burgess is there before the start and after the finish, with

utility master planning, facilities management, commissioning, training

even communications and IT design. So if your consultants only talk about

plans and specs, youre seriously missing out on working with a single-source

provider. Before you break ground on your next project, call us for these

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the start, well beyond the finish.

Call1-866-205-2255

Engineering

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www.c-b.com
http://www.c-b.com/http://www.c-b.com/



New Solution toan Old Problem:Ultrasonic treatment offersmicrobial controlJoanne Kuchinski, Product Manager, Ashland Specialty Chemical

2006, Ashland

Open recirculating cooling water

systems are susceptible to bio-

logical fouling, which is most

often associated with interrupted, inade-

quate or ineffective biological control.

The consequences of fouling can be sig-

nificant. They include reduced heat

transfer, higher corrosion rates and the

proliferation of waterborne pathogens.

As a result, maintaining effective micro-

biological control in cooling water sys-tems is critical to optimizing system effi-

ciencies and maximizing equipment life.

Chemical microbiocides are com-

monly used to control microbial activity

and can be the most toxic and potentially

hazardous portion of a cooling water

treatment program. For a number of

important reasons including environ-

mental discharge issues, worker safety

concerns, storage, troublesome feed

equipment and impact on system metal-

lurgy there has been a movementtoward minimizing and even eliminat-

ing the use of chemical microbiocides.

An effective, reliable alternative for main-

taining total system microbiological con-

trol is the use of ultrasound.

Novel ApproachAshland Specialty Chemical has

developed a non-chemical solution to

microbiological control in recirculating

cooling water systems known as SONOX-

IDE ultrasonic treatment. This system

utilizes low-power, high-frequency ultra-

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