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THE ROLE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN
ADVANCED AUTOMOBILE FOR
ASSISTANCE AND AUTOMATION
Akash, Kayannush J Paymaster, Mohit Jain,
Mohmed Salman Khan, Pavan A, Pavan Kumar N,
Pavan Kumar P N, Pramod Bhat M, Farhan N Vohra
128 February 2012
Introduction
• Started with first
Microprocessor for fuel
injection by Volkswagen
1600 in 1968
• Conversion from
mechanical electrical
driving system
• from analog digital
control systems
228 February 2012
Evolution
Earlier Systems
• Fuel injection, lighting control, speedometer
• Safety and assistance to driver by ABS, parking assistance, cruise control
Modern Systems
• Communication between different sensors controlled by a central processor, GPS, ACC
• Autonomous vehicles using AI & RTOS
• Challenge to make the vehicle safer, more energy efficient and networked
• Low cost 8-bit 32-bit CPU’s today
• Assembly Code High level language like C
• Just as replacement New applications and features
328 February 2012
Over the years
428 February 2012
Revenue
Semicast Report - $20 billion in 2010 to almost double to $39 billion in 2017
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Automotive Embedded Electronics Architecture
• 2 main classes of electronic systems:
• Hard-real-time control of mechanical parts and
• Information-entertainment.
• The first category includes:
• Chassis control
• Automotive body, including components such as interior air
conditioning, dashboard, power windows, and control subsystems
• Powertrain, including the engine, transmission, and emission and
control systems
• Active safety control.
• The second category includes:
• Information management, navigation, computing, external
communication, and entertainment.
628 February 2012
Powertrain
• The term powertrain or
powerplant refers to the
group of components that
generate power and deliver
it to the road surface, water,
or air.
• This includes
• Engine, transmission, drive
shafts, differentials
• Final drive such as drive
wheels, continuous track like
with tanks or Caterpillar
tractors, propeller etc.
728 February 2012
Block Diagram:
828 February 2012
Latest Powertrain TechnologiesHCCI by General Motors Technology by Nissan
• HCCI - Homogeneous Charge
Compression Ignition • Employs both spark ignition and
compression ignition
• Expected to improve mileage
about 15 percent over conventional
engines
• Three-cylinder 1.2-liter, direct-
injected supercharged engine
• Employed Miller Cycle, in which
the power stroke is delaying
closing the intake valves• Claims to be most fuel efficient
928 February 2012
Video
1028 February 2012
ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL
28 February 2012 11
What is Cruise Control?
• Mechanical system
• Invented in 1945 by Ralph Teetor
• IMPERIAL – first car to use it in 1958
• Alerts driver of a potential hazard
• Automatically controls the speed of a car
• Does not allow the car to go below a certain speed
• Hence, cannot be helpful in adopting to congested traffic
situations
28 February 2012 12
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
• Embedded system
• Adapts the speed of the leader vehicle
• Maintains a set distance from the leader vehicle
• Widely used in luxury cars
• Important part of a research on intelligent cars
• Easy to use in traffic
• Two types-
• Radar based ACC
• Laser based ACC
28 February 2012 13
How does it work ?
28 February 2012 14
How does it work ? (contd.)
28 February 2012 15
Distance between the two vehicles = host speed * time gap(s),
Time gap = generally 1.5 - 3 s, set by driver for additional safety
Block Diagram
28 February 2012 16
Driver Console
Functionality and Data Flow
28 February 2012 17
Hardware of Control Unit
28 February 2012 18
Available systems
• Mitsubishi was the first automaker to offer a laser-based
ACC system in 1995
• In 1997, Toyota began to use radar based ACC system
with Celsior
• Mercedes-Benz - E-class and S-class Luxury sedans
• BMW, Nissan, Volkswagen, Ford and Volvo also use
these systems in their luxury cars.
28 February 2012 19
Advancements in ACC
• Cooperative adaptive cruise control – CACC
• Wireless communication between vehicles
• No vision when such agreement could come into
practice
28 February 2012 20
THE CAN PROTOCOL
28 February 2012 21
How it began?
2228 February 2012
How it began? (contd.)
2328 February 2012
How it began? (contd.)
2428 February 2012
Overview of CAN
2528 February 2012
Basic Concepts
2628 February 2012
Basic Concepts (contd.)
2728 February 2012
CAN Bus Line Characteristics(Wired-AND)
2828 February 2012
Standardization Issues
2928 February 2012
User Benefits
CAN means real-time
• Short message length (0 to 8 data bytes / message)
• Low latency between transmission request and actual start of transmission
• Inherent Arbitration on Message Priority (AMP)
• Multi Master using CSMA/CD + AMP method
CAN is flexible
• CAN Nodes can be easily connected / disconnected
(i.e. plug & play)
• Number of nodes not limited by the protocol
CAN is fast
• maximum data rate is 1 MBit/s @ 40m bus length
(still about 40 kBit/s @ 1000m bus length
3028 February 2012
Application Examples
CAN in motor vehicles (cars, trucks, buses)
• Enables communication between ECUs like engine management
system, anti-skid braking, gear control, active suspension (power
train)
• Used to control units like dashboard, lighting, air conditioning,
• Windows, central locking, airbag, seat belts etc. (body control)
CAN in utility vehicles
• Eg. construction vehicles, forklifts, tractors etc.
• CAN used for power train and hydraulic control
CAN in trains
High need of data exchange between the different electronic
subsystem control units (i.e. acceleration, braking, door control,
error messages etc. as well as diagnostics)
3128 February 2012
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)
• Designed to maintain driver control and stability of the car during emergency braking.
• Locked wheels will slow a car down but will not provide steering ability.
• Allows maximum braking to be applied while retaining the ability to steer out of trouble.
• Operation can slightly reduce stopping distance in some cases like on wet road surfaces, but it can increase the stopping distance in others, as may be the case in deep snow or gravel.
3228 February 2012
ABS Module by Freescale Technologies
3328 February 2012
Website
Microcontrollers used in the ABS module
Products Features
Microcontrollers (MCU) Upper
MPC560xB: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for
Body Electronics Applications
32-bit Power Architecture MCU
MPC564xL: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for
Chassis and Safety Applications
32-bit dual-core Power Architecture
MCU
Microcontrollers (MCU) Lower
S12XE: 16-Bit Automotive
Microcontroller
16-bit MCU, up to 1M Flash
MPC560xB: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for
Body Electronics Applications
32-bit Power Architecture MCU
MPC564xL: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for
Chassis and Safety Applications
32-bit dual-core Power Architecture
MCU
3428 February 2012
ABS demonstration by Mazda Motor Corp.
3528 February 2012
Job Opportunities
• The major areas of work for Automotive Embedded Systems are :
• Electric Power Steering (EPS)
• Electric Parking Brake Systems (EPB)
• Hydraulic Systems (EPHS)
• Body Control Systems (BCS)
• Driver Assistant Systems (DAS) etc. and various other Systems.
• The primary work carried on these systems include -
• Development, Designing, Automation.
• Verification and Validation
• Static and Dynamic Analysis
• Integration, Unit and Module level testing
• Real-time(Hardware) and Simulation Testing - DOORS Documentation - Reverse Engineering etc.
3628 February 2012
Automotive Embedded Companies in India
28 February 2012 37
Top 8 Semiconductor Suppliers
Source: Compiled by the authors from public and iSuppli sources and databases
3828 February 2012
Automotive Revenues as a % of the total
Research Universities
• The Center for Automotive Embedded Systems Security (CAESS)
• University of California San Diego and
• University of Washington.
• DIANA research project, Germany
• Clemson University Vehicular Electronics Laboratory (CVAL)
• Other Research Universities
• University of Michigan (Ann harbor, Dearborn), USA
• Texas A&M University, USA
• Oakland University, USA
• TU Munich, Germany
• University of Brighton, UK
MS in Automotive Embedded Systems – Manipal University
3928 February 2012
Research Regulatory Authorities
• United States Council for Automotive Research LLC (USCAR)
• CAR Group (Michigan, Ann Harbour)
• EARPA (European Automotive Research Partners Association)
• EAMA (European Automobile Manufacturer’s Association)
• European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR)
• China Automotive Technology Research Center (CATARC)
• ADAC (Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club e.V.), Germany
• Federation of Automotive Products Manufacturers (FAPM),
Australia
4028 February 2012
Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)
• ARAI established in 1986 is located at Pune, India
• Co-operative industrial research association by the
automotive industry with the Ministry of Industries,
Government of India
• More than 80 Member companies
• Services:
• Research & Development
• Testing and Calibration
• Certification
• Standard Formulation
• Education and Training
4128 February 2012
References
• Study on Automotive Embedded System Design of Engine, Brake and Security System – Honbun
• ESL Development Gets A Leg Up - Graham Hellestrand(http://chipdesignmag.com /display.php?articleId=57&issueId=8)
• http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/about/AT.html
• http://visualoop.tumblr.com/post/17954846926/driverless-cars-of-the-future-are-here-now
• http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/9503
• http://johndayautomotivelectronics.com/
• Is Europe in the Driver’s Seat? The Future Competitiveness of the European Automotive Embedded Software Industry – 2010 - EgilJuliussen and Richard Robinson
• www.eecs.umich.edu
• www.Newtechpapers.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.howstuffworks.com
• Cruise Control System in Cars: S. Giridharan,Bangalore
4228 February 2012
References (contd.)
• Embedded Systems - Architecture, Programming and Design" , Raj Kamal, Publications : McGraw-Hill
• Handbook of Real-Time and Embedded Systems - Chapman and Hall
• Adaptive Cruise Control - Gurulingesh R., IIT Bombay
• Powertrain: http://www.national.com/en/automotive/powertrain _block _diagrams.html
• New Powertrain technologies: http://www.trailerlife.com/camper-trailer -news/trailer-gear/new-powertrain-technologies/
• Bosch Documentation CAN Specification V 2.0
• CAN Specification ISO 11898
• Microchip Documentation CAN basics AN173
• Siemens Microelectronics Documentation CANPRES Version 2
• Gurpreet – Berlin, Germany: http://kohligs.blogspot.in/2008/07/ automotive-embedded-companies-in-india.html
• www.manipal.edu
• DIANA Research Project: http://www.infineon.com/cms/en/corporate/ press/news/releases/2010/INFXX201007-058.html
28 February 2012 43
THANK YOUQuestions?
4428 February 2012