EmblemoftheTsardomofMuscovyAsrepresentedinanofficialMuscovitediploma4c
emblembook,TsarskiiTituliarnik(ЦарскийТитулярник),of1672:Hermitagecopy.Itwascommissionedbythepowerfulboyar(бояр)
ArtamonMatveev,whoranthediploma4cchancery(Posol’skiiPrikazПосольскийПриказ)4llhis
downfallin1682.TheTituliarnikwasupdatedandcon4nuedinuseintheearlyC18th.Itcontained[imagined?]portraitsofpastTsarsandPatriarchs,and[real?]portraitsofforeignrulerscontemporary
withTsarsAlekseiMikhailovichandFëdorAlekseevich.SomecopiesofthebookrecorditwascompiledbyaMoldaviandiplomatinMuscovite
service,NikolaiGavriilovichMileskii‐Spafari,andhisclerk(d’iakдьяк),PeterDolgovo.Theaquarelleandgold‐leafdesignswereexecutedbyar4stcrajsmenassociatedwithworkshopsintheArmouryofthe
MoscowKremlin(OruzheinnaiaPalataОружейннаяПалата).Accuraterecordsofofficialemblems,
rulers’official4tlesandportraitswereessen4altoolsforMuscovitediplomatstryingtorestoreMuscovy’sstatusinEurope’sstatesystemajerthedisastersof
theTimeofTroubles.hqp://www.emc.komi.com/02/08/img/003.jpg.
IvanIVGroznyiinthemodernRussianimagina;on(1897)
ViktorMikhailovichVasnetsov(1848‐1926)
TheVasnetsovimageinfluencedSergei
Eisenstein’sfamousfilmof1943:thefilm’sposterbelow.
Awe‐‐Groza‐‐Гроза• AuthoroftheVarlaam[Monastery]Speech(VarlaamskaiaBesedaВарлаамскаяБеседа)writes(variouslydatedtomid‐C16th,last
decadeofC16thorfirstofC17th)ofthemonarch’shumble/humblingawe(smirennaiagrozaсмиреннаягроза)
• IvanPeresvetov(wri;ng1550s)sees‘awegrozaгроза’asa
guaranteeofjus;cethroughresolveandfirmness;kindnessruinsstates,andadmirestheviolenceofMehmedII
• a1570lelerby‘ParfeniitheHolyFool(IurodivyiЮродивий)’–possiblyapseudonymofIvanIV,oratleastsomeonewri;nginthesamewayasIvanwassupposedtohavewrilentoaPolishdiplomat,
JanRokytein1570–praisesthe‘awegrozaгроза’ofArchangelMichael:
ГрозныйисмертносныйангелAwesomeangelofdeathСтрашныйпосланецTheterriblefinalmessenger
HolyFool(IurodivyiЮродивий)–theopposite
ofGroza
Icon(1584)in‘TheWordofGod’BogoiavlenskiiMonasteryin
Kremenets‐Podol’sk,Ukraine,toStSemën:barefoot,i4nerant,ojennakedand/orprophe4c,someonefeebleinmindand
bodybutnotinspirit,someone‘foolishforGod’,someone
whomweshouldhonourandfeed.
hqp://cerkva.if.ua/index.php?
id=1856&ac4on=art
TheHolyFool(IurodivyiЮродивий)StAndrew
Mid‐C16thicon,MoscowschoolofDionisii.
HewassaidtoamanumiqedScythianslavelivinginConstan4nopleonthecuspoftheC9thand
C10th.Theicontellsthestoryofhislifeanddeeds,star4ngcentretoplejandmovingclockwise.He’sinspiredbyStJohntheBap4stwhilepraying,buthe’stemptedbycallousyouths(bearingcrownsof
falseglory)anddemons,allofwhomheovercomeswhenChristappearstohim(topright)andhedecidestotakeontheroleofbeggarinthestreets.Hethenperformsmiraclesinthestreetsofthegreatcity:makingtheplagueonlyaffectagrave‐robber,banishingademoninguiseofanoldwomanblockingaroad,andredeeminga
monkwho’stoogreedy.Byboqomlej,hemeetsKingDavidhimselfinHaghiaSophiaandthenheseesavisionoftheVirginMaryintheChurchatBlachernae,ontheshoreoftheGoldenHornin
Constan4nople,beforehedies(toplej).
IrinaShalina’scatalogueitem73inTheGatesofMystery:TheArtofHolyRussia,Cambridge,TheLuqerworthPress,n.d,ci4ngTheRussianMuseum,StPetersburg,inventory
itemДРЖ1219.
HansWeygelwoodcut(1563)
HabsburgGermanwoodcutimagesupposedlyofIvanIV,addedtoalateredi4onofSigismundvonHerberstein’smemoirofvisitstoMuscovyin1517&1526.TheimageisaGermanfancyofwhataRussianprincemightlooklike,asitaddsacircletcrown(ofthekindfavouredbyC3rdRomanemperorslike
ClaudiusIIGothicus)tothefur‐trimmedgolden‐capthenknowntobewarnbyaMuscoviteGrandPrince(HerbersteinsawandaccuratelydescribedthecapofMonomakh.)
BibliothèquedesartsdecoraBfs,Paris
(BridgemanArtLibraryUniversalImagesGroup)
hqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/slovo/ivan4.html;SergeiBogatyrev’s‘BronzeTsars’inPersonality&PlaceinRussianCulture,London,MHRA,2010,pp.54‐55.InsetcoinimageofClaudiusIIGothicus.
Saxon‐German‐Livonianengravedportraitof
IvanIV
Engraving(ajerWeygel)fromPaulOderborn’sLifeofIvanIV(1585)wriqeninLa4n‘IohannisBasilides.
MagniMoscoviæ,Ducisvita’.Oderbornwasfrom
Wiqenberg,upperSaxony,anddrewonLivoniansources.
ЭпохаИванаГрозного/FaithandPower:TheAge
ofIvantheTerrible,Москва,МинистерствокультурыимассовыхкоммуникацийРоссийскойФедерации,Федеральноеагентствопокультуре
икинематографии&Федеральноегосударственноеучреждениекультуры,
Государственныйистопико‐культурныймузей‐заповедник«МосковскийКремль»2007,
fron4spiece;hqp://www.nasledie‐rus.ru/img/
870000/870401s.jpg&hqp://www.mab.lt/evangeliku/images/
oderborn.jpg.
ImaginedPortraitofIvanIV(b.1530,reigning1547‐84)
ComposedfortheTitularnik
(Титулярник)of1672
Portrety,gerbyipechaBBol'shoigosudarstvennoiknigi1672g.
Портреты,гербыипечатиБольшойгосударственнойкниги1672г.
hqp://viva�omenko.narod.ru/lib/pictures/page_005.htmlandonlineinNewYorkPublicLibrary,imageID:1542610@hqp://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/index.cfmandЕ.С.
Овчинников,ПортретвРусскомИскусствевека:МатериалыиИсследования,Москва1955,pp.64‐78.
LateC17thEffigyPortrait(ПарсунаPersona)of
IvanIVinthemannerofanicon(withoutahaloнимб)?
OneofthefirstalemptsatsecularportraitureinMuscovy,thoughitis
paintedbyicontechnique(temperaandoilonwood)anditishardly“realis;c”.Itisrecordedasagi�byTsarFëdorIIIAlekseevichin1677toaDanishenvoy,FriedrichvonGebel.Thereareclear
affini;eswiththeTituliarnikТитулярникportraitof1672.Thefirstliterarydescrip;onofIvanIVisinI.M.
Katyrëv‐Rostovskii’s‘Tes;monial(Povest’Повесть)’of1626.
NaBonalmuseet,Copenhagen:
EthnographicCollec4onhqp://www.natmus.dk/sw20374.asp
Е.С.Овчинников,ПортретвРусскомИскусствевека:МатериалыиИсследования,Москва1955,pp.62‐64
hqp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/pain4ng/religious‐paint/icon‐paint/introd/parsunas/parsunas.htmandhqp://nesusvet.narod.ru/ico/books/lepahin_4/img/
ioann_vasilyevich_groznyi.jpg;;LindseyHughes,“ImagesoftheElite”,ForschungenzurosteuropaischenGeschichte,56(2000).
170.
Lecturer’ssnapshotfromNaBonalmuseetinCopenhagen
Soviet‐eraCranio‐FacialReconstruc;on(1963‐65)ofthe
faceandphysiognomyofIvanIVatthe;meofhisdeath(1584)basedonhisskull
inhistombatArkhangel’skiiSobor,intheMoscowKremlin
byaSamarkand‐based(Russian‐Uzbek)sculptorandarchæologico‐anthropologist,Mikhail
MikhailovichGerasimov(1907‐70)
RussianAcademyofSciences(RAN)Ins4tuteofEthnologyandAnthropologynamedforMikhlukho‐Maklai(IEA),
Moscow.hqp://img1.liveinternet.ru/images/aqach/c/
0/34/47/34047538_IoannIV_reconstruc4on_by_Gerasimov02.jpg&
hqp://img‐fotki.yandex.ru/get/3707/irina05012009.2a/0_19001_2eb91ff6_L
Icon:TheBlessingoftheProtec;veVeil(Покров)ofourLady(Богородица),theMotherofGod(Богоматерь).Iconorigina;ngfromNovgorod,1550sormid‐C16th.Liketheholywhitecowl(белыйклобук),theiconhonoursanotherlegi;ma;ngrelic:aholyveilwhichsupposedlyturnedbackaSlav[ironically!]siegeofConstan;noplein860or944.ThisveilwasseenbyStAndreiIurodivyi(HolyFool)inBlachernaeChurchinConstan;noplearound1000,andthenbroughtfromConstan;noplebyKievanprinceAndreiBogoliubskiitoRus’inC12th.TheiconshowstheMuscovite‐Byzan;neidealoftheharmonyofChurchandState;theTsarisamongclergyandsaints.Theykeephimstraightandtrue.
ПокровБогородициorПокровБогоматериStateRussianMuseum,StPetersburgГосударственныйРусскойМузейhqp://www.pravoslavie.ru/jurnal/4515.htmorhqp://hramznameniya.ru/photo/?id=160detailbolomle�Tsar(IvanIV?)andTsarina(Anastasiia?)inChurch
ThesourceoftheHansWeygelimagesupposedlyofTsarIvanIVVasil’evichin
1563isveryprobablythis(equallyinvented?)imagefromthelate1520s
ofIvanIV’sfatherGrandPrinceVasiliiIIIIvanovich(b.r.)
composedbyErhardSchön(1491‐1542)
andpublishedbyHansGuldenmundasasetofexo4cisingimagesof
Muscovites,nowlost.(SchönalsoproducedimagesofOqomanTurks.)
ErhardSchönwasaProtestantbasedinNuremburgmakingwoodcutimagesaimedatthemeshethoughtwouldbe
popular.
MuseumBoijmansvanBeuningen,Roqerdam,TheNetherlands
(hqp://www.boijmans.nl/nl/)hqp://collec4e.boijmans.nl/en/work/MB
%202010/2%20Q%20(PK)
Augus;nHirschvogel(1490or1503to1553)
Re‐workedversionofHirschvogel’sengravingof
GrandPrinceVasiliiIIIIvanovich(b.1479,r.1505‐33).
ThehatandkajanbeqerresembleHeberstein’sdescrip4on,thoughhedescribedanewly‐marriedVasilii
IIIin1526asclean‐shaven.BogatyrevexplainstheimagewasfirstmadeinViennain1547foraseriesofcontemporaryrulerportraits.Hirschvogelthenwentontomake23etchingsfora1549re‐edi4onofHabsburgambassador,SigismundvonHerberstein’smemoirof
journeystoMuscovyin1517&1526(hqp://www.rechercheisidore.fr/search/resource/?
uri=ark:/12148/btv1b59053148).HirschvogeladmiredHerberstein.ThoughhewasaProtestantfrom
Nuremburg.HirschvogelalreadyhadexperienceofHabsburgSlaviccultures,havinglivedinLjubjanainSloveniabetween1536‐44.Hestartedoutasa
mathema4cianandmap‐maker,usingmethodsoftriangula4ontoproducemoreaccuratemaps.AjerhemovedtoViennain1544,hefocussedonengraving
images.
hqp://historydoc.edu.ru/aqach.asp?a_no=413;SergeiBogatyrev’s‘BronzeTsars’inPersonality&PlaceinRussian
Culture,London,MHRA,2010,pp.55‐57.
Muscovitediploma4cguidebook,theTsarskiiTituliarnik(ЦарскийТитулярник),of1672:ImaginedportraitsofTsarIvanIVGroznyiГрозный.
Threecopiesweremade:oneisintheRussianStateArchiveofAncientActs(РГАДАhqp://www.rusarchives.ru/federal/rgada/nsa1.shtml)inMoscow,anotherisintheSaltykov‐ShchedrinlibraryinSt
Petersburg,andthethirdisintheHermitageinStPetersburg.hqp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg
&hqp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iioan4.jpg.
LateC17thicon‐like‐portrait(ParsunaПарсуна)inthe
monasteryofAleksandrovskSloboda,whereIvanIVlocatedthecapitalofhis
“Widow’sKingdom”(Oprichnina
Oпричнина)between1564and1572,andwhereheo�enretreatedtoseek
solace.
ReprintedinСергейВладимировичФомин,ПравдаопервомРусскомЦаре:
КтоиПочемуискажаетобразГосударяИоаннаБасильевича(Грозного),Москва,«РусскийИздательскийЦентр»2010.
Thereisafadedlate‐C16thfrescoofIvanIVandhisboyarsinthemalemonastery,fortandchurchof‘ТheAssump;onofOurLady,theHolyVirgin(СоборУспенияПресвятойБогородицыСвияжского
БогородицеУспенскогомужскогомонастыря)’,1551‐61,inSviazhsk,nearKazan’onthemiddleVolga,avitalcentrefortheconquestoftheMoslemKhanateofKazan’in1552:
reprintedinСергейВладимировичФомин,ПравдаопервомРусскомЦаре:КтоиПочемуискажаетобразГосударяИоаннаБасильевича(Грозного),Москва,«РусскийИздательскийЦентр»2010.Image
ofthechurchfromtheKazanBishopric(Eparchate)website:hqp://kazan.eparhia.ru/www/fototemple/2_84790046296.jpg&
hqp://mtdata.ru/u1/photoFA92/20987456535‐0/big.jpeg.
Fadedmid‐C16thfrescoofIvanIVatSviazhk,near
Kazan’
Icon:TheBlessingoftheProtec;veVeil(Покров)ofourLady(Богородица),theMotherofGod(Богоматерь).Iconorigina;ngfromNovgorod,1550sormid‐C16th.Liketheholywhitecowl(белыйклобук),theiconhonoursanotherlegi;ma;ngrelic:aholyveilwhichsupposedlyturnedbackaSlav[ironically!]siegeofConstan;noplein860or944.ThisveilwasseenbyStAndreiIurodivyi(HolyFool)inBlachernaeChurchinConstan;noplearound1000,andthenbroughtfromConstan;noplebyKievanprinceAndreiBogoliubskiitoRus’inC12th.TheiconshowstheMuscovite‐Byzan;neidealoftheharmonyofChurchandState;theTsarisamongclergyandsaints.Theykeephimstraightandtrue.
ПокровБогородициorПокровБогоматериStateRussianMuseum,StPetersburgГосударственныйРусскойМузей,N.H.Likhachëvcollec4on.hqp://www.pravoslavie.ru/jurnal/4515.htmorhqp://hramznameniya.ru/photo/?id=160detailbolomle�Tsar(IvanIV?)andTsarina(Anastasiia?)inChurch
TheTsariselectedbyGod;БогоизбранностьРусскогоЦарства
Tsar(IvanIV?)andTsarina(Anastasiia
Romanovna?)
DetailfromthePokrovBogoroditsaПокровБогородицаicon,firsthalfofC16th,nowin
StateRussianMuseum,StPetersburg,N.H.Likhachëvcollec;on.
Ontheholyday(prazdnikпраздник)ofthe‘FeastoftheVeil’,asIvanIVwassaidtohaveprayedinhistent,
thesupposedly‐impregnablecityofKazan’wasstormedandseizedin1552.
from:Вераивласть:ЭпохаИванаГрозного/FaithandPower:TheAgeofIvantheTerrible,Москва,МинистерствокультурыимассовыхкоммуникацийРоссийскойФедерации,Федеральноеагентствопо
культуреикинематографии&Федеральноегосударственноеучреждениекультуры,Государственныйисторико‐культурныймузей‐заповедник«МосковскийКремль»2007,p.22,ci4ngМ.Б.Плюханова,СюжетыисимволыМосковсогоцарства,Санкт‐
Петербург,1995,pp.29‐31.
PortraitofIvanIVintheC17thOld‐Slavonicliterary
text:TheHistoryofKazan(КазанскаяИстория)
C17thtextandportraitstylesreferringbacktoC16thevents:Ivan’s
conquestofKazan,1551andMuscovy’sdestruc;onoftheMoslemKhanatesoftheGoldenHorde.Ivanisportrayedasachivalricandroman;cherointhisOld‐
Slavonictext.
hqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/
ivan4_kazanskiy.html.
BlessedistheHost(i.e.Army)oftheTsaranointedbyHeavenБлагословенновоинствонебесногоЦаря
Muscovitemid‐C16thIcon,nearly2metreslong,CathedraloftheDormi4on(UspenskiiSobor’УспенскийСоборь,MoscowKremlin.
TheTsar[IvanIV?]rides[backfromaburningKazan’in1551]amidhisinfantryandheheads[nottowardsa‘ThirdRome’but]towarda‘NewJerusalem’wheretheMotherofGodawaitswiththeinfant,Christ.TheTsardoesn’twearabaqle
helmet(шлем)butratherthemonarch’s‘armouroftruth(броняверы)’.TwogreatBibletsarsprecedehimonhorseback,DavidandSolomon,assistedintherearbysaintlymonarchsofKievRus’:Vladimir,andtheholytwins,Boris&Gleb.This‘poli4cal’iconisuniqueinMuscovyandmayhaveinfluencedbyOrthodoxan4‐OqomanprecedentsinC15thandC16thBalkanchurches(OhridinMacedoniaandPetrucainRomania).hqp://www.uer.varvar.ru/uspenskiy16.htmandDaniel
RowlandessayinPicturingRussia:ExploraBonsinVisualCulture,NewHaven,CN:YaleUniversityPress,2008,ch.6&plate6.3.
Detailsoftheicon
Музей‐ЗаповедникМосковскогоКремля:ВераиВласть:ЭпоxаИванаГрозного(Москва2007),p.10,andDanielRowlandessayinPicturingRussia:ExploraBonsinVisualCulture,NewHaven,CN:Yale
UniversityPress,2008,ch.6&plate6.3,andillustra4on10atIvanIVand
hqp://www.ic‐xc‐nika.ru/ikons/Ioann_Vasilevich_IV_Groznyi/000.htmlandHolyMonarchsofKievRus’:StVladimir,St
BorisandStGlebhqp://www.pravenc.ru/text/159104.html.
‘BlessedistheHostoftheHeavenlyTsar’:asecondcopyoftheicon,laterC16th,nowwithgreatTsarslabeled(Israelite:David&Solomon;Byzan4ne:Constan4ne&Leo;Rus’:StVladimirandBoris&Gleb):
Tret’iakovGallery,Moscow:hqp://www.nasledie‐rus.ru/img/870000/870408.jpg.
ImageofTsarFëdorIIvanovich(b.1557,r.1584‐98)
wearingtheCapofMonomakhandastrideacharger(asbetokensan
Orthodoxwarriorprince).HewastheretardedanddiffidentsonandimmediatesuccessorofTsarIvanIVVasil’evichwho
diedin1584.
ImagefromthesideoftheTsar‐Cannon
Tsar‐PushkaЦарь‐пушка1586castbymastergun‐founderandbell‐maker(pushechnoilitetsпушечной
литец),AndreiChokhov(ca1545to1625)totrytodeterfurther
Polish‐Lithuanianaqack.
Nowinthegrounds(neartheFrolovgate)oftheMoscowKremlin
hqp://www.nts‐lib.ru/Online/chem/br5.jpg&hqp://www.mosgid.ru/image/1286443319_788.jpg;SergeiBogatyrev’s‘BronzeTsars’inPersonality&PlaceinRussianCulture,London,MHRA,2010,pp.
54‐71.
Surprisinglyaccurate(?)bogey‐manimageofTsarIvanIV(wearingtheCapofMonomakhandthecollar
(barmyбармы)onKarstenMiddeldorpofLübeck’s“LionofReval(Tallinn)”cannoncastin1559inTallinn(aHansa
Bal4c‐GermantradingcityinwhatisnowEstonia)tohelpdefendthecityajertheclose‐callofaMuscovitesiegein1558‐59atthestartoftheLivonianWar(1558‐83)betweenMuscovyand
Poland‐Lithuania.ThewarbeganwellforMuscovy,butfromthe1560sitbecameadisaster;Andrei
MikhailovichKurbskii’sdefec4onin1564wasoneofthesedisasters.
ThegunisnowinTheArBlleryMuseuminStPetersburg(adjacenttothePeterandPaulFortress@
hqp://www.ar4llery‐museum.ru/en/)hqp://www.4m.lu/photo_album/estonia/the_lion.jpg;SergeiBogatyrev’s‘BronzeTsars’inPersonality&PlaceinRussian
Culture,London,MHRA,2010,pp.50‐61.
PortraitofIvanIVintheC17thOld‐Slavonicliterary
text:TheHistoryofKazan(КазанскаяИстория)
C17thtextandportraitstylesreferringbacktoC16thevents:Ivan’s
conquestofKazan,1552andMuscovy’sdestruc;onoftheMoslemKhanatesoftheGoldenHorde.Ivanisportrayedasachivalricandroman;cherointhisOld‐
Slavonictext.
hqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/
ivan4_kazanskiy.html.
1530:thedyingVasiliiIIIisshownblessinghis3‐year‐oldson,IvanIV
As‐yet‐uncolouredincomplete
illustra4onfromanunfinished(asatca.1600)compendiumofoldchronicleentriescompiledby
monksatMoscowandAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVandmetropolitanMakariiin1550s
&1560s:‘TheTsar’sBook(TsarstvennaiaknigaЦарственнаяКнига)’copy(calledtheNikon
Chronicle)fromLitsevoiSvodЛицевойСвод
(1560s)athqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/
manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐1.html.
1530s:TheinfantIvanIVmeetstheboyars,inthecompanyofhisLithuanianmother,ElenaGlinskaia(d.
1538)
NikonchronicleUniversalImages
Group
Corona4onofIvanIVasTsar,1547ChroniclecommissionedbyMetropolitanMakarii:‘TheTsar’sBook(TsarstvennaiaKnigaЦарственнаяКнига)’:hqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐287.jpgandhqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐288.jpgandhqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐289.jpg.
WeddingofIvanIVandAnastasiia
Romanovnain1547
ChroniclecommissionedbyMetropolitanMakarii:‘TheTsar’sBook(Tsarstvennaia
KnigaЦарственнаяКнига)’,1560s.
hqp://www.hrono.ru/biograf/ivan4ru_inst.html.
Crownedbygoldencoins–ascenereplicatedinEisenshtein’sfilmaboutIvantheTerrible(PartOne‐1944).
Anotherunfinisheduncoloured
scene(1560s)fromtheCorona;onofIvanIVasTsar,1547
Chroniclecommissionedby
MetropolitanMakariiinthe1560s:‘TheTsar’sBook(TsarstvennaiaKniga
ЦарственнаяКнига)’:ГосударственныеМузеиРоссии,ГосударственныйИсторическийМузей,Москва,Издательство
«Интербук‐Бизнес»,2006,p.155,item23(Отделрукописейи
старопечатныхкниг).
MarriageofIvanIV&Anastasiia
Romanovna,7February1547
Nikonchronicle
TheTsariselectedbyGod;БогоизбранностьРусскогоЦарства
Tsar(IvanIV?)andTsarina(Anastasiia
Romanovna?)
DetailfromthePokrovBogoroditsaПокровБогородицаicon,firsthalfofC16th,nowin
StateRussianMuseum,StPetersburg.
Ontheholyday(prazdnikпраздник)ofthe‘FeastoftheVeil’,asIvanIVwassaidtohaveprayedinhistent,
thesupposedly‐impregnablecityofKazan’wasstormedandseizedin1552.
from:Вераивласть:ЭпохаИванаГрозного/FaithandPower:TheAgeofIvantheTerrible,Москва,МинистерствокультурыимассовыхкоммуникацийРоссийскойФедерации,Федеральноеагентствопо
культуреикинематографии&Федеральноегосударственноеучреждениекультуры,Государственныйисторико‐культурныймузей‐заповедник«МосковскийКремль»2007,p.22,ci4ngМ.Б.Плюханова,СюжетыисимволыМосковсогоцарства,Санкт‐
Петербург,1995,pp.29‐31.
Silver,Gilt,Chiselled&EnamelledCup(Кошв)belongingtoIvanIV,madeusingMoldavian
techniquesinthearmouryworkshops,
MoscowKremlin(ОружейнаяПалата,МЗ1137)hlp://www.kreml.ru/ru/exhibi;on/
Kremlin/index.php?id_4=234&from_4=2;ЭпохаИвана
Грозного/FaithandPower:TheAgeofIvantheTerrible,Москва,
МинистерствокультурыимассовыхкоммуникацийРоссийской
Федерации,Федеральноеагентствопокультуреикинематографии&Федеральноегосударственное
учреждениекультуры,Государственныйистопико‐
культурныймузей‐заповедник«МосковскийКремль»2007,pp.54‐55,
item11,
Small4tleanddoubleeagleonthebase:ByGraceofGod,TsarandGrandprinceIvan
Vasil’evichSovereignofallRus’Б[о]жиеюм[и]л[о]стиюц[а]ри
великийкн[я]зьиванвасильевичг[о]с[у]д[а]рьвсеярусии
Longer4tlearoundtheedge:thisandVladimirskii,Moskovskii,Novgorotskii,TsarKazanskii,TsarAstrakhanskii,Tverskii,
Iugorskii,Permskii,Viatskii,Bolgarskiietc.,SovereignandGrandPrince,SovereignofPskov,GrandPrinceofSmolensk,Novagoroda,Nizovskielands,Chenigovskii,Riazanskii,Rostovskii,Iaroslavskii,
Belozerskii,Udorskii,Obdorskii,Koldinskii,andalltheSiberianlandandNorthernLandstheVictorandSovereignofmanyothers.
Proformaforthe
Diploma4cRecitalsoftheTsar’s
OfficialTitles:Tituliarnikof
1672
Tsar/ЦарьIvanIV’sprayerthrone(molenoemesto
моленоеместо)
intheCathedraloftheDormi4on(UspenskiiSobor’УспенскийСоборь:AristotleFiorovan4,1497):theso‐
called‘Throneof[Vladimir]Monomakh’
commissionedbyMetropolitan[i.e.,Archbishop]Makariiin1551,4yearsajerIvanIV’sproclama4onas‘Tsar’in1547,6yearsbeforehisrequesttothePatriarchofConstan4noplefor
recogni4onofthe4tlein1557,and10yearsbeforethe4tle‘Tsar’was
acceptedbythePatriarchin1561.
source:И.М.Соколова,Мономахтрон:ЦарскоеместоУспенскогособораМосковскогоКремля,
Москва,ИздательствоИндрик,2001.
The prayer throne Makarii had built for Ivan IV once faced opposite the ‘Church Militant’ icon in the [Patriarch’s] Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin. This is the ‘Blessed is the Host of the Heavenly Tsar’ Icon we have already studied. Now the prayer throne resides in Hall 18 (Зал Ивана Грозного) of the Russian Historical Museum in Red Square, Moscow: Государственные Музеи России, Государственный Исторический Музей, Москва, Издательство «Интербук-Бизнес», 2006, p. 31; hqp://museums.artyx.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000000/st024.shtml.
hqp://museums.artyx.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000000/st024.shtml
This sculptured prayer-throne (1551) Metropolitan Makarii had ordered to be built for Ivan IV was placed opposite the ‘Church Militant’ icon in the [Patriarch’s] Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin. This is the ‘Blessed is the Host of the Heavenly Tsar’ Icon we have already studied. There is an irony. The crusading thematic of the throne and icon did not preclude the use of Ottoman silk-brocade fabric (kemha in Turkish) to line the interior of the prayer-throne! Nurhan Atasoy & Lâle Uluç, Impressions of Ottoman Culture in Europe, 1453-1699, Istanbul, Turkish Cultural Foundation, Armaggan, 2012, pp. 101-2, Plates 74-75.
DetailfromIvanIV’sthrone(1551)inthePatriarch’s‘CathedraloftheDormi;on(UspenskiiSoborУспенскийСобор)’,MoscowKremlinsupposedlyalributed(like
theCrown)totheC12thKievanprince,VladimirMonomakh:
IvanIVleadshiscrusadingarmy.hqp://visualrian.ru/storage/PreviewWM/3107/23/310723.jpg?
1212993160
И.M.Соколова,МономахТрон,Москва,ИздательствоИндрик,‘РоссияиХристианскийВосток’series,2001.
ScenesontheIvanIV’s‘ThroneofMonomakh’1551
SWside• PrincelyandBoyarCounsellorswith
GrandPrinceVladimirMonomakh[proxyforIvanIV].
• VladimirMonomakhassembleshiscaptains(voevodyвоеводы)andchooseshiscommanderinchief(nachal’nikначальник).
• ThearmyoftheGrandPrincesetsoutfor[TatarIslamic]Тhrace.
• ThecaptainsoftheGrandPrincestandbeforethewallsofThrace
Westside1. BaqleonthewallsofThraceand
takingofcap4ves2. ThecaptainsoftheGrandPrince
seizethecityanditswealth3. BaqleoftheGrandPrince’sarmy
withanenemyforce4. CouncilofByzan4neTsarConstan4ne
decidingtosendenvoystoVladimirinKiev.
Southside1. Byzan4neTsarConstan4neIXgives
totheenvoysofStVladimiralltheregaliaofhisByzan4neemperor‐ship.
2. Journeyoftheenvoysacrossthesea.
3. TheenvoysofByzan4umpresenttheregaliatoGrandPrinceStVladimirofKiev
4. Metropolitan(i.e.,Archbishop)NeofritcrownsGrandPrinceStVladimirwiththeregalia,includingtheCapofMonomakh.
FrontdoorsTextofthe‘StoryofthePrincesof
Vladimir[onceKiev,nowMuscovy]Skazaniiaokniaz’iakhVladirmirskikhCказанияокнязьяхВладимирских.
SWside• PrincelyandBoyarCounsellorswithGrandPrinceVladimirMonomakh[IvanIV].• GrandPrinceVladimirMonomakhassembleshiscaptains(voevodyвоеводы)andchooses
hiscommanderinchief(nachal’nikначальник).• ThearmyoftheGrandPrincesetsoutfor[TatarIslamic]Тhrace.• ThecaptainsoftheGrandPrincestandbeforethewallsofThracesource:И.М.Соколова,Мономахтрон:ЦарскоеместоУспенскогособораМосковскогоКремля,Москва,Индрик,2001
source:И.М.Соколова,Мономахтрон:ЦарскоеместоУспенскогособораМосковскогоКремля,Москва,ИздательствоИндрик,2001
TsarandCounsellors
Corona;on(1547)Source:hqp://feb‐web.ru/feb/irl/pictures/il2‐308‐.jpgandИ.М.Соколова,Мономахтрон:ЦарскоеместоУспенскогособораМосковскогоКремля,Москва,ИздательствоИндрик,2001.
Anotherthronemadefromivoryinthe
MoscowKremlinArmouryMuseum
(OruzheinnaiaPalataОружeйннаяПалата)
aqributedtotheeraofIvanIV.
hqp://museums.artyx.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000000/
st047.shtmland
GrangerCollec4on,UniversalImagesGroup.
Hereisthecorona4ontext(1547)ofMetropolitanMakariifromtheLitsevoiSvod
ЛицевойСвод(1550s,1560s)alsosponsoredbyMetropolitanMakariiintheMetropolitan’sscriptoriumintheKremlin:
Ипослемноголетиймитрополитприветствовалвеликогоцаря:«Божеюмилостиюрадуйсяиздраствуй,православныйцарюИване,всеяРусисамодержавецнамноголета».Ипоклонисяцарюмитрополит.
Anda�ermanyyearshadpassed,thearchbishopgreetedthegreatTsar:‘BythegraceofGod,rejoicingandwelcoming,wesaluteyouright‐holy[Orthodox]TsarIvan,autocratofalltheRussiasformanymoreyearstocome’.AndthenthearchbishopmadeobeissancetotheTsar.
ImageinСергейВладимировичФомин,ПравдаопервомРусскомЦаре:КтоиПочемуискажаетобразГосударяИоаннаБасильевича(Грозного),Москва,«РусскийИздательскийЦентр»2010.
Whatseemedimportantinretrospect:GrozaГроза
Vil’no‐bornRussian‐Jewishar4st,MarkMatve'evichAntokol’skii(1843‐1902)sculpture(1870‐71)imagininganawesome(groznyi
грозный)IvanIVsi³ngontheivorythrone.Thear4st’sworkwasenthusias4callyreceivedby
AlexanderIIandacquiredforTheHermitage,andhehadthepatronageoftheTsar’sliberalsister,GrandDuchessMariiaNikolaevna.Thear4st
renouncedhisJewishstatusajerbeingchosenasa‘PerpetualHonoraryCi4zen’,andajerhiselec4ontotheImperialAcademyofArts.Thisbronzecopypicturedhere(1872)wasmadefor
TheRussianMuseumestablishedinStPetersburgbyAlexanderIII.AnothercopywassenttoLondonfortheImperialExhibi4onof1882andwasthendonatedtotheKensington
Palace.
hqps://picasaweb.google.com/110738321384102773936/DsgCyK#5583707369082039250
‘KingofKings’and‘PriestKing’curtain(katapetasmaкатапетасма)madeinaMoscowKremlinworkshopandgivenbyTsarIvanIVandTsarevnaAnastasiia
Romanovnaon20November1555forthe(SerbianOrthodox)‘Churchofthe
Presenta;onoftheVirgin’atHilandar,ontheHolyMountain,akeyOrthodox
monasterycomplex(picturedinMtAthos,northGreece.
SeeIsoldeThyrêtinTheNewMuscoviteCulturalHistory,Plate3
HilandarOrthodoxChurchResearchLibraryUniversityofOhio
TsarIvanIVisshownsuperintendingthepain4ngoficonsinaKremlincathedral
Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicle
entriescompiledbymonksatAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissioned
byIvanIVin1570s:LitsevoiSvodЛицевойСводat
hqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐2.html.
GreatWarBannerofIvanIV(Знамявеликийстяг)1560TheArchangelMichael(right)charges(RevelaBons19:11‐18).GoldembroideredandembossedonimportedChinesesilk.hqp://files.school‐collec4on.edu.ru/dlrstore/ecdf9466‐68f3‐439b‐9712‐874bdb643c76/p13_zn_305.jpgandreconstructedathqp://www.donego.ne�irms.com/Intours/Russian/tcal/Russia/flag/2.jpg.
FromaC19threconstruc;on:Историческоеописаниеодеждыивооруженияроссийскихвойск[asrecordedbytheC16thd’iakIvanViskovatovИванВисковатов].
hlp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/slovo/znamya_ioann4.html
Reconstruc;onoftheBalleStandardofIvanIV(ВеликийСтягьИванаГрозного)
hqp://www.gerb.bel.ru/pages/russia/flag/f_ivan4_3.gif
LostMurals(corona;onofIvanIV,1547?)fromtheVes;buleofthe
GoldenHall(Золотаяпалата)(paintedoverinlater1670s,demolishedin1752)MoscowKremlin,adjacenttotheFaceledPalaceandthesquareofthe[Patriarch’s}Cathedralofthe
Dormi;on(UspenskiiSoborУспенскийСобор)basedona1672descrip;onby
SemënUshakov.
Atone;me,diplomatsandboyarsmettheTsarenthronedhere,enteringviaSpasskiiGate,past
VoznesenskimonasterygoingontoCathedralsquare,thencetotheBoyars’Porch.TheGoldenPalacewasonceconnectedtotheFaceledPalace(Грановитая
Палата).
DanielRowland’‘Twocultures,OneThroneRoom’inOrthodoxRussia:BeliefandPracBceundertheTsars,eds.ValerieKivelson&RobertH.Greene,Pennsylvania
StateUniversityPress,2003,ch.2.
NewChurchThemes:1. Poli4calpowercomesfromGod.2. TheVirginMotherofGodprotectsMuscovy.3.The[Riurikid]clanoftherulerisimportant.4.GodsafeguardsthearmyofMuscovy.5.ARealmmusthavegoodorder.6.ATsarshouldbepiousandsteadfast.7.ATsartakesadvicefromcour4ers.
TheCrownofKazan’ShapkaKazanskaiaШапкаКазанская
Cap‐CrowntocommemoratetheCaptureof
Kazan’,1553?
SomesayitwasthecapturedTatarcrownofKazan’.Morelikely,itwasorderedbyIvanIVandmadebythe
goldsmithsoftheMuscoviteKremlin’asithasnoIslamicmo;fs.ItwasactuallymadeforEdigei,thelastKhanofKazan’,whowascapturedinKazan’in1553,heldhostageinMoscow,andrequiredtotakethenewChris;annameof
Simeon.TheCrownwassolistedasthisSimeon’sinaKremlininventoryof1646.ThestoryimpliessomethingofIvan’scompassionforhishumiliatedenemy,whohadtoconverttoChris;anity,butwhowasotherwisehonouredandwhoselifewasspared.OnesuspectsthatseveralChurchmenmightnothaveagreedwiththispolicyof
Chris;ancompassion.
MoscowKremlin’ArmouryMuseumОружeйннаяПалата,МузейМосковскогоКремля
hqp://visualrian.ru/images/item/175928оrhqp://imagesgallery.kreml.ru/image‐view.jsp?
pos=52&pageStart=49
RenovatedC17thInteriorofthe‘FaceledPalaceГрaновитаяПалата’,MoscowKremlin,1490s
hqp://pics.livejournal.com/dinya_ss/pic/0004ex6s/s640x480
ComparableC17thmuralsfromthethroneroomoftheadjacent‘FaceledPalace(GranovitaiaPalataГрановитаиапалата),MoscowKremlin.
StBasil’sMoscow,RedSquare,1555‐61
hqp://www.xenophon‐mil.org/ruscity/moscow/basildiag.htm
AmodernTatarar;st,FirinatKhalikov’sreconstruc;onofC16thKazan’foranexhibi;onstagedbythe
TatarstanRepublicinMarch2005.Tatarstanisacons;tuentpartoftheRussianFedera;onhqp://history‐kazan.ru/2005/08/kar4ny‐polnye‐dostoinstva‐i‐velichiya‐duxa‐predkov/
TheHistoryoftheCaptureofKazan’KazanskaiaIstoriiaКазанскаяИстория
(DavidMilleracceptstheSoviet‐eradatesof1564;SergeiBogatyrevdatesittolateC16th‐earlyC17th,re‐wrilenlateC17th)ManuscriptinRussianCentralArchiveofAncientActs(TsGADA),Moscow
hqp://historydoc.edu.ru/aqach.asp?a_no=2529&hqp://historydoc.edu.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=%2012721
ConquestofSiberia:cossackfightersintraining;collec;ng
tribute;execu;ngTatarcap;ves
SemënUl’ianovichRemezovofTobol’sk,Siberia
‘ShortSiberianManuscriptКраткаяСибирскаяЛетопись
KratkaiaSibirskaiaLetopis’(1690s)’
fromValerieKivelson’sCartographiesofTsarism,CornellUniversityPress,2006,p.199and
hqp://makingmaps.net/2008/10/10/map‐symbols‐gibbets‐gallows‐execu4on/andtheexhibi4onattheRussianHistoricalmuseumin2007:‘YermakandtheTakingofSiberia:hqp://www.shm.ru/ev50926.html.
SemënUl’ianovichRemezovofTobol’sk,Siberia(1640s‐1720s)
Representa;on(1690s?)
of‘TheInvasionofSiberiabytheCossack
Ermak’
LibraryoftheRussianAcademyofSciences
‘ShortSiberianManuscriptКраткаяСибирскаяЛетопись
KratkaiaSibirskaiaLetopis’(1690s)’hqp://www.nkj.ru/upload/iblock/e74/
e740261¶c6995622676039613c8142.jpg
SemënUl’ianovichRemezov’s
representa;onsofErmakinSiberia:
Sailingdownthe
riversandportagesbetweenrivers
LibraryoftheRussianAcademyofSciences
‘ShortSiberianManuscript
КраткаяСибирскаяЛетописьKratkaiaSibirskaiaLetopis’(1690s)’
hqp://www.barguzinmuseum.ru/exp/galkin%201.files/image004.jpg
SemënUl’ianovichRemezov’sErmakinSiberia:
Sailingdowntheriversand
alacking
LibraryoftheRussianAcademyofSciences
‘ShortSiberianManuscriptКраткаяСибирскаяЛетопись
KratkaiaSibirskaiaLetopis’(1690s)’
h�p://passion‐don.org/library/img/dov_279_2.jpg
IvanIVisshownreceivingtributefromthenewly‐conquered
Siberianlands
Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicle
entriescompiledbymonksatAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s:LitsevoiSvodЛицевой
Сводathqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/
manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐2.html.
MuscovitePalæographyfron4spieceof
TheBookofRoyalLevels
(СтепëннаяКнига)
TheGreatMenalogion(ВеликиеЧетьиМиней)
1554
Аcompendiumof12month‐by‐monthreligiousreadings,bibletextsandsaints’lives
(hagiographies)compiledbythecirclearoundMetropolitanMakarii.
hqp://www.hs‐augsburg.de/~harsch/russica/
r_vek16.html.
Englishmerchant,AnthonyJenkinson’sMapoftheCaspianregionofMuscovy(1562)
hlp://m1.ikiwq.com/img/xl/dfHNhdqSmxx5JfZHoDpzLd.jpg
Inanothereraofreform(1856),StPetersburgar4stPavelFëdorovichPleshanov(1826‐82)imaginesthenewly‐crowned‘HolyTsar’IvanIVhardatworkin1547reformingMuscovywithoneofKurbskii’s
favouritemembersofthesupposed‘ChosenCouncil(IzbrannaiaRada
ИзбраннаяРада)’:archpriestSil’vestr(supposedauthoroftheDomostroi).ThegreatfireofMoscow,however,is
abouttosupervene.
TheRussianMuseum,StPetersburg
hqp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pavel_Pleshanov_001.jpg/220px‐
Pavel_Pleshanov_001.jpg
IvanIVisshownreceivingtributefromthenewly‐conquered
Siberianlands
Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicle
entriescompiledbymonksatAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s:LitsevoiSvodЛицевой
Сводathqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/
manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐2.html.
MuscovitePalæography
fron4spieceofTheBookofRoyalGeneraBonalLevels(StepënnaiaKnigaСтепëннаяКнига),
partofTheGreatMenalogion(VelikieChet’iMinei
ВеликиеЧетьиМиней)sponsoredby
MetropolitanMakariiofNovgorodandthenofMoscow
1554
Аcompendiumof12month‐by‐monthreligiousreadings,bibletextsandsaints’lives(hagiographies)compiledbythe
circlearoundMetropolitanMakarii.hqp://www.hs‐augsburg.de/~harsch/russica/r_vek16.html.
LeaffromabookofpiousreadingsandprayersforMarch
intheMoscowKremlinPatriarchalCathedraloftheDormi;onoftheVirgin
(UspenskiiSobor’УспенскийСоборь)Cathedralcopyof
TheMenalogion(МинеяЧетья).
1540s
Thisworkproducedinthe1540sinMetropolitanMakarii’scirclewhilehewastheArchpriestinNovgorod(1526‐42),i.e.beforehebecameMetropolitanofAllRus’
andmovedtoMoscow(1542‐63).
ГосударственныеМузеиРоссии,ГосударственныйИсторическийМузей,Москва,Издательство
«Интербук‐Бизнес»,2006,p.152,item20(Отделрукописейистаропечатныхкниг).
IvanIVistoldofthetreasonofhisBoyar,AndreiIvanovich
Kurbskii,1564
Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicleentriescompiledbymonks
atAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s
LitsevoiSvodЛицевойСвод
hqp://www.hrono.ru/biograf/ivan4ru_inst.html.
Palæography
MuscoviteChanceryHandwri4ng
LeaffromapageofTsarIvanIV’sleqertohisrenegadeBoyar,AndreiIvanovich
Kurbskii
disputeddate,either1560sorC17th
hqp://www.hrono.ru/biograf/
ivan4ru_inst.html
Execu4ngBoyarsIllustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicleentriescompiledbymonksat
AlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570sLitsevoiSvodЛицевойСводathqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐groz15.jpgandhqp://history.sgu.ru/?wid=132orhqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐1.html.
Asearlyasthe1590s,FilippKolychëv(1507‐69)wasmovingtowardsainthood.Thisformercounsellorof
IvanIVbecameMetropolitan(i.e.,bishop)andAbbotoftheSolovetskiiMonasteryandFortintheWhiteSeainthefarnorthofEuropeanRussiain1546.LaterhemovedtoMoscowtoheadup
theologicaltrainingin1566.ManyChroniclesandKurbskii’sHistoryandCorrespondenceclaimhedaredtorebukeIvanIVfortheexcessesoftheOprichnina(Опричнина).IvanIVorderedhisexecu4oninTver’in1569bytheoprichnik
(опричник),MaliutaSkuratov.WeknowthathisremainswerebroughtbacktotheStsZosimaand
Savva4iChurchatSolovetskiiin1591.Thisexquisiteembroideredclothwasmadeinthe1590s,very
likelyinthecircleofthenewTsarina,IrinaGodunova.MetropolitanFilippwascanonizedin1652andhisremainswerebroughttoMoscow.
LiudmilaLikhacheva’scatalogueitem43inTheGatesofMystery:
TheArtofHolyRussia,Cambridge,TheLuqerworthPress,n.d,ci4ngTheRussianMuseum,StPetersburg,inventoryitemДРT308.
Moscow‐basedar4st,VasiliiVladimirovichPukirev
(1832‐90)imagines(1882)
asaintlyMetropolitanFilipp
admonishingTsarIvanIV(in1569?)fortheOprichninaajer
adivineserviceinthePatriarch’sCathedraloftheDormi4onoftheHolyVirgin(UspenskiiSobor)inthe
MoscowKremlin.
hqp://pics.livejournal.com/olga74ru/pic/0019r2qq/
s640x480
IvanIVisshownsendingoffnewenvoystoVil’no,
LithuaniancapitalofthePolish‐LithuanianCommonwealthor
Rechpospolita,towhichKurbksiihadfledin1564.
Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicle
entriescompiledbymonksatAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s
LitsevoiSvodЛицевойСводathqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/
manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐2.html.
AlexandrovskSloboda:IvanIV’scapitaloftheOprichnina(Опричнина)
JacobUlfeld(1567‐1630)LegaBoMoscoviBca(1608,1627),EtchingbyI.T.deBrie@hqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐groz6.jpg
JacobUlfeld(1567‐1630)
Imageoftherecep;onoftheDanishambassadorinthecourtofIvanIVwhileIvanIVwasinself‐imposedexileatAleksandrovskSlobodain1578
LegaBoMoscoviBca(1608,1627)
EtchingbyI.T.deBrie
hqp://krotov.info/acts/16/3/ulfeld1578_1.htmlhqp://krotov.info/pictures/history/48/4.JPG
FeastinthePresenceofTsarIvanIVathisself‐imposedplaceofexileatAlexandrovskSlobodain1578asobservedbythere;nueofDanishenvoy,Jacob
Ulfeld(1567‐1630?)LegaBoMoscoviBca(1608,1627)EtchingbyI.T.deBriehqp://krotov.info/pictures/history/48/6.JPG
RiteofKissingtheHolyCross
(Крестоцелование)1578RitualofRecep;onfortheDanishambassador,JacobUlfeld(1567‐1630?)
LegaBoMoscoviBca(1608,1627)EtchingbyI.T.deBriehqp://krotov.info/pictures/history/48/7.JPG
MapofMoscowinfirsthalfof
C16th
commissionedbyHolsteinenvoyto
Muscovy,AdamOlearius(1603‐71)
Collec4onoftheNewYorkPublicLibrary
hqp://russia.nypl.org/maps2/17moscow.html
BalleofOrsha,8September1514:(Catholic)Polesand(Orthodox)Lithuaniansareshowndefea;ng(Orthodox)Muscovites
NaBonalMuseumofWarsawhqp://www.ddg.art.pl/nm/:PolishpupilofLucasCranachinthe1520sor1530shqp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baqle_of_Orsha_(1514‐09‐08).jpg
TsarIvanIVisdepictedattheweddingritesof
‘Tsar’SemënBekbulatovich:strange
eventsin1575
Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicleentriescompiledbymonks
atAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s:
LitsevoiSvodЛицевойСводat
hqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/
16‐2.html.
Il’iaEfimovichRepin(1844‐1930)imagines(1885)thescenein16November1581ajerIvanIVhasstrucktheblowwhichhaskilledhisownson,theTsarevich,IvanIvanovich
StateTret’iakovGallery,Moscow@hqp://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/ru/collec4on/_show/image/_id/210.
ViacheslavGrigor’evichShvarts(1838‐69)image(1861)ofIvanIVatthedeathbedofhissonhlp://ivan‐grozny.com/userfiles/image/u%20tela.jpg.
Detail1:DressCode:Ka�an;Poli;calCode:PeckingOrder:Adepic4onofthearrivalin1576ofthefirstdelega4onofRussiandiplomatsintheHabsburg
capital,Vienna:reign(1564‐76)ofHolyRomanEmperorMaximilianII.hqp://photofile.com.ua/photo/semkov/376977/74289635.jpg
IvanIVistoldofthetreasonofhisBoyar,AndreiIvanovich
Kurbskii,1564
Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandold
chronicleentriescompiledbymonksatAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s
LitsevoiSvodЛицевойСвод
hqp://www.hrono.ru/biograf/ivan4ru_inst.html.
Palæography
MuscoviteChanceryHandwri4ng
LeaffromapageofTsarIvanIV’sleqertohisrenegadeBoyar,AndreiIvanovich
Kurbskii
disputeddate,either1560sorC17th
hqp://www.hrono.ru/biograf/
ivan4ru_inst.html
Execu4ngBoyarsIllustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicleentriescompiledbymonksat
AlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570sLitsevoiSvodЛицевойСводathqp://history.sgu.ru/img/x1‐groz15.jpgandhqp://history.sgu.ru/?wid=132orhqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐1.html.
IvanIVisshownsendingoffnewenvoystoVil’no,
LithuaniancapitalofthePolish‐LithuanianCommonwealthor
Rechpospolita,towhichKurbksiihadfledin1564.
Illustra4onfromacompendiumofbiblestories,churchhistoryandoldchronicle
entriescompiledbymonksatAlexandrovskSlobodaascommissionedbyIvanIVin1570s
LitsevoiSvodЛицевойСводathqp://www.varvar.ru/arhiv/gallery/
manuscripts_russian/lit_svod/16‐2.html.
BalleofOrsha,8September1514:(Catholic)Polesand(Orthodox)Lithuaniansdefea;ng(Orthodox)Muscovites
NaBonalMuseumofWarsawhqp://www.ddg.art.pl/nm/:PolishpupilofLucasCranachinthe1520sor1530shqp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baqle_of_Orsha_(1514‐09‐08).jpg