Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis (EMMA) of ... · presence of rivers crossing pastoral and...

Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis (EMMA) of Agricultural Input Supply and Extension Service in Pastoralists and Agro-pastoralist Areas of Ethiopia

May 2013

Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis (EMMA) of Agricultural Input Supply and Extension Service in

Pastoralists and Agro-pastoralist Areas of Ethiopia 2

Agricultural Input and Extension Service –EMMA -Ethiopia -2013

Table of Content

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

2. CONTEXT 5

3. METHODOLOGY 5

4. SELECTED MARKET SYSTEMS 6

5. KEY FINDINGS- RESULT OF THE MARKET ANALYSIS 8

5. 1. SEED MARKETING SYSTEM 8

5.2. AGRO-CHEMICALS MARKET SYSTEM 10

5.3. IRRIGATION EQUIPMENTS, FARM TOOLS AND STORAGE BAGS MARKET SYSTEM 10

6. MAIN RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 11

7. RESPONSE OPTION MATRIX 12

8. ANNEX 14




ACRONYMS

BoA Bureau of Agriculture

FFS Farmers Field School

FREGs Farmer Research and Extension Groups

FRG Farmers Research Group

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

PRIME Pastoralist Areas Resilience Improvement through Markets Expansion

PTC Pastoralist Training Center

TVETs Technical Vocational and Educational Training centers




1. Executive summary

This assessment was made to gather baseline information on the selected agricultural inputs market system

and extension service delivery in pastoral and agro pastoral areas of Oromia, Somali and Afar regional states

of Ethiopia. In this study, key informant interview was used to collect the data from selected agricultural

input market actors such as seed enterprises, unions, cooperatives, wholesalers and retailers and from

market support institutions like research centres, Universities, NGOs and different tiers of the Bureau of

agriculture. The specific agricultural inputs covered by the assessment include different types of crop seeds

(cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables), agro-chemicals, irrigation equipment, farm tools and storage

technologies. These inputs are selected mainly based on their potential for the development of agriculture

and improvement of livelihoods in the PRIME project intervention area.

According to the result of the assessment, importers, wholesalers, regional retailers, seed enterprises, unions,

cooperatives and traders/private retailers, Bureau of Agriculture (BoA) and NGOs were the major actors in

agricultural input market system in pastoral and agro pastoral areas. But the supply of agricultural inputs to

agro pastoralists is largely dominated with BoA and NGOs which provides the inputs for free. This free input

distribution significantly impacted the participation of private sector in agricultural input market system,

which in turn has also an impact on the sustainability of the system in the areas. On the other hand, the

limited quantity of early maturing seed Varity production and supply with seed enterprises and inefficient

performance of the unions and cooperatives in supplying available seeds were also major bottlenecks of the

seed market system. The supply of adaptable vegetable seeds having better shelf life and adaptable to the

agro pastoral context is also very limited in the study areas. Only few private retailers, who are operating in

regional towns and not frequently visited with agro pastoralists, are involved in the marketing of vegetable

seeds. Specially onion seeds produced domestically and supplied with retailers are not labelled and packed

and therefore reported for their poor viability.

Moreover the seed demand assessment and supply system in the area is more bureaucratic and created

delayed seed supply for agro-pastoralists. As a result, local seed exchange mechanisms remains the

dominant seed supply system in the areas. But the seed obtained through this channel is poor in quality,

adulterated and low in productivity. Besides all these inefficiencies in agricultural input market system, lack

of improved post-harvest storage techniques and inadequate extension service delivery were also identified

as constraints in agro pastoral areas. Use of traditional knowledge and storage structure are dominant to

keep the meagre harvest in the study areas. The established pastoralist training centres are not functional

due to limited budget and logistics and hence limit agro pastoralist’s access to extension services. Despite the

areas are also drought prone and face water shortage, the supply of water harvesting and irrigation

equipment either with private or unions is very minimal.

It is, therefore, important to facilitate and support the private marketing actors (unions, cooperatives,

wholesalers and retailers) in the area for efficient and sustainable agricultural input market system. Further

facilitation and supporting of local level farmers groups like farmers research groups (FRGs) and pastoralist

training centres is also indispensable for efficient delivery of extension services. Capacity building activities

for pastoralists and extension staff and facilitating demonstration and dissemination of new seed verities,

postharvest storage technologies and local level seed production and supply system are also need crucial

attention.




2. Context

In Ethiopia, around 85% of the population lives in rural areas. The people who live in the lowland part of the

country are pastoralists and agro-pastoralist whose livelihood depends on rearing of livestock with some

crop farming. In this part of the country, the production and productivity of livestock and crop are very low

due to erratic rain fall and limited access and use of traditional agricultural and livestock inputs. Despite the

presence of rivers crossing pastoral and agro pastoral areas, the occurrence of drought is frequent and

hence severely affect the livelihood systems in the area. Moreover, frequent ethnic conflicts mainly

attributed to competition for scarce resources, like water and grazing land and administrative positions also

characterizes most of the areas under this assessment.

Cognizant of the adverse effects of climate change and the need for transforming pastoral and agro pastoral

livelihoods in Ethiopia, PRIME project mainly focuses on climate change resilience capacity and market

systems strengthening in selected pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of Ethiopia, mainly Afar, Oromia and

Somali regions. One of the specific objectives of the project is strengthening the agricultural inputs market

systems in the selected areas to bring about the desired sustainable economic development. The supply of

agricultural input in the assessed area is weak and mostly limited to NGOs and BoA. The involvement of

private sector in this area is weak mainly due to free input distribution with government and aid

organizations. Most of the available private input suppliers are operating in towns and rarely accessed wit

agro pastoralists.

3. Methodology

This assessment is conducted between 08 to 31 May 2013 to gather information on agricultural inputs

marketing system from selected key marketing actors in the pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of Ethiopia

particularly Somali, Afar and Oromia regions. The assessment team was composed of five members coming

from Mercy Corps, Haramaya University and CARE Ethiopia. The team members have extensive experience

of working in agricultural input marketing and livelihood development areas. The team has benefited from

the diversified experiences and academic backgrounds of each member.

The method of data collection used in this assessment is mainly key informant interview. Selected key

marketing actors located in different pastoralists’ and agro pastoralists’ market centres were interviewed in-

person and through telephone using structured key questions. The type of actors covered by the assessment

includes national and regional seed enterprises, regional and district level agricultural and pastoral

development offices, seed producing and supplying unions, cooperatives and private suppliers (wholesalers

& retailers), agricultural research centres and Universities. Geographically, the assessment covered




important Socio-economic and political centres of pastoralists’ agro pastoralist’s areas like Dire Dawa, Harar,

Babile and Jigjiga towns from the eastern cluster; Semera, Gewane and Awash 7 kilo towns from the Afar

cluster and Yabello, Moyale, Hudet, Filtu and Negele towns from the southern cluster. In addition to these

centres, other locations like Meki and Addis Ababa to which the agricultural input value chain extends are

also visited.

4. Selected market systems

Crop seeds (cereals, pulses & vegetables), fruit seedlings, agro chemicals (insecticides, pesticides, herbicides

and fungicides), irrigation equipment, farm tools and storage bags were selected for the assessment of

market system. The marketing systems are mainly selected based on their relevance and potentials for

productivity growth and livelihood diversification in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of Ethiopia. Specifically

seed market system for maize, sorghum, teff, wheat, haricot beans, ground nut, onion, tomato and pepper

were considered in the assessment. The marketing system for fruit seedlings like mango and papaya were

also extensively assessed. Besides, the delivery of agricultural extension services to agro pastoralists was also

included in the assessment.

5. Seed, Agro-chemicals and Irrigation equipment & storage bag Market system maps

5.1. Seeds




5.2. Agrochemicals

5.3. Irrigation equipment, farm tools and storage bags




6. Key findings- result of the market analysis

Seed marketing system

In this assessment, the marketing systems of seeds of cereals, vegetables and fruits seedlings, among crops,

are studied. Among cereals crops, maize, by far, is the most widely cultivated crop in all clusters of the

PRIME project intervention area. In addition to maize, teff, sorghum, wheat, ground nut and haricot bean

are also cultivated in the area. From vegetables, onions, tomato, cabbage and pepper are cultivated in the

area. Onion and tomato are the first and second most widely cultivated vegetable crops in the assessment

area. The quantity of seed supply in the assessment area is proportional to the volume of crop produced.

That is the seed supply for relatively widely cultivated crops, like maize and onion, is larger than the quantity

of trade in other types of seeds. Yet, since agriculture so far is little practiced in the assessment area, the

volume of seed supply in the area is generally very low.

According to the result of the assessment, there are different ways through which farmers acquire seeds.

Most farmers produce their own seeds. They also purchase seeds from other farmers in local markets or

obtain freely or in exchange from their relatives. However, these seeds are hardly improved varieties. The

major institutional actors in the crop seed, mainly cereal seeds, distribution system in the pastoral and agro-

pastoral areas of Ethiopia are the government and NGOs. The major source of improved Variety of cereal

seeds for the agro-pastoralists is the bureau of agriculture (BoA). The bureau purchases the seed mainly

from seed enterprises. It also obtains cereal seeds from other seed multipliers, like unions, farmers’ research

groups (FRGs) and individual farmers. The seed multipliers specifically seed enterprises obtain basic seeds

from research centers and universities. In this regard, Melkasa Agricultural Research Center and Haramaya

University, among others, play vital role. Next to BoA, the other important institutional sources of seeds,

mainly cereal seeds, for agro-pastoralists in the PRIME project intervention area are NGOs. NGOs obtain the

seeds from different seed multipliers.

The bizarre feature of the institutional provision of seed for agro-pastoralists in the Somali and Afar regions

is that both NGOs and BoA that have provide the seed for free. This is so because of little previous

agricultural practice and lack of awareness about the worth of improved seed variety and underdeveloped

input supply system in the areas. Such free provision of seed has obstructed the prospect for commercial

seed provision. That is why the number and role of private seed multipliers and marketers is scarce in the

area. Even the existing seed multipliers in these areas sell their produce mainly to BoA and NGOs through

which the seed ultimately reaches the agro- pastoralists. Free provision of seed has also caused agro-

pastoralists to develop dependency creating a bottleneck to the development of market based sustainable




seed marketing system in the area. This is manifested by the involvement of little commercial marketing

actors in the system. In addition, the bureaucracy involved in seed demand assessment and supply system of

the area has also resulted in a significant delay in seed distribution to final users. This problem was strongly

stressed by many interviewees.

In the southern cluster, specifically in Borena and Guji zones, seed is given freely only by NGOs. The BoA,

which is the main source of crop seed, acts as a distributer in the seed marketing system. It usually sells seed

in cash and sometimes with long-term installment; in the latter case to encourage improved seed variety

usage. Such commercialization in these zones by the BoA is due to policy direction of the Oromia regional

government. In this cluster, the movement of improved seed variety is mainly hindered by its distant

location from major seed multipliers and agricultural research centers and poor transportation

infrastructure. Besides, the existing unions are also too weak to link agro pastoralist of the area with the

distant seed multipliers. Moreover compared to livestock production, the concern and support from bureau

of agriculture for crop production activity in the area is also minimal. As the seed enterprises mainly focus

on commercial hybrid seeds, the production and supply of openly pollinated early maturing seed varieties

adaptable to pastoral and agro pastoral areas is also small. Yet, the scarcity of improved seed varieties in this

cluster specifically in Moyale and Hudet areas is lessened by illegal import of seed from Kenya by traders.

Regarding vegetable seed marketing system in the assessment areas, the sources of seed for agro-

pastoralists are varied. The sources of seed for these areas are import (both legal and illegal) and domestic

production. The major actors in the vegetable seed marketing system in the assessment area are importers,

wholesalers and retailers. BoA and NGOs also provide vegetable seeds to agro-pastoralists in rare case. In

the areas the demand for vegetable seeds heavily depends on the size of output market and availability of

infrastructural and storage facilities.

Another important feature of the seed marketing system in the assessment area is the weak mechanism of

seed quality control. Currently, there is very weak institutional mechanism to control the quality of seeds

which are multiplied in the assessed areas of the country. Some of the improved varieties of seeds which are

supplied to these areas are neither packed nor labeled. Hence, there is high problem of seed adulteration

and selling of expired seeds leading to failure of the seed market (adverse selection) and low agricultural

productivity in the area.




Agro-chemicals market system

Agro-chemicals are important components of agricultural input. Intervention to enhance the functioning of

its marketing system is vital for attainment of food security and sustaining livelihood through enhancing

production. The agro-chemicals used by agro-pastoralists in the PRIME project intervention area include

pesticides, fungicides, herbicides and insecticides. Currently, the major sources of agro-chemicals for the

proposed intervention area are domestic producers and the importers. Importers and producers provide

their products to the BoA, wholesalers and, little to unions. Then wholesalers sell the chemicals mainly to

private retailers/traders and small volume to NGOs, BoA and unions. The private retailers/traders mostly

sell expired agrochemicals to agro pastoralists due to lack of controlling. The access of agro pastoralist to

these agrochemicals is further aggravated by weak link among chemical producers/importers and unions.

Generally, according to the result of this assessment, the core actors of the agro-chemical marketing system

in the PRIME operation areas are BoA, NGOs and private retailers/traders. However the role of private

marketing actors in the distribution of agrochemicals relative to BoA and NGOs is very minimal which raises

concern on the sustainability supply system. NGOs and, in most of the case, the BoA provides chemicals for

all types of crops produced in the area to agro-pastoralist for free. This free provision of chemicals caused

agro-pastoralists to develop dependency.

Irrigation equipments, farm tools and storage bags market system

Importers, wholesalers, retailers, TVETs, NGOs and BOA are the actors in the supply chain of farm tools and

irrigation equipment. In the pastoral and agro pastoral areas covered by this assessment, NGOs and BoA are

reported as major suppliers of irrigation equipment and farm tools. Mostly these inputs are freely

distributed to agro pastoralists. However this free distribution of the inputs by NGOs and BoA distorted the

market and discouraged the participation of private suppliers. In the area, there are limited numbers of

private sectors involved in the supply of these agricultural inputs. Furthermore, as it can be seen above from

the market map, NGOs and BoA replaced the role and functions of private sector and cooperatives. This

condition could significantly deteriorate the sustainability of the supply chain for these agricultural inputs in

pastoral and agro pastoral areas. The linkage between retailers and agro pastoralists is weak compared to

the linkage with NGOs and BoA. This could be mainly because of most of the retailers are operating in

regional towns and are not easily accessed or frequently visited by pastoralists and agro pastoralists.

On the other hand, the supply of improved seed and grain storage technologies to agro pastoralists in the

assessment area is very limited or nil. The agricultural extension service currently provided by the BoA

focuses only on provision of theoretical advices on postharvest crop management aspects than supplying

alternative storage technologies. There are no adequate capacity building activities on postharvest seed and




grain storage loss management both for agro pastoralists and field level extension workers mainly due to

limited budget. Consequently, agro pastoralists depend on their own traditional knowledge and storage

options (above ground and pit structures) to keep their meagre harvest.

However, in east Hararghe and Jijiga areas, there has been an intervention by Mercy Corps to facilitate the

supply of such innovative storage bags as pit liner to farmers and agro pastoralists. As can be observed from

the market map above, the private manufacturer has been supplying the storage bags through Farmers Field

Schools (FFS) and cooperatives to agro pastoralists. But the linkage between private supplier and

cooperatives, FFS and agro pastoralist is very weak mainly because private storage bag manufacturers are

operating in urban areas which are not easily or frequently visited by the actors. Besides, the limited

awareness creation activity on the technology also affected the expansion of market for the storage bags in

the area.

7. Main recommendation and conclusion

In assessed PRIME operation areas, BoA and NGOs are the main suppliers of agricultural inputs to agro

pastoralists. The involvement of private actors both in the production and distribution of the inputs is

minimal. This condition has important bearing on the sustainability of the agri-input supply system in the

area. Hence, to improve the efficiency of the agricultural input supply system and extension service delivery

in the areas, - PRIME project can leverage on identified key actors and intervene to facilitate the market

development.

Improved seed supply: - to create access to adaptable seed varieties in the assessed areas, PRIME project

should facilitate and support local level seed supply system through demonstration and multiplication of

improved seed varieties through building the capacity of existing cooperatives and farmers groups mainly

through training and creating access to basic seed from research centres.

Agrochemical supply: - Support (linking to credit sources and training) and facilitation of linkage among

market actors is critical for efficient and sustainable functioning of the agrochemicals supply system in the

areas. Further increasing awareness on the application and importance of these inputs at agro pastoralist

and field level extension workers is also indispensable.

Irrigation and water harvesting: - collaborating with identified input suppliers, BoA, farmers’ group and

through cost share approach, PRIME project should support demonstration of and facilitate supply of

efficient irrigation equipment such as drip irrigation system, water harvesting plastic membrane and solar

water pumps.




Storage technology supply: Capacity building on post-harvest management practices and demonstration

and promotion of improved storage technologies (both for cereals and vegetables) like storage bags and

diffused store in the areas is very essential. Further facilitating and supporting local level storage technology

production and supply system mainly with unions, cooperatives and private sector is also important to

create agro pastoralists access to the technology.

Agricultural extension service: PRIME should strengthen the agricultural extension services provision

through facilitating Farmer to farmer extension by establishing and supporting Farmers Research and

Extension Groups (FREGs). Moreover providing training for extension staff and supporting PTC in logistic is

also vital to enhance the existing weak extension services in the area. Facilitation and supporting community

based agricultural input suppliers who will be trained and provide extension advice on importance and

application of agricultural input is also crucial to hasten the private extension service delivery in the areas.

Response option

S.N Response option(s) Advantage Disadvantage Feasibility & timing

1 In collaboration with research centers, BoA and cooperatives, facilitate and support demonstration of improved early maturing seed varieties along with their agronomic practices

-Increase awareness on improved seed varieties and associated agronomic practices -Selection of best adaptable seed varieties in the area

- Cost of inputs, training & other extension services

High Varies across locations but within 2-3 weeks in Afar,

Jijiga, east Hararge

2 Support seed multiplication and supply system at community level through providing training (agronomic, business skill), access to basic seed, market linkages, etc to cooperatives/ private actor. This can be done with research center, BoA and cooperative office.

-Increase timely access to adaptable quality seed varieties at local level -improved knowledge and skill in seed multiplication & business practice -improved linkage among actors like BoA, research center and private sector/cooperative -

-start up input cost, require time

High

Can be started soon

3 Strengthening linkage of agricultural input (seed, agrochemicals, irrigation, farm tools, storage) value chain actors through organizing workshops,

-strengthen linkage and communications among agricultural input value chain actors -assist identification of roles and responsibilities of each value chain actors -improved agricultural input market

- Cost and time - difficulty in bringing different actors together

High Within 3 to 4 months




trade fairs, experience sharing,

system

4 Facilitate and support crop post-harvest loss management practices through training and demonstration of improved storage technologies. This will be done in partnership with private sectors, unions, cooperatives and BoA.

-increase knowledge on postharvest crop loss management practices and available improved storage options - create motivation and demand for storage technologies - creation of job opportunity

-Cost & breaking existing dependency mentality on free gift

High Can be started 2-3 weeks

5 Facilitate and support establishment of farmer’s research and extension groups in collaboration with BoA and research centers.

-facilitation of agricultural extension services(knowledge & skill transfer) on improved production practices at community level - stimulate local level innovations and solutions for crop production related problems -create local level platform for improved technology demonstration and dissemination

Cost and difficulty to coordinate

High Can be started within 2 – 3 weeks

6 Support pastoralists training centers with logistics/manuals and sample improved agricultural technology for demo and training purposes

-increase efficiency of agricultural extension service delivery -create opportunity for agro pastoralists to share best experiences from each other

- cost Medium Within 6 months

7 Facilitate and support establishment of community based agricultural input suppliers/agro dealers/farm service centers

-Increase access to agricultural inputs and associated knowledge at community level

-cost and difficulty to create linkage with agricultural input suppliers/regional wholesalers or retailers -difficulty to identify & convince interested private to start the activity

Medium Within 6 months

8 Initiate and facilitate GO and NGO forum/workshop on approaches followed on agricultural input delivery system in operation areas

-create common understanding on sustainable agricultural input delivery system in operation areas -improve synergy among NGOs working on agricultural input in operation areas

- cost and coordination difficulty

Medium Within 1-2 months




8. Annex

Annex 1. Seasonal calendar for agricultural activities and extension services

Key: EC – Eastern Cluster, SC- Southern Cluster, A- Afar

Annex 2. Area based Summary of assessment findings and possible intervention options

Location(s) Existing situation(s) Intervention option(s)

East Hararge Maize, sorghum, ground nut, vegetables and fruits are produced in agro pastoral areas of east Hararge zone. The seed suppliers for the agro pastoralists includes Oromia seed enterprise, Ethiopian seed enterprises, Afran kalo union, seed producer cooperatives, Fedis research center, Haramaya University, traders and local farmers. But the supply of seeds is not adequate and timely. The involvement of private sector in supplying seed is very limited in the area but there are traders supplying vegetable seeds from Adama and Addis Ababa.

Other inputs like motor pumps are supplied with retailers living in towns.

Presently there are initiatives with zonal bureau of agriculture, Fedis research and CARE Ethiopia to cluster farmers on seed production activity to solve the shortage of seed in agro pastoral areas of the zone. Besides ISSD project has also organized farmers group and support them to produce and supply seed (cereals and Vegetables) to solve the shortage of quality seed. But the linkage between seed suppliers in the area (like Afran kalo union & Dire farmers’ cooperative) is weak as they look for other sources to supply seed to farmers of the area.

Strengthening linkage between seed producers cooperatives, private agri input suppliers and Unions

Capacity building activity for primary cooperatives, extension staff and farmers in collaboration with BoA

Support and facilitate community based seed supply system in collaboration with other NGOs and government partners operating in the area

Jijiga area Ethiopian seed enterprise, seed producing farmer groups/cooperatives, NGOs, regional bureau of livestock and crop development, local level seed exchange system and traders are major sources of seed to agro pastoralists of the area

Vegetable production is limited to some areas (around Fafan) where irrigation is available. The seed for vegetable production is obtained from private suppliers in Dire Dawa.

Regional seed enterprise is recently established and not fully functional due to limited facilities and land. But presently it is coordinating procurement and distribution of seeds to agro pastoralists in collaboration with bureau of regional crop and livestock development.

Facilitate and support capacity building activities (training and experience sharing) to establish efficient seed supply system

Support and facilitate private agricultural input supply system

Strengthen and facilitate linkage among major




The quality of seed produced with seed producing farmers group/cooperative(Wanag seed producer cooperative) is not to the standard as the cooperative lack access to basic seed supply due to lack of information on where to get it and limited technical support available to them during ‘seed’ production.

Though Farmers training centers are established and developments are also assigned to Kebele level, the supply of extension service to agro pastoralist is not strong mainly due to lack of capacity (no up to date trainings on crop production and management practices to extension staff and agro pastoralists). Even the advice given to agro pastoralist is more of theoretical

The linkage between Somali research institute, bureau of crop and livestock development, Somali region seed enterprise is weak

No private sector supplying irrigation and water harvesting equipment, seeds and agrochemicals in the area

partners in the area for efficient seed supply system

Support and facilitate quality seed production at seed producers cooperative level through providing technical support on seed production and management aspects

Support and facilitate household/community pond development for increased vegetable and fruit production which increases demand for seed and encourage private sector in the area

Afar Ethiopian seed enterprise, regional bureau of agriculture, NGOs, traders and community seed exchange systems are major sources of seed to agro pastoralists. But the supply of seed to agro pastoralist is free of cost.

The extension services provided to the agro pastoralists is inadequate and mostly theoretical based.

There is no private agricultural input supplier operating in the surveyed area and there is no incentive to start the activity as inputs are freely provided to the agro pastoralists

The market price fluctuation discouraged agro pastoralists to participate in vegetable(onion) production

Supporting and facilitating community based adaptable seed demonstration, multiplication and dissemination activities

Facilitate and support demonstration of onion and tomato varieties having better shelf life

Facilitate and create access to postharvest storage technologies for onion

Capacity building activities for agro pastoralists, extension staff and cooperatives to strengthen agricultural input supply system

Strengthening linkage among actors operating in the area and facilitate initiation of cost share based agricultural input supply system

Yabelo (Borena zone)

Teff, maize and haricot beans are major crops produced in the area. The seeds of these crops are obtained from Pastoralist development office, Geda union, Borena coffee producers union, NGOs like JICA, traders and local agropastoralis. But local markets and community seed exchange mechanisms are the major ones due to limited and late seed supply from the government offices. But the seed supplied with traders are poor in quality and mostly not well germinated. Unlike that of NGO, the seed supplied with government office is on cash bases.

Crop failer is common in the area due to frequent drought and erratic rainfall situation. This discouraged agro pastoralists to engage confidentially in crop production practices. The seed supplied with pastoralist development office and NGOs is not timely and with poor quality to adapt to the local situation.

The supply and availability of early maturing crops recommended for the area is very limited and agro pastoralists use locally available seeds which are poor in quality and mostly not fit to the local contexts.

Though the demand for early maturing crops is growing from time to time,

Empowerment of private agricultural input suppliers particularly seeds, chemicals, farm tools, irrigation and water harvesting equipments


Supporting and facilitating pastoralists’ access to water through developing ponds (household &




the supply from seed enterprise is very limited and mostly arrives late. Late demand assessment from woredas and submission to zonal office also contributed to this problem.

Yabelo multipurpose cooperative Union is organized with SOS Sahel in the area to supply required inputs to the agro pastoralists through its eight member primary cooperatives. Presently the union is focusing on non-agricultural activities like soap making from aloe and production of gum and incense. The union has not yet started to work with its full capacity and in process for legal registration and licensing. It has a potential (finance about 500,000 birr and staff and office) and willing to work on other agricultural input supply like seeds varieties adaptable to the area. Besides Dida Yabelo primary cooperative which a member of the union is also planning and willing to start seed production to solve existing problem in the area. The cooperative has its own capital and land to start the activity but needs technical support and basic seed supply.

Crop production started recently in the area and pastoralists have limited knowledge and skill related to crop production and managements. The agricultural extension services provided to pastoralists is not adequate and strong mainly due to limited budget and logistics. In some kebeles pastoralist training centers are established to train and provide technical support to pastoralists on improved crop and livestock production. The extension service is only limited to provision of theoretical advice on use of improved agricultural inputs. Demonstrations plots and field days to raise the pastoralists awareness on improved agricultural practices is quite less and even not known.

The produced crops are stored for home consumption using locally made above ground granaries. Use of insecticides supplied with traders is common in the area to control storage pests. But the supplied insecticides are outdated/expired one and not effective in controlling weevils. Advice on post-harvest issue is almost none both for seed and grain.

Yabelo Agricultural research center is operating in the area and conducting research mainly on range land management, natural resources and livestock production. But the center has also conducting adaptation and demonstration trials on various crop varieties. But the seeds tested varieties are multiplied and not well disseminated to the area.

The presence of research center, NGOs and cooperative union are good opportunity to support and facilitate local level agricultural input supply particularly that of adaptable seed multiplication and dissemination.

The use of chemical fertilizer is quite limited mainly due to high fertilizer price and shortage of rain in the area. The extension education on use of alternative organic fertilizer is recently started but not strong. Shift from credit to cash based input supply has also limited use of fertilizer in the area.

At regional level there is land use planning in pastoral area and any intervention should use the plan as a base.

There are few pastoralists producing vegetables using ponds but not across the year. Seeds are mostly supplied with NGOs in collaboration with government office. To expand vegetable production, recently there is a water network consortium initiative focusing on pond development in five woredas of Borena zone.

community based) and small-scale irrigation (in areas having river) for crop production.

Introduction of micro drip irrigation system on developed ponds to enhance water use efficiency for crop production

Capacity building activities( training & experience sharing) for agro pastoralists, extension staff and cooperatives to strengthen agricultural input supply system

Facilitating and supporting linkages among private enterprise, GOs and NGOs operating in the area to solve input supply and use problem

Facilitating access to financial services

Moyale (Oromia and Somali)

Maize, haricot bean and teff are major crops produced in Moyale area. There is also vegetable production in few plots. The office of pastoralist development, NGOs and local farmers are major sources of seed supply in the area. Pastoralists also purchase seeds from Gambo markets (Kenya). But the viability and quality of the seeds are very poor due to sale of outdated seeds. There is no private seed supplier in the area though there is potential to produce vegetables and fruits in the river banks. Crop failer become common in the area due to climate change and agro pastoralists lack confidence to buy seeds and even to continue with crop production as alternative livelihood


Supporting and facilitating community based adaptable seed




option. Rather due to shortage of rain fall, agro pastoralists started to shift to vegetable production and fattening activities. Consequently the cooperative that previously supplying seeds has also now focused on livestock as the climate change affected their agricultural input business. The agricultural extension services provided to agro pastoralists is weak in the area.

In some kebeles there are few agro pastoralists that use existing community ponds to produce vegetables. But due to shortage of water both for livestock and human being during the dry season, the production is not throughout the year and limited to only few months. The existing ponds are broken with flood and affected by siltation problem. The water table is not shallow and hard water and hence not used for crop production.

In Moyale Woreda of Somali region (Toga harasen Kebele), there are pastoralists organized in cooperatives around the valley to produce vegetables and fruits. There are 13 coops organized around the valley (on 150 ha) but lack adequate extension support and agricultural inputs. Largely they purchase seeds and pesticides from Gambo market (Kenya) but sometimes supplied with office of pastoralist development.

In the area though there is good market opportunity and availability of water from the river banks, the support provided to the pastoralists organized along the river bank is quite low due to budget and logistics shortage. They produce crops using their own knowledge and skill. There is inefficient use of available water as they use furrow irrigation to water the crops. The available motor pump is with low capacity and inadequate to irrigate the land under cultivation. Even the supply of motor pump is from Gambo market.

In the area the supply of early maturing varieties is very low and farmers frequently use the available seeds in their locality

The use of chemical fertilizer is very minimum mainly due to shortage of moisture.

demonstration, multiplication and dissemination activities

Supporting and facilitating pastoralists’ access to water through developing ponds (household & community based) and small-scale irrigation (in areas having river) for crop production.

Introduction of micro drip irrigation system on developed ponds to enhance water use efficiency for crop production


Facilitating and supporting linkages among private enterprise, GOs and NGOs operating in the area to solve input supply and use problem

Facilitating access to financial services

Hudet(Liben zone of Somali region)

Pastoralists are organized around Dawa River and produce vegetables like onion, tomato and other cereals like maize. Office of pastoralist development, NGO like COOPI and private trader and local seed exchange mechanism are major sources of seeds in the area. But the supply of seed both in quality and quantity is not adequate. Pastoralists organized to produce vegetables get seeds from private trader who brought and sell the onion seeds (called Hagermaut) from Mandhera market (Kenya). The price for a kilo is about 1300 birr. The onion seed is monopolized with a single trader who also purchases the major parts of the output from the agro pastoralists (about 1200 quintals). Other inputs like pesticides are purchased from the nearby market (traders). Onion seed named Red bombey was also supplied with government office but failed to perform in the area and hence the imported seeds from Mandhera is well adapted under production in the area.

Since the rainfall is erratic in the area, the use of improved agricultural input is very low. Besides the extension support provided is also inadequate due to lack of capacity.

Lack of attractive market in the nearby and poor road infrastructure of the area are also mentioned as major problem affecting participation of pastoralists in vegetable production especially for tomatoes. Lack of postharvest storage technologies for vegetables is also mentioned as a major problem to adopt vegetable production technologies.

Supply of fruit seedlings in the area is not common.


Facilitate and support demonstration of fruits and onion and tomato varieties having better shelf life

Facilitate and create access to postharvest storage technologies for onion(experience from Dire Dawa area)






Goro Dola and Liben Woreda(Guji zone)

Teff, maize, haricot beans and vegetables like onion, tomato and pepper are produced in the area. Mi’e Boku cooperative union, NGO like COOPI, local markets, traders and community exchange mechanisms are major sources of seeds in the area. The supply of seed in the area is inadequate and untimely delivered. Mostly the seed varieties adaptable to the local context (drought tolerant early maturing varieties) are not available from the sources (seed multipliers). There is no private agricultural input supplier in the area and agro pastoralists purchase seeds particularly that of vegetables from traders residing around Shashamane area.

The extension service provided to agro pastoralists is inadequate and is mostly theoretical advice. Though agro pastoralist/pastoralist training centers are established and development agents are assigned, the performance of the center is weak in providing technical support and training agro pastoralists mainly due to limited capacities to practically demonstrate improved agricultural practices to agro pastoralists.

The harvested crops are stored in traditional storage structures (both above and pit) following existing indigenous knowledge. The extension support on postharvest crop management is almost none but there is a demand for improved storage techniques.

There are about 10 kebeles where pastoralists are producing vegetables using irrigation from Genale River. But the supply of quality seed and chemicals to these pastoralists is very low. Local traders are the only source but the quality of input supplied is very poor.

Transportation of produces to the residence area or market is also a problem. There is no private organization that supplies animal driven carts in the area.

There is no problem in supply of chemical fertilizer but since the price is high it is not well adopted in the area.

• Empowerment of private agricultural input suppliers particularly seeds, chemicals, farm tools, irrigation and water harvesting equipments • Facilitate and support demonstration of fruits and onion and tomato varieties having better shelf life • Facilitate and create access to postharvest storage technologies for vegitabless particularly onion • Capacity building activities for agro pastoralists, extension staff and cooperatives to strengthen agricultural input supply system • Supporting and facilitating community based adaptable seed demonstration, multiplication and dissemination activities

Demonstrate and promote seed/grain storage bags and support private sector supply system for the technology

Support and strengthen the private agricultural input supplier

Filtu(Liben zone of Somali region)

Maize, sorghum, vegetables like onion and tomato, Fruits like Banana and Papaya are the major productions in Filtu district of Liben zone of SRS. The initiation of agricultural cultivation introduced them by the Basin Development project and the NGOs like Norwegian Lutheran Mission. Who changed the live of pure pastoralists in to agro-pastoralist.

The seed source of this district farmer is from the Government and NGOs in which they receive both from the government and NGOs freely. All the inputs are free except the water pump which is given in a long term loan payment in an installment base.

They don’t get improved seeds from any private business enterprises, except the government and the NGOs like NLM which brought them fruit seeds like papaya and orange. The government formed them in to cooperatives for those pastoralists closed to the rivers and each 10 HH leaders they made one cooperative by equipping all the agricultural inputs including two oxen for each cooperative for land cultivation purpose and all the inputs give freely except the water pumps which is a long term payment loan in an installment form. All the agricultural chemicals are from the government budget and controlled by the government. The Agricultural inputs are not delivered on time and with the demanded quality and quantity.

The agricultural extension services provided to farmers is not adequate and strong mainly due to limited budget, lack of roads and limited logistics. In some kebeles Farmers training centers are established to train and provide technical support to farmers on improved crop and livestock production. But no extension service because of the above mentioned problems. They don’t have and even know demonstrations plots and field days to raise the pastoralist’s awareness on improved agricultural practices.

Their major problem is marketing problem due to poor Infrastructure like

Agricultural input and output market linkages facilitation and support

Support of Extension services logistics and capacity building for government experts and agro-pastoralists.

Construction and equipment of new Farmers Training Centers (FTC)

Introducing and supporting production post harvesting technologies.




road, transportation facilities, and lack of strong agricultural input and output traders and suppliers

Deka Siftu( Liben zone of Somali region)

Teff, haricot beans, maize are major crops produced in the area. The seeds of these crops are obtained from Liben Woreda of Guji zone in Negelle Borena town cereal and seed traders who are mostly illegal traders. The seed from the government Oromia has a good quality and its price is high and they buy from the government Oromia in cash basis, whereas the seed from the local traders of Negelle are poor both in quality and quantity.

The planting of crops in Deka Siftu district is depends on the rainfall because their land crop production is depends on the amount of rain they receive. Therefore their production quantity is inconsistency and poor due to frequent drought and erratic rainfall situation. Due to the above mentioned reason agro-pastoralists are highly frustrated to engage fully and confidentially in crop production practices.

There is no extension services and capacity building for the farmers of the Deka Siftu district due the newly formed district and also a clan conflict until the district is established which its second year is this year (2012/2013 G.C or 2005 EC). The staff of the district are regularly started their work only this month i.e. May, 2013.

The agricultural cultivating and harvesting equipment they rent from Negelle of Oromia Region with high price compared with the price of Negelle area of Oromia Region i.e. if the cultivating price of 1 hectare in Negelle is Birr 700, they rent the Deka Siftu Birr 1000 per hectare.

They have 25,000 hectare of potential cultivation land. Out of these they cultivated only 5,000 hectare due to lack of tractors and harvesters and other farm tools.

Wadajir farm cooperative is a cooperative organized by its members in the area to cultivate the potential land they have together. The major crops they produce is Teff and Haricot Beans due to market demand. The cooperative has not yet started to work with its full capacity and in process for legal registration and licensing. But it has a potential land and willing to work on agricultural input supply like seeds varieties adaptable to the area.

The agricultural activity particularly Crop production started in the area recently and the people have limited knowledge and skill related to crop production and managements.

The produced crops are soon transported to Negelle local market and sell there; they don’t store any of their crops. They don’t use of insecticides, pesticides and any other agricultural chemicals in the area to control pests. They don’t get advices on post-harvest technology facilities for both seed and grain.

Tractors, harvesters and water storage plastic bags market linkages support and facilitation

Support of Extension services logistics and capacity building for government experts and agro-pastoralists.

Construction and equipment of new Farmers Training Centers (FTC)

Introducing behaving since they are very interested to engage behaving but they have limited skill and knowledge of that business.

Annex 3. Identified agri input Actors their functions, constraints and opportunities

Actor Function Constraint Opportunity Intervention option

Adil general agri input supply PLC (retailer)

- Supply agricultural inputs such as vegetable seeds(onion, Tomato, pepper, watermelon), pesticides, fungicides, farm tools, and irrigation equipment

- Supply spare parts of irrigation motor pumps and provide maintenance services in collaboration with private

- Unavailability of vegetable seeds demanded from the supplier(wholesaler)

- Limited finance & access to credit to supply more when requested with customers

- supply of unpacked/labeled vegetable seed(onion) produced locally

- limited effort to promote

- Demand for agricultural inputs

- Good policy support - Shortage of private

agricultural input suppliers

-

- Support on improving the quality of seed supplied (locally produced onion & tomato seeds) at the supplier level - Support facilitation of market linkage with seed producers and seed postharvest and value adding




technicians/mechanics - Provide information for

customers on the usage of the inputs he supply up on sale

the business - packed volume is not

with the demand of the farmers e.g. farmers may need 50g of Israeli variety but it is only packed 250g which is beyond the farmers need.

- Lack of trustee and committed Agents to expand the business

activities

Dire Multipurpose Farmers’ Cooperative

Union

- Supply agricultural inputs such as cereal seeds(maize, sorghum), vegetable seeds(onion, tomato, watermelon), fruit seedlings, fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, irrigation equipment, farm tools,

- Demonstration of improved seed plots and field day organization to raise farmers awareness on new technologies like vegetable seeds

- Provide saving and credit services to members (rural mobile banking service)

- Output marketing and agro processing(honey processing and marketing)

- inadequate supply of seed from suppliers/wholesalers & importers/ as per the demand

- Quota system seed supply by government as priority is given for potential regions(more seeds for them)

- Lack of close Input suppliers/wholesalers

- well established offices and record keeping

- availability of its own transport vehicles( 4 trucks & 1 mobile banking vehicle)

- good support from the government

- Good relationship with input suppliers

- access to credit service from cooperative bank

- availability of working capital(more than 5 million birr)

- support facilitation of market linkage with seed suppliers and users around them like ISSD

- support seed value addition activities

Afran Kalo Multipurpose Farmers’

Cooperative Union

- Supply agir.inputs like cereal seeds(maize, sorghum, wheat, barley),vegetable seeds(onion , tomato),pesticides, herbicides, motor pumps,

- Output marketing and credit service for members

- Transportation service problem(have 1 truck)

- Limited supply of required seeds varieties from the suppliers/seed enterprise since seed is managed and allocated centrally by federal and regional bureau of agriculture based on quota

- Inadequate and absence of regular awareness creation activity on new agri inputs with office of agriculture

- Has access to credit service from cooperative bank

- Demand for improved agricultural inputs

- Good government support

- Supply seeds of ground nut and maize to the member farmers on credit basis

- Output marketing services

- Inadequate working capital and technical capacity on seed production & business skills

- Inadequate supply of seeds demanded by

- Have some working finance(100,000birr)and working place(market hub constructed with the support of RAIN +)

- Facilitate linkage with agri input suppliers




farmers - Weak linkage with Afran

kalo union to supply agir.inputs demanded in the area like irrigation pumps, onion seeds

- Transportation problem for agri input and output

- Good government support and attention on agir.inputs supply

- Demand for improved agri. technologies

Shanti consulting and sales PLC (retailer)

- Supply agir.inputs mainly vegetable seeds(onion, tomato, Pepper), watermelon, forest seedlings, cereal seeds like Maize, Soya peace, Sorghum 1106, Ground net, pesticides, fungicides, sprayers, and Drip irrigation

- Provide agricultural consultancy services on agricultural inputs uses

- Market linkage - Limited finance - Communities lack of

knowledge and awareness on Agricultural inputs particularly improved seeds importance

- Lack of competitors for business wellness

- Have good background of agricultural sector and business

- Availability of market demand

- Market linkages with the existing Agricultural Input Suppliers.

- Facilitating business expansion through Eastern Hararghe Zone of Oromia and Somali Region

- Demonstration of Drip irrigation

Mesele Bekele seed & grain storage bag

manufacturer

- Supply cereal storage plastic bags

- Communities lack of awareness about this technology

- Weak farmers agents for this new technology;

- Availability of limited finance

- Demand of this technology

- Efficiency of the technology

- Community awareness raising and training

- Experience sharing facilitation

Somali region seed Enterprise

- Supply cereal seeds like Maize, Sorghum and wheat verities,, vegetable seeds like onion, tomato, animal feed/fodder

- Lac of marketing - Lack of suffici8ent

agricultural Input - Lack of capacity building

trainings to seed producing Cooperatives

- Lack of legal existence - Gully erosion, climate

change, copying mechanism and rainfall acidity

- Lack of storage facilities

- They have a government support

- Seed producing cooperatives

- Financial capacity

- Storage facility intervention

- Linking with other improved seed producers

Somali Region Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Research Institute

(SoRPARI)

- They establish and train Farmers Research Groups (FRGs)

- They supply basic seeds to both FRGs and LCRDB of Somali Regional State

- Innovating new technologies

- Lack of sufficient budget - Lack of team work with

the partner bureau and enterprises

- Lack of transfer of innovated technologies to the concerned offices

- Skilled and sufficient man power/researchers

-

- Facilitation of technology transfer

Somali Regional State Livestock , Crop and Rural Development

Bureau (LCRDB)

- They supply seed to districts

- They provide capacity training to the seed producing cooperatives

- Allocate budget to SEs for seed multiplication t

- Lack of market - Scarcity of agricultural

inputs like improved seeds and combiner harvesters

- Lack of storage facilities - Lack of understanding

for the input marketing department importance

- Man power - Demand of the

Agricultural input - Availability of seed

enterprise and research center

- Government budget availability

- Availability of

- Farmers capacity building

- Storage facility support through cost share

- Linking other agricultural




- Limited knowledge of farmers on improved seed

farmers Input producers

- Facilitating new market linkages and strengthening the existing linkages

Barwako Agricultural Cooperative

- Supply cereal seeds like melksa 1, 2, 3, and 4 (maize), teshale variety (sorghum), HAR1685 (wheat)

- Supply Vegetable seeds like onion, cabbage, carrot, water melon and tomatoes

- Lack of combiner harvesters

- Lack of knowledge of farmers about the improved seeds & seed production technics

- Lack of access to basic seed

-

- Financial strength (more than 300,000ETB)

- Have land(40ha) - Good seed demand

in the area

- Training on seed production

- Demonstration of storage & thresher

- Linkage with basic seed sources and markets

Wanag Agricultural Production cooperative

- Supply cereal seeds like melkasa 1,2 and 4 (maize), wheat (very little)

- Market problem that is lack of market

- Lack of knowledge and skill on seed production

- Lack of access to basic seed

- Financial strength - Availability of land - Good seed demand

in the area

- Training on seed production and management

- Introducing and demonstrating seed storage and thresher

- Linkage with basic seed sources and market

Jemal Abdullah Farm tools and seeds private shop

- Supply farm tools - Vegetable seeds - Chemicals

- shortage of input - limited knowledge about

my business - lack of communities

awareness and knowledge

- irrigated land availability

- commitment to engage in agriculture

- good demand for agriculture product in the area

- training of irrigated agriculture

- linkage with seed supplier

Melkasa Agricultural Research Center

(MARC)

- Produce and supply basic seed

- Train farmers and cooperatives as per request

-

- Lack of seed quality control body at country wise as well as regional wises

- Seed multiplication for everybody without knowledge

- Marketing problem

- Strong institution - Financial capacity - qualified manpower

- Signing MoU with any Agri. Input capacity building and trainings

Annex 4. Sustainability matrix of agricultural inputs supply

SN. Function Now Future

Who does? Who Pays? Who does? Who Pays?

1 Seed

Production Research centers, private investors, seed enterprises, universities, seed producing farmers

Government, Donor, Farmers

Private investors , seed enterprises, farmer groups

Private investors, Government, farmer groups




Aggregation NGOs, private investors, seed enterprises Farmers

Government, Donors, Farmers

Private Investors, Farmers

Farmers

Processing Private Investors, seed enterprises,

Donors, Government

Private Investors, seed enterprises, Farmer groups

Government ,private investors, farmer groups

Transportation Government, NGOs, Cooperatives Government, Donors, cooperative Members

Farmers , Private Coops, unions

Farmers, Coops, union, government

Supportive service Research Centers, Universities, NGOs, bureau of agriculture,

Government, Donors

Research centers, Universities, bureau of agriculture

Farmers, Government

2 Grain storage bag

Production Private Sector Donor, Farmers Private Sector, cooperatives, unions

Cooperative, unions, farmers

Aggregation NGOs, private investors, Farmers Donors, Farmers Private sec, cooperatives, union,

Cooperative, unions, Farmers

Financing NGOs, Farmers Farmers and Donors

Farmers Farmers

Supportive service Research Centers, Universities, NGOs, bureau of agriculture

Government, Donors

Research centers, Universities, bureau of agriculture, cooperative office

Farmers

3 Irrigation equipments, agro chemical

Import Private Sector, government Private sector, government

Private Sector Farmers, government

distribution NGOs, private investors, Farmers, Government

Donors, Farmers, Government

Private sector, Farmers

Farmers, government

Supportive service TVETs, Research Centers, Universities, NGOs, Government, Private Sector

Government, Donors

Research centers, TVETs, Universities, Government , Private Sector

Farmers, government

Annex 5. List of contacts organizations and market actors met during the assessment

Location Organization/market actors Contact person Telephone

Semera Regional bureau of pastoralist and agropastoralis

development

Abdela Getachewu

Tesfaye Girma

0913298062

0923440153

Awash Fentale Office of pastoral and agricultural development Beyene Bekele 0911747537

Amibara Office of pastoral and agricultural development Tesfaye Abose 0920100141/0911829032

Cooperative promotion office Ahimed Biru 0910062373

Melka Werer research center Nurhusen 0919633555




Gewane Office of pastoral and agricultural development Zuber Abdo 0922543420

FARM Africa Hirut Girma 0911771807

East Hararge Zone Bureau of Agriculture Tsegaye 0915745999

Haramaya University ISSD project Reta wegari 0911957585

Bishan Babile cooperative Mohamad 0912942597

Afran Kalo Union Abdurazak Xahir 0256610856/0913054238

Dire Dawa Dire Cooperative Union Medihin Mekonen 0911938946/0251111176

Adil agri. Input supplier PLC Adil 0915767504

Shanti consultancy and agri. Supply PLC Debebe Mihret 0915321409

Jijiga Somali region bureau of crop and livestock

development

Ahmednur 0257753814

Somali Region seed enterprise Abdirazak 0915330915

Somali pastoral & agro pastoral research Institute Dr. Mahdi and Abdikadar 0915742074/0915059467

Wanag seed producer cooperative/FRG Suldan Farhan 0915051887

Tewekel Al Allah Jemal Abdulahi 0913868911

Barwako Agricultural Cooperative Ali Aw Bash Bash 0915741266

Yabelo Borena zone bureau of pastoral development Gizawu shikur 0911019591

Yabelo Agricultural research center Eshetu 0464460663

Yabelo multipurpose cooperative union Gelgelo 0910285688

Moyale Office of pastoral development(Oromia) Tejane and Nuradin 0911939922/0911049127

Cooperative promotion office Hussen 0464440763

Hudet Private seed supplier Adem hassen 091182 18 51

Negele Guji zone pastoral development office Getachewu 0916850224/0913261936

Goro Dola Goro Dola woreda cooperative office Gelgelo 0910126324

Filtu Livestock, Crop and Rural Development Office Muhiedin Muhumed 0928986002

Deka Siftu Wadajir Farm Cooperative Hared Yaraw 0913416667

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