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Emergency Training Emergency Training Simulation DesignSimulation Design
Art Hendela
President, Hendela System Consultants, Inc.www.hendela.com
Mihai MoldovanNew Jersey Institute of Technology
Uses of Games and Uses of Games and SimulatorsSimulators
1. Teaching - principles, methods, skills, supplementary material
2. Training – allow dress rehearsals with easy reset
3. Operations – explore, test, and plan operational parameters
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Uses of Games and Uses of Games and Simulators - ContinuedSimulators - Continued
4. Research – hypothesis testing5. Therapy – behavioral testing,
evaluation, and drug treatment6. Entertainment – have fun and
relax (sounds good! )
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Basic Design Basic Design PhilosophiesPhilosophies
According to Gartner Group’s Clark Aldrich (2001):
Use Authentic Scenarios Force quick decisions Provide lots of options Repetition and choices help it sink in Customize to the culture
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Metaphors – the basis Metaphors – the basis for learning eventsfor learning events
Use the 3 C model to help develop your metaphors
1. Create2. Connect3. Combine
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Special Purpose Special Purpose Simulators DefinedSimulators Defined
Custom built tool by an experienced model builder
Uses a data driven model of a specific system
The user is allowed to modify model parameters in order to run tests and get his/her results
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Simulation Language Simulation Language HistoryHistory
Fortran – The mother of all mathematical modeling languages (1956)
Algol – influenced C’s development (1960) GPSS – IBM’s General Purpose System
Simulator (1961) Dynamo – used first for USAF logistics APL – A Programming Language – all
mathematical symbols.
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Simulation Language – Simulation Language – MicrosaintMicrosaint
Developed for modeling human-based complex systems
Used for analysis of resource utilization, maintenance procedures, military personnel performance
Utilizes the Task Network Model to answer what if questions
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MicroSaint Application-MicroSaint Application-Human FactorsHuman Factors
Simulation is new to Human Factors/Ergonomic studies
Used by industry and the military to find optimal work teams
Helped design Army’s Comanche Helicopter
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Simulation Design –Simulation Design –High Level ArchitectureHigh Level Architecture
Former simulations used Monolithic design techniques to create one large model
High Level Architecture (HLA) is used for newer distributed simulations comprised of sub-models
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High Level Architecture High Level Architecture – – Traffic Flow ExampleTraffic Flow Example
Visualization
SimulationCars
SimulationPedestrians
TrafficManagement
System
SimulationTraffic Lights
Traffic Light Models
Runtime Infrastructure (RTI)
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Simulation Application-Simulation Application-Healthcare for the poorHealthcare for the poor
• Partnership of Immunization Providers (PIP) used three steps to create simulation to improve clinic performance
1. Create Workflow data acquisition tool2. Break data into functional relationships3. Create simulation model of ideal operation
• Input is made simple for the staff
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Simulation Application-Simulation Application-Healthcare for the poor Healthcare for the poor 22
Five key areas are identified: • Check-in, • Waiting Room/pre exam• Exam• Check-out and Charting• Post-checkout
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Simulation Application – Simulation Application –
Satellite Terminal Satellite Terminal ControlControl• Simulation of a direct control of
satellite ground terminal• Runs on WIN NT-based laptop• Employed with 3rd party tools,
packages and components• Designed to simulate one control
terminal
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Simulation Application – Simulation Application –
Railroad Railroad • TRAINSET is a real-time railroad
simulator • Designed with layout editor, state
display, control programs• Automatic Control Interface (ACI)
establishes the connection
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Simulation Application – Simulation Application –
Simulated FireSimulated Fire• Virtual Environment allows safe
recreation of scenarios.• Building designs are evaluated from the
viewpoint of fire safety• 3-D designs allow for the ability to
“walk-through” the building.• Integrates NIST’s Consolidated Model of
Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST) with Berkeley Architectural Walkthrough (Walkthru).
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Simulated Fire – Simulated Fire – CFAST DesignCFAST Design
Environment composed of:1. Rectilinear 3-D regions called
volumes2. Interconnection portals called vents
Differential equations are solved to create the flow and exchange of gases between the volumes
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Simulated Fire – Simulated Fire – Walkthru DesignWalkthru Design
Walkthru adds properties and objects not found in the basic CFAST simulation. These include:
1. Wall Specifications such as thickness and material
2. Furniture characteristics such as mass, materials, chemistry, and combustion details.
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Simulation Application – Simulation Application –
Submarine CombatSubmarine CombatMission
Requirements
Sensors
InfoProcessing
DecisionFunctions
ActionSystems
Threats/Targets
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Simulation Application – Simulation Application –
Multiprocessor Multiprocessor ApplicationsApplications• S3E2S – CAD environment for
specification, simulation, and synthesis of embedded electronic systems
• Combines analog parts, digital hardware, and software.
• Mixes control dominated and data dominated behavior of electronic devices
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Simulation Application – Simulation Application –
Power GenerationPower Generation• Interest in power grid simulation high
in light of potential black outs and terrorist threats
• STAR used for a variety of power generation simulation:
1. Electrical Grid2. Electrical Generator3. Steam Turbine4. High Voltage Regulation
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Simulation Application – Simulation Application – Hospital Emergency Hospital Emergency Command SystemCommand System
• Four areas in which the system needs to provide control and mobilization: communications, personnel, equipment and mobility
• Five phases in a hospital emergency: detect, dispatch, deploy, deliver and disperse
• Simulation program has been prepared in a modular manner
• Results showed improvements in emergency response time when using the systemhttp://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization
Simulation Application – Simulation Application – Design of a Submarine Design of a Submarine Voyage Training SimulatorVoyage Training Simulator
• The simulator consists of three parts: Operation Panel, Display Panel and Interface Cabinet
• System modeling – motion modeling and navigation devices modeling
• Complex software design – differential equations, database management, 3D animation, PID controller, real-time communication
• Results showed that simulator could describe the regulation of submarine movement and maneuvering correctly and completely
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Simulation Application – Simulation Application – Inflight Software Inflight Software Simulation of the Harpoon Simulation of the Harpoon MissileMissile• Harpoon missile – anti-ship missile that
can be launched from submarines, surface ships and aircrafts
• Built by McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Corporation
• HACLCS – Harpoon Aircraft Command and Launch System
• Two modes for launch – computer and line-of sight
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Simulation Application – Simulation Application – Inflight Software Inflight Software Simulation of the Harpoon Simulation of the Harpoon Missile 2Missile 2• Two launching modes – normal and abnormal
• Simulation function provides the operator with the capability to simulate selection and release of missiles
• Simulation capabilities include: initialization controlling and operating conditions, selection simulation, tableau update simulation, aim point update simulation, MGU update simulation, FTP update simulation, release simulation
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Simulation – Transaction Cycle of Simulation – Transaction Cycle of Agents and Web-based Gaming Agents and Web-based Gaming Simulation for International Simulation for International Emissions TradingEmissions Trading
• ASIA – agent-based Java framework (Artificial Society with Interacting Agents)
• Layered structure – application layer, social layer, agent layer, Java virtual machine
• Greenhouse gas emission trading simulation
• Web applications for gaming
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Simulation – An Simulation – An Environment Simulator for Environment Simulator for the FDNY Computer Aided the FDNY Computer Aided Dispatch SystemDispatch System
• MICS System – Management and Information Control System
• Environmental simulator – an integral part of the MICS
• Six modes of operation: alarm receipt, decision dispatch, display/fallback, notification, status monitoring and management
• Results showed that the required performance of the MICS system was more than adequately met
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Simulation – Simulation Simulation – Simulation Study of a Hospital Study of a Hospital Automated Materials Automated Materials Handling SystemHandling System
• ACT – Automated Cart Transport system – to be implemented in the hospital
• There is a need for studying a number of issues: manpower requirements, number of needed transporters, interfacing with other personnel using the system, scheduling
• A simulation is the best way to analyze all these factors
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Simulation – Simulation Simulation – Simulation Study of a Hospital Study of a Hospital Automated Materials Automated Materials Handling System 2Handling System 2
• Two modeling concepts• Breaking down the system activities into
identifiable event elements• Use a dynamically changing list of future
events• WIDES – Wisconsin Discrete Event
Simulator • The system had four main components –
the database, the scheduler, the simulation program and the output
• Conclusion – a feasible schedule of deliveries has NOT been achievedhttp://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization
Simulation – Modeling with Simulation – Modeling with the Microsaint Simulation the Microsaint Simulation PackagePackage
• Microsaint – a discrete-event simulation software package for building models that simulate real-life processes
• Model development• Task timing information• Conditions for execution• Beginning/ending effects• Task sequencing
• Used successfully in the manufacturing industry and in the health care industry
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Simulation – Simulation Simulation – Simulation Interoperability with the Interoperability with the Microsaint Simulation Software Microsaint Simulation Software and COM Servicesand COM Services
• COM services developed as a new feature for Microsaint
• COM services allow communication between Microsaint and other software applications
• Examples of COM Services application• Course of Action Training Tool (CATT)• Combat Automation Requirements
Testbed (CART)
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Simulation – Perspectives Simulation – Perspectives on Simulation using GPSSon Simulation using GPSS
• GPSS – General Purpose Simulation System – a popular simulation modeling language
• Offers a rich set of semantics and yet it is sparse in syntax
• GPSS is a multi-vendor language• Some versions provide built-in graphic
and animation features• Some languages have GPSS embedded
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Simulation – Perspectives Simulation – Perspectives on Simulation using GPSS on Simulation using GPSS 22
• Five misconceptions about GPSS• GPSS is inherently slow• To do anything sophisticated in GPSS, HELP
blocks must be used to combine GPSS models with FORTRAN routines
• GPSS is trivial to learn• Modeling difficulties arise more frequently
due to language shortcomings than due to lack of modeler expertise
• GPSS is batch oriented
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Simulation – Medical Simulation – Medical Education as a Model for Education as a Model for Simulation EducationSimulation Education
• Two models of simulation application – research model and practice model
• Parallel between medical education and simulation education
• Curriculum proposal• Basic course work – mathematics, statistics,
probability, stochastic models, optimization and simulation modeling
• Additional coursework – accounting, business management, marketing, logistics, Info Systems management, computing, communication and technical writing
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Simulation – A Microcomputer Simulation – A Microcomputer Based Simulation Model for a Based Simulation Model for a Military Scheduling Military Scheduling ApplicationApplication
• Study tries to determine the manpower requirements for an army orders processing operation
• Model development• Arrivals• Service• Queue
• Results of the simulation model showed that overall processing time can effectively be reduced by designing the processing system on the basis of the queue size of the orders and the number of clerks
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Simulation - An Introduction Simulation - An Introduction to the Simulation of a to the Simulation of a Multiple CPU Military Multiple CPU Military Communications SystemCommunications System
• Design effort to extend the capabilities of Army’s operational telecommunication system
• Resulting system – Pentagon Consolidated Telecommunications Center System (PCTCS)
• Extensible Computer System Simulation (ECSS II) language was used to simulate the new PCTCS system
• ECSS II was found to be a powerful tool for simulating military message processing systems
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Simulation – Barriers to Simulation – Barriers to Implementing Simulation Implementing Simulation in Health Carein Health Care
• Barrier #1 – A natural resistance to the unfamiliar
• Rule #1 – Get everybody’s fingerprints on the knife
• Barrier # 2 – The industrial “time and motion” study stigma
• Rule #2 – Educate others and avoid the industrial vernacular
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Simulation – Barriers to Simulation – Barriers to Implementing Simulation Implementing Simulation in Health Care 2in Health Care 2
• Barrier # 3 – The poorly conducted simulation study
• Rule #3 – Don’t wind your toys too tight• Barrier #4 – politics, personalities, over
confidence, misunderstanding , ambition, poor data collection etc.
• Rule #4 – Don’t build barriers; build bridges
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Simulation – A Tutorial on Simulation – A Tutorial on Simulation in Healthcare: Simulation in Healthcare: Applications and IssuesApplications and Issues
• Computer simulation models conform both to system structure and to available system data
• Simulation supports experimentation with systems at relatively low cost and little risk
• Variation matters• Simulation experiment results conform
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Simulation – A Tutorial on Simulation – A Tutorial on Simulation in Healthcare: Simulation in Healthcare: Applications and Issues 2Applications and Issues 2
Simulation application in healthcare can be classified into four categories• Public policy• Patient treatment process• Capital expenditure requirements• Provider operating policies
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Simulation – Internet-based Simulation – Internet-based Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation Tools and HLASimulation Tools and HLA
• C++ not suited for developing simulations
• HLA – High Level Architecture• Requirements imposed on simulation
tools by HLA are considerable• Requirements derived from the HLA
programming paradigm• Requirements derived from being part
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Simulation – Internet-based Simulation – Internet-based Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation Tools and HLA 2Simulation Tools and HLA 2
• Four general solutions for integrating existing simulation tools into HLA• Re-implementation of the tool with HLA
extensions• Extension of intermediate code• Usage of an external programming
interface• Coupling via a gateway program
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Simulation - Using Simulation Simulation - Using Simulation to Reduce Length of Stay in to Reduce Length of Stay in Emergency DepartmentsEmergency Departments
• Object of the study – a medium to large hospital in the southeast
• Simulation software – MedModel• 10 steps in the project
• Identify the process to be simulated• Define the goals and objectives of the
study• Formulate and define model• Collect data• Build the modelhttp://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization
Simulation - Using Simulation Simulation - Using Simulation to Reduce Length of Stay in to Reduce Length of Stay in Emergency Departments 2Emergency Departments 2
• 10 steps in the process (cont)• Verify the model• Validate the model• Set up alternatives for evaluation• Run multiple replications on each
alterative and evaluate results• Choose best alternative or
combination of alternatives
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Simulation – A Review of Simulation – A Review of Web-based Simulation: Web-based Simulation: Whither we WanderWhither we Wander
• New software technologies• Java is one of the most promising technologies for
web based simulation• Environments and languages for web based simulation
• Simjava• DEVSJAVA• JSIM• JavaSim• JavaGPSS• Silk• WSE
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Simulation – A Review of Simulation – A Review of Web-based Simulation: Web-based Simulation: Whither we Wander 2Whither we Wander 2
• Areas of application:• Manufacturing• Education and training• Military applications• Scientific applications• Other applications
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Training Application-Training Application-Healthcare TreatmentHealthcare Treatment
• Police are trained to recognize gestures and verbal cues regarding mental illness
• Verbal interaction methods are taught• The following are simulated:
1. Schizophrenia2. Paranoia3. Depression
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Healthcare Treatment – Healthcare Treatment – Mental Illness SimulatorMental Illness Simulator
Behavior Engine
Virtual Human Visualization Engine
Language Processor
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Training Application – Training Application – Multi-ship Air CombatMulti-ship Air Combat
• Simulation used as inexpensive way to keep skills sharp
• Live flight limited due to security, flight safety, resources, range of flight
• Pilots train in a F-15 cockpit in a 40 foot dome with target projection
• SIMNET implements multi-user design utilizing pilots, weapons controllers, and enemies.
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Training Application – Training Application – Multi-ship Air Combat 2Multi-ship Air Combat 2
Simulation considered better for training:1. Multi-bogey, four or more2. Reaction to surface to air missiles3. Employment of electronic
countermeasures/counter-counter measures
4. Escort tactics5. All weather tactics6. Low altitude tactics
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Training Application – Training Application – Multi-ship Air Combat 3Multi-ship Air Combat 3
Simulator considered worse for:1. Visual outlook2. Tactical formation3. Visual identification4. Mutual support
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Training Application – Training Application – Virtual PatientsVirtual Patients
• Virtual human patient developed to train for cardiac emergencies.
• Uses Artificial Intelligence to simulate medical conditions
• Adds 3-D environment to visualize a patient in an emergency room.
• Used to train medical students for cardiac emergencies
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Virtual Patients –Virtual Patients –System DesignSystem Design
• Patient’s appearance varies based on clinical condition
• Emergency room is filled with virtual nurses to execute requests for diagnosis and treatment
• Complementary examination is carried out to aid diagnosis.
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Virtual Patients –Virtual Patients –Emotional DesignEmotional Design
• Views are provided at user determined angles
• Animation shows the patient’s current state
• Commands carried out by menus or voice commands
• Environment becomes busier as situations become more critical
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Training Application – Training Application – Tactical Network Tactical Network ManagementManagement
• Communication Network Simulation system (CNS) used for tactical training.
• Operators train in:1. System Configuration2. Message Response3. Emergency Situations
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Tactical Network Tactical Network Management - Management - FunctionsFunctions
NMT Functions
WANManagement
BattlefieldSpectrum Mngmt
Network PlanningAnd Engineering
System AdminCots and Utility
SoftwareApplicationExecutive
Soldier/MachineInterface
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Training – Measuring the Training – Measuring the Effectiveness of Simulation-Effectiveness of Simulation-Based TrainingBased Training
• Instructional Systems Design (ISD)• Analysis of training needs• Design of training curriculum• Evaluation• Development of training curriculum• Implementation (delivery)
• Formulation of an elementary simulation-based training effectiveness measurehttp://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization
Training – Firefighter Training – Firefighter Command Training Virtual Command Training Virtual EnvironmentEnvironment
• System consists of three main components• Virtual Environment• Graphical Command Interface• NIST Fire Dynamic Simulator
• Firefighter control • Pathfinding• Models and animation
• Realistic fire and smoke• Fire simulation• Volume compression• Fire and smoke visualization• Interactive fire and smoke
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Training – Developing and Training – Developing and implementing a Comprehensive implementing a Comprehensive Training and Incentive Program Training and Incentive Program for Student Employees in ITfor Student Employees in IT
• Employee skills• Demographics of student employees• Who to look for in interviews• Orientation trainings• Tools to aid and supplement training• Ongoing or long-term training• Tracking student progress• Making students want to improve
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Conclusions – Strategic Conclusions – Strategic directions in Distributed directions in Distributed SimulationSimulation
• Systems operations and management
• Real-time decision making• Combat consultant• Aircraft navigation• Crowd management
• Persistent virtual worlds• Virtual verisimilitude
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Conclusions –Research Conclusions –Research Challenges in Distributed Challenges in Distributed SimulationSimulation
• Human behavior modeling
• Simulation domain architectures
• Abundant network bandwidth
• Practical event management techniques
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References• Aldrich, Clark, “Something about simulations”,
elearningforum.com, July, 2001• Alexopoulos, Chritos, et al, “A discrete
simulation application for clinics serving the poor”, Proceedings of the 2001 Winter Simulation Conference.
• Araten, Michel, “Perspectives of the founding Fathers”, Proceedings of the 1992 Winter Simulation Conference.
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ReferencesReferences
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• Bell, Herbert H and Peter M Crane, “Training Utility of Multiship Air Combat Simulation”, Proceedings of the 1992 Winter Simulation Conference.
• Brooke, Thomas C, “Development of a Distributed, Cross-Platform Simulator”, SigADA’02, December 8-12, 2002, p 12-21
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ReferencesReferences
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ReferencesReferences
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ReferencesReferences
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ReferencesReferences
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ReferencesReferences
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ReferencesReferences
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References References
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ReferencesReferences
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ReferencesReferences• Lin, Zhao, Feng, Sung, Ying, Liu. “The design of a
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ReferencesReferences
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