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Emerging Trends

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Emerging Trends Prof. Srikumar Krishnamoorthy Computer and Information Systems Group Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
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Page 1: Emerging Trends

Emerging Trends

Prof. Srikumar KrishnamoorthyComputer and Information Systems Group

Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad

Page 2: Emerging Trends

Some Emerging Technologies you

might have encountered ….

P2P : Peer-to-Peer Networks

Cloud Computing

Grid Computing

Utility Computing

SaaS – Software as a Service

2

Page 3: Emerging Trends

P2P Networks

Peer-to-peer follows a distributed architecture

without the need for central coordination, with

participants being at the same time both

producers and consumers of resources (in

contrast to the traditional client–server model)

3Source: Wikipedia

Page 4: Emerging Trends

P2P – Key Characteristics

4

• Peers have equal responsibility (server/client)

• Highly dynamic environments

• Increased autonomy

Page 5: Emerging Trends

P2P File Sharing – Napster

• Program for sharing files over the Internet

• a “disruptive” application/technology?

• history:

– 5/99: Shawn Fanning (freshman, Northeasten U.) founds Napster Online music service

– 12/99: first lawsuit

– 3/00: 25% UWisc traffic Napster

– 2000: est. 60M users

– 2/01: US Circuit Court of

Appeals: Napster knew users

violating copyright laws

– 7/01: # simultaneous online users:

Napster 160K, Gnutella: 40K, Morpheus: 300K 5

Page 6: Emerging Trends

Napster – How does it work?

Four Steps

• Connect to Napster server

• Upload your list of files (push) to server

• Give server keywords to search the full list

with

• Select “best” of correct answers

6

Page 7: Emerging Trends

Napster

napster.com

users

File list is uploaded

1.

7

Page 8: Emerging Trends

Napster

napster.com

user

Request

and

results

User requests search at server.

2.

8

Page 9: Emerging Trends

Napster

napster.com

user

pingspings

User pings hosts that apparently have data.

Looks for best transfer rate.

3.

9

Page 10: Emerging Trends

Napster

napster.com

user

Retrieves

file

User retrieves file

4.

10

Page 11: Emerging Trends

Napster

• Central Napster server�Can ensure correct results

�Fast search

�Bottleneck for scalability

�Single point of failure

�Susceptible to denial of service• Malicious users

11

Page 12: Emerging Trends

Napster – P2P File Sharing System

• File download directly between members’ computers, bypassing the central computer

• Central computer necessary for initial contact

• Legal issues concerning copyrighted material being freely distributed:

– Napster never stored any MP3 files!

– It provided means for people to exchange such files

• Napster paid music creators & owners $33million for copyright infringement

12

Page 13: Emerging Trends

P2P File Sharing – Gnutella

• Decentralized P2P network

• Peers search files by sending requests to their

neighbors

I want song.mp3

She wants song.mp3

We havesong.mp3

Give mesong.mp3

Here it is!13

Page 14: Emerging Trends

P2P File Distribution – BitTorrent

tracker: tracks peers

participating in torrent

torrent: group of peers exchanging chunks of a file

obtain list

of peers

trading

chunks

peer

❒ P2P file distribution

14

Page 15: Emerging Trends

P2P – Key Benefits

• Cost sharing/reduction

• Improved scalability and reliability

• Resource aggregation

• Ad-hoc communication/collaboration

15

Page 16: Emerging Trends

Grid Computing – Definitions

Grid computing is coordinated resource sharing and problem

solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations

Grid computing (Foster and Kesselman, 1999) is a growing

technology that facilitates the executions of large-scale resource

intensive applications on geographically distributed computing

resources.

Facilitates flexible, secure, coordinated large scale resource

sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions,

and resource16

Page 17: Emerging Trends

Grid Computing – Characteristics

� Co-ordinated resource sharing

• Create an illusion of a simple, yet powerful

computer out of a large number of heterogeneous

systems

� Dynamic collection of institutions

� Used for problem solving

• Tasks are submitted and distributed on nodes in

the grid

17

Page 18: Emerging Trends

Why Grids ?

• Solving grand challenge applications using

computer modeling, simulation and analysis

Life Sciences

CAD/CAM

Aerospace

Military ApplicationsDigital Biology Military ApplicationsMilitary Applications

Internet & Ecommerce

18

Page 19: Emerging Trends

Grid Computing – Distributed Processing

19

The Grid

Master

Slaves

e.g. Hadoop, Hazelcast

Page 20: Emerging Trends

A Typical Grid Computing Environment

Grid Resource Broker

Resource Broker

Application

Grid Information Service

Grid Resource Broker

databaseR2R3

RN

R1

R4

R5

R6

Grid Information Service

20

Page 21: Emerging Trends

An Operational Grid

Grid Middleware

App1 App2 App3

21Grid

A B CD

Resource

Monitor

Resource

Discovery

Job

Manager

Job

Monitor

Workflow ExecutorResource Broker

Page 22: Emerging Trends

Drug Design: Data Intensive Computing

on Grid

• It involves screening millions

of chemical compounds

(molecules) in the Chemical

DataBase (CDB) to identify

those having potential to

serve as drug candidates.

Protein

Molecules

Chemical Databases(legacy, in .MOL2 format)

22

Page 23: Emerging Trends

DesignDrug@Home ArchitectureA Virtual Lab for “Molecular Modeling for Drug Design” on Grid

“Screen 2K molecules in 30min. for $10”

Grid Market Directory

ResourceBroker

Grid Info. Service

GTS

GTS

GTS

GTS

“Give me list PDBs sourcesOf type aldrich_300?”

(GTS - Grid Trade Server)

PDB2

Data Replica Catalogue

GTS

PDB1

“mol.5 please?”

(RB maps suitable Grid nodes and Protein DataBank)

23

Page 24: Emerging Trends

MEG(MagnetoEncephaloGraphy) Data Analysis on the Grid: Brain Activity Analysis

Life-electronics laboratory,

AIST

Data Analysis

•Provision of expertise in

the analysis of brain function

•Provision of MEG analysis

Data Generation

Nimrod-G

64 sensors MEG

Results

Analysis All pairs (64x64) of MEG data by shifting the

temporal region of MEG data over time: 0 to 29750:

64x64x29750 jobs

World-Wide Grid

•deadline, budget,

•optimization preference

1

5

4

3

2

24

Page 25: Emerging Trends

Search for Extra-terrestrial

Intelligence

~ 180K volunteers, 300K computers,

~ 600Tera FLOPS computing power 25

Page 26: Emerging Trends

Grid – Financial Services Applications

• Portfolio risk analysis

• Value at Risk calculations

• Monte Carlo simulations

• Algorithmic trading

• Options Pricing calculations

26

Page 27: Emerging Trends

Cloud Computing

• “Cloud computing is the use of computing resources

(hardware and software) that are delivered as a service over a

network (typically the Internet)” – Wikipedia

• “A model for delivering information technology services in

which resources are retrieved from the internet through web-

based tools and applications, rather than a direct connection

to a server.” – Investopedia

• “Cloud computing is a style of computing where massively

scalable IT-related capabilities are provided ‘as a service’

across the Internet to multiple external customers” – Gartner

27

Page 28: Emerging Trends

Key Business Drivers for the Grid/Cloud

• Low Infrastructure utilization

• Management of (heterogeneous) resources

were quite challenging

• Handling performance and scalability of

business applications gracefully

– Run jobs processing petabytes (1015) of data

– Takes more than 10 days to read on 1 computer

28

Page 29: Emerging Trends

Over and Under Provisioning of

Resources

29

• Real world server utilization

in data centers is 5 – 20 %

on an average

• Under utilized resources due

to over-provisioning

• Lost business due to under-

provisioning

Page 30: Emerging Trends

Cloud Computing Advantages

�Illusion of infinite computing resources available on demand– no need to plan far ahead for provisioning

�Elastic infrastructureo Add or remove resources at fine grain(one server at a

time with EC2). Can be added/removed in minutes

�Allows companies to start small and expand as needed

�Applications/Services can be accessed anytime, anywhere on the Internet

30

Page 31: Emerging Trends

Cloud Computing Benefits

• Lower IT application support costs

• Pay as you go Model– No upfront commitment on the Infrastructure

– Ability to pay for use of computing resources on short-term basis as needed (e.g., processors by the hour and storage by the day)

• Lower costs and higher revenue– Infrastructure utilization is no longer a concern for the

enterprise who consume the service

– Manage peak customer load effectively and avoid lost business opportunity

31

Page 32: Emerging Trends

Real World Examples

�Animoto debut on Facebook

• experienced a demand surge that resulted in growing from 50 servers to 3500 servers in three days

• later traffic fell to a level well below peak

�Target.com (uses AWS) on “Black Friday”(Nov. 28)

• Other retailers had severe performance problems and intermittent unavailability

• Target’s and Amazon’s sites were just slower by about 50%.

32

Page 33: Emerging Trends

33

Cloud Computing is:

a) A way to access applications hosted on the web through your web browser

b) A pay-as-you-go model for IT resources accessed over the Internet

c) Use of commodity computers, distributed throughout an internet, to perform parallel processing, distributed storage, indexing and mining of data

d) An IT buzzword that assures potential clients that your product is on the cutting edge of technology

e) All of the above

Page 34: Emerging Trends

Software-as-a-Service

(SaaS)

Platform-as-a-Service

(PaaS)

Infrastructure-as-a-Service

(IaaS)

Provides services & applicationsEnd Users

Google Search, Google DocsSocial Networking Sites,Web Photo Albums, Google AppsCRM Apps by Salesforce.com

Provides a platform for application development Developers

Azure by Microsoft, Google App. Engine, EngineYard, OrangeScape

Provides storage, network and computing servicesSystem Administrators

Blue Cloud Data Center – IBMAkamai, 3Tera, RackspaceAmazon EC2, S3

Cloud Service Models

34

Page 35: Emerging Trends

35

Cloud Services

Low

High

Source: Wikipedia

High

Low

Level of

Control

Level of

Abstraction

Page 36: Emerging Trends

Cloud Deployment Models

• Internal (private) cloud. The cloud infrastructure is operated within

the consumer’s organization.

• Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is jointly owned by

several organizations and supports a specific community that has

shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and

compliance considerations).

• Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is owned by an organization

selling cloud services to the general public or to a large industry

group.

• Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or

more clouds (internal, community, or public) that remain unique

entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary

technology that enables data and application portability.

NIST working definitions

36

Page 37: Emerging Trends

Key Considerations for Adoption

� Demand Patterns

� Level of Customization needed

� Integration Requirements

� Is Application Mission Critical?

� Performance Needs of Application

� Stage of Company – Start-up or established?

� Preferred Technology and Dev Platform? Vendor Lock in

Possible

� Stringent Compliance Needs?

� Security & Privacy issues

37

Page 38: Emerging Trends

Cloud Adoption Issues

38

Page 39: Emerging Trends

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Page 40: Emerging Trends

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Page 41: Emerging Trends

SaaS Maturity Levels

Level Configurability Multi-tenancy Scalability

1 No No No

2 Yes No No

3 Yes Yes No

4 Yes Yes Yes 41

Source: Microsoft MSDN

Architecture Centre

Page 42: Emerging Trends

Grid Vs Cloud Computing

42

Page 43: Emerging Trends

Gartner Hype Cycle

43

Source: Gartner

Page 44: Emerging Trends

Source: Gartner44

Page 45: Emerging Trends

45

Commercial Cloud Formation

Page 46: Emerging Trends

Case Study – Email

� On-premise emailo All email services (mailboxes, filtering, etc.) run on

company-owned servers.

� Hosted emailo All email services are delivered by a hosted mailbox

service provider.

� Hosted ancillary services (hybrid)o Some ancillary services like filtering or archiving are

delivered by a cloud-based provider.

� Split-domain email (hybrid)o Some employees use the on-premise email and some use

a hosted mailbox service.

46

Source: Forrester Research

Page 47: Emerging Trends

Architecture Description Benefits Challenges

On-premise email

All email services (mailboxes, filtering, etc.)run on company-owned servers.

•Traditional, hence comfortable• Easier integration with other applications and resources

•Expensive to maintain•Consumes IT staff time and resources

Hosted email All email services are delivered by a hosted mailbox service provider.

•Pay-as-you-go financing model•Always-current software and protection•Operated by someone else

•Integration with directory and business applications•Exposure to business failure by service provider

Hosted ancillaryservices (hybrid)

Some ancillary services like filtering or archiving are delivered by a cloud-based provider.

•Offload maintenance of specialty services•Often less expensive•Keeps core email on-premise

•Culture shift to trust provider•Potential of conflict in implementing archiving processes

Split-domainemail (hybrid)

Some employees use the on-premise email and some use a hosted mailbox service.

•Move occasional users or new users to a hosted service•Easier to provision new users or acquired companies

•Integration with directory and other business applications•Different experiences for workers using on-premise and hosted email

47

Page 48: Emerging Trends

Advantages of Cloud Based e-Mail

� Rapidly provision new users

�Allocate valuable IT professionals to more business-centric projects

�Always run the latest software and configurations without upgrade hassles

� Shift the financial burden from Cap-Ex to ongoing Op-Ex

48

Page 49: Emerging Trends

Evaluate cloud offerings

• Segment employees based on their e-mail

needs

• Identify cost elements and compute costs

• Compare e-mail options – both on-premise

and cloud based

49

Page 50: Emerging Trends

Mobileexecutives

Informationworkers

Occasionalusers

Percentage of workforce (example)

10% 70% 20%

Mailbox size 2 gigabytes 1 gigabyte250

megabytes

Need email client software?

Yes Yes No

Archive mailbox? Yes Yes Yes

Need mobile email? Yes No No

Segment Employees Based On

Their Email Needs

50

Page 51: Emerging Trends

Category Cost factors

Hardware Servers, operating system, data center costs, power

Server software Mail server software, client licenses, maintenance

Client software Client-installed software, maintenance

Storage Storage, redundancy, power

Message filtering Installed filtering hardware or filtering service

Message archiving Archiving monthly costs

Mobile messaging Mail delivery and administration

StaffingAdministration for hardware, software, storage, and

mobile

Financing Cost of financing servers, storage, and software

On-Premise Email Includes Hardware,

Staffing, And Financing Costs

51

Page 52: Emerging Trends

Cost per user per month

On-premise

Cloud-based

MicrosoftExchange

OnlineGoogleApps*

Subscription $0.00 $9.78 $8.66 $4.17

Server hardware and OS

$0.56 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Server software $3.61 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Client software $3.49 $3.49 $3.49 $0.00

Storage $1.23 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Message filtering $2.99 $1.86 $0.00 $0.00

Message archiving

$8.89 $8.11 $6.33 $3.75

Staffing $4.41 $1.85 $1.85 $0.55

Total $25.18 $25.08 $20.32 $8.47

*Google doesn’t currently offer an offline email client.The pricing and features available in each architecture vary by provider. This is a scenario for 15,000 employees with email.

52

Cost comparison

Page 53: Emerging Trends

Cost per user per month

5,000 seats

15,000 seats

25,000 seats

35,000 seats

45,000 seats

55,000 seats

On-premise email $28.22 $25.18 $22.52 $20.11 $17.84 $16.59

Cloud-based email

$27.24 $25.08 $23.05 $21.09 $19.18 $18.18

Microsoft Exchange Online

Standard$21.55 $20.32 $19.22 $18.19 $17.21 $16.68

Google Apps* $8.59 $8.47 $8.39 $8.32 $8.28 $8.24

*Google doesn’t currently offer an offline email client.Note: The pricing and features available in each architecture vary by provider.

53

Cost comparison (Cont’d…)

Page 54: Emerging Trends

Summary

• P2P Computing

• Grid Computing

• Cloud Computing

– Service & Deployment Models

– SaaS Maturity Levels

– Considerations for Cloud Adoption

– Evaluation of on-premise Vs cloud offering

• Email case study

54

Page 55: Emerging Trends

References and Additional Readings

• Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing by EECS Department, Feb 2009, University of California, Berkeley

• Cloud Computing – Key Considerations for Adoption, Apr 2009, Infosys White Paper

• Cloud Computing— Latest Buzzword or a Glimpse of the Future?, Feb 2009, Tech Republic White Paper

• The Total Cost of (Non) Ownership of Web Applications in the Cloud, Aug 2012, Amazon White Paper

• How AWS Pricing Works, Dec 2011, Amazon White Paper55

Page 56: Emerging Trends

Thank You


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