Emerging WMD threats and the Proliferation of WMD material: NM Perspectives
Vahid Majidi, DASD(NM)
March 2015
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Interagency/National Effort (Joint TF, Regional, Multi-jurisdictional)
Tiered Deployment
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
National Preparedness Intelligence: Collection, Dissemination, Integration, Analysis and Action
Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning
DoD Efforts (Planning, Programs, Policy, Operations) NCB/NM Efforts (Deterrence, Physical Security, International Engagements, Technical Capabilities)
Training/Exercises
* Response is both following an incident or response to informa6on leading to interdic6on
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Does Industry Have A Role?
§ Infrastructure & Vulnerability – Electrical Grid – Internet
§ Subject Matter Expertise – Cyber, Physical Sciences, Manufacturing
§ Material Source – Chem, Bio, Rad, Energetic Material
§ Unique Response Capabilities – Deep Water Horizon (BP)
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Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
USG CWMD Team Construct
4
DNI
NCTC
NCPC
Treas
CIA
NSA FBI
STIG
DoD
DHS
DIA
DOC
DOE DOS
WH
IAEA INTERPOL UN 1540 GICNT
Global Partnership Nuclear Summit
WINS Bi-Lateral
Multi-Lateral
OSD
Joint Staff
CCMDs
Services
DTRA/ CCWMD
Defense Agencies
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
5 Counterproliferation
Interdiction
DOD, DOE, DOS
Commerce, DOD, DOE, DOS, FBI, Treasury
DOD, DHS, FBI
Nonproliferation
Inte
llige
nce
Inte
rnat
iona
l Par
tner
s
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
CP Discussion
§ Historical Perspective § Case Study § Counterproliferation Programs § Attribution Process § Community Partnership
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Manhattan Project
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Nuclear Programs
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US Russia
Iraq Libya Iran
N. Korea
China Pakistan
UK France
South Africa
India
1942 1950s 1970s 1980s
1994
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Proliferation Examples
§ Industrial Nexus – Intentional – Unintentional
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Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Proliferation Examples
Ohio
Libya
Iran Netherlands:
Urenco
Russia
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Dr. Gernot Zippe (1917-2008)
Invented the Zippe-Type centrifuge: The easiest way to make fuel for reactors and weapons.
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
§ Born and raised in Austria
§ In 1945 he was kidnapped and held prisoner in the Soviet Union where he was ordered to develop a centrifuge program.
§ Having done as he was asked, he was freed by the Soviets (1957)!
Dr. Gernot Zippe
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Dr. Gernot Zippe
§ 1957, Dr. Zippe flew to the United States and set up shop at the University of Virginia.
§ He managed to recreate the Russian centrifuge and returned to Europe in 1960.
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Dr. Gernot Zippe
§ In the 1960s, Dr. Zippe switched the rotor material from aluminum to maraging steel to allow for higher spin rates.
§ Rotors were made longer, which increased the collection of U-235.
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Dr. Gernot Zippe
§ In the 1970's, Urenco, a new European consortium for making nuclear fuel, adopted Zippe-type designs.
§ Dr. A. Q. Khan worked as a consultant at a Urenco plant and stole the designs.
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Dr. A. Q. Khan Proliferation
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Interagency/National Effort (Joint TF, Regional, Multi-jurisdictional)
Tiered Deployment
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
National Preparedness Intelligence: Collection, Dissemination, Integration, Analysis and Action
Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning
DoD Efforts (Planning, Programs, Policy, Operations) NCB/NM Efforts (Deterrence, Physical Security, International Engagements, Technical Capabilities)
Training/Exercises
* Response is both following an incident or response to informa6on leading to interdic6on 17
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Iraq Insurgents Employ Chlorine in Bomb Attacks: February 22, 2007
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Gang Arrested Trying to Sell Enriched Uranium: November 29, 2007
Two Hungarians and a Ukrainian man were arrested by the Slovakian police as they tried to sell the uranium.
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Facility
Infrastructure
Materials
Network
Finance Support
X-Int
Tiered Deployment Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning Training/Exercises
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
Preventing WMD Material Misappropriation
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UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Interagency/National Effort (Joint TF, Regional, Multi-jurisdictional)
Tiered Deployment
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
National Preparedness Intelligence: Collection, Dissemination, Integration, Analysis and Action
Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning
DoD Efforts (Planning, Programs, Policy, Operations) NCB/NM Efforts (Deterrence, Physical Security, International Engagements, Technical Capabilities)
Training/Exercises
* Response is both following an incident or response to informa6on leading to interdic6on 21
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Develop Concept
Acquire Materials and Equipment
Develop Weapon
Deploy Weapon
Formulate Ini6al Design
Acquire Fissile Material
Acquire Explosives or Propellants
Acquire Materials, Equipment, and Components
Process Fissile Material
Make Weapon Components
Test Explosive and Assembly System
Assemble Weapon
Deploy and Detonate
Nuclear Programs WMD Proliferation
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UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
WMD Material
Task 2
Task 3
Task 4
Task 5
Task 6 Penetrate
Boundaries Cross Secondary Area Penetrate Secondary
Area Cross Security Area Enter Facility
Task 7
Deter Detect Delay Deny Defeat
We only have to be successful once; the adversary has to be successful at every point.
Intel & Warning
The 5 Ds of CWMD Physical Security
Task 1
Adversary Surveillance, Plans and Preparation
Tiered Deployment Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning Training/Exercises
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
23
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs 24
Radiological Detection System (RDS) § Detect, classify, and measure radioactive
materials – Replaces legacy RADIAC meters – Sensitivity covers operational and
occupational levels and quantities § Network interoperability
– Geographic location data enabled – Autonomous and on-demand data entries,
network, and information exchange § Procurement planned for USA, USAF,
USMC, USN
Tiered Deployment Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning Training/Exercises
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
Preparedness – Monitoring and Verification
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UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
PROJECT DISCREET OCULUS § Prompt diagnostics research & development project by the Defense Threat
Reduction Agency. § Ground-based sensor suite collects prompt outputs of a limited nuclear
event in an urban environment. – Measured outputs include
seismic, infrasound, overpressure, electromagnetic pulse, gamma radiation, and optical signatures.
– Sensor readings sent to the Air Force Technical Applications Center for analysis and reporting.
25 Tiered Deployment Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning Training/Exercises
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
Preparedness – When has something happened?
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UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Harvester Particulate Airborne Collection System (PACS) § Modular air sampling capability tested on C-130 and MQ-9
aircraft. § Post-collection analysis: samples prepared in a deployable
clean room, radio-chemical analyses conducted at a lab.
26 Tiered Deployment Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning Training/Exercises
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
Preparedness – Detecting What Happened
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UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Airborne Radiation Detection & Identification Measurement System (ARDIMS) § Wide-area radiological reconnaissance
mapping capability to support ground collection.
§ Gamma and neutron detection pods mounted on UH-60 displays real-time gross count and dose rate and radiation mapping to inform collections.
27 Tiered Deployment Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning Training/Exercises
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
Response – Use of WMD Materials
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UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Response – Material Collection and Analysis
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Ground Collections Task Force § Collect radioactive debris samples quickly and
process, prepare, and package the evidence for transport to national laboratories.
§ Equipment – Mojave suits, boots, booties, gloves,
M40 protective masks – Ion chamber gamma detectors – AN/UDR-14 dosimeters – Humvee, GPS/maps,
satellite phone – Collection kits, marking kits
Tiered Deployment Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning Training/Exercises
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
28
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
Nuclear Deterrent Preparedness
29
Weapon
Tiered Deployment Assessment Intelligence Countermeasures Policy & Planning Training/Exercises
Prevention Protection Mitigation Response* Recovery
Preparedness
Material
UNCLASSIFIED
30 Counterproliferation
Interdiction
DOD, DOE, DOS
Commerce, DOD, DOE, DOS, FBI, Treasury
DOD, DHS, FBI
Nonproliferation
Inte
llige
nce
Inte
rnat
iona
l Par
tner
s
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
U.S. Response: Scale and Persistence Drives Lead
Fukushima/RAD (‘11)
W-Africa/Ebola (‘14)
Syria/Chem (‘14)
Phuket-hurricane (‘04)
Mumbai/T (‘08)
Spain/E (‘04)
UK/Rad (‘06)
Tiblisi/HEU (‘06 & 09)
FBI
600 Sapphire /Nuke (‘94)
DOD
DN
I
31
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
2007: Chlorine Release During Railcar Unloading
Highlighting Infrastructure Vulnerabilities
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