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_hh eksousskijs, stats, aje autmir pribk`hs bir tmks pug`koatkij at6 mttp6//www.rhsharomnath.jht/pug`koatkij/13>25>81

Aj HDN-erkvhj dusou`islh`hta` dieh` tihstkdath duso`h birohs aje ljhh fikjt didhjts

kj vkvi. F Gkidhom

AWUKO@H kj FIXWJA@ IB GKIDHOMAJKO_ FX@[ 733?

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Umir Ghskhr

Xjkvhrskty ib Auol`aje

132SXG@KOAUKIJ_ ?,3?3OKUAUKIJ_

_HH SWIBK@H

A`` kj-thxt rhbhrhjohs ujehr`kjhe kj g`uharh kjlhe ti pug`koatkijs ij WhsharomNath,

`httkjn yiu aoohss aje rhae tmhd kddhekath`y.

Avak`ag`h brid6 Eavke N @`iye

Whtrkhvhe ij6 13 Ehohdghr 7318

http://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Lloyd4?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Lloyd4?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thor_Besier?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thor_Besier?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_1http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thor_Besier?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_7http://www.researchgate.net/institution/University_of_Auckland?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_6http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thor_Besier?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_5http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thor_Besier?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Lloyd4?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_7http://www.researchgate.net/institution/Griffith_University?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_6http://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Lloyd4?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_5http://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Lloyd4?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_4http://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_1http://www.researchgate.net/publication/10764751_An_EMG-driven_musculoskeletal_model_to_estimate_muscle_forces_and_knee_joint_moments_in_vivo._J_Biomech?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_3http://www.researchgate.net/publication/10764751_An_EMG-driven_musculoskeletal_model_to_estimate_muscle_forces_and_knee_joint_moments_in_vivo._J_Biomech?enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUz&el=1_x_2

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Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos ?2 (733?) >28>>2

Aj HDN-erkvhj dusou`islh`hta` dieh` ti hstkdath duso`h birohs aje

ljhh fikjt didhjts kj vkvi

Eavke N. @`iye*, Umir B. Ghskhr

_omii` ib Mudaj Divhdhjt & Hxhroksh _okhjoh, Xjkvhrskty ib ^hsthrj Austra`ka, Shrtm, ?8 _tkr`kjn Mknmway, Oraw`hy, ^A 233;, Austra`ka

Aoohpthe 1; Ehohdghr 7337

Agstraot

Umks paphr hxadkjhe kb aj h`hotridyinrapmy (HDN) erkvhj dusou`islh`hta` dieh` ib tmh mudaj ljhh oiu`e gh ushe ti prhekotljhh didhjts, oa`ou`athe uskjn kjvhrsh eyjadkos, aoriss a varkhe rajnh ib eyjadko oijtraotk`h oijektkijs. Duso`hthjeij `hjntms

aje didhjt ards ib 1? duso`hs orisskjn tmh ljhh fikjt whrh ehthrdkjhe brid fikjt lkjhdatkos uskjn a tmrhh-ekdhjskija` ajatidkoa`

dieh` ib tmh `iwhr `kdg. Duso`h aotkvatkij was ehthrdkjhe uskjn a shoije-irehr eksorhth jij-`kjhar dieh` uskjn rhotkfihe aje `iw-

pass fi`thrhe HDN as kjput. A diekfihe Mk``-typh duso`h dieh` was ushe ti oa`ou`ath kjekvkeua` duso`h birohs uskjn aotkvatkij aje

duso`h thjeij `hjntms as kjputs. Umh dieh` was oa`kgrathe ti skx kjekvkeua`s gy a`thrkjn a sht ib pmyski`inkoa``y gashe paradhthrs

uskjn datmhdatkoa` iptkdksatkij ti datom tmh jht hxkij/hxthjskij (BH) duso`h didhjt wktm tmish dhasurhe gy kjvhrsh eyjadkos.

Umh dieh` was oa`kgrathe bir haom sugfhot uskjn 8 ekbbhrhjt tasls, kjo`uekjn passkvh aje aotkvh BH kj aj ksilkjhtko eyjadidhthr,

rujjkjn, aje outtkjn dajihuvrhs rhoirehe uskjn tmrhh-ekdhjskija` ditkij aja`ysks. Ijoh oa`kgrathe, tmh dieh` was ushe ti prhekot

tmh BH didhjts, hstkdathe vka kjvhrsh eyjadkos, brid ivhr 733 ksilkjhtko eyjadidhthr, rujjkjn aje skehsthppkjn tasls. Umh

kjvhrsh eyjadkos fikjt didhjts whrh prhekothe wktm aj avhranh W7 ib 3.;1 aje dhaj rhskeua` hrrir ibG17 Jd. A rh-oa`kgratkij ib

ij`y tmh HDN-ti-aotkvatkij paradhthrs rhvha`he BH didhjts prhekotkij aoriss whhls ib skdk`ar aoouraoy. Omajnkjn tmh duso`h

dieh` ti ijh tmat ks dirh pmyski`inkoa``y oirrhot prieuohe ghtthr prhekotkijs. Umh dieh``kjn dhtmie prhshjthe rhprhshjts a niie

way ti hstkdath kj vkvi duso`h birohs eurkjn divhdhjt tasls.

r 733? H`shvkhr _okhjoh @te. A`` rknmts rhshrvhe.

Lhywires6 HDN-erkvhj dieh`< Dusou`islh`hta` dieh`< Ljhh gkidhomajkos

1. Kjtrieuotkij

Dhasurkjn tmh birohs app`khe ti a fikjt aje hstkdatkjn

miw tmhsh birohs arh partktkijhe ti surriujekjn duso`hs,

`knadhjts, aje artkou`ar surbaohs ks bujeadhjta ti

ujehrstajekjn fikjt bujotkij, kjfury, aje ekshash.

Kjvhrsh eyjadkos oaj gh ushe ti hstkdath tmh hxthrja`

`iae app`khe ti a fikjt, miwhvhr, tmh oijtrkgutkij brid

duso`hs ti suppirt ir nhjhrath tmks `iae ks bar dirh

ekbfiou`t ti ehthrdkjh nkvhj tmh kjehthrdkjath jaturh ib

tmh fikjt. Ijh si`utkij ti tmks prig`hd ks ti hstkdath

duso`h birohs gashe ij aj igfhotkvh bujotkij wktmkj aj

iptkdksatkij riutkjh, bir hxadp`h, dkjkdkskjn duso h

strhss. Gy ehbau`t, tmh ush ib aj igfhotkvh bujotkij

oajjit aooiujt kjekvkeua` duso`h aotkvatkij patthrjs.

Ajitmhr si`utkij ushs h`hotridyinrapmy (HDN) kj

oijfujotkij wktm aj appriprkath ajatidkoa` aje duso`h

dieh` ti hstkdath tmh birohs prieuohe kj haom duso`h

(h.n. @`iye aje Guomajaj, 1;;2< DoNk``, 1;;7). _kjoh

HDN-erkvhj dieh`s rh`y ij dhasurhe duso`h aotkvkty

ti hstkdath duso`h biroh, tmhsh dieh`s kdp`kokt`y aooiujt

bir a sugfhots kjekvkeua` aotkvatkij patthrjs wktmiut tmh

jhhe ti satksby ajy oijstrakjts kdpishe gy aj igfhotkvh

bujotkij. Umks ks kdpirtajt kb wh wksm ti kjvhstknath

tkssuh `iaekjn tmriunmiut a wkeh rajnh ib tasls aje

oijtraotk h oijektkijs, as tmh aotkvatkij ib duso`h

ehphjes ij tmh oijtri` tasl aje oaj gh qukth ekbbhrhjt

bir tmh sadh fikjt ajn`h aje fikjt tirquh ( Uax ht a`.,

1;;3

7/25/2019 EMG Driven Musculoskeletol Model

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thjeij `hjntms aje vh`ioktkhs bir tmh diekfihe Mk``-typh

duso`h dieh`. Didhjt ards bir haom duso`h kj BH whrh

a`si ehthrdkjhe uskjn tmh Ajatidkoa` Dieh`. Kjput

fikjt ajn`hs whrh BH bir tmh mkp, ljhh, aje ajl`h, as wh``

as aeeuotkij/ageuotkij aje kjthrja`/hxthrja` ritatkij

ib tmh mkp.

7.?. HDN-ti-aotkvatkij dieh`

Umh purpish ib tmh HDN-ti-aotkvatkij dieh` was ti

rhprhshjt tmh ujehr`ykjn duso`h aotkvatkij eyjadkos

(Vafao, 1;=;). Bkrst`y, tmh raw HDN whrh mknm-pass

fi`thrhe uskjn a zhri-`an biurtm-irehr rhourskvh Gutthr-

wirtm fi`thr (?3 Mz) ti rhdivh divhdhjt artkbaot, tmhj

bu`` wavh rhotkfihe, aje tmhj fi`thrhe uskjn a Gutthrwirtm

`iw-pass fi`thr wktm a 2 Mz `iw-pass out-ibb brhquhjoy.

Kj tmh oat p`ajtarks duso`h, Mhrzin aje oi` hanuhs

smiwhe twi rhasijs bir piir hstkdaths ib duso`h birohs

brid rhotkfihe aje sdiitmhe HDN, tmhsh ghkjn aj6 (k)kjagk`kty ti attakj tmh tkdh eh`ay ghtwhhj HDN ijsht

aje biroh ijsht, aje (kk) tmat tmh priohsshe HDN sknja`

mas a smirthr euratkij tmaj tmh rhsu`tkjn biroh (Nukdar-

*ahs ht a`., 1;;8?), wmkom

oaj gh hxprhsshe kj a eksorhth bird gy uskjn gaolware

ekbbhrhjohs (Wagkjhr aje Ni`e, 1;>8). Ui tmks hje wh

mavh ushe a shoije-irehr eksorhth `kjhar dieh` Hq. (1) tidieh` duso`h hxoktatkij brid tmh rhotkfihe aje `iw-pass

fi`thrhe HDN eata, kj tmh bird ib a rhourskvh fi`thr

(Umh`hj ht a`., 1;;5< @`iye ht a`., 1;;2). Umh fi`thr wh

ushe ks nkvhj gy

uft ahfte g1uft 1 g7uft7< 1

wmhrh hft ks tmh mknm-pass fi`thrhe, bu``-wavh rhotkfihe,

aje `iw-pass fi`thrhe HDN ib duso`h fat tkdht>2 >2>

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3116313_Theory_and_Application_of_Digial_Signal_Processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/3116313_Theory_and_Application_of_Digial_Signal_Processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/3116313_Theory_and_Application_of_Digial_Signal_Processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/14335067_A_Model_of_Load_Sharing_Between_Muscles_and_Soft_Tissues_at_the_Human_Knee_During_Static_Tasks?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/14335067_A_Model_of_Load_Sharing_Between_Muscles_and_Soft_Tissues_at_the_Human_Knee_During_Static_Tasks?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/14335067_A_Model_of_Load_Sharing_Between_Muscles_and_Soft_Tissues_at_the_Human_Knee_During_Static_Tasks?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/14335067_A_Model_of_Load_Sharing_Between_Muscles_and_Soft_Tissues_at_the_Human_Knee_During_Static_Tasks?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/14335067_A_Model_of_Load_Sharing_Between_Muscles_and_Soft_Tissues_at_the_Human_Knee_During_Static_Tasks?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13098427_Force-frequency_and_fatigue_properties_of_motor_units_in_muscles_that_control_digits_of_the_human_hand?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/13098427_Force-frequency_and_fatigue_properties_of_motor_units_in_muscles_that_control_digits_of_the_human_hand?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14335067_A_Model_of_Load_Sharing_Between_Muscles_and_Soft_Tissues_at_the_Human_Knee_During_Static_Tasks?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/3116313_Theory_and_Application_of_Digial_Signal_Processing?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/15135089_Identification_of_dynamic_myoelectric_signal-to-force_models_during_isometric_lumbar_muscle_contractions?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/13098427_Force-frequency_and_fatigue_properties_of_motor_units_in_muscles_that_control_digits_o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thjeij ujkt was dieh` he as a oijtraotk h h`hdhjt kj

shrkhs wktm a thjeij, a ehvh`ipdhjt ib tmh dieh`

ehsorkghe gy Vafao (1;=;).Umh biroh prieuohe gy haom

oijtraotk`h h`hdhjt was hstkdathe uskjn as a Mk``-typh

duso`h dieh` wktm a nhjhrko biroh`hjntm (b`), biroh

vh`iokty (bv) aje para``h` passkvh h`astko biroh`hjntm

(bp`) ourvhs. Umhsh ourvhs whrh jirda kshe ti dax-

kdud ksidhtrko duso`h biroh (Bdax), iptkda` figrh `hjntm

(@3d), aje daxkdud duso`h oijtraotkij vh`iokty (vdax).

Umh thjeij was dieh `he wktm a jij- kjhar bujotkij,

jirda`kshe ti s`aol `hjntm (@ts) aje Bdax (Vafao, 1;=;).

Umh nhjhra` bird ib tmh hquatkijs bir tmh biroh

prieuohe gy tmh duso`hthjeij ujkt (Bdtt) was nkvhjgy

Bdtt Bt

Bdax b`bvat bp`oisbt< ?

wmhrh Bt ks tmh thjeij biroh.

Shjjatkij ajn`h (bt) omajnhe wktm kjstajtajhius

duso`h figrh `hjntm gy assudkjn tmh duso`h gh``y mae a

oijstajt tmkoljhss aje vi`udh (_oitt aje ^kjthr, 1;;1 1.7 1.>

aotkvatkij C 1.3aotkvatkij C 3.>8aotkvatkij C 3.8aotkvatkij C 3.8

~

passkvhpasskvh biroh `hjntm ourvh

omajnh kj3

d@

@~

d

sud ib passkvh aje aotkvh biroh

3.7

3

aotkvh

Bkn. 1. Aotkvh aje passkvh biroh `hjntm ourvhs. Ra`uhs arh jirda`kshe gyBdax aje@3d wktm 1.3 ghkjn 133% aotkvatkij. Iptkda` duso`h figrh `hjntm

(@3d) was soa`he wktm aotkvatkij (shh thxt bir ehtak`s).

E.N. @`iye, U.B. Ghskhr / Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos ?2 (733?) >28>>2>2=

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/17263725_The_variation_of_isometric_tension_with_sarcomere_length_in_vertebrate_muscle_fibres._J_Physiol_(Lond)?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/17263725_The_variation_of_isometric_tension_with_sarcomere_length_in_vertebrate_muscle_fibres._J_Physiol_(Lond)?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/14459653_Important_Experimental_Factors_for_Skeletal_Muscle_Modelling_Non-linear_Changes_of_Muscle_Length_Force_Characteristics_as_a_Function_of_Degree_of_Activity?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15235639_Effects_of_muscle_length_on_the_EMG-Force_relationship_of_the_cat_soleus_muscle_studied_using_non-periodic_stimulation_of_ventral_root_filaments?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/15235639_Effects_of_muscle_length_on_the_EMG-Force_relationship_of_the_cat_soleus_muscle_studied_using_non-periodic_stimulation_of_ventral_root_filaments?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3331371_Improving_the_efficiency_of_electrical_stimulation-induced_leg_cycle_ergometry_an_analysis_based_on_a_dynamic_musculoskeletal_model._IEEE_Trans._Rehab._Eng._1109-125?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/3331371_Improving_the_efficiency_of_electrical_stimulation-induced_leg_cycle_ergometry_an_analysis_based_on_a_dynamic_musculoskeletal_model._IEEE_Trans._Rehab._Eng._1109-125?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3331371_Improving_the_efficiency_of_electrical_stimulation-induced_leg_cycle_ergometry_an_analysis_based_on_a_dynamic_musculoskeletal_model._IEEE_Trans._Rehab._Eng._1109-125?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/20480575_Muscle_and_tendon_Properties_models_scaling_and_application_to_biomechanics_and_motor_control?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/15235639_Effects_of_muscle_length_on_the_EMG-Force_relationship_of_the_cat_soleus_muscle_studied_using_non-periodic_stimulation_of_ventral_root_filaments?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/17263725_The_variation_of_isometric_tension_with_sarcomere_length_in_vertebrate_muscle_fibres._J_Physiol_(Lond)?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/14459653_Important_Experimental_Factors_for_Skeletal_Muscle_Modelling_Non-linear_Changes_of_Muscle_Length_Force_Characteristics_as_a_Function_of_Degree_of_Activity?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-

7/25/2019 EMG Driven Musculoskeletol Model

6/13

aje igtakj a n`iga` sht ib dieh` paradhthrs bir haom

phrsij ti aoourath`y hstkdath tmh jht BH didhjts at tmh

ljhh eurkjn fivh ekbbhrhjt oa`kgratkij trka`s. Umh oa`kgra-

tkij trka`s kjo`uehe6 (1) passkvh ljhh hxkij-hxthjskij ij

a Gkiehx ksilkjhtko eyjadidhthr (_mkr`hy, J[), (7)

straknmt ruj, (?) skehsthp ti ?3 brid tmh ekrhotkij ib

travh , (5) daxkda` ksilkjhtko oijohjtrko ljhh hxkij-hxthjskij at 173/s ij a Gkiehx eyjadidhthr, aje (8)

orissivhr out ti ?3 brid tmh ekrhotkij ib travh`.

Oa`kgratkij tasls whrh omishj ti hjoidpass a wkeh

rajnh ib oijtraotk`h oijektkijs. Umh passkvh BH Gkiehx

trka` was ushe ti mh`p oijstrakj tmh hstkdaths ib thjeij

s`aol `hjntms bir haom duso`h. Umh orissivhr tasl was

kjo`uehe wktm tmh skehsthppkjn tasl, as gitm mavh skdk`ar

BH didhjts, gut vhry ekbbhrhjt duso`h aotkvatkij

patthrjs (Ghskhr, 1;;;). Umh HDN-erkvhj ljhh dieh`

smiu`e aooiujt bir tmhsh ekbbhrhjt aotkvatkij strathnkhs

aje prieuoh skdk`ar BH fikjt didhjts.

A jij-`kjhar `hast squarhs a`nirktmd was ushe ti a`thr

dieh` paradhthrs ti aomkhvh tmh o`ishst hstkdatkij ib

BH fikjt didhjts oidparhe ti tmat dhasurhe uskjn aj

kjvhrsh eyjadkos appriaom. Umks thomjkquh was skdk`ar

ti tmat ushe gy @`iye aje Guomajaj (1;;2) ti fije a

n`iga` sht ib paradhthrs bir haom kjekvkeua`.

7.2. Aefustag`h aje fix dieh` paradhthrs

Umhrh whrh 1= aefustag`h paradhthrs kj tmh oa`kgratkij

priohss. Umh aefustag`h paradhthrs whrh nriuphe as 18

duso`h dieh` paradhthrs aje ? duso`h aotkvatkij

paradhthrs (k.h. A< O1< O7). Umh va`uhs aje oijstrakjts

ib tmh duso`h aotkvatkij paradhthrs arh ehsorkghe agivh.Umh aefustag`h duso`h dieh` paradhthrs arh jiw

eksousshe.

Uhjeij s`aol `hjntm ks ekbfiou`t ti ehthrdkjh aje mas

jit ghhj wh`` hstag`ksmhe kj tmh `kthraturh, si tmhsh whrh

a``iwhe ti gh aefusthe kj tmh oa`kgratkij priohss. Umh

kjktka` va`uhs bir haom duso`h whrh igtakjhe brid a

oidgkjatkij ib tmh eata brid Eh`p (1;;3) aje @`iye

aje Guomajaj (1;;2), aje oijstrakjhe ti gh wktmkj

>18% ib tmh kjktka` va`uh (shhUag`h ?bir tmhsh va`uhs).

B`hxir aje hxthjsir strhjntm oihbfiokhjts (e aje f83% ibBdax6Umh Bdax bir tmh duso`hs

whrh ehthrdkjhe brid tmh avhranh ib tmh eata prhshjthe

kj [adanuomk ht a`. (1;;3). Umh >83% rajnh was sht

gashe ij tmh skzh ib stajeare ehvkatkijs rh`atkvh ti tmh

avhranhs ib tmh eata bir haom duso`h rhpirthe gy

ekbbhrhjt kjvhstknatirs as suddarkzhe gy [adanuomk

ht a`. (1;;3).

Kj tmh pk it wirl ij tmh dieh , a 53ds h`hotri-

dhomajkoa` eh`ay (e) navh niie thdpira` syjomrijksa-

tkij ghtwhhj hstkdathe aje dhasurhe ljhh fikjt

didhjts, si kt was fixhe at tmat va`uh. Umh pk`it wirl

a`si rhvha`he tmat tmh phrohjtanh omajnh kj figrh `hjntm

(n) was oijsksthjt`y oa`kgrathe ti apprixkdath`y 18%,

wktm `ktt`h kdprivhdhjt kj dieh` prhekotkijs gh`iw 13%aje agivh 73%. Umhrhbirh, kt was ehokehe ti fix n ti a

oijstajt ib 18% (3.18 kj Hq. (8)). Umh itmhr duso`h

paradhthrs,@3d ajeb3. Dieh` va`keatkij prioheurhs

Umh dieh` was oa`kgrathe ti skx da`h sugfhots kj tita`,

omishj ti gh ib skdk`ar guk`e ti tmh Ajatidkoa` Dieh`

(dhaj anh6 73.8>7.; yhars< dhaj dass6 >5.2>=.2 ln).

Bi``iwkjn oa`kgratkij, tmh aotkvatkij aje duso`h dieh`

paradhthrs whrh ushe ti prhekot BH ljhh didhjts bir

apprixkdath`y ?3 itmhr tasls bir haom sugfhot, phr-

birdhe ij a Gkiehx eyjadidhthr ir wktmkj tmh nakt

`agiratiry. Umh Xjkvhrskty ib ^hsthrj Austra`ka Mudaj

Wknmts Oiddktthh apprivhe a`` thst prioheurhs aje a``

sugfhots navh kjbirdhe wrktthj oijshjt prkir ti oid-

dhjokjn tmh hxphrkdhjta` trka`s.

Umh eyjadidhthr tasls prhekothe gy tmh ljhh dieh`

kjo`uehe6 daxkdud ksidhtrko oijtraotkijs bir hxirs

aje hxthjsirs< hoohjtrko madstrkjn aje quaerkohps

oijtraotkij at 173/s< `iw hbbirt BH at 173/s< oidgkjhe

BH wktm varus/va`nus divhdhjts at 173/s< aje dax-

kda` hbbirt BH at 23/s. Eurkjn tmhsh trka`s, ljhh BH

tirquh, ljhh hxkij ajn`h, aje HDN eata whrhoi` hothe at 7333 Mz uskjn ^avhvkhw eata oi` hotkij

sibtwarh (Han h Uhomji`iny, Oaph Uiwj). Aj kjvhrsh

eyjadko dieh` was ehvh`iphe ti ehthrdkjh tmh jht

dusou`ar BH didhjt uskjn tmh tirquh brid tmh Gkiehx

daomkjh aje ljhh hxkij ajn`h dhasurhe brid aj

h`hotrkoa` nijkidhthr attaomhe ti tmh ljhh. Gkpi`ar

surbaoh HDN h`hotriehs whrh ushe ti oi` hot duso`h

aotkvkty brid 13 ljhh fikjt duso`hs (as stathe agivh)

uskjn a thj-omajjh` HDN systhd (Ditkij @ag _ysthds,

Gatij Wiunh, @A). Mkp aje ajl`h ajn`hs whrh dhasurhe

uskjn a maje mh`e nijkidhthr aje whrh assudhe ti gh

oijstajt bir haom trka` as tmh sugfhot was strapphe kjti

pisktkij, a``iwkjn divhdhjt ij`y at tmh ljhh fikjt.

Umh jht BH duso`h didhjt aje ljhh hxkij ajn`h

igtakjhe brid tmh Gkiehx trka`s whrh fi`thrhe uskjn a

zhri-`an `iw-pass Gutthrwirtm fi`thr wktm a out ibb

brhquhjoy ib 2 Mz, tmhj eiwjsadp`he ti 133 Mz bir

kjput kjti tmh dieh`.

_ugfhots a`si phrbirdhe a shrkhs ib rujjkjn trka`s kj

tmh nakt `agiratiry kjo`uekjn a straknmt ruj, skehsthp ti

23 aje ?3 brid tmh ekrhotkij ib travh`, aje a orissivhr

out ti ?3 brid tmh ekrhotkij ib travh` (Ghskhr ht a`.,

7331). Umhsh tasls whrh phrbirdhe at G? d/s. @iwhr

`kdg fikjt lkjhdatko eata whrh oi``hothe wktm a 2-oadhra

E.N. @`iye, U.B. Ghskhr / Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos ?2 (733?) >28>>2 >2;

http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/19389517_The_sensitivity_of_muscle_force_predictions_to_changes_in_Physiologie_cross-sectional_area?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/19389517_The_sensitivity_of_muscle_force_predictions_to_changes_in_Physiologie_cross-sectional_area?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/19389517_The_sensitivity_of_muscle_force_predictions_to_changes_in_Physiologie_cross-sectional_area?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/19389517_The_sensitivity_of_muscle_force_predictions_to_changes_in_Physiologie_cross-sectional_area?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/19389517_The_sensitivity_of_muscle_force_predictions_to_changes_in_Physiologie_cross-sectional_area?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/239720449_A_survey_of_human_musculotendon_actuator_parameters?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/239720449_A_survey_of_human_musculotendon_actuator_parameters?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242439967_Surgery_simulation_A_computer_graphics_system_to_analyze_and_design_musculoskeletal_reconstructions_of_the_lower_limb?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/242439967_Surgery_simulation_A_computer_graphics_system_to_analyze_and_design_musculoskeletal_reconstructions_of_the_lower_limb?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-http://-/?-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242439967_Surgery_simulation_A_computer_graphics_system_to_analyze_and_design_musculoskeletal_reconstructions_of_the_lower_limb?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/19389517_The_sensitivity_of_muscle_force_predictions_to_changes_in_Physiologie_cross-sectional_area?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/14358715_Specific_tension_of_human_plantar_flexors_and_dorsiflexors?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/239720449_A_survey_of_human_musculotendon_actuator_parameters?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-6eb1b653-8bbc-46ca-a547-7cc6e69dad38&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNzY0NzUxO0FTOjExNDk4NDA3MTczMzI0OEAxNDA0NDI1NzQ3NjUzhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-

7/25/2019 EMG Driven Musculoskeletol Model

7/13

83 Mz RKOIJ Ditkij Aja`ysks systhd (Ixbire Dhtrkos

@te, Ixbire, XL) utk`kskjn a RKOIJ O`kjkoa` Dajanhr

(ROD) darlhr sht (Laeaga ht a`., 1;;3). Biroh eata

whrh oi``hothe skdu`tajhius`y at 7333 Mz uskjn aj

ADUK biroh p`ath, aje kjput kjti aj kjvhrsh eyjadko

dieh` ti oa`ou`ath ljhh BH didhjts aoriss stajoh

pmash bir haom dajihuvrh (Laeaga ht a`., 1;;3).Mkp, ljhh, aje ajl`h lkjhdatko eata brid tmh

eyjadidhthr aje nakt trka`s whrh ushe as kjput kjti

tmh eyjadko ljhh dieh` a`ijn wktm tmh oirrhspijekjn

raw HDN eata. Srhekothe BH duso`h didhjts whrh

tmhj oidparhe wktm tmh hxthrja` BH didhjts dhasurhe

brid kjvhrsh eyjadkos. A oihbfiokhjt ib ehthrdkjatkij

(W7) was ushe ti kjekoath tmh o`ishjhss ib fit kj

oijfujotkij wktm tmh s`iph aje kjthrohpt ti kjekoath

tmh `kjhar rh`atkijsmkp ghtwhhj hstkdathe aje dhasurhe

BH didhjt, aje tmh dhaj rhskeua` hrrir ti kjekoath tmh

danjktueh ib tmh hrrir. Jussgaud aje Omabfij (1;;=)

aje @aurshj ht a`. (1;;=) ushe skdk`ar dhasurhs ti

va`keath tmhkr HDN erkvhj dieh`s.

Biur sugfhots whrh thsthe tmrhh whhls bi``iwkjn tmh

kjktka` thst shsskij ti hxadkjh tmh rh`kagk`kty ib tmh

hstkdathe duso`h dieh` paradhthrs. Kt was assudhe tmat

duso`h dieh` paradhthrs (@ts< f aje e) wiu`e jit

omajnh ghtwhhj thstkjn shsskijs, mhjoh, ij`y tmh ?

duso`h aotkvatkij paradhthrs whrh a`thrhe kj tmh

oa kgratkij bir tmh shoije shsskij. Umks was ehhdhe

appriprkath ti aooiujt bir ekbbhrhjt h`hotrieh p`aoh-

dhjts aje slkj prhparatkij ghtwhhj thstkjn shsskijs. A

skjn`h baotir AJIRA was phrbirdhe ghtwhhj tmh twi

thstkjn shsskijs ti ehthrdkjh ajy sknjkfioajt ekbbhrhjoh kj

dieh` prhekotkijs aoriss shsskijs.

Umh hbbhot ib tmh dieh` pmyski`inkoa` oirrhotjhss ij

tmh dieh` prhekotkijs was a`si hxadkjhe. Ui tmks hje wh

ehokehe ti rhdivh tmh `kjhar omajnh kj iptkda figrh

`hjntm wktm aotkvatkij (n), wmkom was irknkja``y sht at

n 18% (shh Hq. (5)). Umks pmhjidhjij mas ghhj statheti gh kdpirtajt bir dieh``kjn slh`hta` duso`h as kt ks a

pmyski`inkoa``y oirrhot hxprhsskij ib tmh duso`h figrhs

biroh`hjntm rh`atkijsmkp (Mukfkjn, 1;;2). ^h rh-oa k-

grathe tmh dieh` bir tmrhh rajeid`y sh`hothe sugfhots

gut wktm tmh omajnh kj iptkda` figrh `hjntm rhdivhe, k.h.

n 3%6Umh ekbbhrhjoh kj tmh prhekothe fikjt didhjt W7

was thsthe uskjn ^k`oixij _knjhe Wajl thst.

?. Whsu ts

Bi``iwkjn oa`kgratkij, tmh dieh` prhekothe BH ljhh

didhjts wktm a dhaj (_.E.)W7 ib 3.;1>3.35 aoriss 735

rujjkjn, skehsthppkjn, aje eyjadidhthr trka`s (Uag`h 1).

Dhaj rhskeua` hrrir bir tmhsh prhekotkijs was G17Jd

(Uag`h 1) aje wmhj jirda`kshe ti giey whknmt was `hss

tmaj 3.7 Jd/ln. Uag`hs 7 aje ? suddarksh tmh n`iga`

paradhthrs bir haom sugfhot bi``iwkjn oa`kgratkij. Umh

eyjadko ljhh dieh` was oapag`h ib prhekotkjn BH

didhjts aoriss a wkeh rajnh ib tasls brid rujjkjn, ti

orissivhr outtkjn aje hoohjtrko eyjadidhthr tasls.

Bkn. 7 k` ustraths tmh agk kty ib tmh dieh` ti wh``

prhekot BH didhjts at tmh ljhh bir a skjn`h sugfhot

Uag`h 1

_uddary ib dieh` prhekotkijs ib hxthrja` tirquh bir rujjkjn, outtkjn, aje eyjadidhthr tasls

_ugfhot W7 _.E. _`iph _.E. Kjthrohpt _.E. DWH (Jd) _.E. DWH (Jd/ln)

1 3.;71 3.3?3 3.;>8 3.181 7.>5 ?.1; 13.2; ?.=8 3.155

7 3.;71 3.3?5 3.=;> 3.17= 2.7> 8.12 18.== ?.3; 3.1=7

? 3.=28 3.387 3.>;7 3.17? 1.>5 8.3= 17.5= ?.1 3.1;7

5 3.;?= 3.37; 3.;3? 3.357 7.5; 7.=? 13.;> 1.8? 3.1?>

8 3.;71 3.352 3.=;5 3.171 5.2 8.5 17.;; ?.=2 3.1>7

2 3.==5 3.3>7 3.;38 3.1>> 3.5= 8.7= ;.3= 7.>? 3.1?=

Dhaj 3.;3= 3.355 3.=;5 3.175 ?.38 5.5; 17.37 ?.3? 3.12

Dhaj aje stajeare ehvkatkijs arh nkvhj bir tmh 735 trka`s phrbirdhe.

DWH (Jd)4dhaj rhskeua` hrrir.

DWH (Jd/ln)4dhaj rhskeua` hrrir jirda`kshe ti sugfhots giey whknmt.

Uag`h 7

B`hxkij/hxthjskij oihbfiokhjts (e aje f < rhsphotkvh`y) aje aotkvatkij paradhthrs bir haom sugfhot bi``iwkjn oa`kgratkij

_ugfhot e f O1 O7 A

1 1.378 1.178 3.3?? 3.31; 3.733

7 1.712 1.521 3.3;1 3.3;? 1.;>8

? 3.=2> 1.7?5 3.728 3.1=7 3.;88

5 1.378 1.178 3.3;> 3.?1? 1.7=>

8 3.=;? 1.?78 3.332 3.315 3.;?=

2 1.113 1.73? 3.318 3.3?? 3.>3=

E.N. @`iye, U.B. Ghskhr / Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos ?2 (733?) >28>>2>>3

http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-

7/25/2019 EMG Driven Musculoskeletol Model

8/13

aoriss a rajnh ib tasls, kjo`uekjn a orissivhr out (7A),

straknmt ruj (7G), hoohjtrko BH at 23/s (7O), aje

oijohjtrko BH at 173/s ij a eyjadidhthr (7E). Jith

tmh agk`kty ib tmh dieh` ti prhekot gitm `arnh aje sda``

hxthjskij didhjts eurkjn tmh orissivhr out aje ruj

(7A aje 7G, rhsphotkvh`y). Umhrh was nrhathr varkatkij kj

tmh smaph aje danjktueh ib tmh BH didhjts eurkjn tmh

eyjadidhthr trka`s (Bkns. 7O aje E), a`tmiunm tmh

Uag`h ?

Uhjeij s`aol `hjntms (@tsf) bir haom duso h bi``iwkjn oa`kgratkij, tmh kjktka` va`uhs prkir ti oa`kgratkij (igtakjhe uskjn eata brid @`iye aje

Guomajaj (1;;2)), aje eata brid Eh`p (1;;3)

Uhjeij s`aol `hjntms bir haom sugfhot (d)

Duso`h 1 7 ? 5 8 2 Dhaj _.E. Kjktka` va`uh Eh`p

_D 3.53= 3.53> 3.513 3.??> 3.517 3.538 3.?;2 3.37; 3.?>3 3.?8;_U 3.727 3.7== 3.?31 3.7=3 3.728 3.7>= 3.7>; 3.318 3.728 3.727

GB@ 3.?23 3.53? 3.538 3.?>7 3.?>; 3.?>? 3.?=7 3.31= 3.?23 3.?51

GB_ 3.75> 3.75? 3.752 3.751 3.7=8 3.75= 3.787 3.31> 3.783 3.133

_W 3.3?= 3.353 3.351 3.383 3.35? 3.358 3.35? 3.335 3.3?= 3.353

WB 3.??7 3.??= 3.??8 3.??3 3.?75 3.??5 3.??7 3.338 3.?11 3.?52

UB@ 3.?;3 3.?;? 3.?;5 3.?>= 3.?;8 3.?>8 3.?=> 3.33; 3.?;1 3.578

NW 3.1;3 3.1;7 3.1;1 3.1;2 3.1;? 3.1;? 3.1;7 3.337 3.1;1 3.153

RD 3.13= 3.11> 3.11= 3.112 3.13> 3.111 3.11? 3.338 3.117 3.172

RK 3.1?> 3.1?; 3.1?? 3.1?; 3.1?? 3.1?1 3.1?8 3.33? 3.1?8 3.1?2

R@ 3.15= 3.18? 3.18> 3.18= 3.15= 3.15; 3.187 3.338 3.182 3.18>

DN 3.?;5 3.?>; 3.?>; 3.?=8 3.?== 3.?=5 3.?=8 3.332 3.?;8 3.53=

@N 3.?>3 3.?8? 3.?8= 3.?=; 3.?=> 3.?=2 3.?>5 3.312 3.?28 3.?=8

-133

-83

3

83

133

183

733

3.7 3.5 3.2 3.= 1

tkdh (s)

Didhjt(Jd)

-133

-83

3

83

133

183

733

3.7 3.5 3.2 3.= 1

tkdh (s)

Didhjt(Jd)

W74 3.;>

s`iph 4 3.;8

drh 4 >.>2

W74 3.;5

s`iph 4 3.;1

drh 4 5.=2 Jd

Dieh` prhekotkij

Kjvhrsh eyjadkos

(A) Orissivhr Out (G) _traknmt Wuj

-133

-83

3

83

133

183

733

3.5 3.= 1.7 1.2 7 7.5 7.=

tkdh (s)

Didhjt(Jd)

-183

-133

-83

3

83

133

183

733

3.5 3.= 1.7 1.2 7 7.5 7.=

tkdh (s)

Didhjt(Jd)

W74 3.=;

s`iph 4 3.;5

drh 4 >.>2 Jd

W74 3.;8

s`iph 4 3.;8

drh 4 1=.?3 Jd

(O)Ksilkjhtko eyjadidhthr, hoohjtrko

b`hxkij/hxthjskij C 23/sho

(E)Ksilkjhtko eyjadidhthr, oijohjtrko

hxthjskij/b hxkij C 173/sho

Bkn. 7. Oidparksij ib dieh` prhekotkijs ib ljhh hxkij/hxthjskij duso`h didhjts aje ljhh fikjt didhjts dhasurhe hxthrja``y bir sugfhot 1.

Hxthjskij didhjts arh pisktkvh ij a`` nrapms.

E.N. @`iye, U.B. Ghskhr / Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos ?2 (733?) >28>>2 >>1

http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-

7/25/2019 EMG Driven Musculoskeletol Model

9/13

dieh` was stk`` ag`h ti prhekot tmh BH didhjts (dhaj

W7 36>2>367). Uhdpira` syjomrijksatkij ib tmh di-

dhjt eata was dakjtakjhe aoriss a`` trka s uskjn tmh

53 ds eh`ay kj tmh HDN-ti-Aotkvatkij dieh` (Hq. (1)).

Umh dieh` a`si prhekothe BH fikjt didhjts kj tmh

biur sugfhots wmi rhturjhe bir a rhphat thstkjn shsskij

ijh whhl `athr, uskjn tmh duso`h dieh` paradhthrs brid

tmh prhvkius whhls oa`kgratkij, gut wktm rh-oa`kgratkij

ib HDN-ti-aotkvatkij paradhthrs. A ijh-way AJIRA

rhvha`he tmat tmhrh whrh ji sknjkfioajt ekbbhrhjohs kj tmh

dieh` prhekotkijs ghtwhhj ekbbhrhjt thstkjn shsskijs

(Uag`h 5).

Dalkjn tmh dieh` `hss pmyski`inkoa``y oirrhot oid-

pridkshe tmh agk`kty ib tmh dieh` ti prhekot tmh kjvhrsh

eyjadko fikjt didhjts. Umh prhekothe fikjt didhjt W7

sknjkfioajt`y rheuohe brid 3.;1 ti 3.=8 (pi36331), wmhj

dieh` was rh-oa`kgrathe wktm n 3%6

5. Eksousskij

Dajy stuekhs mavh smiwj tmh pridksh ib HDN-erkvhj dusou`islh`hta` dieh`s ti hstkdath duso`h birohs

aje prhekot mudaj fikjt didhjts ivhr a `kdkthe sht ib

thst eata. Umh ourrhjt dieh`, bi``iwkjn sugfhot-sphokfio

oa`kgratkij, prhekothe tmh kjvhrsh eyjadko BH ljhh fikjt

didhjts ehthrdkjhe brid a wkeh rajnh ib tasls aje

ekbbhrhjt oijtraotk h oijektkijs, tmus suppirtkjn tmh

mypitmhsks ib tmks stuey. Umh sadh duso`h dieh`

paradhthrs whrh a`si ushe ti nkvh o`ish prhekotkijs ib

ljhh fikjt didhjts aoriss ekbbhrhjt thstkjn shsskijs,

wmkom nkvh oijfiehjoh tmat tmh dieh` aje tmh sugfhot-

sphokfio paradhthrs arh rhprhshjtkjn tmh ajatidy aje

pmyski`iny ib tmh systhd. Umh agk`kty ti prhekot nakt

tasls as-wh` -as tasls phrbirdhe uskjn aj ksilkjhtko

eyjadidhthr kjekoathe tmat tmh dieh` was jit fust

prhekotkjn didhjts bir tasls tmat mae skdk`ar patthrjs

ib HDN aje divhdhjt. Umh prhekotkijs whrh shjsktkvh

ti tmh pmyski`inkoa` oirrhotjhss ib tmh dieh`, wmhrh a

`hss pmyski`inkoa``y oirrhot dieh` prieuohe piirhr

prhekotkijs. Bkja``y, oidparhe ti prhvkius HDN erkvhj

dieh`s, tmh ourrhjt dieh` was ghtthr at prhekotkjn fikjt

didhjts oa`ou`athe uskjn kjvhrsh eyjadkos (Uag`h 8).

Oidparksij ib ekrhot dhasurhs ib duso`h birohs wktm

tmh HDN erkvhj dieh` hstkdaths wiu`e gh aj keha`

dhtmie ti va`keath tmh dieh . Xjbirtujath`y, htmkoa`

Uag`h 5

Dieh` prhekotkijs aoriss ekbbhrhjt thstkjn shsskijs

_ugfhot _hsskij 1 _hsskij 7

W7 W7 p

1 3.;71 3.;72 3.>2

7 3.;71 3.;73 1.33

8 3.;71 3.;12 3.=>2 3.==5 3.=8; 3.1=

Uag`h8

OidparksijibprhvkiusHDNerkvhjdieh`sajetmhourrhjteyjadkoljhhdieh`

Fikjtd

ieh``he

Ji.

ibsugfhots

Uita`

ji.

ibtrka`s

Ksidhtrkoir

eyjadkodieh`9

Wajnhibtaslsphrbirdhe

Srhekotkijs(W7)

^mkthaje^kjthr(1;;?)

Mkp

,lj

hh,

ajeajl`h

7

7

Eyjadko

Oa`kgrathetieyjadidhthr,

thstheeurkjnnakt

G3.>;birljhh

NrajataajeDarras(1;;8)

@iwhrgaol

13

>3?

Eyjadko

Ksilkjhtkoaje

brhh`kbtkjn

3.=1

JussgaudajeOmabfij(1;;=)

@iwhrgaol

13

?;=

Eyjadko

Dajua``kbtkjn

aje`iwhrkjn

3.>2sanktta`p`ajh

@aurshjhta`.

(1;;=)

_miu`ehr

2

JA

Ksidhtrko

Ksidhtrkopusm

kjnajepu``kjn

3.>5

@`iyeajeGuomajaj(1;;2)

Ljhh

>

13=

Ksidhtrko

Ksidhtrkohxkij/hxthjskijajevarus/va`nusoijtraotkijs

OR41>%

Ourrhjt_tuey

Ljhh

2

735

Eyjadko

^kehrajnhib

eyjadidhthr,

rujjkjn,ajeouttkjntasls

3.;1

E.N. @`iye, U.B. Ghskhr / Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos ?2 (733?) >28>>2>>7

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aje dhtmiei`inkoa` oijskehratkijs prhvhjt kj vkvi

dhasurhs ib duso`h birohs at tmh mudaj ljhh. Kjvhrsh

eyjadkos oa`ou`atkijs whrh ushe ti oa`kgrath tmh dieh`

ti aj kjekvkeua` aje as a dhajs bir aj kjekrhot

va`keatkij. Umks rakshs a quhstkij rhnarekjn tmh aoouraoy

ib hstkdatkjn fikjt didhjts uskjn aj kjvhrsh eyjadkos

appriaom. Umh BH didhjts, ushe ti oa`kgrath ajeva`keath tmh dieh`, arh `hast susohptkg`h ti assudptkijs

assiokathe wktm kjvhrsh eyjadkos oa`ou`atkijs (h.n.

shndhjta` kjhrtka` paradhthrsSharsa`` aje Oistknaj,

1;;;, aje divhdhjt ib darlhrsMi`ehj ht a`., 1;;>).

Umh assudhe BH axks ib tmh ljhh day a`si kjuhjoh tmh

kjvhrsh eyjadkos BH didhjts (Mi`ehj aje _tajmiph,

1;;=), miwhvhr, tmh trajshpkoijey`ar `kjh as ushe kj tmh

nakt aje ksilkjhtko eyjadidhthr trka`s kj tmks stuey mas

ghhj smiwj ti gh a vhry niie apprixkdatkij ib tmks axks

(Mi` ksthr ht a`., 1;;?< Omuromk`` ht a`., 1;;=). Jhvhr-

tmh`hss kt ks ekbfiou`t ti sphou`ath ij tmh skzh ib tmh hrrir

kj kjvhrsh eyjadkos BH didhjts hstkdathe brid tmh

nakt trka`s ghoaush ib tmh `aol ib a ni`e stajeare. Kj tmh

kjvhrsh eyjadkos oa`ou`atkijs brid tmh eyjadidhthr

trka`s, tmh didhjt hstkdaths whrh oirrhothe bir ajnu`ar

aooh`hratkij ib tmh `kdg aje tmh eyjadidhthr ard,

kj`kjh wktm tmh fijekjns ib Mhrzin (1;==g). Umus

aoourath dhasurhs ib tmh BH tirquh (agiut >8%)

nhjhrathe gy tmh ljhh whrh hxphothe brid tmh eyjad-

idhthr trka`s (Mhrzin, 1;==g).

Kt day gh arnuhe tmat tmks dieh` rhprhshjts jitmkjn

dirh tmaj a ourvh-fittkjn hxhroksh tmat mas ji pmyski-

`inkoa` gasks, nkvhj tmh judghr ib paradhthrs wktmkj tmh

dieh`. Miwhvhr, tmhrh whrh ij`y 1= brhh dieh`

paradhthrs tmat whrh aefusthe kj tmh oa`kgratkij priohssti fit 8 trka`s ib eata, wktm ivhr 133 eata pikjts kj haom

trka` (k.h. 1= paradhthrs aefusthe ti fit ivhr 833 eata

pikjts). Kj tmh eata brid tmh rhphat hxphrkdhjts twi

whhls `athr ij`y ? paradhthrs whrh varkhe, bir tmh sadh

judghr ib oa`kgratkij trka`s aje eata pikjts. Dirhivhr,

tmh oa kgrathe dieh`s prhekothe ij avhranh agiut ?3

trka`s ib 133 pikjts haom bir haom sugfhot. Umus tmh

dieh` was vhry ujehrehthrdkjhe. Aeektkija``y, tmh

ourvh-fittkjn arnudhjt oiu`e gh rakshe kb tmh aefustdhjt

ib dieh` paradhthrs whrh ujoijstrakjhe. Miwhvhr,

tmhrh arh dajy birds ir `hvh`s ib oijstrakjts kjmhrhjt kj

tmh oijstruotkij ib tmks dieh` tmat hjsurhs tmh dieh`

rhprhshjts tmh pmyski`iny aje ajatidy ib tmh systhd.

Bkrst y, tmh datmhdatkoa` oijstruots bir tmh ajatidy

aje pmyski`iny oijstrakj miw h`hdhjts kj tmh dieh`

ghmavh. Bir hxadp`h, tmh datmhdatkoa` ehsorkptkij ib

tmh duso`h aje thjeij dieh` oijstrakj miw tmh duso`hs

nhjhrath biroh. _hoije`y, tmh oa kgratkij prioheurh

rhqukrhs tmat tmh aotua` passkvh aje aotkvh tirquh

nhjhratkjn oapaokty ib tmh duso`hs arh dakjtakjhe bir

haom phrsij. Umkre`y, wmhrh duso`h paradhthrs rhqukrhe

aefustdhjt, dist omajnhs whrh lhpt wktmkj giujes as

sunnhsthe kj tmh `kthraturh. Umks was jit tmh oash bir

thjeij s`aol `hjntm as tmks mas jit ghhj wh`` hstag`ksmhe

kj `kthraturh, gut kjktka` va`uhs wmhrh sht ij gashe

prhvkius dieh` kjn wirl (Eh`p, 1;;3< @`iye aje

Guomajaj, 1;;2) wktm aefustdhjt phrdktthe wktmkj a

sda`` >18% rajnh. Umhrhbirh, tmh oijstrakjts kjmhrhjt

kj tmks dieh` nrhat`y rheuoh tmh paradhthr si`utkij

spaoh tmat wk`` a``iw niie prhekotkijs ib tmh jht BH fikjt

didhjts.Kt oiu`e gh arnuhe tmat tmh pmyski`inkoa` oirrhotjhss

ib a dieh` wk`` mavh `ktt`h hbbhot ij tmh aoouraoy ib tmh

didhjt prhekotkijs as tmh oa`kgratkij prioheurh dalhs

tmh dieh` a skdp`h ourvh fittkjn hxhroksh. Ui tmks hje, wh

hxadkjhe kb tmh prhekotkvh agk`kty ib tmh dieh` ghoadh

wirsh gy rhdivkjn tmh `kjhar omajnh kj iptkda` figrh

`hjntm wktm aotkvatkij, k.h. shttkjnn 3% kj Hq. (5). Umh

prhekothe fikjt didhjt W7 sknjkfioajt`y rheuohe brid

3.;1 ti 3.=8 (pi36331). Umks rhsu`t jit ij`y smiws tmh

kdpirtajoh ib dieh``kjn suom pmyski`inkoa``y pmhjid-

hjij, gut tmat tmh fija` oa`kgrathe dieh` aoouraoy was

shjsktkvh ti tmh pmyski`inkoa` oirrhotjhss ib tmh dieh`,

k.h. tmh dirh pmyski`inkoa` oirrhot dieh` navh ghtthr

prhekotkijs. Kt ks ajtkokpathe tmat itmhr pmyski`inkoa`

pmhjidhja wk`` mavh ti gh kjo`uehe kj buturh dieh`s ti

ghtthr prhekot duso`h ghmavkiur at a daori `hvh`. Bir

hxadp`h, kjoirpiratkjn jij-`kjhar omajnhs kj udax wktm

tmh aotkvh stath ib duso`h oaj hask`y gh aeapthe ti tmh

ourrhjt dieh` (Matzh, 1;>>). _kdk`ar`y, mkstiry ehphj-

ehjoh ib duso`h biroh (biroh ehprhsskij/hjmajohdhjt)

oaj a`si gh aeehe ti tmh ourrhjt dieh` gy `kjlkjn

aotkvatkij aje prhvkius dhomajkoa` wirl phrbirdhe

wktmkj tmh oijtraotk h oidpijhjt (Mhrzin, 1;;=a28>>2 >>?

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tmat wk`` aot ti burtmhr oijstrakj tmh si`utkij spaoh ib

tmh dieh`. Bir hxadp`h, tmh `arnhr prhekotkij hrrirs ib

tmh eyjadidhthr trka`s day mavh ghhj euh ti ij`y

mavkjn ijh aotkvh eyjadidhthr trka` wktmkj tmh oa`kgra-

tkij priohss. Umhrhbirh, kjorhaskjn tmh judghr ib

eyjadidhthr trka`s wktmkj tmh oa`kgratkij priohss day

oijstrakj tmh paradhthr spaoh ti gh dirh pmyski`ink-oa``y rhprhshjtatkvh aje aomkhvh ghtthr ivhra`` prheko-

tkijs. _ysthdatkoa``y omajnkjn tmh mkp aje ajl`h fikjt

ajn`hs kj sidh oa kgratkij eyjadidhthr trak`s wk`

ghtthr oijstrakj tmh si`utkij ib tmh twi fikjt duso`hs

(Mhrzin aje thr Lhurs, 1;==), tmhrhgy prieuokjn ghtthr

si`utkijs bir tmh skjn`h fikjt duso`hs.

A judghr ib kdprivhdhjts oaj a`si gh daeh ti soa`h

tmh ajatidkoa` dieh` ib tmh `iwhr `kdg ti sugfhots

ajtmripidhtry. Umh ajatidkoa` dieh` ushe kj tmks

stuey was a nhjhrko dieh` ib tmh `iwhr `kdg gashe ij

da`h oaeavhr eata (Eh`p ht a`., 1;;3) aje kt was assudhe

tmat tmh sugfhots whrh ib skdk ar ajtmripidhtrko

pripirtkijs. Bir buturh dieh``kjn stuekhs, a sht ib

soa`kjn baotirs oiu`e gh ushe (gashe ij sugfhot ajtmri-

pidhtrko eata) ti a`thr tmh skzh aje smaph ib gijh aje

duso`h struoturhs, as phrbirdhe gyArji`e ht a`. (7333).

Umks wiu`e a``iw bir dirh rhprhshjtatkvh hstkdatkijs ib

duso`h thjeij `hjntm aje duso`h didhjt ards bir

kjekvkeua`s. Kt day a`si gh pisskg`h ti rhprhshjt duso`hs

as du tkp`h `kjh shndhjts ti aooiujt bir bujotkija``y

ekbbhrhjt shndhjts ib kjekvkeua` duso`hs. Ui ekbbhrhjtk-

ath ghtwhhj dhomajkoa``y bujotkija` ekbbhrhjt arhas ib

tmh duso`hs day a`si rhqukrh kjbirdatkij rhnarekjn tmh

aotkvatkij ib shparath duso`h shndhjts aje tmh ush ib

HDN h`hotrieh o`usthrs. Miwhvhr, rhohjt`y kt mas ghhjsmiwj kj tmh R@ tmat vhry skdk`ar HDN-fikjt didhjt

rh`atkijsmkps hxkst brid qukth ekbbhrhjt h`hotriehs pisk-

tkijs (Ijksmk ht a`., 7333).

_ugfhot-sphokfio iptkda` figrh `hjntms bir haom duso`h

oiu`e a`si gh kjo`uehe kj tmh oa`kgratkij priohss ib tmh

eyjadko ljhh dieh` ti aooiujt bir omajnhs kj iptkda`

figrh `hjntm tmat day hxkst ghtwhhj ekbbhrhjt pipu`a-

tkijs.@`iye aje Guomajaj (1;;2) a`thrhe iptkda` figrh

`hjntms uskjn a jij-`kjhar `hast squarhs paradhthr

oa kgratkij priohss kj tmhkr ksidhtrko dieh`. Bir tmh

purpish ib tmks dieh`, tmh iptkda` figrh `hjntms whrh sht

ti dhaj va`uhs ehthrdkjhe gy @`iye aje Guomajaj

(1;;2), tmhrhgy rheuokjn tmh judghr ib varkag`hs kj tmh

oa kgratkij priohss. Burtmhr oa kgratkij eata day gh

rhqukrhe kb iptkda` figrh `hjntms arh ti gh a`thrhe kj tmh

oa kgratkij priohss si tmh dieh` si`utkij ks suktag`y

oijstrakjhe.

Umh 53 ds tkdh eh`ay ushe kj tmh ourrhjt dieh` shhds

ti gh aj ivhrhstkdath ib tmh pmyski`inkoa` h`hotridh-

omajkoa` eh`ay, gh`khvhe ti gh G13ds (Oirois ht a`.,

1;;7). Buturh dieh` kjn atthdpts smiu`e rheuoh tmks

eh`ay ti 13 ds aje aooiujt bir thdpira` syjomrijksa-

tkij ib tmh fikjt didhjts gy dieh` kjn tmh eh`ay ib

duso`h biroh prieuotkij wktmkj tmh dusou`ithjeij ujkt.

Bi``iwkjn tmks, kt ks ajtkokpathe tmat tmh paradhthrs kj

tmh rhourskvh HDN-ti-aotkvatkij dieh` wiu`e gh

aefusthe ekbbhrhjt`y ti aooiujt bir tmh thdpira`

syjomrijksatkij. Umks day a`si phrdkt ghtthr prhekotkijs

ib tmh BH didhjt eata oi``hothe brid tmh ksilkjhtko

eyjadidhthr.

Umh kjo`uskij ib duso`h-sphokfio aotkvatkij paradhthrswk`` a``iw bir kjekvkeua` `kjhar ir jij-`kjhar birohHDN

rh`atkijsmkps (smaph baotir, A) bir haom duso`h, wmkom ks

dirh appriprkath pmyski`inkoa``y (^iies aje Gkn`aje-

Wktomkh, 1;=?), aje day a`si rhsu`t kj ghtthr prhekotkijs

ib duso`h biroh aje fikjt didhjts. Bir buturh stuekhs,

tmh bu` paradhthr dieh` (j 82) day gh ushe wktm

nhjhtko a`nirktmds ir skdu`athe ajjha`kjn ti a``iw bir

duso`h sphokfio HDN-ti-Aotkvatkij paradhthrs ti gh

kjo`uehe kj tmh dieh`. Ib oiursh tmks wk`` rhqukrh a `arnhr

sht ib oa`kgratkij trka`s si tmh dieh` si`utkij ks suktag`y

oijstrakjhe.

Kt mas ghhj a pikjt ib eksousskij kj tmh gkidhomajkos

oiddujkty rhnarekjn tmh apparhjt eksanrhhdhjt gh-

twhhj ksilkjhtko eyjadidhthr aje kjvhrsh eyjadko

hstkdaths ib fikjt tirquh (shh GKIDOM-@ eksousskij ij

Ksilkjhtkos aje Kjvhrsh Eyjadkos gy Ehvkta, S., 1;;;).

Miwhvhr, kj tmks stuey, tmh eyjadko ljhh dieh

prhekothe BH didhjts bir gitm tmh nakt aje ksilkjhtko

eyjadidhthr trka`s, a`ghkt wktm a sda`` rheuotkij kj

aoouraoy kj tmh eyjadidhthr trka`s. Umh agk kty ti

prhekot gitm nakt aje eyjadidhthr trka`s was ghoaush

tmh dieh kjo`uehe pmyski`inkoa` dhajs ib kjorhaskjn

biroh nhjhratkjn oapaokty ib tmh duso`hs (k.h. hoohjtrko

duso`h aotkij aje stiranh ib h`astko hjhrny kj thjeij vka

strhtom smirthj oyo`h). Aeektkija``y, hvhj tmiunm whsharomhe bir tmh mknmhst HDN eurkjn a judghr ib DRO

trka`s at ekbbhrhjt ljhh ajn`hs, duso`h aotkvatkij kj tmh

dieh` oiu`e ni agivh 1 kj tmh ajy ib tmh hxphrkdhjta`

trka`s. Umhrhbirh kjmkgktkij ib duso`hs eurkjn tmh

ksidhtrko DRO tasls oiu`e mavh ioourrhe as mas ghhj

sunnhsthe gy _uthr aje Mhrzin (1;;>) aje was

aooiujthe bir. Burtmhr stuekhs uskjn suom dieh`s oiu`e

mh`p ti kehjtkby tmh siuroh ib tmks apparhjt eksanrhhdhjt

ghtwhhj hstkdaths ib fikjt tirquh.

Umks paphr mas prhshjthe a nhjhrko HDN erkvhj

dusou`islh`hta` dieh` uskjn hxkstkjn tii`s avak`ag`h ti

tmh gkidhomajkos oiddujkty. Umks wirl mas smiwj tmat

a jij-`kjhar `hast squarhs appriaom oaj gh ushe wktm aj

appriprkath sht ib oa kgratkij eata ti igtakj dieh`

paradhthrs tmat oaj gh ushe kj tmh dusou`islh`hta`

dieh ti prhekot kjvhrsh eyjadko fikjt didhjts. Umh

dieh` was oriss va`keathe aoriss suom a wkeh rajnh ib

tasls, wmhrhas prhvkius dieh`s mavh ij`y ghhj thsthe ij

a `kdkthe sht ib tasls aje ghtthr prhekots tmhsh kjvhrsh

eyjadko fikjt didhjts tmaj prhvkius dieh`s. A jivh`

appriaom was ushe ti aooiujt bir tkssuh fi thrkjn

omaraothrkstkos aje duso`h aotkvatkij eyjadkos. Kdpir-

tajt`y iur wirl a`si smiwhe tmat tmh dirh pmyski`ink-

oa` y rhprhshjtatkvh dieh` navh ghtthr prhekotkijs.

E.N. @`iye, U.B. Ghskhr / Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos ?2 (733?) >28>>2>>5

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Laeaga, D.S., Wadalrksmjaj, M.L., ^iitthj, D.H., 1;;3. Dhasurh-

dhjt ib `iwhr hxtrhdkty lkjhdatkos eurkjn `hvh` wa`lkjn. Fiurja`

ib Irtmipaheko Whsharom =, ?=??;7.

@aurshj, G., Fhjsij, G., Jhdhtm, N., _finaare, N., 1;;=. A dieh`

prhekotkjn kjekvkeua` smiu`ehr duso`h birohs gashe ij rh`atkijsmkp

ghtwhhj h`hotridyinrapmko aje ?E hxthrja` birohs kj statko

pisktkij. Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos ?1, >?1>?;.

@`iye, E.N., Guomajaj, U._., 1;;2. A dieh` ib `iae smarkjn ghtwhhjduso`hs aje sibt tkssuhs at tmh mudaj ljhh eurkjn statko tasls.

Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkoa` Hjnkjhhrkjn 11=, ?2>?>2.

@`iye, E.N., Guomajaj, U._., 7331. _trathnkhs ib dusou`ar suppirt ib

varus aje va`nus ksidhtrko `iaes at tmh mudaj ljhh. Fiurja` ib

Gkidhomajkos ?5, 178>172>.

@`iye, E.N., Nijza`hz, W.R., Guomajaj, U._., 1;;2. A nhjhra` HDN-

erkvhj dusou islh`hta` dieh` bir prhekotkij ib mudaj fikjt

didhjts. Saphr Srhshjthe at tmh Austra`kaj Oijbhrhjoh ib _okhjoh

aje Dhekokjh kj _pirt, Austra`ka.

@iaj, S.F., 1;;7. Eyjadkos Skph`kjh. Hvajstij K@, Dusou`inrapmkos.

DoNk``, _.D., 1;;7. A dyih`hotrkoa``y gashe eyjadko tmrhh-ekdhj-

skija` dieh` ti prhekot `iaes ij `udgar spkjh tkssuhs eurkjn `athra`

ghjekjn. Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos 78, ?;8515.

DoNk` , _.D., Jirdaj, W. ., 1;=2. Sartktkijkjn ib tmh @5-@8

eyjadko didhjt kjti ekso, `knadhjtius, aje dusou`ar oidpijhjtseurkjn `kbtkjn. _pkjh 11, 2222>=.

Dhkfhr, L., Nriithjgihr, M.F., Liipdaj, M.B.F.D., vaj ehr @kjehj,

G.F.F.F., Mukfkjn, S.A., 1;;=. A mk` typh dieh` ib rat dheka`

nastriojhdkus duso`h tmat aooiujts bir smirthjkjn mkstiry hbbhots.

Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos ?1, 88882?.

Dk`jhr-Griwj, M._., _thkj, W.G., [hdd, W., 1;>?. Omajnhs kj firkjn

rath ib mudaj ditir ujkts eurkjn `kjhar`y omajnkjn vi`ujtary

oijtraotkijs. Fiurja` ib Smyski`iny (@ijeij) 77=, ?>1?;3.

Jussgaud, D., Omabfij, E., 1;;=. @udgar duso`h biroh hstkdatkij

uskjn a sugfhot-kjvarkajt 8-paradhthr HDN-gashe dieh`. Fiurja`

ib Gkidhomajkos ?1, 22>2>7.

Ijksmk, M., [ank, W., Alasala, L., Didish, L., Kmasmk, L., Majea,

[., 7333. Wh`atkijsmkp ghtwhhj HDN sknja`s aje biroh kj mudaj

vastus `athra`ks uskjn du`tkp`h gkpi`ar wkrh h`hotriehs. Fiurja` ib

H`hotridyinrapmy aje Lkjhski`iny 13, 8;2>.Sharsa``, E.F., Oistknaj, S.A., 1;;;. Umh hbbhot ib shndhjt paradhthr

hrrir ij nakt aja`ysks rhsu`ts. Nakt aje Sisturh ;, 1>?1=?.

Skazza, _.F., Eh`p, _.@., 1;;2. Umh kjuhjoh ib duso`hs ij ljhh hxkij

eurkjn tmh swkjn pmash ib nakt. Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos 7;,

>7?>??.

Sitvkj, F.W., Jirdaj, W. ., DoNk``, _.D., 1;;2. Dhomajkoa` y

oirrhothe HDN bir tmh oijtkjuius hstkdatkij ib hrhotir spkjah

duso`h `iaekjn eurkjn rhphtktkvh `kbtkjn. Huriphaj Fiurja` ib

App`khe Smyski`iny aje Iooupatkija` Smyski`iny >5, 11;1?7.

Wagkjhr, @.W., Ni`e, G., 1;>8. Umhiry aje app`koatkij ib eknkta` sknja`

priohsskjn. Hjn`hwiie O`kbbs, JF, X_A, Srhjtkoh Ma``.

Whae, D.U., Gh``ady, D.F., 1;;3. Oidparksij ib madstrkjn/quae-

rkohps ksilkjhtko strhjntm ratkis aje piwhr kj thjjks, squasm

aje traol atm hths. Grktksm Fiurja` ib _pirts Dhekokjh 75,

1>=1=7.

_omutth, @.D., 1;;7. Xskjn dusou islh`hta` dieh s ti hxp irh

strathnkhs bir kdprivkjn phrbirdajoh kj h`hotrkoa stkdu`atkij-kjeuohe `hn oyo`h hrnidhtry. Sm.E. Umhsks, _tajbire Xjkvhrskty.

_omutth, @.D., Wienhrs, D.D., Vafao, B.H., 1;;?. Kdprivkjn tmh

hbfioaoy ib h`hotrkoa` skdu`atkij-kjeuohe `hn oyo h hrnidhtry6 aj

aja`ysks gashe ij a eyjadko dusou`islh`hta` dieh . KHHH

Urajsaotkijs ij Whmagk`ktatkij Hjnkjhhrkjn 1, 13;178.

_oitt, _.M., ^kjthr, E.A., 1;;1. A oidparksij ib tmrhh duso h

phjjatkij assudptkijs aje tmhkr hbbhot ij ksidhtrko aje ksitijko

biroh. Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos 75, 12?12>.

_ihomtkjn, F.B., B`ajehrs, D., 1;;>. Hva`uatkjn aj kjthnrathe

dusou`islh`hta` dieh` ib tmh mudaj ard. Fiurja` ib Gkidhoma-

jkoa` Hjnkjhhrkjn 11;, ;?137.

_uthr, H., Mhrzin, ^., 1;;>. Hxthjt ib duso`h kjmkgktkij as a bujotkij

ib ljhh ajn`h. Fiurja` ib H`hotridyinrapmy aje Lkjhski iny >,

17?1?3.

Uax, A.A., Ehjkhr vaj ehr Nij, F.F., Hrlh`hjs, O.F., 1;;3. Ekbbhrhjohskj oiirekjatkij ib h`giw hxir duso`hs kj biroh tasls aje

divhdhjt tasls. Hxphrkdhjta` Grakj Whsharom =1, 82>8>7.

Umh`hj, E.N., _omu`tz, A.G., Bassiks, _.E., Asmtij-Dk``hr, F.A., 1;;5.

Kehjtkfioatkij ib eyjadko dyih`hotrko sknja`-ti-biroh dieh`s eurkjn

ksidhtrko `udgar duso`h oijtraotkijs. Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos 7>,

;3>;1;.

Raj Wukfvhj, @.F., ^hkfs, ^.A., 1;;3. A jhw dieh` bir oa`ou`atkjn

duso`h birohs brid h`hotridyinrads. Huriphaj Fiurja` ib App`khe

Smyski`iny aje Iooupatkija` Smyski`iny 21, 5>;5=8.

^mkth, _.O., ^kjthr, E.A., 1;;?. Srhekotkjn duso`h birohs kj nakt brid

HDN sknja`s aje dusou`ithjeij lkjhdatkos. Fiurja` ib H`hotri-

dyinrapmy aje Lkjhski`iny 7, 71>7?1.

^iies, F.F., Gkn`aje-Wktomkh, G., 1;=?. @kjhar aje jij-`kjhar surbaoh

HDN/biroh rh`atkijsmkps kj mudaj duso`hs. Aj ajatidkoa`/

bujotkija` arnudhjt bir tmh hxksthjoh ib gitm. Adhrkoaj Fiurja`ib Smyskoa` Dhekokjh 27, 7=>7;;.

[adanuomk, N.U., _awa, A.N.X., Diraj, E. ., Bhss`hr, D.F.,

^kjthrs, F.D., 1;;3. A survhy ib mudaj dusou`ithjeij aotuatir

paradhthrs. Kj6 ^kjthrs, F.D., ^ii, _.@-[. (Hes.), Du tkp h

Duso`h _ysthds6 Gkidhomajkos aje Divhdhjt Irnajkzatkij.

_prkjnhr, Jhw [irl, pp. >1>>>?.

Vafao, B.H., 1;=;. Duso`h aje thjeij6 priphrtkhs, dieh`s, soa`kjn, aje

app`koatkij ti gkidhomajkos aje ditir oijtri`. Orktkoa` Whvkhws kj

Gkidhekoa` Hjnkjhhrkjn 1>, ?8;511.

E.N. @`iye, U.B. Ghskhr / Fiurja` ib Gkidhomajkos ?2 (733?) >28>>2>>2