EMISSION ANAIK NHN,19 - World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/... · Environmental...

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EMISSION ANAIK NHN,19Tsigha Uivrsiy,Beiin, C hin

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ESTIMATION OF GREENHOUSE GASEMISSIONS AND SINKS IN CHINA, 1990

Hao Jiming, Xi Deli, Lu Yongqi, Zhou Zhongping, and He KebinDesign and Research Institute of Environmental Engineering

Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

August 1994

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The views epessed hrein are those of the authors and do not necessanlyrepresent those of the World Banlc

Copyright 1994

Additional copies of this report may be obtained from

The World BankIndustry and Energy Division

China and Mongolia D qeantEast Asian and Pacific Regional Office

1818 H Street, NWWashington, DC 20433

OTHER SUBREPORTS IN THS SERIES:

Energy Demand in China: Overview Report, February 1995, forthcoming. Report 2.

EnergyEfficiency in China: Technical and Sectoral Analysis, August 1994, Report 3.

EnergyEfficiency in China: Case Studies and EconomicAnalysis, December 1994. Report 4.

Alternative Energy Supply Options to Substitutefor Carbon Intensive Fuels, December 1994. Report 5.

Greenhouse Gas Control in the Forestry Sector, November 1994. Report 6.

Greenhouse Gas Control in the Agricultural Sector, September 1994. Report 7.

Valuing the Health Effects ofAir Pollution: Application to Industrial EnerV EfflciencyProjects in China, October 1994. Report 8.

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on China, September 1994. Report 9.

Residential and Commercial Energy Efficiency Opportunities: Taiyuan Case Study,September 1994, Report 10.

Pre-Feasibility Study on High Efficiency Industrial Boilers, August 1994. Report 11.

Foreword

This report is one of eleven subreports prepared by Chinese and internationalexperts as inputs to the United Nations Development Programme technical assistancestudy, China: Issues and Options in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control.

Research for this subreport was managed by the Chinese National EnvironmentalProtection Agency (NEPA). It was prepared by a team from the Design and ResearchInstitute of Environmental Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Theprincipal author was Hao Jiming, with assistance from Xi Deli, Lu Yongqi, ZhouZhongping, and He Kebin.

Editorial assistance for the English version was provided by Ann Shea and ToddM. Johnson.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Teragram = 1012 grams = million tons

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

C CarbonCFC ChlorofluorocarbonCH4 MethaneCO Carbon monoxideCO2 Cardon dioxideGEF Global Environment FacilityGHG Greenhouse gasesha HectareIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeLPG Liquefied petroleum gasMCF Potential methane productionNOx Oxides of nitrogenOECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Developmentt Metric tonTg Teragram

CONTENT

Executive Summary .................................... iii

1 Methane Emissions from Energy Production ....... .. 1

Estimating Methane Emissions from Coal Mining Activities . . . 1Methane Emissions from the Production and Transportation of

Natural Gas ................................ 3

2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption .................. 4

CO2 emitted from Fossil Fuel Consumption ............. 4Non-CO2 Gases emitted from Fossil Fuel Consumption ...... 6

3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Cement Production .... ....... 8

4 Methane Enissions from Landis ...................... 9

5 GHG Emissions from Agricultural Production .11

CH4 Emissions from Domesticated Animals .11CH4 Emissions from Animal Wastes .................. 12CH4 Emissions from Flooded Rice Fields ............... 13Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Fertilizer Use .... ........ 14

6 GHG Emissions from Biomass Burning ................... 16

GHG Emissions from Burning Agricultural Crop Wastes 16GHG Emissions from the Combustion of Fuelwood ... ..... 17GHG Emissions from the Leakage of Methane-Generating Pits

and the Combustion of Biogas ..................... 18

7 GHG Emissions from Forests ......................... 20

CO2 Emissions by Deforestation .................... 20CO2 Absorption by Forest Growth ................... 21Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Forest Fire .............. 22GHG Emissions Caused by Forest Usage Conversion ... .... 22Agricultural Land Conversion and the Absorption of CO2 by Plants 24Conclusions ................................. 24

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8 Present Status of GHG Emissions and Sinks ..... ........... 25

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ......... ................. 25Methane (CH4) ............................... 25Nitrous Oxide (N 20) .......... ................. 25Carbon Monoxide (CO) ........ ................. 26Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) ........ ................ 26

Conclusions .................................... 27

References ..................... 28

Tables and Filgures .................................... 30

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

i. This study assesses the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases (GHG) inChina. It was prepared as part of a Global Environment Facility (GEF) project assessingthe country's options for GHG emissions control. In this subreport, the current levels ofGHG emissions and sinks in China are assessed. The results of this conmprehensiveinvestigation are expected to provide the basis for the formulation of technical andeconomic policies for the reduction of GHG emissions.

ii. The emissions estimation methodology used in this study is based on theresults of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) ExpertsMeeting, held in Paris in February 1991 at the request of the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC); the results have since been adopted and distributed by IPCC. Theemissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N 20) were analyzedin detail and several methodologies to estimate these emissions were presented. Themethodology adopted in this research was chosen with regard to the practical situation inChina, in combination with an analysis and selection of the models provided by the OECD,,IPCC report. With prudent use of the methodology developed by IPCC for the assessmentof data, the results of this study will provide estimates on emissions consistent with thatbeing assembled in other countries. A comparable dataset would be extremely valuableduring the upcoming climate negotiations.

iii. Greenhouse gases include COC2, CH4, N 20, and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC).Since China is one of the signatory countries of the Montreal Protocol, and CFCproduction will be limited gradually, this paper provides detailed calculation only onanthropogenic emissions of CO2, CH4, N 20 and trace gases such as CO, and NOx.

iv. There is a great deal of uncertainty related to these emissions due to acurrent lack of information on practical emission levels in China. Emission sources dataused in these calculations come from a variety of statistical yearbooks published primarilyby Chinese authorities. The emission coefficients were selected according to the dataprovided by the OECD/IPCC report in combination with available research results inChina.

v. The study has calculated the GHG emissions in China in -ecent ve&7s(1985-90). The results show that, by far, the largest Qurce of GHG emissions in Chi iais CO2 emissions from energy consumption (about 81 percent). Mlethane accourted 'trapproximately 14 percent of total GHG emissions on a CO2-Nuivalent basis in 1990, % thrice fields, coal mining, ruminant animals ai.d animal waLes, and biomass burningcontributing 95 percent of the total methane emissions. All other sources of emissions,including CO2 from cement manufacturing, methane from landfills, non-CO2 emissionsfrom energy consumption (including biomass), N20 from fertilizer, and non-C%2 emissionsfrom forests and land use changes, accounted for approximately 6 percent of China's GIIGemissions in 1990.

1. METLANE EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY PRODUCTION

1.1 Greenhouse gas emissions are generated as a result of energy production,storage and distribution activities. This chapter discusses the CHl, emissions resulting from(a) coal mining; and (b) oil and natural gas systems, including preproduction, production,central processing, and venting and flaring during processing, transmission, anddistribution.

Estimating Methane Emissions from Coal Mining Activities

1.2 During coal formation, CI4 and other gases are generated. While the coalis being mined, the CH4 stored underground is released into the atmosphere. The quantityof such emissions are related to the depth of coal layer. The deeper the coal layer, thelarger the emissions.

1.3 There are three primary sources of methane emissions during the miningcycle:

(a) Underground mining emissions, including emissions from mine ventilationsystems as well as any mine degasification systems in use. Globally,underground mining represents approximately 80 to 90 percent of totalemissions from coal mining.

(b) Surface mining emissions, which account for an estimated 10 to 20 percentof global emissions. Surface mines tend to have much lower emissions thanunderground mines because the coal tends to produce less gas.

(c) Postmining emissions, which are those associated with coal preparation, coalstorage, and transportation to consumers, or storage or final crushing of thecoal prior to combustion.

1.4 Underground mining emissions are the most well understood becausemeasurements have been made in many countries for safety reasons. There is much lesscertainty related to surface mining and postmining emissions. The majority of China's coalis mined underground, so the principal components of its emissions will be fromunderground mining and postmining activities. Many of the state-owned coal mines aredeep and gassy. The former Minister of Energy in China has reported that more than 300of the 600 state mines are considered gassy and that more than 100 mines havedegasification systems in place. It is much more difficult to determine how much methaneis being emitted by the nonstate-owned mines, however, which range from relatively largeand deep provincial mines to small, shallow township mines.

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1.5 CH4 emissions have been calculated based on total coal production and anemission coefficient that describes the amount of CH4 released per ton of coal mined. Thatis:

Total Emissions of CH4 (Tg) = CH4 Emissions Coefficient(m3 CH4/ton coal mined)* Coal Production(ton)*Conversion Factor (1 million tontl.49* 9 m3 CR4)

1.6 The CH4 emission coefficient for underground coal mines differssignificantly from that for surface coal mines. According to ICF sources (1990), averageemission coefficients are 27.1 m3 CH4/t coal for underground mines and 2.5 m3 CH4/t coalfor surface mines.

1.7 Postmining emissions are estimated separately for underground and surfacemined coals, because they are dependent on the amount of gas remaining in the coal afterit is removed from the mine. Based on recent work by the OECD/IPCC[1], emissions of0.9 to 4 m3/ton were assumed for underground-mined coal and 0 to 0.2 m3/ton for surface-mined coal. On average, postmining emission coefficients are 2.45 m3/ton forunderground-mined coals and 0.1 Im3 /ton for surface coals.

1.8 The weighted average emission coefficient fCH4 must be adopted:

fCH4 = funderground.X + fsurface(1-X)= (27.1+2.45)X + (2.5+0.1)(l-X)= 2.6 + 26.95X

in which X is the percentage of underground coal output of the total output.

Since the precise percentages are not available, the authors use that of centrallyadministered coal mines to calculate it. The result is presented in Table 1.1[2].

1.9 Emissions estimation must be corrected for any methane utilization. InChina, approximately 5 percent of the CH4 released during coal mining was recovered bymine degasification systems. This amount of gas must be subtracted from the estimatedemissions.

1.10 The estimation results for CH4 emissions from coal mining are shown inTable 1.2. As noted above, it is much more difficult to determine how much methane isbeing emitted from the nonstate mines, and therefore there is much more uncertainty. Inthis calculation, the same emission coefficients as employed for state-owned mines areadopted. Nonstate mines, however, are not likely to produce as much gas because theyare not mechanized, produce low quantities of coal, and are not likely to be as deep. Itis necessary to take more measurements of methane from nonstate coal mines on theemission coefficients to determine the accuracy of coal-bed methane estimates.

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1.11 In comparison, CH4 emissions and emission coefficients estimated by the USEnvironmental Protection Agency in a separate GEF project on coal-bed methane emissionin China are shown in Table 1.3.

Methane Emissions from the Production and Transportation of Natural Gas

1.12 Natural gas is a type of mixed gas composed mainly of CH4. During theproduction and transportation of natural gas, leakage will result in substantive levels ofCH4 emissions into the air. However, there are many uncertain factors in estimating theseemissions.

1.13 Based on the approach provided by OECD/IPCC, to calculate the emissionsof CH4 from natural gas leakage, these steps should be followed:

(a) Estimate the total quantity of natural gas leaked (an available source is theChina Energy Statistical Yearbook);

(b) Estimate the carbon content of the gas carbon emissions (525 grams carbonper cubic meter estimated by Marland and Rotty);

(c) Multiply the gas quantity by the carbon content to determine carbonemissions;

(d) Estimate the proportion of leaked carbon that is methane (default assumptionis 80 percent); and

(e) Calculate the total CR4 emissions from the leakage by multiplying the totalcarbon leaked times the proportion of the leaked carbon that is methanetimes 16/12 to convert carbon to the molecular weight of CH4.

1.14 The calculation formula is shown below:

EM = Lx Gx COx 16/12x 10-3

where:EM = CR4 emissions, Tg CH4L = Natural gas leakage, 109 m3 t3]G = Carbon content of natural gas, = 525 gC/m3[1]C< = Proportion of the leakage CR4-C, = 80% [1]16/12 = Conversion coefficient, CH4/C

1.15 Natural gas also contains C0 2, but it a is very small amount compared withother CO2 emission sources and is not considered here. CH4 emissions from natural gasleakage in recent years are listed in Table 1.4.

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2. EMISSIONS FROM FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION

2.1 Fossil fuel combustion is the main emission source of greenhouse gases inChina, especially coal combustion. In this chapter, detailed calculations have been madefor CO2 generated from fossil fuel consumption (for different linds respectively). The partexisting in chemical products in the form of fixed C is deleted (that which will not beoxidized by itself in 20 years). This type of product includes naphtha, lubricant oil,asphalt, light oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and natural gas feedstock.

2.2 Non-CO2 trace gases emitted during fossil fuel consumption are CO, CR;,NO, N 20 in this study. In this chapter the fossil fuel consumption in all sectors in Chinais analyzed and the emission coefficients of non-CO2 gases in fossil fuel consumption indifferent sectors and fuel categories are determined according to the methodology presentedby OECD/IPCC.

CO2 Emitted from Fossil Fuel Consumption

2.3 The amount of CO2 emitted is directly related to the amount of fuelconsumed, the fraction of the fuel that is oxidized, and the carbon content of the fuel. Theprimary methodology for estimating CO2 emissions includes four steps that explicitlyidentify all of the factors necessary to assess CO2 emissions. Estimates are made of:

(a) The apparent consumption of fossil fuels by fuel product type;

(b) The average carbon emission coefficient of fuels; and the total carbonpotentially released from use of the fuels;

(c) The amount of carbon sequestered in products for long periods of time; and

(d) The amount of carbon not oxidized during combustion.

(a) Fuel Product Type

2.4 Since carbon content typically varies by fuel type, the following categoriesfor fuel and product types are adopted and data collected for this calculation.

Liquid fuels: crude oilgasolinediesel oilkerosenefuel oilLPGrefinery gas and other oils

Solid fuels: coalcokelignite

Gaseous fuels: natural gas (dry)

(b) Estimate Total Potential Carbon Released

2.5 The formula for calculating CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption isshown below:

TC = E(Qjxf 1xCri) x 10"

where: TC=Total potential C02 emissions, Tg CQ=Fuel consumption, Tg/year [3]f=C02 emission coefficient, kg C/GJ [1]Cf=Conversion coefficient, kJ/kg [3]i=Type of fuel

The values of f and Cf are listed in Table 2.1 and the calculation results for1985 to 1990 are shown in Table 2.3 to Table 2.8, respectively.

(c) Estimate Carbon Sequestered in Products

2.6 After estimating the total carbon contained in the fuels, the next step is toestimate the amount of carbon from these fuels that is sequestered in nor,energy products.All fossil fuels are used for nonenergy purposes to some degree. For example, natural gasis used for ammonia production and LPG is used for a number of purposes, including theproduction of solvents and synthetic rubber. The suggested approach for estimating theamount of carbon sequestered in products is:

SC = xPj 7j j

where: SC =Total carbon sequestered, I g CP=Output of chemical product, £g j4]i7,=C content in chemical product, (see Table 2.2), % [1],B=Fraction of fixed C in chemical product,(see Table 2.2),% [11j=Kind of fuel

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LPG for feedstock makes up 40 percent of the total output. Thirty-threepercent of natural gas used for feedstock exists in the form of fixed carbon.The calculation results for 1985 to 1990 are shown in Tables 2.9-2.14,respectively.

(d) Estimate carbon oxidized from energy uses

2.7 As described earlier, not all carbon is oxidized during the combustion offossil fuels. The amount of carbon that falls into this category is usually a small fractionof the total carbon, and a large portion of this carbon oxidizes in the atmosphere shortlyafter combustion. OECD/IPCC suggests the following factors for the amount unoxidized:

(1) For natural gas, less than 1 percent of the carbon is unoxidized duringcombustion and remains as soot in the burner, stack, or in the environment;

(2) For oil, 1.5 percent +/-I percent passes through the burners and isdeposited in the environment without being oxidized;

(3) For coal, 1 percent +/-I percent of the carbon supplied to furnaces isdischarged unoxidized, primarily in the ash.

2.8 The suggested approach by OECD/IPCC for adjusting for carbon unoxidizedduring combustion is used in this calculation. Carbon sequestered in products is subtractedfrom total carbon in the fuels to estimate net carbon emissions. These emissions are thenmultiplied by the fraction of carbon oxidized to determine the total amount of carbonoxidized from the combustion of the fuel. Based on the suggested factors, for any kindsof fuel, the fraction oxidized is estimated as 99 percent.

2.9 The calculation results of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption inrecent years are presented in Table 2.15.

Non-CO2 Gases Emitted from Fossil Fuel Consumption

2.10 According to the China Energy Statistical Yearbook, the sectors associatedwith fuel consumption are divided into agriculture and forestry, industry (divided into 15subsectors), construction, transportation, commercial, residential and others. The fossilfuels consumed are reported as coal, coke, crude oil, fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel,and natural gas.

2.11 The formula to calculate non-CO2 gas emissions is:

E,l= E(,D x Cnk x f)j x 1iC"

where: E,=Non-CO2 gases emissions, TgQ=Fossil fuel consumption, 101 ton [31Cr=conversion coefficient, kJ/kg (or kJ/m3 ) [3]

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f=Non-CO2 GHG emission coefficient, g/GJ [1]i=Kind of Non-CO2 gasesk=Kind of fossil fueln=Type of sector

The values of non-CO% greenhouse gas emission coefficients are first basedon the data provided by OECD/IPCC[1], combined with the characteristicsof fuel consumption for the different sectors, and on the assumption thatthere are no control measures for any emissions. Secondly, it is assumedthat the use of the same coefficient for sectors with similar fuel consumptioncharacteristics will yield representative emission factors. They are outlinedin Tables 2.16-2.19.

The fossil fuel consumption and non-CO2 GHG emissions from differentsectors during 1985 to 1990 are presented in Table 2.20 to Table 2.25.

2.12 It should be pointed out that the non-CO2 gas emission coefficients providedby OECD/IPCC are not complete. In particular, the emission coefficient for N 20 islacking and had to be estimated in this study. Hence, it is not exact and deserves to beemphasized in later research work.

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3. Co2 EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT PRODUCTION

3.1 Carbon dioxide is emitted during the production of cement. In cement kilns,CaCO3 from limestone, chalk, and other calcium-rich materials is heated to form CaO andCO2 in the calcination process. The chemical equation is:

CaC0 3 -> CaO+C0 2

CO2 emissions from cement production are estimated by applying an emission coefficient,in tons of CO2 released per ton of cement produced, to the annual cement output. Theemissions can be calculated by the following formula.

EC2 = P, x f

where: EC2=CO2 emissions, 104 t C0 2/yearP,=Cement production, I0W t/year [5]f=C02 emission coefficient, g C0 2/g cement

3.2 The emission coefficient is the product of the fraction of CaO used in thecement clinker and a constant reflecting the mass of CO2 released per unit of lime. It isreported by OECD/IPCC that most of the structural cement currently produced in theworld is of the Portland cement type, which contains 60 to 67 percent CaO by weight;63.5 percent is assumed as the average CaO fraction in cement[l]. Between 62 and67 percent is generally accepted as the fractional range of CaO in Chinese cement becauseof limestone-ore characteristics and technology performances specific to China;64.5 percent is assumed here[6]. The resulting CO2 emissions coefficient is:

f=CaO content x 44/56=0.645 x 44/56=0.5068 g C0 2/g cement

CO2 is emitted during lime production also, but in comparison to cement production theemission of CO2 is scale. The statistical data on emissions from lime production are notavailable, so the calculations here include emissions from cement production only.

CO2 emissions from cement production in China from 1985 through 1990 are shown inTable 3. 1.

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4. METHANE EMISSIONS FROM LANDFILLS

4.1 Methane (CR4) is produced and emitted as a result of the anaerobicdecomposition of the organic matter in landfills by methanogenic bacteria. Organic wastefirst decomposes aerobically (in the presence of oxygen) and is then attacked by anaerobicnonmethanogenic bacteria, which converts the organic material to simpler forms, e.g.,cellulose, amino acids, sugars and fats. These simple substances are then broken downinto gases and short-chain organic compounds (H2, C0 2,CH3COOH, HCOOH, andCH3OH), which form the substrates for methanogenic bacteria. The resulting biogasconsists of approximately 50 percent CO2 and 50 percent CH; by volume, although thepercentage of CO2 may be smaller because some CO2 dissolves in landfill water.

4.2 Numerous factors affect the amount of CH; produced in landfills. Thesefactors can be divided into two general categories: management practices and physicalfactors. Management practices refer to the waste management type (open dumping versussanitary landfill), the density of the refuse, and the particle size of the refuse. Thephysical factors include waste composition, moisture content, leachate pH, nutrients, andlandfill temperature. Taking these factors into consideration, the CR4 emissions fromlandfills are estimated based on the methodology suggested by OECD/IPCC and on theassumption that the recovery of CR4 is zero.

4.3 The simplest methodology provided by OECD/IPCC for estimating CH4emissions from landfills is adopted here to calculate the annual emissions: The equationis:

EM3 = MSWxqx DOCx0.5x 16/12x 10-5xr

where: EM3=Amount of CH4 emission, Tg CR4MSW=Total municipal solid waste generated, 104 kg/year

=pO x , x 365p0=Population in urban area, 10,000 [7],B=MSW generation rate per capita per day, 0.5 kg/capita day

= Landfill fraction of urban refuse, 80% [1]DOC=Fraction of degradable organic carbon in MSW, 3.5% [8]r=Fraction of dissimilated DOC, %=(0.014 x t + 0.28) x 100 [9]

t=Landfill temperature, °C=77% under an average temperature of 35°C [10]

0.5 =Volume fraction of CH, in decomposed biogases [1]16/12=Conversion factor for CH4/C

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4.4 In regard to the parameters in the formula, some of them requireexplanation. The fraction of DOC in MSW, 3.5 percent, seems low by comparison to thefraction provided by OECD/IPCC for developing countries of 15 percent. This value isrelated to waste composition and nutrients and has been selected carefully based on ChineseMSW properties. The urban area of population selected from the China StatisticalYearbook[7] also seems low, but excludes the population of small cities and towns whichare not likely to generate waste at the same level as large cities.

4.5 Table 4.1 provides the CH4 emissions of municipal solid waste landfills inChina from 1985 through 1990.

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5. GHG EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

5.1 Agricultural activities contribute directly to emissions of GHG through avariety of different processes. Four emission sources are discussed in this chapter:

(a) enteric fermentation in domesticated animals,

(b) animal wastes,

(c) rice cultivation, and

(d) the use of nitrogen fertilizers.

5.2 Each of these sources is discussed in greater detail below. There are someactivities related to agriculture that are not discussed here, specifically land clearingpractices for agricultural purposes, savanna burning, and biomass burning. These activitiesare discussed in following sections.

CH4 Emissions from Domesticated Animals

5.3 Methane is produced in herbivores as a by-product of enteric fermentation,a digestive process during which carbohydrates are broken down by microorganisms intosimple molecules for absorption into the bloodstream. Both ruminant animals and somenonruminant animals produce CH4, although ruminants are the largest source since theyare able to digest cellulose due to the presence of specific microorganisms in their digestivetracts. The amount of CH4 that is released depends on the type, age, and weight of theanimal, the quality and quantity of the feed, and the energy expenditure of the animal.

5.4 CH4 emissions from ruminants, such as cattle, camels, and sheep, and somenonruminant animals, including horses, swine, mules and donkeys, are calculatedaccording to the following formula:

EM4 = E(Nj x f.) x MI

where: EM4;=Amount of CH4 emissions, Tg CH4f=CH4 emission coefficient for domesticated animals,

kg CH4/head.year [1,10]N =-Total number of domesticated animals in category,

10' heads/year [11]i=Category of domesticated animals

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Emission coefficients for ruminants can be estimated by using the following formula:

fi = 0.8 x (TAWi) 0.75

where TAW is the mean weight of domesticated animals, kg/head (10].

The emission coefficients for nonruminant animals are adopted from the data presented byOECD/IPCC. These values are all listed in Table 5.1.

5.5 Table 5.2 presents the population of various domesticated animals in Chinaduring the period of 1985-90 and Table 5.3 presents the CH4 emissions by the entericfermentation process of domesticated animals during the same time period. The totalemissions of methane from domesticated animals were 5.974 Tg CH4 and 6.238 Tg CH4in 1988 and 1990, respectively.

5.6 Compared with the above figures, the results of estimating emissions byreference [13] are higher. This method subdivides cattle into four classes, each with adifferent emission coefficients. This results in the total emissions of methane fromdomesticated animals being 6.314 Tg CH4 in 1988 and 6.61 Tg CR4 in 1990.

5.7 Overall, a lack of data limits the precision with which methane emissionsfrom animals can be estimated. To improve future estimates, the systemic collection ofdata on feeding and feed characteristics should be initiated.

CH4 Emiss ions from Animal Wastes

5.8 This section covers methane emissions from animal wastes. Only thosewastes from animals managed by humans for the production of animal products, includingfood, fiber, and draft power, are included; wild animals are excluded.

5.9 Animal wastes are composed principally of organic materials. When thisorganic material decomposes in an anaerobic environment (without oxygen), it producesmethane. Because a very large quantity of organic material is produced as animal wasteannually, methane emissions from this source could be quite large. However, currentthinking is that only a small portion of the waste decomposes anaerobically, meaning thatonly a small portion of the large potential for methane emissions is realized. Theproduction of methane is much more significant in densely cultivated areas where anaerobicconditions are favored by piling manure.

5.10 The amount of CH4 emissions from animal wastes will depend on the wastecharacteristics and how the waste is managed. Most animal waste is utilized as ferdlizer,but some portion is not collected, allowed to decompose freely, or used as fuel.

5.11 To estimate methane emissions from animal waste, the following generalsteps are required:

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(a) Define categories of waste types and waste management systems. For eachwaste type estimate the potential methane emission rate per unit of waste.For each waste management system, estimate the extent to which theemission potential is realized.

(b) Estimate the amount of waste that falls into each category.

(c) Estimate methane emissions by multiplying the realized emission rates perunit of waste times the amount of waste.

5.12 The total from all the animals and waste types is the total CH4 emissionsfrom this source. The formula is:

EM5 = E(W1 x V,i x Bi x MCF x p/10 5 ) x 365

where: EM5=CH4 emissions, Tg CH4W=Total amount of waste production, 10' kg

=Ni x PiNi=Number of domesticated animals, 10' heads, [11,12]Pj=Amount of waste production per head, kg/head.day [11V,=Volatile solid content of the waste, % [1]B,=CH4 emission potential, m3 CH4/kgVs [1]MCF=Methane conversion factor % of Bo [1]p=Density of CH4, 0.662 kg/m3 [1]i=Kind of domesticated animal

The classification of animals is largely the same as in the preceding section. However,sheep are not divided into sheep and goat and the numbers for dairy cattle are notseparated from cattle. In addition, poultry is considered in the calculation.

5.13 The animal waste management system used in China (13] and thepercentages of potential methane production (MCF) for each management system are givenin Table 5.4. Other parameters relating to methane emissions from animal waste arepresented in Table 5.5.

5.14 The estimates of methane emissions from animal waste in China from 1985to 1990 are listed in Table 5.6.

CH4 Emissions from Flooded Rice Fields

5.15 The anaerobic decomposition of organic material in flooded rice fieldsproduces methane, which escapes to the atrmosphere primarily oy diffusive transportthrough the rice plants during the growing season. The amount of methane emitted isbelieved to be a function of rice species, number and duration of harvests, soil type andtemperature, irrigation practices, and fertilizer use. The emission coefficient of CH4 isdifferent for early rice and late rice, as well as by the time of day.

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5.16 The two rice regions, which are classified by their different rice varieties,are the southern and northern regions. Double-cropped rice in which most of early riceis indica rice and most of late rice is japonica rice is planted mainly in the southern region,while one-season japonica rice is cultivated mainly in the northern region. The floodingperiod of the various types of rice should be adopted in accordance with the number ofdays from the transplanting of the seedlings to the ripening of the rice. The flooding daysof various types of rice are given in Table 5.8.

5.17 The emission factor is a critical parameter in estimating the CH4 emissionsand has been measured by some research organizations in China in recent years. Theresults of field measurements in some provinces give the factor as 0.19 g CH4/m2 day forearly rice (ER), 0.69 for double late rice (DL), 0.26 for intermediate rice (CR), and 0.21-0.42 for northem single rice (SR) [14].

5.18 The formula for calculating CH4 emissions from flooding rice fields is asfollows:

EM6 = E(Si x ti x f x 10-)

where: EM6=Amount of CH4 emission, Tg CH4/yearS=cultivated rice growing area in China, 103 ha/year [11,12]t=Flooding period, days [14]f=Emission factor, g CHI4 m 2Iday [14]i=Kind of rice in different seasons

5.19 The cultivated rice growing areas in China (1985-90) are listed in Table 5.7.Table 5.9 gives the methane emission estimates of these calculations. According to the1992 Annual Report by IPCC, the total emission of CH4 from rice fields is 60 Tg/yr.Based on these calculations, Chinese methane emissions from rice fields are less than20 percent of total emissions worldwide.

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Fertilizer Use

5.20 Nitrous oxide (N 20) is produced naturally in soil by denitrification (thereduction of nitrite or nitrate to gaseous nitrogen as N2 or as an oxide of N and nitrification(the oxidation of ammonia). Commercial nitrogen fertilizers are an additional source ofnitrogen and, therefore, can increase the emissions of nitrous oxide from the soil. Basedon estimates of the amount and type of fertilizers consumed and the fraction of nitrogenfertilizer released into the atmosphere as N 20, estimates of annual N 20 emissions due tothe application of nitrogen fertilizer can be made. The amount of N 20 emissions can bedetermined by the use of the following equation:

EN, = u x r. x P. x 44/28

- 15 -

where: EN,= Amount of N20 emission, 104 t N 20/yru=Fertilizer consumption, 104 t/year [11,12]r,=Nitrogen fraction in chemical fertilizers, % [15,16]Pn=Emission coefficient, t N 20-N/t N applied [1]

5.21 Chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen can be divided into two groups:nitrogenous fertilizers and compound fertilizers. Nitrogenous fertilizers in China aremostly ammonium carbohydrate (NH4CHO3), followed by ammonia spirit, carbamide, andammonium sulfate, with carbamide now being used with greater frequency. In this study,nitrogen fertilizers are divided into ammonia and other N20 fertilizers to calculate N 20emissions. The nitrogen content and N 20 emission coefficient for various fertilizer typesare listed in Table 5.10.

5.22 Table 5.11 shows the amount of chemical ferilizers consumed and theresults of N20 emission estimates. The estimation results show that the amount of N20emitted from fertilizer use is 0.00187-1.898 Tg with a median of 0.033 Tg N 20. Despitethe uncertainty in N 20 emissions from this source, the importance of nitrogen fertilizmruse, relative to other anthropogenic sources of N20, may be growing.

- 16-

6. GHG EMISSIONS FROM BIOMASS BURNING

GHG Fmissions from Burning Agricultural Crop Wastes

6.1 China is known as a large agricultural country. A large amount of cropwaste is generated with its annual grain yield of more than 600 million tons. In the vastcountryside areas of China much of the crop waste is used as domestic fuel and burneddirectly. This results in an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. The burningof crop waste in the fields is commonly practiced to return nutrients to the soil. Inaddition, excessive crop waste is burned even in some developed regions where the energysupply is adequate. The quantity burned in the aforementioned manner composes about60 percent of the total crop waste.[15]

6.2 The combustion of crop waste emits C02, CH4, CO, NOx, and N20.Burning crop residues is not thought to be a net source of carbon dioxide because thecarbon released into the atmosphere during burning is reabsorbed during the next growingseason. However, crop residue burning is a significant source of methane, carbonmonoxide, nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide.

6.3 The amount of CO2 emissions can be calculated based upon the carboncontent of the residues and the amount concerned. Emissions of CH4, N 20, NOx, and COcan be estimated according to an emission ratio. Prior to the calculation of GHGemissions, the total carbon burned from crop residues should be estimated, using thefollowing equation:

Cb = 1P xRxBixDM x C)

where: Cb = Total carbon burned, 10' t carbonP = Crop production, 10' t [11,12]R = Waste/crop ratio [1]B = Waste burned, =60% [15]DM = Dry matter content [1]C = Carbon content, t C/t DM [1]i =Crop type

Selected crop residue statistics are listed in Table 6.1. The data are recommended byOECD/IPCC[l].

6.4 Once the total carbon burned is estimated, the emissions of GHGs can becalculated based on the formulas that follow:

- 17 -

EC3 Cb x °x O 44/12

EM7 = Cb x O. x r, x 16/12

EO, = CbxOXxr 2 x28/12

EN2- Cb x n. x r3 x 44/28

E. = Cbxnlxr 4 x30/14

where: EC3=CO2 emissions from waste combustion, 10' t CO2EM7=Amount of CH4 emissions, 104 t CH4EO =Amount of CO emissions, 10' t COEN2 =Amount of N 20 emissions, 104 t N20E1 =Amount of NOx emissions, 104 t NOx0.=Oxidation rate, =90% [1]n1 =N/C of wastes, 0.01 to 0.02, adopt 0.015 when calculating [1]rl to r4=Emission ratios, referring to Table 6.2. [1)

6.5 Tables 6.3-6.8 present the 1985-90 waste generation and total carbon contentfrom crop residue in China. Estimates of GHG emissions from burning agricultural cropwastes are presented in Table 6.9.

6.6 In this calculation, the burning of wastes from grain crops only areconsidered because some parameters of other crops are unavailable from OECD/IPCC.It should be realized that GHGs are emitted from burning not only wastes of grain cropsbut also of cash crops. In reference [15], such emissions from the burning of wastes ofall crops are estimated: 0.79-1.46 Tg CH4 in 1988 and 0.88-1.64 Tg CH4 in 1990.

GHG Emissions from the Combustion of Fuelwood

6.7 Wood is used as a fuel in almost all areas of China, so-called fuelwood,which can be employed in industrial wood furnaces or residential wood stoves. In someunderdeveloped towns and most of the countryside and mountain areas, fuelwood is stillthe primary fuel source. However, there is a high degree of uncertainty in the actualamounts of fuelwood consumed. Until recently, the accepted official estimate of annualfuelwood consumption in China was 124 million tons, or 174 million e 3 [20]. Surveysdone in more recent years, conducted by the Ministry of Forestry, have revised thisestimate upward to 320 million tons, which is equivalent to 450 million n3 . The differencebetween these figures is greater than the original fuelwood consumption estimate. Theamount of energy produced from the biomass is also difficult to estimate, as it varies fromone type of biomass to the next. Additional research is needed in order to develop moreprecise consumption estimates.

6.8 Emissions from fuelwood also occur at different rates depending upon itsparticular use, since the technology used and the combustion conditions will vary from one

- 18 -

application to the next. However, there are no data on the types of technologies in whichfuelwood is combusted in China. Additional research is needed to determine the range oftechnology types and associated combustion conditions.

6.9 In this study the estimations are based on the widely accepted fuelwoodconsumption estimates and emissions data recommended by OECD/IPCC. Gases emittedduring fuelwood combustion are mostly CO2, CO, CH4, NOx and N 20. However, as withannual crops, C02 emissions from fuelwood combustion are not counted if the fuelwoodcomes from growing biomass. To estimate GHG emissions from fuelwood consumption,the amount of carbon combusted in fuelwood should be estimated. Twenty-seven percentis assumed to be the carbon content according to OECD/IPCC, and the amount of carbonburned is calculated as follows:

Cb = Wb X v

where: Cb=The total carbon burned, 10' t C/yrWb=the annual consumption of fuelwood, Tg [1,10,17]il =the carbon content, 27 % [1]

After estimating the total amount of carbon combusted, GHG emissions can be calculatedby using the same methodology and parameters discussed in the proceeding chapter onemissions from crop wastes.

Table 6.10 provides the fuelwood consumption and GHG emissions from 1985 to 1990.

GHG Emissions from the Leakage of Methane-Generating Pits and the Combustionof Biogas

6.10 Biogas use is widespread in China. Most of the methane-generating pits aresmall with fixed vaults constructed by individual families in the countryside. Methaneleakage from these pits is significant and thus an important GHG source as compared withsome other countries.

6.11 Biogas is composed primarily of CH4 and C02. Emissions of the formercome from leakage from the pits while the latter comes from both leakage and combustion.Their emissions can be calculated by using the following equations:

EM7 =NxVxBxDxr, xLIxl6/22.4x 10x

EC4 = NxVx,BxDx(a, + a2)x(I -L)x44/22.5x 104+ EM7 x a2/a1 x 44/16

where: EM7=CH4 released from pits, Tg CH4EC4=C02 from pits leakage and biogas combustion, Tg C02N=Number of generating pits, 104 [11]V=Mean volume of pits, =11 Im3 [18]

- 19 -

O=Specific gas production, = 0.1-0.2 m3/m3.d [18]a,=Annual operation period, = 365 daysa2 =Volume fraction of CE4 in biogas, = 60% [18]a-L2=Volume fraction of CO2 in biogas, = 40% [18]L1=Leakage fraction, =15% [18]16/22.4 =Conversion factor44/22.4 =Conversion factor44/16=Conversion factor, C0 2/CHE4

GHG emissions from leakage and combustion from 1985 to 1990 are presented in Table6.11.

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7. GHG EMISSIONS FROM FORESTS

7.1 Greenhouse gases are released from changes in forest areas and associatedbiomass burning. These land-use changes include deforestation, forest fires, and forestland conversion to cropland and other uses. Forests are also a sink for CO2; they absorbCO2 during growth and other activities.

7.2 Four nationwide surveys on forest resources in China have been conducted;however, the first two surveys were not widely accepted. The latter two were generallyaccepted. The data upon which the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions is based arecollected from (19]. These figures have been carefully adjusted on the basis of the fourthnationwide survey which was conducted from 1984 to 1988.

7.3 Forests in China are divided into six areas, of which Xishuangbanna andHainan island are tropic and the remainder temperate. They are:

Region Provinces

1. Northeast Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang2. Southwest Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan3. South Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan4. North and Northwest Hebei, Shanxi, Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Inner Mongolia,

Xinjiang, Xizang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi5. Xishuangbanna6. Hainan

This classification is adopted in the following discussions.

The methodology for estimating GHG emissions and sinks from forests is based on thoserecommended by IPCC.

CO2 Emissions by Deforestation

7.4 CO2 emissions from deforestation are calculated from the decomposition ofthe total biomass, the carbon permanently stored in wood products, and carbon left on theground.

EC1 =A x -y x [1' 2 x (I - SI) x 1h + S x F x 1/25] x 44/12

where: EC, =C02 emissions by deforestation, Tg CO2A=Forest area, million ha

- 21 -

y, =Area ratio of deforestationB 2=Total biocarbon of mature forest t carbon/haST=Carbon permanently stored in wooden products, ST taken as

38.5%S=Soil carbon reserve, t C/haF =Emission factor

1 =CO2 conversion coefficient, VIl taken as 90%25 =Soil emission period, years

B'2 =B2 X 73

B 2=P 2 x C x y2X p

where: B 2=Aboveground biocarbon of mature forest t C/ha-y3=Ratio of total biomass to aboveground biomass7y2=Ratio of aboveground biomass to stem biomassp=Wood density, t/m3

P 2=Storage of mature forest woods, m3/haC=Wood carbon content, kg C/kg biomass

7.5 According to the OECD/IPCC report, F =0.3 for tropical forests and F =0 Sfor temperate and cold zones[l]. Table 7.1 shows the total biocarbon forest and these datacan be used as the basic information for the estimation of GHG emissions and sinks. Thecalculation can be carried out by following the above procedure. However, in light of thecurrent circumstances in China, it is assumed that all areas of deforestation are reforested.As a result, the GHG emissions from deforestation are the same as those from fuelwoodburning which were calculated in Chapter 6.

CO2 Absorption by Forest Growth

7.6 The absorbed CO2 is stored as carbohydrates. The annual growth incrementof biocarbon levels is equal to the net absorption by photosynthesis and respiration.

EC2 = AxGQxpx 73 x 72 xCx44/12

where: EC2=CO2 absorption by forest growth, Tg C02/yrGQ=Average annual forest volume increment, m3/ha/yr

The results are shown in Table 7.2.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Forest Fire

7.7 CO2 emissions generated by forest fires can be calculated from biomassburning plus carbon emissions from soil. Non-CO2 emissions are calculated from theemission ratio of non-CO2 to CO2.

- 22 -

Cb = Ax-y 4xB1B1 =Y2 xPcXCxPI

where: Cb=Total carbon burned, Tg C'y4=Ratio of fire area to total forest areaB1 =Average aboveground biocarbon of forest, t C/haPI =Forest average storage, m 3/haEC3 =Cb x O, x 44/12 + A x S x Fx 44/12/25 x -y4EM, = Cb X Q, x FCH 4 x 16/12EO,=Cb x 0,, x FCO x 28/12EN,=Cb x v, x FN2O x 44/28EX, = Cb x m, x FNO,, x 30/14

where: 0x=Burning rate, 0. taken as 90%EC3=02 emissions, Tg CO2EM, =CH4 emissions, Tg CH4EOQ =CO emissions, Tg COENI=N20 emissions, Tg N20EX,=NOx emissions, Tg NOx,q==N/C ratio, 0.01-0.02*FCH4=CH4 emission ratio, 0.007-0.013*FCO=CO emission ratio, 0.075-0.125*FN2O=N20 emission ratio, 0.005-0.009*FNOX=NOx emission ratio, 0.094-0.148*

* The averages used are 0.015, 0.01, 0.1, 0.007, 0.121, respectively.

The calculation results are shown in Tables 7.3 to 7.6.

GHG Emissions Caused by Forest Conversion

7.8 The forests are usually cut down and burned before conversion to other uses.About 45 percent of the biomass is burned and the rest is left on the ground to decaygradually (in approximately 10 years). About 8-10 percent of the burned biomass ischanged into charcoal which will take 100 or more years to decay. The remainder isoxidized and emitted as CO2. Meanwhile the oxidation of organic material in the soil alsoreleases CO2. Assuming that no plants are regrown on converted lands, the emissions areestimated as follows:

(a) Instant Emissions of GHG by Burning

Cb = A x (y5 x y 6) x B', x 0.45El = Cb X x 44/12

- 23 -

where: El =C02 emissions by burning, Tg CO2,ys=Area ratio of forest to agriculture,y6 =Area ratio of forest to other usesB'l =Average total biocarbon, t C/ha

Non-CO2 GHG emissions are estimated as in emissions from forest fires inSection 3.


(b) Slow CO2 Emissions from the Biomass Left on the Ground

If the emission period is assumed to be 10 years, then the following formulaapplies:

E2 = A x (,y5 + y 6) x B'l x 0.S5 x 44/12/10or

E2 = Cb x 0.55/0.45 x 44/12/10

where: E2=Gradual CO2 emissions from the soil, Tg CO2


(c) CO2 Emissions by Soil

If formula should be used the soil emission period is 25 years, then thefollowing formula applies:

E3 = A=AxSxFx(7 5 + 76)xl/25x4 4/12

where: E 3=CO2 emission, Tg CO2


(d) CO2 Absorption by Plants Regrown on Agricultural Lands

E-4 = Axy5 xRx44/12

where: E4=C02 absorption, Tg CO2R=Average total biocarbon of agricultural lands, R=5 t C/ha


- 24 -

(e) Net CO2 Emisions

EC4 =El+E 2 +E3+E 4EC4 = 20.85 + 2.83 + 5.6 - 10.58 = 18.70 Tg CO2

Agricultural Land Conversion and the Absorption of CO, by Plants

7.9 Conversion of agricultural lands to forest lands may result in CO2 absorptiondue to an increase in both biomass carbon and soil carbon. The other effective measureto reduce CO2 emissions is the establishment of plantations and other tree plantingactivities.

7.10 The absorption of CO2 from the two activities can be calculated by thefollowing equation:

EC5 =[Ar x (B' 2 -B3)+ Axy7x B'Y]T x 44/12

where: EC3=C02 absorption, Tg CO2A,=Area of agricultural lands converted to forests, mil haB 3=Original biomass of agricultural lands, B3 taken as 5 t C/haT=Growing period of treesy7=Ratio of afforestation


Conclusions

7.11 The summary of GHG emissions from forests is listed in Tables 7.12 and7.13. It can be concluded that forests are a sink of CO2 with a net absorption of157.52 Tg CO2 each year, though some activities can release CO2 into the air. These arethe sources of non-CO2 GHG, e.g., 0.011 Tg N 20, 0.29 Tg NOx, 0.90 Tg CH4, 15.84 TgCO.

- 25 -

8. PRESENT STATUS OF GHG EMISSIONS AND SINKS

8.1 GHG emissions of recent years in China are summarized in this chapter.Because the estimations of GHG emissions from forests has been calculated only on thebasis of the data from the most recent survey of forestry (1984-88), GHG absorption oremissions by forests in 1989 and 1990 are taken to be equal to those of 1988.

Carbon Dioxide

8.2 Table 8.1 gives the CO2 emissions from different sources from 1985 to1990. From the results it can be concluded that at any given time, CO2 emissions aremainly from fossil fuel consumption. To control CO2 emissions, it is necessary to reducethe use of fossil fuels by saving energy and improving energy efficiency. Afforestation,reforestation and forest conservation also play an important role, as forests are a net sinkof C0 2, absorbing approximately 26 Tg CO2 each year.

8.3 From the estimation results, the increasing trend of total CO2 emissions canbe calculated. During 1985-90, the total CO2 emissions increased by 5.6 percent onaverage.

CH'

8.4 Table 8.2 gives the CH4 emissions of different sources from 1985-90. Theprimary sources of CH4 emissions are rice fields and coal mining: they account for about33 and 29 percent of the total CH4 emissions in 1990, respectively. Only 5 percent of theemissions from coal mining are now utilized: Hence, increasing the utilization proportioncould reduce CH4 emissions significantly over the years.

8.5 To correlate the increasing trend of CH4 emissions, the following formulamay be used:

y = 1.1097 x + 37.49

where x is the difference between the prediction year and criteria year (1985), and y is theCRI4 emissions (Tg CH4). The total emission of CR4 increase annually by 3 percent.

N 20

8.6 The emission status of N 20 in China during the period of 1985-90 ispresented in Table 8.3. N 20 is mainly generated by consumption of fossil fuels whichaccounts for 74.18 percent of the total N20 emissions in 1990. There are some difficulties

- 26 -

in estimating the emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels because N 20 emissioncoefficients of many subbranches are not available. These have to be determined bymaking some uncertain assumptions.

8.7 Following the preceding example, the correlation for the annual increase inN 20 can be expressed as follows.

y =0.009 x + 0.199

Co

8.8 Table 8.4 is the summary for CO emissions in China during recent years.Although CO is not a greenhouse gas, it can have an affect on GHGs in the atmosphere.Almost every emission source is related to burning, particularly the combustion of cropwaste. Changing the structure of domestic fuel, particularly crop wastes and fuelwood,may be a helpful measure for controlling CO emissions.

8.9 The correlation for the trend of CO emission is obtained as follows:

y 0.93 x + 50.26

NOx

8.10 Table 8.5 gives the total NOx emissions from all sources in China in recentyears. As with CO, NO,c is not a GHG, but it has an influence on climate change. NO,is mainly released during the consumption of fossil fuels. NOx emissions depend on thespecific combustion conditions of the technologies and fuel properties and can be reducedby adjustments to the burner technology. However, such adjustments may increase the rateof CO emissions.

8.11 The correlation for the trend in NOx emissions is obtained as follows:

y = 0.635 x + 8.81

- 27 -

CONCLUSIONS

1. The total emissions of GHGs in China were 2,938 Tg CO2 equivalent(801 Tg C) in 1990; CO2 accounted for approximately 84 percent of this figure and theemissions of Cu 4 for about 14 percent. It is most important to control both CO2 and CH,emissions in China. The summary emissions from all GHG sources from 1985 to 1990are listed in Table 8.6.

2. The emission of GHGs in China increased by about 4.4 percent each yearfrom 1985 to 1990. This emission increase is approximately the same as the increase inthe rate of energy consumption over the period. Fossil fuel use is the single greatestsource for these emissions in China.

3. The sources of the GHG emissions that are the most difficult to estimate areagriculture, forestry, land use and landfills. Even though initial estimates of methaneemissions from animals, animal wastes, rice fields, forests, fertilizer use, and landfills havebeen made, the authors have the least amount of confidence in these figures since there wasno Chinese emission coefficient.

4. The primary GHG emitted during energy production is methane, which isreleased during natural gas production and transmission as well as coal production.Estimates of methane emissions from coal mining are based on both the OECD/IPCCmethodology and an ongoing GEF project on coal-bed methane being carried out by theUS EPA and the Chinese Ministry of Coal. However, the emission factors used are thoseof other countries. There are many town-owned coal mines in China which emit much lessmethane as compared with state-owned mines, however, there is no data available toillustrate this point. Further research is recommended to achieve more precise estimations.

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REFERENCES

1. OECD/OCDE, Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emission and Sinks, OECD ExpertsMeeting, August 1991, prepared for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

2. Yearbook of Chinese Coal Industry, 1989-90, Chinese Statistics Press (in Chinese).

3. China Energy Statistical Yearbook, 1989, 1991, Chinese Statistics Press (inChinese).

4. Yearbook of the Petrochemical Industry Company of China, 1991, Chinese StatisticsPress (in Chinese).

5. Yearbook of Chinese Industrial Economy, 1986-90, Chinese Statistics Press (inChinese).

6. Technology Principles of Cement, Eds. Luoyang Building Materials IndustryCollege & Shandong Building Materials College, Chinese Building Materials Press,1981 (in Chinese).

7. Statstical Yearbook of China, 1991, Chinese Statistics Press (in Chinese).

8. Zhu Yongti, 'Study of Mathematical Modelling on Effects of Global ClimateChange by GHG," Shanghai Environmental Science, Vol. 9, No. 9, pp. 33-36 (inChinese).

9. Analysis for Greenhouse Emissions of China, Systematical Analysis Lab., NuclearEnergy Institute, Tsinghua University (in Chinese).

10. Yearbook of Chinese Agriculture, 1986-90, Chinese Statistic Press (in Chinese).

11. Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Countryside, 1991, Chinese Statistic Press (inChinese).

12. 85-913-04-05 Program, AEPI. Agro-Environmental Protection, 1993 12(2):52-56.Methane Emission from Domesticated Animal and Waste in China (in Chinese).

13. 85-913-04.05 Program, AEPI. Agro-Environmental Protection, 1993 12(2):49-61.Estimation of Emission from Domesticated Animal and Waste in China (inChinese).

- 29 -

14. 85-913-04-05 Program, AEPI. Agro-Environmental Protection, 1993 12(2):57-61.Methane Emission from Domesticated Animal and Waste in China (in Chinese).

15. Handbook of Modern Agronomist, 1988, Beijing Press (in Chinese) 17, Handbookof Agriculture Technological Economy, Agriculture Press, 1984 (in Chinese).

16. Handbook of Comprehensive Energy Program, Tran. Liu Xingzhong, Energy Press(in Chinese).

17. Xu Deying, Background about China's Forests and Calculation Method, 1988.

- 30 -

TABLES

Table 1.1: THE PERCENTAGE OF UNDERGROUND COAL MIN OurPur ToTOTAL OUrPUT (X) AND TE EMISSION COEFFICENT OF CH4

Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

X (%) 92.9 92.5 92.5 91.3 90.6 90.OLafCH4 ( 3 CH4/t 27.6 27.5 27.5 27.2 27.0 26.81g

coal)

La Data are evaluated values.

Table 1.2: CH, EmIsSIONS DURING COAL MInNG IN RFCENT YEARs

Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Total output 8.72 8.94 9.28 9.80 10.54 10.80of coal(I0' t)

CH4 emission 15.34 15.67 16.27 16.99 18.14 18.45(Tg CH4 )

- 31 -

Table 1.3: CH4 EmSSONS FROM COAL MINNG IN CHNA, 1990(billion cubic meters)

Ventilation Degasification Postmining TotalSystems Systems Operations Recovery Emissions

Bcm Mt

5.5 0.43 2.36 0.41 7.88 5.29

Source: Wang Hanchen, Modem Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy,NEPA.

Table 1.4: CHIA'S CH4 EmiSSIONS FROM COAL MINiNG IN 1990(Estimated by US EPA)

Emission Factors Emission QuantityEmission Source m3 CH 4/t Coal 106 m3 CIL

Low Case High Case

Underground MinesState 23 10,434 10,434Big nonstate 5.8 1,179 4,7'5Small nonstate 1 369 369

Surface Mines 0.3-2 13 86Postmining 922 4,105

Underground 0.9-4Surface 0-0.2

Less Utilization 270 270

Tot:al Emissionn 12,647 19 439

- 32 -

Table 1.5: NAnRAL GAS LEAKAGE AND RELATED C EM ONS, 1985-90

Year Total output Leakage Leakage franction CR4 emissions(10' m33) (10' I) (%) (Tg CH4)

1985 129.3 2.7 2.08 0.15121986 137.6 4.1 3.00 0.22961987 138.9 2.8 2.02 0.15681988 142.6 2.7 1.89 0.15121989 150.5 2.7 1.79 0.15121990 153.0 3.2 2.09 0.1792

Table 2.1: CO2 EMSSION COEF CNTANDTHE CONVEON COEFFICENS FOR FossIL FuELs

Fuel kind f (kg C/GJ) Cf(Jfkg)

Crude oil 20.0 41,816Gasoline 18.9 43,070Diesel 20.2 42,652Kerosene 19.5 43,070Fuel oil 21.1 41,816LPG 17.2 50,179Coal 25.8 20,908Natural gas 15.3 38,931LA

la Units of the data are kWm 3 .

Source: CO2 emission coefficient f based on Reference1, and conversion coefficient Cf based ChinaEnergy Statisncal Yearbook, 1991, ChineseStatistic Press.

- 33 -

Table 2.2: THEE VALUES OF COEFFICENTS ESTIMAON OFCARBON SEQUESTERED IN PRODUcrS

Product/ Naphtha Lubricant Bitumen Light Gas as LPG asfuel oil feedstock feedstock

,q.(%) 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 15.3 85.0,B(%) 80.0 50.0 100.0 75.0 33.0 80.0

Note: Unit of natural gas on energy basis is 15.3 kg C/GJ.

Source: Reference 1.

Table 2.3: ESTMAING TOTAL CARBON IN FossIL FuELs FoR 1985

Consumption Conversion Emission Total carbon(Tg) coefficient coefficient (Tg C)

(kd/kg) (kgC/GJ)

Crude 6.912 41,816 20.0 5.78Gasoline 13.963 43,070 18.9 11.37Diesel 19.394 42,652 20.2 16.71Kerosene 3.855 43,070 19.5 3.24Fuel oil 28.374 41,816 21.1 25.03LPG 1.557 50,179 17.2 1.34Refinery gas 2.181 45,998 20.0 2.01Other oil 12.029 28,089 20.0 6.76Coal 816.03 20,908 25.8 440.19Natural gas 129.3 38,931 15.3 7.70

Taw 520.13

Notes: (1) For crude oil the consumption includes usage for power plants, heat, andother final consumption.

(2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are10' m3 and /rm3 , respectively.

- 34 -

Table 2.4: ESIMAING TOTAL CARBON IN FOSsIL FUELS FOR 1986


(kJ/kg) (kgC/GJ)


IQa 548.95

Notes: (1) For crude oil the consumption includes usage for power plants, heat, andother terminal consumption.

(2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are10' m3 and W/mr, respectively.

- 35 -

Table 2.5: ESrImT[G TOTAL CARBON iN FOSSIL FuELs FOR 1987

Consumption Conversioni Emission Total carbon(Tg) coefficient coefficient (Tg C)

(kd/kg) (kgC/GJ)


Taw 590.08


(2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are10' m3 and d/im3 , respectively.

- 36 -

Table 26: ESMTING TOTAL CARBON IN FOsS FrS FoR 1988

Consumption Conversion Emission Total carbon(rg) coefficient coefficient (Tg C)

(kJ/kg) (kgC/GJ)


IDa1 612


(2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are10' m3 and WeJ/m, respectively.

- 37 -

Table 2.7: ESTiMAG TOTAL CARBON IN FossL FUELS FOR 1989


(id/kg) (kgC/GJ)

Crude 6.966 41,816 20.0 5.83Gasoline 18.536 43,070 18.9 15.09Diesel 27.480 42,652 20.2 23.68Kerosene 3.608 43,070 19.5 3.03Fuel oil 33.906 41,816 21.1 29.92LPG 2.515 50,179 17.2 2.17Refinery gas 2.701 45,998 20.0 2.48Other oil 15.636 28,089 20.0 8.78Coal 1,034.27 20,908 25.8 557.91Natural gas 150.3 38,931 15.3 8.95

Toa 6S7.84


(2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are10' m3 and kJ/m3, respectively.

- 38 -

Table 2.8: ESTmANG TOTAL CARBON IN FOSSIL FuELS FOR 1990


(kJ/kg) (kgC/GJ)

Crude 5.478 41,816 20.0 4.58Gasoline 18.995 43,070 18.9 15.46Diesel 26.917 42,652 20.2 23.19Kerosene 3.509 43,070 19.5 2.95Fuel oil 33.678 41,816 21.1 29.72LPG 2.542 50,179 17.2 2.19Refinery gas 2.795 45,998 20.0 2.57Other oil 15.451 28,089 20.0 8.68Coal 1,055.23 20,908 25.8 569.22Natural gas 152.5 38,931 15.3 9.08

IQW 667.64


(2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are10' ml and kJ/m3, respectively.

- 39 -

Table 2.9: ESTMAING CARBON SEQUESTEE IN PRODucrs IN 1985

Carbon Carbon PotentialProduct Output content sequestered emissions

(103t) (%) (S) cg C)

Naphtha 1,636.0 85.0 80.0 1.11Lubricants 1,581.7 85.0 50.0 0.67Bitumen 2,381.7 85.0 100.0 2.02Crude light oil 3,282.2 85.0 75.0 2.09Natural gas as 504.00 15.3 33.0 2.54

feedstockLPG as feedstock 622.8 85.0 80.0 0.42

ITIal M

Note: For natural gas, the unit of output is PJ and carbon content on an energy basis inkg C/Gigajoule.

Table 2.10: EsTMATING CARBON SEQET N N PRoDucTs IN 1986


(103 t) (%) (%) (Tg C)

Naphtha 1,197.1 85.0 80.0 0.81Lubricants 1,643.6 85.0 50.0 O.-0Bitumen 2,566.4 85.0 100.0 2.18Crude light oil 3,540.1 S5.0 75.0 2.20Natural gas as 536.35 15.3 33.0 2.71



- 40 -

Table 2.11: FSm=IATING CARBON SEQUESTERED IN RODUCrS IN 1987


(103 t) (%) (%) (g C)



TQa IQ1


Table 2.12: EsTsMATING CARBON SEQuErERED IN PRoDuc'rs IN 1M88


(103 t) (%) (%) (Tg C)



IQZ ILD


- 41 -

Table 2.13: ESmATING CARBON SEQUESE IN PRODUr IN 1989


(103 t) (%) (%) (Tg C)

Naphtha 949.2 85.0 80.0 0.645Lubricants 1,814.1 85.0 50.0 0.771Bitumen 2,626.1 85.0 100.0 2.232Crude light oil 6,629.4 85.0 75.0 4.226Natural gas as 585.85 15.3 33.0 2.958

feedstockLPG as feedstock 1,006.0 85.0 80.0 0.684


Table 2.14: ESmATING CARBON SEQuESrERED IN PRODucrs IN 1990

Carbon Carbon PotentalProduct Output content sequestered emissions

(103 t) (% (% (Tg C)

Naphtha 536.4 85.0 80.0 0.36Lubricants 1,690.8 85.0 50.0 0.72Bitumen 2,733.0 85.0 100.0 2.31Crude light oil 7,310.9 85.0 75.0 4.66Natural gas as 594.43 15.3 33.0 3.00

feedstockLPG as feedstock 1,016.8 85.0 80.0 0.69

Total b1176


- 42 -

Table 2.15: CARBON OX[DIZED DuRING CoMwsTIoN OF Foss FUEL (1985-90)

Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

ToW Carbon (Tg C) 520.13 548.95 590.08 631.32 657.84 667.64

Carbon seq. Crg C) 8.85 9.15 10.64 11.09 11.52 11.76

Net emi8Sion (Tg C) 511.28 539.80 579.44 620.23 646.32 655.88

Fraction oxidized(X) 99 99 99 99 99 99

Carbon oxidized(Tg C) 506.17 534.40 573.65 614.03 639.86 649.32

CO2 Emission(TS C0O) 1,855.95 1,959.47 2,103.37 2,251.43 2,346.14 2,380.84

- 43 -

Table 2.16: CO EMISSONS COEFFICIENT OF DFFERENT FosSL FUELSFOR DIERENT BRANcS (g/GJ)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasolins Kmese Dias Nawreloil paa

Agricultur & foreary 93.00 211 00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Ildustry

Coal mining 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.0 15.00 15.00 17.00Oil & natural gu 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Food 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Textiles 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Paper 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Electric power &bcating 14.00 211.00 15. 00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 19.00Oil refining 93.00 211.00 0.00 1500 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Coal processing 0.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Chemicral 179.00 211.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 11.00Pharmaceutdcals 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Synthetic fibers 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Building materiala 79.00 211.00 79.00 79.00 79.00 79.00 79.00 83.00Ferrous metal procesaing 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Nonferrouw metprocessing 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00Mcbhanical&electronicproducu 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 1S.00 17.00Conatructioa 93.00 211 .00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00

Transportation 121.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 S.S60 15.00 0.51 0ACommercial 195.00 211.00 17.00 17.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 9.60Residentisl 3,580.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00Others 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00

Nose: Uniu of data with *re gaMJ.

Table 2.17: CH4 EMONS CoEFFCENT OF DIFErE Fos FuEsFOR DFvERENT BRANCEES (g/GJ)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosen Diesel Naturalou s

Agricultur & forestry 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Industry

Coal mining 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Oil & natural gas 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Food 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Textilcs 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Paper 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Electric power & heating 0.60 1.00 0.70 0.70 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.10Oil refining 2.40 1.00 0.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Coal prcesing 0.00 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Chemnicals 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10Pharmaceuticals 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Synthetic fibers 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Building rnateriah 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10Ferous metal proceaing 1.00 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Nonferrous metal procecaing 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Mechanical & electronic products 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40Conatruction 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40

Transportuion 0.70 1.00 2.90 2.90 0.03 2.90 0.01' OS6Commercial 10.00 1.00 1.60 1.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 1.20Residential 2.40 1.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1.00Others 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40

Nose: Units of data with a g/WM.

- 44 -

Table 2.18: NO EMISSIONS COEFFICENT OF DERMENT FOSSIL FULsFOR DFFEREN BRANCS (g/GJ)

Coal Coke Cmde Fuel Gaoline Kaoes Dicel Nuleoil ga

Agricultur A fonsry 329.00 0.00 201.00 201.00 161.00 6S.00 61.00 67.00Idustry

Coal ming 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Oil & natural gas 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Food 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Textile. 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Paper 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.000ecuic power A hating 157.00 0.00 201.00 201.00 63.00 63.00 6S.00 267.00OU rfning 329.00 0.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Coal processing 0.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Chemicala 226.00 0.00 168.00 16S.00 168.00 161.00 165.00 64.00Pharmaceuticals 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Synthetic fibers 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Building mcatrials 527.00 0.00 527.00 527.00 527.00 527.00 527.00 1,111.00Ferrw metcl processng 329.00 527.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Nonferos mea poceusing 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Mechanical & electronic products 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00Constuction 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00

Transporution 326.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 0.41' 161.00 1.01 12Comnercial 236.00 0.00 186.00 155.00 64.00 64.00 64.00 48.00Residential 179.00 0.00 51.00 51.00 51.00 51.00 51.00 47.00Others 329.00 0.00 201.00 201.00 61.00 65.00 63.00 267.00

MAbe: Units of date with * ang/M.

Table 2.19: N20 EMISSION COEmCIENT OF DIFFERENT FossIL FUEIsFOR DEmTNr BRANCEs (g/GJ)

Coal Coke Cnade Fuel Gasolin Kerosens Diese Nab"roil pa

AgricuWwe A feonstry 0.30 0.00 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40

Coal mnig 0.30 0.30 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40Oil & natura gas 0.S0 0.30 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40Food 0.10 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40TextlUe 0 so 0.10 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40Paper 0.10 0.OS 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40EOcuaicpower &be ting 0.50 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40OiU refining 0.S0 0.30 0.00 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40Coal procseing 0.00 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40Chemicals 0.80 0.30 46.50 46.30 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40Pharmecoutical 0. O0 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40Synthetic fibers 0.80 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40BuildinSl aterials 0.0 0.S0 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40Ferrous met procemang 0.10 0.30 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40Nonfeffous metwprocesinS 0.30 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.4JMcchanica A elecuonic products 0.80 0.30 46.50 46.05 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40ConSruction 0.30 0.00 46.50 46.50 13.70 15.70 15.70 2.40

Tmunqotutioa 0.0 0.00 46.50 46.50 0.009 15.70 0.019 2.40Conunercial 59.10 0.00 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40ResidenUal 0.80 0.00 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40, xh¢> re0.10 0.00 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40

Now: Uiil of &a witheer,g/MJ.

- 45 -

Table 2.20a: FUEL CONSUMPrION FOR DFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1985 (Mt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosee Diesel Naturaloil oil u /L

Agriculture & forstry 22.086 0.208 0.008 0.031 1.223 0.033 6.292 0.00Indutry

Coal mining 54.951 0.150 0.000 0.000 0.259 0.01 0.159 0.20Oil & natural gaS 0.916 0.049 7.524 0.482 0.312 0.004 0.2S1 34.20Food 24.490 0.12 0.019 0.152 0.287 0.005 0.324 0.30Textiles 18.676 0.071 0.059 0.300 0.214 0.0L,3 0.240 0.40Paper 12.509 0.009 0.027 0.317 0.074 0.001 0.056 0.30Electric power & heating 166.193 0.031 3.408 9.536 0.090 0.001 1.299 5.80Oil refining 0.437 0.041 70.196 2.526 0.079 0.011 0.072 5.30Coal proccuing 32.152 0.141 0.000 0.599 0.027 0.000 0.009 0.00Chemictla 51.895 7.219 9.886 4.027 0.473 0.015 1.500 41.40Phermaceuticals 3.679 0.003 0.013 0.145 0.042 0.001 0.008 0.40Synthetic fiben 3.154 0.100 2.076 1.045 0.011 0.002 0.010 1.80Building materials 86.137 0.935 0.160 2.502 0.449 0.017 0.591 1.S)Ferrous metal proccing 65.478 32.372 0.202 3.080 0.14 0.004 0.173 5.2t)Nonferrous metal procesing 6.414 0.731 0.196 0.311 0.060 0.002 0.067 0.00Mechanical & electronic products 27.476 2.601 0.084 0.957 0.922 0.089 0.798 5.9')Conatruction 5.319 0.078 0.740 0.189 0.730 0.013 1.250 14.10

Ttnsportation 23.071 0.057 0.443 1.441 4.774 0.562 4.544 0.F')Comrmercial 7.382 0.027 0.001 0.031 0.234 0.001 0.109 0.00Residential 136.244 0.230 0.000 0.000 0.106 1.216 0.013 4.30Others 15.795 0.020 0.004 0.060 2.333 1.S29 0.740 0.50

T-otz 816.030 46.897 95.095 28.374 13.963 S 9 394 129.30

Is The unit is 100 million mi.

Table 2.20b: CO EMSONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSL FUELSFOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1985 (kt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel NaturA Totaloil gSa

Agriculture & forestry 42.94 1.25 0.01 0.02 0.79 0.02 4.03 0.00 49.06Industry

Coal mining 106.85 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.01 0.10 0.01 10.04Oil & natural gas 1.78 0.29 4.72 0.30 0.20 0.00 0.11 Z..,6 9 .' 3Food 47.62 0.74 0.01 0.10 0.19 u.00 0.21 o.02 44.19Textiles 36.31 0.43 0.04 0.19 0.14 0.01 0.15 0.03 37.30Paper 24.32 0.05 0.02 0.20 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.02 24.70Electricpower&hedting 4S.65 0.19 2.14 5.93 0.06 0.00 0.83 0.43 53.Z1Oil refining 0.85 0.25 0.00 1.51 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.35 3.14Coal processn 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.33 0.02 0.00 0.01 O.O0 1.26Chericals 194.22 43.31 6.61 2.69 0.33 0.01 1.02 1.77 249.96Pharmaceutical 7.19 0.02 0.01 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.01 C.03 7.46Synthetac fibers 6.13 0.60 1.30 0.66 0.01 0.00 0 01 C 12 t X3Building material 142.21 5.61 0.53 3.27 1.53 0.06 1.99 0 5S I) '5Ferrous meta processing 127.32 194.23 0.13 1.93 0.12 0.00 0.11 0.34 324 13Nonferrous metal processiag 12.47 4.39 0.12 0.20 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 17.26Mechanical & electrozaic products 53 43 15.61 0.05 0.60 0.60 0.06 0.51 0.39 71.25Constuction 10.34 0.47 0.05 0.12 0.47 0.01 0.80 0.93 13.19

Transportation 58.37 0.34 0.03 0.90 1,121.76 0.36 98.34 1.37 1,°t1.97Conunercia 30.10 0.16 0.0o 0.02 0.16 0.00 0.07 0.00 3C.51Residential 11,694.96 1.31 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.79 0.01 0 17 11,697.38Others 30.71 0.12 0.00 0.04 1.54 1.18 0.47 0.03 34.09

Total 12.676.84 271.19 15.77 24.27 1.828.33 2.51 109.4S JJ5 14.937.24

- 46 -

Table 2.20c: CH4 EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENr FossiL FuEsFOR DIFFERET BRANCHES IN 1985 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Dieel N atual Total

Arkicuture&forebay 1,108 6 1 4 153 4 771 0 2,054ladutry

Coal minm 2,757 4 0 0 32 2 20 1 2,316Oil & ashl"gs 46 1 912 58 39 0 35 16 1,277Food 1,229 3 2 1 a 36 1 40 2 1,331Textile 937 2 7 36 27 1 30 2 1.042Pper 628 0 3 38 9 0 7 2 687Blectc power & he ai 2,015 1 100 279 0 0 2 2 2,469Oil efiniag 22 1 0 306 10 1 9 29 378Cog prceaiog 0 4 0 73 3 0 1 0 81Chemicals 1,085 205 413 168 20 1 64 177 2,133Iazmaceuicals 186 0 2 IS 5 0 1 2 214Synthetic fibers 151 3 252 127 1 0 1 10 552Buidin materiel 1,101 27 7 los 19 1 25 8 1,993Ferru metal procesu 1,369 920 24 374 23 0 21 105 2,336Nonferros mel proceuin 322 21 24 38 7 0 8 0 420Mechanioal&electoaicproducta 1,379 74 10 116 115 11 99 119 1,923Coanaction 267 2 90 23 91 2 155 2i5 915

Trnsportation 338 2 54 175 6,168 70 1,93S 1,962 10,707Commercial 1,543 1 0 2 6 0 3 0 1,555Reusdential 7,840 7 0 0 23 262 4 17 6,153Others 793 1 0 7 291 228 92 3 1,422

IotaI 25.693 L285 1.901 1.965 7.035 584 44 .2 4958

Table 2.20d: NO, EMISSIONS FROM DIFFER*NT FossiL FUELSFOR DIFERENT BRAN IS IN 1985 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerorne Diese Naual Totaloil aSU

Aiculutumefornssy 151.9 0.0 0.1 0.3 8.5 0.1 18.2 0.0 179.1bsduary

Coal mining 378.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.1 1.1 0.1 331.1Oil & nturm San 6.3 0.0 50.7 3.2 2.2 0.0 1.9 8.9 73.2Food 168.5 0.0 0.1 1.0 2.0 0.0 2.2 0.1 173.9Textie 128.5 0.0 0.4 2.0 1.5 0.1 1.6 0.1 134.2Paper 16.0 0.0 0.2 2.1 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 19.3Elecaic powei A beating 2,977.9 0.0 28.6 10.2 0.3 0.0 3.8 6.0 3,096.8Oil refinry 3.0 0.0 0.0 21.2 0.5 0.1 0.5 1.4 26.7Coal processing 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 5.3Cbhem:cej 245.2 0.0 69.5 28.3 3.4 0.1 10.7 10.3 367.5Pbareaccuums 25.4 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 27.2Sytheatic fiber, 21.7 0.0 17.4 3.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 48.6aluding materials 949.1 0.0 3.5 55.1 10.2 0.4 13.3 7.1 1,039.4Frroua metl proceasng 450.4 485.1 1.4 20.7 1.3 0.0 1.2 1.4 961.5Nonferrous metal procesaig 44.1 0.0 1.3 2.1 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 48.4Mecanical & electronic producta 1S9.0 0.0 0.6 6.4 6.4 0.6 5.5 1.5 210.0Conniction 36.6 0.0 5.0 1.3 5.1 0.1 8.6 3.7 60.4

Tansporution 157.3 0.0 3.0 9.7 14.3 3.9 195.7 4.0 457.9ComKnrcail 36.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 37.5Residential 584.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.7 0.0 0.1 583.4Othen 101.6 0.0 0.0 0.5 7.0 5.4 2.1 0.5 124.1

iw f6.748.6 85. j.9 249.3 6.j DA 2M2U EJ I1305

- 47 -

Table 2.20e: N10 EMISSIONS FROM DIFEERENT FossIL FUELSFOR DIFERENT BRANcHES IN 1985 (t)

Cowl Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kero.es Diesel Natural Totaloil gaS

Agriculture & foresry 369 0 16 60 827 22 4,213 0 5,507Idustry

Coel ninirg 919 3 0 0 175 12 106 2 1,217Oil & naturl gSa 15 1 14,630 937 211 3 1s8 320 16,305Food 410 3 37 296 194 3 217 3 1,163Textiles 312 2 115 583 145 5 161 4 1,327Paper 209 0 52 616 50 1 37 3 96tElectric power& heating 2,780 1 6,627 18,542 61 1 870 54 2S,936Oil refining 7 1 0 4,912 53 7 4J 50 5,078Coal proceuing 0 3 0 1,165 1S 0 6 0 1,192Chemicals 868 164 19,223 7,830 320 10 1,004 337 29,80Pharmsceuticals 62 0 25 282 28 1 5 4 407Synthetic fibers 53 2 4,037 2,032 7 1 7 17 6,156Buildingrmaterias 1,441 21 311 4,865 304 11 396 17 7,366Ferrous metal processing 1,095 736 393 5,989 124 3 116 49 3,505Nonferrous metal proceuing 107 17 3S1 605 41 1 45 0 1,197Mechanical & electronic products 460 59 163 1,861 623 60 534 55 3,815Construction 89 0 1,439 367 494 9 317 132 3,367

Trnsportation 306 0 861 2,802 185 380 36e 7 4,989Commercial 9,122 0 2 60 IS1 1 13 0 9,416Residential 2,613 0 0 0 72 322 12 40 3,559Others 264 0 8 117 1,611 1,237 496 5 3,73 8

Toal 21.581 L1.1 48.320 53.921 5.701 2. 9 9 1.149 144.014

Table 2.21a: FuEL CONSUMPTION FOR DIFRENT BRANcHEs IN 1986 (Mt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasolin Keroee Diesl Natueloil oil ,a /a

Agriculture & forestry 22.969 0.498 0.006 0.013 1.424 0.023 6.713 0.00Industry

Coal mining 57.695 0.185 0.000 0.000 0.314 0.017 0. 172 n.1Oil & natural gas 0.961 0.005 6.379 C.510 0.266 v ;52 u.(406 33.50Food 26.042 0.173 0.016 0.133 G.340 0.JA3 0,290 0.40Textiles 19.682 0.090 0.021 u.293 0.205 0.)00 0.258 0.10Paper 13.481 0.012 0.028 0.2t4 O.AtS O.)05 0.064 0.10Electric power &heating 180.504 0.025 3.112 9.269 0.087 0.)00 0.767 7.60Oil refuiing 0.440 0.047 77.415 2.836 O.G40 0.301 0.043 10.70Coal processing 35.525 0.129 0.000 0.664 0.022 0.101 0.013 O.00Chemaicals 56.211 6.903 10.576 4.353 0.446 0.2nl 1.445 42.tOPharmaceuticals 4.0t5 0.002 0.005 0.131 0.t)43 0.101 0.014 J, 40Synthetic fibers 3.522 0.115 2.304 0.955 0.015 0.101 0.011 3 10Buildin msterials 91.717 1.205 0.147 2.xt2 0.493 0.21 0.770 2 1)0Ferrous metl procesing 10.528 36.816 0.133 3.926 0.191 0.0)05 0,205 6.60Nonferrous metal proccsing 6.812 0.807 0.223 0.410 0 Ot6 0.004 0.)089 030Mechanical&electroaicproducis 28.170 3.148 0,042 0,944 0.957 0.079 0.824 4.t0Contuction 4.983 0.110 0.565 0.153 0.793 0.O1IS 1501 14 20

Trarsportation 22.950 0.0)66 . 603 1.730 5.195 0.'30 5.SO8 00Commercial 7.790 0.094 0.001 ' 119 0.308 0.710 0 :60 0 10R esidential 15.217 0.339 0.000 0.000 0.113 1.344 0.021 6.50Others 16.728 0.017 0.001 0.048 2.715 1.726 0.612 0.50

Total S60.15 52.490 102.106 30.OS2 13.i2 1.56 21.167 137.60

la 'Me units arm 100 million cubic meters.

- 48 -

Table 2.21b: CO EMISSIONS FROM DIERENT FossL FuELsFOR DIFRENT BRANCS IN 1986 (kt)

Coal Coke CUde Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Dieel NahumL TO4doil gI

AgricYUltUr & foretry 44.66 2.99 0.00 0.01 0.92 0.01 4.29 0.00 52.UIndutry

Coal mining 112.13 1.11 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.01 0.11 0.00 113.61Oa il atural Su 1.87 0.03 4.31 0.32 0.17 0.00 0.26 2.22 9.13Food 50.64 1.04 0.01 0.08 0.22 0.00 0.19 0.03 52.21TextiJes 37.75 0.54 0.01 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.17 0.02 3S.80Paper 25.36 0.07 0.02 0.13 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.02 26.24Eectric power & h.itU 52.34 0.15 1.95 3.31 0.06 0.00 0.49 0.56 61.36Oi refining 0.86 0.28 0.00 1.79 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.71 3.70Coal processing 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.42 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 1.21Chemicals 210.37 41.42 7.07 2.91 0.31 0.01 0.99 1.U3 264.91Pharmaceutcals 7.94 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.03 8.10SyntheUc fibers 6.85 0.69 1.45 0.60 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.22 9.33Building mazeri# 151.49 7.23 0.49 9.52 1.68 0.10 2.59 0.65 173.75Ferrous intl procasing 137.14 220.39 0.09 2.46 0.12 0.00 0.13 0.44 361.27Nooenurrs metl prOCessing 13.25 4.84 0.14 0.26 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.02 15.63Mechanical & elecutoic products 54.77 13.39 0.03 0.59 0.62 0.05 0.53 0.32 75.-0ConArtUion 9.69 0.66 0.35 0.10 0.51 0.01 0.96 0.94 13.22

TanmorUtaon 53-06 0.40 0.33 1.09 1,940.44 0.34 126.34 1.71 2,128.76Conmercial 31.76 0.56 0.00 0.01 0.21 0.01 0.11 0.00 32.66Residential 11,842.64 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.37 0.01 0.25 11,345.37Othens 32.53 0.10 0.00 0.03 1.75 1.12 0.39 0.03 35.95

1;211 12.SS3.15 304.70 16.30 26.26 1.947.60 2.53 137.72 10.00 15.328.26

Table 2.21c: C 4 EMISSIONS FROM DIFERENT FossIL FUELSFOR Du}ERENT BRANCHES iN 1986 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasline Kerosene Thiesl NaebW TOWoil gsa

AgricultuCre A forary 1,153 14 1 2 178 3 830 0 2,181Indutry

Coal Uhwng 2,895 5 0 0 39 2 21 0 2,962Oa & nstur mge 48 0 834 62 33 1 50 133 1,211Food 1,307 5 2 16 42 0 36 2 1,410Textike 98S 3 3 34 26 0 32 2 1,0S8Paper 676 0 3 34 11 1 8 2 735EUectnC pOt to b& atins 2,264 1 91 271 0 0 1 3 2,631OI rfUnMA 22 1 0 344 5 0 6 58 436Coal procea"s 0 4 0 31 3 0 2 0 90Chemicals 1.175 196 442 182 19 1 62 183 2,260Pharmacoumatis 205 0 1 16 5 0 2 2 231Synthotic flberw 177 3 279 116 2 0 1 IS 596BuildiYg mat.nn.a 1,918 34 6 121 21 1 33 11 2,145Peffow mel procesang 1,475 1,047 17 476 24 1 26 36 3,102Nonferrous nza processing 342 23 27 50 11 1 11 2 467Mechanical elctronic products 1,414 90 5 114 120 10 102 26 1,S13CoAruction 250 3 69 19 99 2 186 77 705

Ttransp<mtion 336 2 73 210 6,570 66 2,4n7 2,180 11,914Corrunercia 1,629 3 0 1 S 0 4 0 1,645ReeaKJ.al 7,939 10 0 0 24 2S9 4 25 3,291Otheri 339 0 0 6 339 216 76 3 1,479

T L 2.7052 LIM I . 2315 7.579 5L4 L3!7 L3 47.460

- 49 ..

Table 2.21d: NOX EMISSIONS FROM DFERENT FossiL FUELSFOR DWFl}NT BRANCEES IN 1986 (kt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural TOWloil gu

AgriculUr & foresaY 158.00 0.00 0.05 0.11 9.87 0.07 19.47 0.00 137.57Indusuy

Coal minimg 396.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 0.12 I.1S 0.00 400.35Oil & ratural gas 6.61 0.00 46.31 3.43 1.84 0.03 2.79 3.74 69.75Food 179.14 0.00 0.11 0.90 2.36 0.02 1.99 0.10 134.62Textiles 135.39 0.00 0.14 1.91 1.42 0.00 1.77 0.01 140.77Paper 92.73 0.00 0.19 1.91 0.59 0.03 0.44 0.01 95.9-Electic powsr & hbeting 3,234.30 0.00 21.16 77.91 0.25 0.00 2.22 7.90 3,343.74Oil refining 3.03 0.00 0.00 19.09 0.28 0.01 0.33 2.79 25.53Coal procesuing 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.47 0.15 0.01 0.09 0.00 4.72Chemicals 265.61 0.00 74.30 30.58 3.23 0.15 10.43 10.66 394.96Pharmaceuticals 20.10 0.00 0.03 0.8 0.30 0.01 0.10 0.10 21.52Synthetic fibers 24.23 0.00 15.51 6.43 0.10 0.01 0.03 0.86 47.22Building naterials 1,010.59 0.00 2.34 63.51 11.19 0.64 17.31 8.65 1,114.23Ferrous metal procesirng 485.14 551.70 0.93 26.43 1.32 0.03 1.43 1.72 1,068.70Nonferrous mctcl processing 46.86 0.00 1.50 2.76 0.60 0.03 0.61 0.08 52.44Mechanical & electronic products 193.77 0.00 0.28 6.36 6.64 0.55 5.66 1.25 214.51Construction 34.28 0.00 3.80 1.03 5.50 0.12 10.31 3.70 53.74

Trnsportation 157.87 0.00 4.06 11.65 89.79 3.63 250.20 4.93 522.23Commercial 38.44 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.85 0.03 0.44 0.00 39.19Residential 592.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 2.95 0.05 1.19 596.57Others 115.07 0.00 0.01 0.40 7.95 5.06 1.73 0.32 130.79

7.190.16 5 1702 =25. 8 146.66 I . a2S. 53.40 8714.75

Table 2.21e: N2 0 EMISSIONS FROM DIFERENT FoSSI FUELSFOR Dl}TERENT BRANCHES iN 1986 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Disl Natral Totloil S

Agriculture & forestry 384 0 12 25 963 16 4,495 0 5,395Industry

Coal mining 965 4 0 0 212 11 115 0 1,307Oil & natural gas 16 0 13,376 992 IS0 3 272 313 15,152Food 436 4 31 259 230 2 194 4 1,160Textiles 329 2 41 550 139 0 173 3 1,237Paper 225 0 54 552 57 3 43 3 937Electic power & bating 3,019 1 6,051 18,023 59 0 514 71 27,731Oil refining 7 1 0 5,514 27 1 32 100 5,682Coal processing 594 3 0 1,291 15 1 9 0 1,913Chemical 940 157 20,564 8,464 302 14 974 400 31,315Pharmaccuticals 63 0 10 255 29 1 9 4 376Synthetic fibers 59 3 4,480 1,857 10 1 7 31 6,448Building materials 1,334 27 286 5,604 333 19 515 19 S,337Ferrous metal processing 1,180 337 263 7,634 129 3 139 62 10,252Nonferrous metal procesiag 114 IS 434 797 53 3 60 3 1,487Mechanical & electronic products 471 72 82 1,836 647 53 552 45 3,753Conatruction 83 0 1,099 297 536 12 1,005 133 3,165

Tnsporation 384 0 1,172 3,364 197 353 471 9 5,955Commercial 9,626 0 2 37 208 7 107 0 9,937Resideniial 2,646 0 0 0 76 909 14 61 3,706Others 280 0 2 93 1,336 1,167 410 S 3,793

TIota 23.36Q 1.129 47.964 57 444 6.243 2.Li8 1.1JJ0 L2 150.100

- 50 -

Table 2.22a: FuEL CONSumpTON FOR DnFERENT BRANCHES iN 1987 (Mt)

Coal Colk Crude Ful Gsolim Keroesna D;m Nauraloil oil gs jg

Agriculr & fory 22.867 0.480 0.007 0.040 1.463 0.02S 7.297 0.00Industry

Coal mining 63.112 0.242 0.000 0.000 0.359 0.022 0.134 0.50Oil & natunrl gas 0.880 0.003 7.913 0.810 0.275 0.010 0.461 39.10Food 29.066 0.226 0.020 0.132 0.376 0.004 0.2S6 0.40Textiles 20.962 0.278 0.011 0.260 0.239 0.00 0.245 0.30Paper 14.480 0.014 0.014 0.235 0.099 0.003 0.061 0.20Electric power & hbing 202.199 0.024 2.831 9.280 0.108 0.003 0.910 4.10Oil refining 0.551 0.047 79.960 3.014 0.042 0.002 0.060 11.10CoWl pmceuing 39.379 0.403 0.000 0.719 0.02S 0.001 0.015 0.60Chemicals 64.891 7.653 11.580 4.655 0.506 0.023 1.533 44.30

harmacuticals 4.917 0.017 0.00 0.153 0.050 0.002 0.020 0.40Synahetic fibers 3.83 0.146 2.438 0.825 0.021 0.001 0.019 4.10Building materials 98.834 1.298 0.153 2.913 0.530 0.021 0.780 2.10Fetrous metal proresing 74.042 39.828 0.108 3.775 0.221 0.004 0.261 7.20Nonferrous metal proessing 6.696 0.852 0.221 0.436 0.074 0.003 0.091 0.30Mechanicl & electronic products 30.139 3.248 0.043 0.966 1.010 0.081 0.U36 4.20Consruction 4.534 0.117 0.9S8 0.453 0.182 0.017 1.549 3.60

Trnsportation 22.415 0.049 0.502 1.761 5.32S 0.677 6.500 0.30Commerrial 3.251 0.090 0.004 0.022 0.342 0.013 0.217 0.00Residentisl 164.862 0.329 0.000 0.000 0.146 1.278 0.029 7.70Otben 17.312 0.020 0.034 0.071 3.031 1.576 0.781 1.30

LOW ~~~~~~~~~927.99 S720 106.85S 31.20§M L9 16243 Ian 3S9

1j Tbe units ae 100 million cubic metre.

Table 2.22b: CO EmSSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FossIL FuELsFOR DFFERENT BRANC IN 1986 (kt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural ToUl


Coal mining 122.72 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.01 0.12 0.03 12436Oil & natul gCS 1.71 0.02 4.96 0.51 0.18 0.01 0.29 2.59 10.21Food 36.52 1.36 0.01 0.08 0.24 0.00 0.13 0.03 53.42Textiles 40.76 0.47 0.01 0.16 0.15 0.01 0.16 0.02 41.74Paper 23.16 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.01 21.51Eecutic power & beting 59.19 0.14 1.78 5.82 0.07 0.00 0.58 0.30 67.88Oil refining 1.07 0.23 0.00 1.89 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.73 4.04Coal proc"uing 0.00 2.42 0.00 0.45 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.04 2.94Chemicals 242.86 45.92 7.75 3.11 0.35 0.02 1.05 1.90 302.96Pharma-cuticals 9.56 0.10 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.03 9.U4Synthetic fiben 7.55 0.83 1.53 0.52 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.27 10.77Building material 163.25 7.79 0.51 9.62 1.80 0.10 2.63 0.63 186.38Fenrous metal processig 143.97 238.96 0.07 2.37 0.14 0.00 0.17 0.43 386.16Nonferroua metal processing 12.82 5.11 0.14 0.27 0.05 0.00 0.06 0.02 18.47Mtcharnical & electronic products 58.60 19.49 0.03 0.61 0.65 O.OS 0.53 0.28 80.24Construcion 3.82 0.70 0.62 0.28 0.57 0.01 0.99 0.57 12.56

Trnsportation 56.71 0.29 0.31 1.10 2,032.02 0.44 141.39 0.86 2,233.12Comnmrcial 33.64 0.54 0.00 0.02 0.24 0.01 0.15 0.00 34.60ReaideaLial 12,340.02 1.97 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.U3 0.02 0.30 12,343.23Ohrer 33.66 0.12 0.02 0.04 1.96 1.02 0.50 0.09 37.41

13.466.05 3237 17.76 ZLI 2.039.84 23 16.047.11

- 51 -

Table 2.22c: CH4 EMISSIONS FROM DIFERENT FOSSIL FUELSFOR DIFERENT BRANCHES IN 1987 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Karoene Dieel Naual Totaloil s

Agriculwtue & forestry 1,147 14 1 5 13 3 903 0 2,256Industry

Coal mining 3,167 7 0 0 45 3 23 3 3,241Oil & natural gS 44 0 960 91 34 1 57 213 1,407Food 1,459 6 2 16 47 0 35 2 1,567Textiles 1,052 2 1 32 30 1 30 2 1,150Paper 727 0 2 21 12 0 a 1 775EUecric power & heating 2,537 1 13 272 0 0 1 2 2,196Oil efining 21 1 0 365 5 0 7 60 466Coal procesing 0 11 0 87 3 0 2 3 106Chemicals 1,357 211 414 195 22 1 65 190 2,532Pharmaceuticals 247 0 1 19 6 0 2 2 277Synthetic fibers 195 4 296 100 3 0 2 22 622Building material 2,066 37 6 122 23 1 33 9 2,297Ferrous metal processing 1,556 1,133 13 458 21 0 32 39 3,259Nonfeffou rmetal proceaing 331 24 27 53 9 0 11 2 457Mechanical & electronikproducts 1,512 92 5 117 126 10 103 23 1,91SConatuction 221 3 120 55 110 2 192 47 757

Transportation 328 1 61 214 6,180 S5 2,772 1,090 11,431Commercial 1,725 3 0 1 9 0 6 0 1,744Residential 1,273 9 0 0 31 275 6 300 8,894Others 869 1 4 9 379 197 97 7 1,563

Tot l 2S.84S 1.567 2 2.246 7.985 579 4.3S7 2. 4

Table 2.22d: NO, EMISSIONS FROM DI}ERENT FossiL FuELsFOR DIFFERENT BRANCHFS IN 1987 (kt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Toaloia gS


Coal miaing 434.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.49 0.15 1.26 0.13 431.16Oil & natural gas 6.05 0.00 53.27 5.45 1.91 0.07 3.17 10.20 10.12Food 199.94 0.00 0.13 0.19 2.61 0.03 1.96 0.10 205.66Textiles 144.19 0.00 0.07 1.75 1.66 0.06 1.68 0.0 149.49Paper 99.60 0.00 0.09 1.58 0.69 0.02 0.42 0.05 102.45Electric power & heating 3,623.03 0.00 23.79 7S.00 0.32 0.01 2.64 4.26 3,732.05Oil refining 3.79 0.00 0.00 20.29 0.29 0.01 0.41 2.90 27.69Coal processing 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.14 0.19 0.01 0.10 0.42 5.50Chemicals 306.62 0.00 31.35 32.70 3.55 0.16 4.15 11.04 439.60Pharmaceuticals 33.82 0.00 0.05 1.03 0.35 0.01 0.06 0.10 35.42Synthetic fibers 26.71 0.00 16.41 5.55 0.15 0.01 0.05 1.07 49.95Building mst.rials 1,089.00 0.00 3.37 64.19 12.03 0.64 36.96 9.08 1,215.27Ferrous metl procesing 509.32 596.83 0.73 25.41 1.53 0.03 0.75 1.13 1,136.4JNonfcrrous meta procesing 45.37 0.00 1.49 2.94 0.51 0.02 0.26 0.03 50.67Mechanical & slectronic products 207.32 0.00 0.29 6.50 7.00 0.56 2.39 1.10 225.16Construction 31.19 0.00 6.65 3.05 6.12 0.12 4.43 2.24 53.10

Transportation 152.78 0.00 3.31 11.86 91.29 4.69 280.01 2.49 546.50Comunrcial 40.71 0.00 0.03 0.14 0.94 0.04 0.59 0.00 42.45Residentl 617.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 2.S1 0.06 1.41 621.60Others 119.08 0.00 0.29 0.60 3.13 4.62 2.27 1.35 137.09

TA*. 7,869 59-8 a<LL <fia s osA os 1 "s osL EA 941@ s4a.25

- 52 -

Table 2.22e: N 2 0 EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FosSL FUELSFOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1987 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gaoline Kerosene Diesel Natrl Totaoil gas

Agriculture & foredry 332 0 14 78 989 19 4,336 0 6,368industryCoal mining 1,056 6 0 0 243 is 123 5 1,448Oa & natural gag 15 0 15,386 1,575 136 7 309 365 17,343Food 486 S 39 257 254 3 192 4 1,240Texties 351 2 21 506 162 6 164 3 1,215Paper 242 0 27 457 67 2 41 2 U33Moctric powe & rheaing 3,382 1 5,505 13,044 73 2 609 33 27,654oil refining 9 1 0 5,361 23 1 40 104 6,044Col procssang 659 9 0 1,398 19 1 10 6 2,112Chemicals 1,035 174 22,517 9,051 342 16 1,027 414 34,626Pharmaceuticals 32 0 16 297 34 1 13 4 447Synthetic fiben 65 3 4,741 1,604 14 1 13 33 6,479Building materials 1,653 30 297 5,664 358 19 522 20 8,563Ferrous meta proessng 1,233 906 210 7,340 149 3 175 67 10,031Nonfenrow mtew procesing 110 19 430 841 50 2 61 3 1,523Mocharijcl & electroic products 504 74 S4 1,373 633 55 560 39 3,377Consuuxtzon 76 0 1,921 831 596 11 1,037 SO 4,602

Tmnsponation 375 0 976 3,424 200 453 527 S 5,965Conmei=r- 10,195 0 3 43 231 9 145 0 10,631IRs.dential 2,753 0 0 0 99 S64 19 72 3,312Others 290 0 66 133 2,050 1,066 523 12 4,145

Toui 25UZ 0 123 5 59 344 6327 URj 10996 1 231 159 510

Table 2.23a: FuEL CONSumpON FOR DIFERENT BRANCHEs IN 1988 (Mt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kcrosenc Disl Netraloil oil gash

Agriculture foorstry 23.775 0.591 0.010 0.043 1.536 0.029 7.672 0.001ndusry

Coal mining 62.565 0.341 0.000 0.001 0.365 0.01 0.233 0.60Oil & natural gs 1.047 0.004 9.067 0.329 0.350 0.003 0.495 40.00Food 31.129 0.199 0.001 0.113 0.406 0.009 0.305 0.40Textiles 22.737 0.112 0.022 0.193 0.281 0.012 0.3S0 0.30Paper 15.S03 0.003 0.012 0.199 0.112 0.003 0.070 0.20ElecLric power & beating 22S.940 0.026 2.443 9.845 0.112 0.001 2.066 2.90Oil re fining 0.13 0.009 a4.533 3.199 0.055 0.001 0.190 9.70Coal procesing 40.19S 0.503 0.000 0.327 0.02S 0.000 0.014 0.10CheMica1s 69.736 3.12S 11.591 5.009 0.53 0.025 0.661 45.60Pbarmaccuticals 5.035 0.010 0.002 0.211 0.057 0.002 0.021 0.40Synthetic fiben 3.962 0.152 2.467 0.971 0.036 0.002 0.026 3.70luiJding materials 104.999 1.436 0.284 3.035 0.589 0.025 0.315 2.20Ferrous metal proccsing 77.278 41.373 0.257 4.059 0.232 0.005 0.245 7.20Nonferrous metl proceuing 7.401 1.045 0.001 0.447 0.087 0.004 0.090 0.40Mechanical & elc"tronic products 31.413 3.657 0.102 0.963 1.146 0.01 1.031 3.50Consruction 4.452 0.053 0.644 0.269 0.S71 0.012 1.424 7.60

Tnrasposuion 22.594 0.043 0.493 1.S33 5.654 0.636 6.900 1.10Commercil 9.323 0.062 0.002 0.026 0.453 0.019 0.319 0.10Rerdential 175.253 0.313 0.000 0.000 0.163 1.203 0.059 15.30

itherc 19.070 0.019 0.001 0.034 3.612 1.406 1.732 0.50

LOW 993.S39 60.2M 112.019I2 321 ,1' 258q2 1D&

JA Th units an 100 milio cubic metars.

- 53 -

Table 2.23b: CO EMISSIONS FROM DIFERENT FossIL FuELSFOR DIFERENT BRANNcWs IN 1988 (Mt)

Coal Coke Cmde Fuel Gasoline Kerosee Diel Natural Totelol ga

Agriculure & fomstry 45.S05 3.546 0.006 0.027 o.m 0.019 4.901 0.000 55.303Industry

Coal mining 120.538 2.046 0.000 0.001 0.236 0.012 0.149 0.040 123.022Oil & natural gas 2.017 0.024 5.687 0.520 0.226 0.002 0.317 2.647 11.440Food 59.973 1.194 0.001 0.071 0.262 0.006 0.195 0.026 61.723Textiles 43.805 0.672 0.014 0.121 0.1S6 0.008 0.224 0.0.20 45.053.Paper 30.456 0.013 0.008 0.125 0.072 0.002 0.045 0.013 30.739Electric power&heating 67.013 0.156 1.535 6.175 0.072 0.001 1.322 0.215 76.489Oil refining 1.566 0.054 0.000 2.007 0.036 0.001 0.122 0.642 4.42tCoal proceuing 0.000 3.018 0.000 0.205 0.016 0.000 0.009 0.007 3.255Chemicals 260.989 48.766 7.755 3.351 0.405 0.017 0.451 1.953 323.6t7Pharmaceuticals 9.790 0.060 0.001 0.132 0.037 0.001 0.013 0.026 10.060Synthetic fibers 7.704 0.912 1.547 0.609 0.023 0.001 0.017 0.245 11.053Building material 17.343 8.616 0.938 10.026 2.004 0.085 2.746 0.711 42.469Femru metal processing 150.262 248.259 0.161 2.546 0.150 0.003 0.156 0.477 402.014Nonferrous metal processing 14.390 6.270 0.001 0.280 0.056 0.003 0.055 0.026 21.084Mechanical & electronic product 61.080 21.941 0.064 0.604 0.740 0.052 0.660 0.232 15.373Constmction 8.657 0.348 0.404 0.169 0.563 0.003 0.911 0.503 11.561

Trnsporation 57.160 0.253 0.309 1.153 2,157.567 0.443 150.092 1.352 2,368.S64Commercial 38.010 0.372 0.001 0.013 0.316 0.013 0.213 0.004 38.932Residential 13,117.799 1.908 0.000 0.000 0.105 0.777 0.033 0.596 13,121.223Others 37.081 0.114 0.001 0.021 2.334 0.90t 1.140 0.033 41.63'

TowI 14.151.441 348.552 18.433 28.161 2.166.398 2.362 163.791 1029t 16.SS9.436

Table 2.23c: CH4 EMssIONs FROM DIFERENT FosI FLsFOR DIFERENT BRANcIEs IN 1988 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Keroene Disel NastJ Tots)oil S

Agriculture & forstry 1,193 17 1 5 192 4 949 0 2,361Industry

Coal mining 3,139 10 0 0 46 2 29 3 3,229Oil & natural gas 53 0 1,099 101 44 0 ol 2. 1,>76Food 1,562 7 0 14 51 1 't 2 1,t75Textiles 1,:41 3 3 23 36 1 43 2 l,52Paper 793 0 1 24 14 0 9 1 P42Electric power & heating 2,172 1 72 283 0 0 3 1 3,?37Oil reinig 41 0 0 3S3 7 0 A4 53 513Coal proceaing 0 14 0 40 3 0 2 1 "0Chemicals 1,453 231 485 209 2.5 1 28 195 2, 32Pharmaceuticals 253 0 0 26 7 0 3 2 291Synthetic fibers 199 4 299 11I 4 0 3 '0 f 47Building materials 2,195 41 12 127 25 1 35 9 2,445Ferrous metalprocesing 1,616 1,177 31 492 29 1 30 19 3/ 15Nonferrous metal procesing 371 30 0 54 11 0 11 2 -'9Mechanical & eectronic products 1,576 104 12 117 :43 10 Zs 19 2 09Construction .23 2 73 33 109 1 ''6 41 M3

Transportation 331 1 60 223 7,306 16 2,943 2,393 3,34tCommercial 1,949 2 0 2 12 0 t 0 1,Q73Residential 3,794 9 0 0 35 259 13 60 9;70Others 957 1 0 4 451 176 220 3 1,812

Total 30.716 1.654 2.153 2.2S8 S5 543 4.756 L3 9 53329

- 54 -

Table 2.23d: NOx EwSSIONS FROM DIRNT FosSIL FUEsFOR DiERENT BRANCHES IN 1988 (kt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Dieel Nauual TotWloil Su

Agriculture & fomstxy 163.5 0.0 0.1 0.4 10.3 0.1 22.3 0.0 196.7lndusuy

Coal mining 430.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.1 1.6 0.2 434.3Oil & nanural Ps 7.2 0.0 61.0 5.6 2.4 0.0 3.4 104 90.0Food 214.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.7 0.1 2.1 0.1 219.9Textiles 156.4 0.0 0.1 1.3 1.9 0.1 2.4 0.1 162.3Paper 101.7 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.1 111.5Electric power A heating 4,102.2 0.0 20.6 82.7 0.3 0.0 6.0 3.0 4,214.8Oil refining 3.6 0.0 0.0 21.5 0.4 0.0 1.3 2.5 31.3Coal proccuing 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.5Chemical 329.5 0.0 31.4 35.2 4.1 0.2 4.7 11.4 466.5Pharmaceuticala 34.6 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 36.7Synthetic fibers 27.3 0.0 16.6 6.5 0.2 0.0 0.2 1.0 51.3huilding materials 1,156.9 0.0 6.3 66.9 13.0 0.6 13.3 9.5 1,271.5Ferous mntl processing 531.6 620.1 1.7 27.3 1.6 0.0 1.7 1.9 1,185.9Nonferrou metal prceasing 50.9 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.1 55.2Mechanical e lseorei products 216.1 0.0 0.7 6.5 7.7 0.5 7.1 0.9 239.5Construction 36.6 0.0 4.3 1.3 5.9 0.1 9.3 2.0 60.5

Tranpontioo 134.0 0.0 3.3 12.4 99.3 4.6 297.2 5.5 576.3Comnmecial 46.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.3 0.1 0.9 0.0 48.5R.esideutial 655.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.6 0.1 2.3 661.3O0hen 131.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 10.3 4.0 5.2 0.1 151.1

83.5S8 7 620.1 196.3 2 166.8 1i3 3I- 51.2 10.269.6

Table 2.23e: N 20 EMONS FROM DlRENr FossmL FVEsFOR DImUxNT BRANCHES IN 1988 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Dieel Natul TOdaoil gs

A.giculturm fofesry 398 0 19 84 1,039 20 5.137 0 6,697lInduy

Coal minqn 1,046 a 0 2 247 12 156 6 1,4770i1 auturl gas IS 0 17,630 1,612 237 2 331 374 20,204Food 521 5 2 220 275 6 204 4 1,237Textile 350 3 43 175 195 3 234 3 1,241Paper 264 0 23 3t7 76 2 47 2 301Eletric power & beating 3,829 1 4,760 19,143 76 1 1,333 27 29,220Oil refning 14 0 0 6,220 37 1 127 91 6,490Coal pmceuuig 0 11 0 636 17 0 9 1 674Cbemical, 1,166 185 22,53S 9,740 39S 17 443 426 3.4,913Pharmaceutics 84 0 4 410 39 1 14 4 554Synthic fibers 66 3 4,797 1,S88 24 1 17 35 6,331hilduin material 1,756 33 552 5,901 398 17 546 21 9,224Ferrous metal proessing 1,293 941 500 7.392 157 3 164 67 11,017Nocfermouametalproceuisg 124 24 2 369 59 3 60 4 1,145Mechanical & clectronic products 525 33 198 1,372 775 55 690 33 4,231Contuction 74 0 1,252 523 589 S 954 71 3,471

Tmnuportstion 378 0 959 3,574 219 464 559 1o 6,163Commercial 11,520 0 4 51 312 13 214 1 12,115Residential 2,931 0 0 0 111 813 40 143 4,03SOthen 319 0 2 66 2,453 951 1,193 5 4,994

I2l 26.706 1.297 a= 61.465 7.738 2.393 1.32 1.2266739

- 55 -

Table 2.24a: FuEL CONSumpTON FOR Du7ERENT BRANCHES IN 1989 (Mt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Keroene Diesl Nauraloil oil g asL

Agriculture & forestry 21.S05 0.535 0.00S 0.046 1.342 0.038 t.2St 0.0Industry

Coal mining 69.96S 0.398 0.000 0.001 0.365 0.019 0.266 0.3Oil & naturl gs 1.211 0.007 9.954 0.731 0.362 0.002 0.570 33.5Food 33.208 0.209 0.025 0.103 0.426 0.005 0.391 0.3Textiles 23.703 0.116 0.020 0.201 0.284 0.009 0.371 0.2Paper 16.435 0.027 0.014 0.204 0.106 0.002 0.079 0.2Electric power Aheating 249.039 0.026 1.85 9.305 0.124 0.001 2.347 3.6O; refining 2.487 0.022 87.616 4.516 0.057 0.002 0.14t 3.7Coal processing 45.489 0.493 0.000 0.361 0.030 0.001 0.018 0.1Chemicals 73.928 8.926 12.421 5.449 0.555 0.030 0.497 47.3Phnnaceutices 5.523 0.006 0.005 0.126 0.061 0.001 0.021 0.3Synthetic fibers 4.380 0.176 2.690 1.015 0.03t 0.002 0.026 3.3Budlding materials 106.698 1.768 0.231 3.170 0.537 0.025 0.794 2.4Ferrous metal processing 79.927 43.406 0.168 4.200 0.264 0.005 0.2S4 7.3Nonferrousrmetatl prcuing 7.559 1.156 0.015 0.617 0.090 0.005 0.104 0.4Mecbanical & electronic product 30.386 3.691 0.047 0.872 1.04S 0.073 0.919 3.5Conslruction 4.525 0.091 0.50S 0.316 0.955 0.015 1.469 14 0

Transportation 22.841 0.046 0.455 1.998 5.919 0.722 7.210 0.7Commercial 10.244 0.087 0.006 0.029 0.482 0.009 0.3.0 0.0Residential 170.433 0.315 0.000 0.000 0.114 1.283 0.012 16.8Other 18.778 0.041 0.012 0.127 4.191 1.322 2.190 1.0

Totel 1.034.270 63.6S4 116.071 33.906 IS.5 3.60t 27.480 150.3

/I Tbc units am 100 million cubic meters.

Table 2.24b: CO EMsSONS FROM DIFERENr FossEL FUELsFOR DIFFERNT BRANCHES IN 1989 (kt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Ierosne Diesel Natural Totalo' gas

Agriculture & forestry 42.399 3.210 0.005 0.029 0.867 0.025 5.2U3 0.000 51.S1IIndustry

Coal mining 136.049 2.3SS 0.000 0.001 0.236 0.012 0.170 0.053 138.9090il & natural gas 2.355 0.042 6.244 0.456 0.234 0.001 0.365 2.541 12.24SFood 64.571 1.254 0.016 0.06S 0.275 0 003 0.230 0.020 66.457Textiles 46.089 0.696 0.013 0.126 0.183 0.006 0.237 0.013 47.363Paper 31.957 0.162 0.009 0.066 0.068 0.001 0.051 0.013 32.327EJectic power & heating 72.S97 0.156 1.165 0.078 0.080 0.001 1.502 0.266 76.145Oil refining 4.839 0.132 0.000 0.036 0.037 0.001 0.095 0.576 5.716Coal processing 0.000 2.958 0.000 0.019 0.019 0.001 0.012 0.007 3.016Chemnicals 276.678 53.554 8.310 3.646 0.382 0.021 0.339 2.026 344.956Pharmaeuticals 10.741 0.036 0.003 0.079 0.039 0.001 0.013 0.020 10.937Synthetic fiber 3.517 1.056 1.687 0.637 0.025 0.001 0.017 0.21S 12.15tBuilding materials 176.237 10.607 0.763 10.472 1.827 0.035 2.675 0.776 Xzs.442Ferrous metalprocesing 151.525 260.427 0.105 2.634 0.171 0.003 0.1l2 0,413 415.530Nonferrousmetal processing 14.693 6.936 0.0)09 O.dt7 0U5S 0.003 0.067 0.026 .2.1%4Mecbanical&elecetronicproducts 59.0S4 22.145 0.029 0.547 0.677 0.047 0.5t3 0.232 t3.349Construction 8.799 0.546 0.319 0.193 0.617 C.010 0.940 0.9127 12.256

Transportation 57.785 0.276 0.285 1.253 2,258.692 0 466 156.836 1.199 2,476.792Conmmercial 41.765 0.522 0.004 0.021 0.332 0.006 0 259 0.000 42.909Residential 12,757.019 1.873 0.000 0.000 0.074 C.S29 0.003 0.654 12,760.462Others 36.513 0.246 0.00 0.080 2.703 0.854 1.401 0.066 41.S76

Tota 14.000.521 369.227 18.974 2 836 2.267.601 2.377 L71.295 10123 16.860.954

- 56 -

Table 2.24c: CH, EMISONS FROM DIFERENT FossL FuELsFOR D tERENr BRANCHES IN 1989 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Keeroene t Diel Nauad Totaloil as

AgiiculuAr &foteary 1,094 15 1 6 168 5 1,021 0 2,310

Coalm ning 3,511 11 0 0 46 2 33 4 3,607Oil & nturalgaS 61 0 1,207 87 45 0 71 210 1,681Food 1,666 6 3 13 53 1 43 2 1,792Textiles 1,189 3 2 24 3S I 46 1 1,301Paper 825 1 2 25 13 0 10 1 t77Electuic power heatiag 3.124 1 54 272 0 0 3 1 3,455Oa iefining 125 1 0 547 7 0 18 47 745Col proceusig 0 14 0 44 4 0 2 1 65Chemicals 1,546 254 519 228 24 1 21 203 2,796Phnraccuticals 277 0 1 15 8 0 3 2 306Synthetic fibers 220 5 326 123 5 0 3 Is 700Duildi4g material 2,231 50 10 133 23 1 34 10 2,492Fernous metl processng 1,629 1,234 20 509 33 1 35 40 3,501Nonferrou"simneproce sng 379 33 2 75 11 1 13 2 516Mechanical& electronicproducts 1,525 105 6 106 131 9 114 19 2,015Consruction 227 3 62 38 119 2 182 76 709

Tnansporation 334 1 55 242 7,648 90 3,075 1,526 12,971Cometcial 2,142 2 0 2 12 0 10 0 2,168Recidentil 8,552 9 0 0 25 276 3 65 8,930Othern 942 1 1 15 523 165 271 5 1,923

I21d 31.599 LI2 221 2.5 jd S504 L5.1 M QI L2 JIM6

Table 2.24d: NO, EmiSSIONS FROM DIE}ERENT FoSSL FUEIsFOR DIFRENT BRANCHES IN 1989 (kt)

Coal Cokb Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerowne Diesel Natuua Totaloil gas

Agriiuilrt& foresry 149.99 0.00 0.07 0.37 9.31 0.11 23.95 0.00 183.80Induiry

Coi mnisung 481.29 0.00 0.00 0.01 2.53 0.13 1.13 0.21 486.00Oil & natund gas 8.33 0.00 67.01 4.92 2.51 0.01 3.91 10.04 96.73Food 228.43 0.00 0.17 0.73 2.95 0.03 2.68 0.08 253.07Textiles 163.05 0.00 0.13 1.35 1.97 0.06 2.55 0.05 169.16Paper 113.05 0.00 0.09 1.37 0.74 0.01 0.54 0.05 115.35Lectric power & beting 4,462.32 0.00 15.62 78.23 0.36 0.00 6.81 3.74 4,567.08OC> refining 17.11 0.00 0.00 30.40 0.40 0.01 1.02 2.27 S1.21Col processing 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 0.21 0.01 0.12 0.03 2.80Chemiocs 349.33 0.00 87.26 38.28 4.01 0.22 3.56 11.79 494.45Phannaceutias 37.99 0.00 0.03 0.85 0.42 0.01 0.19 0.08 39.57S'nthiecfibers 30.13 0.00 1l.11 6.83 0.26 0.01 0.18 0.86 56.33

b1ldin materials 1,175.65 0.00 5.09 69.86 12.19 0.57 17.85 10.33 1,291.59PervM4 meOW proessing 536.04 650.45 1.41 35.30 1.83 0.03 1.95 1.90 1,228.91Non,renrma etaprocesung 52.00 0.00 0.13 5.19 0.62 0.03 0.71 0.10 58.73MeCha,ciAte xronimcproducts 209.02 0.00 0.40 7.33 7.27 0.51 6.31 0.91 231.75ConwJXcti a 31.13 0.00 4.27 2.66 6.62 0.10 10.09 3.65 58.52

Tmnap r.aj.on 155.68 0.00 3.82 16.79 104.52 5.01 310.60 3.49 599.91Couunercu 50.55 0.00 0.05 0.19 1.33 0.02 1.04 0.00 53.18Residential 637.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 2.12 0.03 3.07 6.44.02Others 129.17 0.00 0.10 1.07 12.27 3.87 6.35 1.04 153.87

iu 9,011111 650.45 203.76 304.16 172.57 13.58 4QI27 53.74 10,18.64

- 57 -

Table 2.24e: N 20 EMIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FU3LSFOR DIFFEEwT BRANHS IN 1989 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natual Totalou gs

Agriculture & forestry 365 0 16 39 907 26 5,530 0 6,933ladusy

Coal mining 1,170 9 0 2 247 13 173 3 1,622Oil & rntural gss 20 0 19,355 1,421 245 1 312 123 21,547Food 555 5 49 210 213 3 262 1 1,373Toxifles 396 3 39 391 192 6 248 1 1,276P9rK 275 1 27 397 72 1 53 1 327Electric power & heaing 4,166 1 3,613 13,099 U4 1 1,512 11 27,487Ol refining 42 1 0 8,781 39 1 99 23 3,991Coal processing 761 11 0 702 20 1 12 0 1,507Chemicals 1,237 203 24,152 10,595 375 20 333 152 37,067Pharmacuticals 92 0 10 245 41 1 19 1 409Synthetic fibers 73 4 5,231 1,974 26 1 17 11 7,337Building materials 1,785 40 449 6,164 363 17 532 3 9,358Perrous metal processing 1,303 987 327 8,167 179 3 190 23 11,179Nonferrous metal processing 126 26 29 1,200 61 3 70 1 1,516Mechanical & electrouic products 50S 84 91 1,696 709 49 615 11 3,765Construction 76 0 988 614 646 10 934 45 3,363

Trnsportstion 382 0 885 3,885 229 483 584 2 6,455Commercial 12,658 0 12 56 326 6 254 0 13,312ResidentWil 2,851 0 0 0 77 863 J 54 3,853Others 314 0 23 247 2,834 894 1,467 3 5,782

Totl 29.155 137 55.296 64.935 7.960 213 IL3 479 174962

Table 2.25a: FOSSIL FUEL CONS0UMPnONS FOR DIFERENT BRANcEES IN 1990 (Mt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesl Nabuloil oil a /a

Agriculture & forestry 20.952 0.601 0.002 0.029 1.459 0.031 8.315 0.0lodustry

Co mining 78.562 0.379 0.000 0.001 0.395 0.027 0.279 0.7Oil & natural gas 1.321 0.004 10.679 1.344 0.394 0.00(4 0.636 35.9

Food 33.247 0.226 0.011 0.119 0.471 0.003 0.371 0.3

Textiles 23.594 0.107 0.024 0.216 0.301 0.007 0.321 0.2

Paper 16.397 0.025 0.012 0.211 0.115 0.002 0.081 0.2Elecuic power & heating 270.591 0.012 1.440 S.162 0.137 0.001 1.331 2.3

Oil refining 2.976 0.011 86.033 4.342 0.053 0.001 0.133 9.9

Coal processing 45.042 0.766 0.000 0.334 0.033 0.000 0.031 0.1

Chemicals 72.411 9.462 14.453 5.476 0.577 0.020 0.637 48.5

Pharmaceuticals 5.480 0.031 0.005 0.119 0.065 0.002 0.032 0.3

Synthetic fibers 4.476 0.146 3.443 1.202 0.034 0.003 0.024 3.5

Building materials 99.62S 1.822 0.189 3.114 0.542 0.022 0.846 2.6

Ferrous metal processing 30.899 4S.097 0.165 4.326 0.2S4 0.004 0.315 9.5

Noaferrous metal processing 8.145 1.120 0.001 0.615 0.096 0.003 0.109 0.3

Mechanical & eiectronic products 29.326 3.754 0.052 0.823 1.034 0.073 0.147 3.7Consaruction 4.376 0.052 0.552 0.473 0.395 0.013 1.330 10.6

Tranurtation 21.609 0.041 0.521 2.032 6.201 0.934 7.094 1.9Commercial 10.583 0.077 0.003 0.016 0.460 0.006 0.225 0.0

Residenial 166.997 0.269 0.000 0.000 0.180 1.046 0.002 13.6Otbers 19.804 0.019 0.006 0.161 3.907 1.273 2.170 1.2

LOWal 1.055.230 1i9.147 117.622 36 1S.99 3 26-15 09 Z

/ ch units anu 100 million cubic meter.

- 58 -

Table 2.25b: CO EMSONS FROM DFERENT FoSSL FuElsFOR DIFERENT BRANCHES IN 1990 (kt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosen Dieel Naurl ToWloil s

Agcireu & forstry 40.740 3.606 0.001 0.018 0.943 0.020 5.640 0.000 50.96SIndusty

Coal mining 152.769 2.274 0.000 0.001 0.255 0.017 0.173 0.046 155.540Oil h natural gSa 2.569 0.024 6.693 0.837 0.255 0.003 0.407 2.376 13.169Food 64.646 1.356 0.011 0.075 0.304 0.002 0.237 0.020 66.651Textiles 45.877 0.642 0.015 0.135 0.194 0.005 0.205 0.013 47.086Paper 31.883 0.150 0.007 0.132 0.074 0.001 0.052 0.013 32.312Electic power & bhating 79.205 0.072 0.903 5.119 0.089 0.001 0.S56 0.207 S6.452Oil refining 5.787 0.066 0.000 2.723 0.034 0.001 0.035 0.655 9.351Coal procewing 0.000 4.596 0.000 0.209 0.021 0.000 0.020 0.006 4.851Chemicals 271.000 56.770 9.670 3.664 0.398 0.014 0.469 3.210 345.195Pharmaceuticals 10.656 0.186 0.003 0.075 0.042 0.001 0.020 0.020 11.003Synthetic fibers 8.703 0.876 2.162 0.754 0.022 0.002 0.015 0.232 12.766Building materials 164.559 10.932 0.624 10.287 1.844 0.075 2.351 0.340 192.012Ferroue metal processing 157.304 288.572 0.103 2.713 0.183 0.003 0.202 0.629 449.709Nonferrous metal processing 15.S37 6.720 0.001 0.386 0.062 0.002 0.070 0.020 23.098Mechanical & electronic prducts 57.023 22.523 0.032 0.516 0.700 0.047 0.542 0.245 81.628Consruction 8.509 0.312 0.346 0.297 0.578 0.00 0.51 0.702 11.603

Trnsporttion 54.668 0.246 0.327 1.306 2,366.302 0.603 154.312 0.325 2,578.089Commercial 43.148 0.462 0.002 0.011 0.317 0.004 0.154 0.000 44.091Residential 12,499.832 1.614 0.000 0.000 0.116 0.676 0.001 0.724 12,52963Others 38.508 0.114 0.004 0.101 2.524 0.S22 1.383 0.079 43.540

Totzl 13.753.223 .402.113 .20.909 2 . 2.375.257 2.307 168.555 10.3 16.762.0S5

Table 2.25c: CH4 EmiSSiONS FROM DFEREr FoSSIL FUsFOR DIFERENT BRANcHES iN 1990 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gaotine Kerosene Diesl Natura Totaloia gS

Agriculture & forestry 1,051 17 0 4 132 4 1,090 0 2,34SIndusty

Coal mining 3,942 11 0 0 49 3 35 4 4,044Oil & nAtural gas 663 0 1,334 163 49 0 79 196 2,414Food 1,668 6 2 14 59 0 46 2 1,779Textiles 1,14 3 3 26 3Y 1 40 1 1,296Paper 323 1 1 26 14 0 10 1 376EJectric power & heating 3,395 0 43 239 0 0 2 1 3,630Oil refining 149 0 0 524 7 0 16 54 750Coal procescing 0 22 0 41 4 0 4 1 72Chemicals 1,514 269 622 229 25 1 29 201 2,897Phamuceuticals 275 1 1 14 Y 0 4 2 305SyntheLic fibers 225 4 431 146 4 0 3 19 332Building material 2.0U3 54 Y 130 23 1 36 11 2,346Ferrus metal procng 1,691 1,367 21 525 35 0 39 52 3,730Nonferrous metal procesing 409 32 0 75 12 0 13 2 305Mechanical & electrouic poducts 1,472 107 6 100 135 9 105 20 1,954CoDNuctioa 220 1 69 57 112 2 165 53 684

TrPortiUon 316 1 65 252 3,012 117 3,025 4,142 12,202Commercial 2,213 2 0 1 12 0 6 0 2,234Residentia 3,330 S 0 0 39 225 0 72 3,724'Xers 994 1 1 20 483 159 268 7 1,933

I2!J UL7 L290 L2 L2 9.307 U 2A 2Z 5.4

- 59 -

Table 2.25d: NO, EMIONS FROM DIFERENT FOSSIL FUELsFOR DIBEENT BRANCHES IN 1990 (kt)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosewe Dieel Naal TotWloil ga

Agrcuhure a forestry 144.128 0.000 0.017 0.244 10.117 0.091 25.566 0.000 10.163Industry

Coal mining 540.427 0.000 0.000 0.007 2.739 0.187 1.916 0.1I3 545.459Oil & natural ga 9.087 0.000 71.895 9.048 2.732 0.021 4.367 9.364 106.521Food 228.706 0.000 0.121 0.801 3.266 0.021 2.548 0.078 235.541Teaxiles 162.303 0.000 0.162 1.454 2.087 0.049 2.204 0.052 163.311Paper 112.794 0.000 0.081 1.421 0.797 0.014 0.556 0.052 115.715Electric power & heating 4,848.491 0.000 12.103 68.602 0.401 0.003 3.881 2.910 4,936.391Oil refining 20.471 0.000 0.000 29-232 0.368 0.007 0.913 2.582 53.573Coal procesing 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.249 0.229 0.000 0.213 0.026 2.717Chemicals 342.157 0.000 101.534 38.469 4.175 0.145 4.923 12.084 503.4S7Phuaceuticals 37.695 0.000 0.034 0.301 0.451 0.014 0.220 0.073 39.2°3Syalietic fibers 30.789 0.000 23.213 8.092 0.236 0.021 0.165 0.913 63.429Building raterils 1,097.752 0.000 4.165 68.623 12.302 0.499 19.016 11.245 1,213.602Ferrous metal procesing 556.483 720.745 1.111 29.124 1.969 0.028 2.163 2.473 1,314.101Nonferrous metll procesaing 56.027 0.000 0.007 4.140 0.666 0.021 0.741 0.078 61.6S7Mechanical & electronic products 201.726 0.000 0.350 5.541 7.517 0.506 5.316 0.965 222.457Construction 30.101 0.000 3.716 3.184 6.206 0.090 9.133 2.765 55.195

Tranuporation 147.2S7 0.000 3.50S 14.016 109.501 6.477 305.599 9.468 595.856Conmercial 52.219 0.000 0.023 0.104 1.263 0.017 0.614 0.000 54.245Residential 624.992 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.395 2.29Y 0.004 3.403 631.092Others 136.226 0.000 0.050 1.353 11.443 3.721 6.294 1.247 160.341

TOW 9.379.861 720.745 222.089 286.505 178.865 14.244 396.859 5991 1l1259.139

Table 2.2Se: N 2 0 EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENr FOSSIL FUELSFOR DIFERENT BRANcEEs IN 1990 (t)

Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosean Diesel Natural Totaloil S

Agrculture & forestry 350 0 4 56 987 21 5,903 0 7,321Industry

Coal mining 1,314 9 0 2 267 13 137 7 1,3mOil & natural gas 22 0 20,765 2,613 266 3 426 335 24,431Food 556 5 35 231 318 2 248 3 1,399Textiles 395 2 47 420 204 5 215 2 1,289Paper 274 1 23 410 7S 1 54 2 344Electric power & heating 4,526 0 2,800 15,171 93 1 196 26 24,212Oil refining 50 0 0 S,443 36 1 89 93 3,711Coal procesing 0 18 0 649 22 0 21 1 711Chemicals 1,211 215 28,103 10,648 390 14 460 453 41,494Pharmaceuticals 92 1 10 231 44 1 21 3 403Syntaetic fibers 75 3 6,704 2,337 23 2 16 33 9,194Building materials 1,666 41 368 6,055 367 15 567 24 9,103Ferrous aetal processing 1,353 1,094 321 8,412 192 3 211 39 11,674Nonferrous metal proceaixng 136 25 2 1,195 65 2 73 3 1,502Mechanical & electronic producu 491 85 101 1,600 733 49 567 35 3,661Construction 73 0 1,073 920 605 9 891 99 4,391

Tranporution 361 0 1,013 4,048 0 632 1 to 6,097Commercial 13,077 0 6 31 311 4 151 0 13,530Reudential 2,793 0 0 0 122 707 1 174 3,797Otbers 331 0 12 313 2,642 361 1,453 11 5,623

Tot 29.148 I.SI 61.386 64.487 7.764 2.I35 14 L 181240

- 60 -

Table 3.1: CO2 EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT PRODUCtION, 1985-90

Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Cement production 14,595 16,606 18,625 21,014 21,029 20,971(10' t)

CO2 emissions 73.97 84.16 94.39 106.50 106.57 106.28(Tg CO2)

Source: Cement production is based on China Statistical Yearbook, 1991, ChineseStatistical Press.

Table 4.1: CH,T EMISSIONS FROM LANDFI S IN CINA, 1985-1990

Year Urban Population MSW Generation CH4 Emissions(10') (10' t) (Tg CH4)

1985 25,094 4,579.66 0.6591986 26,366 4,811.80 0.6921987 27,674 5,050.51 0.7251988 28,661 5,230.63 0.7521989 29,540 5,391.05 0.7751990 30,191 5,509.86 0.792

Source: The population of city and town is based on China Statistical Yearbook, 1992,Chinese Statistical Press.

- 61 -

Table 5.1: CH4 EMISSION CoEmcENTs: ENTEC FERMENTATON

Sheep andAnimals Cattle Camel Goats Horse Swine Mule Donkey

TAW (kg) 155 387 25 156 50 100 150

Coefficient(kg CHJ4TAW.yr) 35.14 69.8 8.94 18.0 1.0 100 10.0

Table 5.2: DOMESTCATED ANIMAL POYULATION IN CHINA (in milons)

Animals 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Cattle 86.82 91.667 94.651 97.948 100.752 102.884Camel 0.53 0.504 0.475 0.472 0.475 0.463Sheep and goat 155.88 166.22 180.34 201.52 211.64 210.02Horse 11.081 10.988 10.691 10.540 10.294 10.174Swine 331.40 337.19 327.73 342.22 352.81 362.40Mule 4.972 5.113 5.248 5.366 5.391 5.494Donkey 10.415 10.689 10.846 11.052 11.136 11.198

Source: The population data are based on the China Statistical Yearbook, 1992. Thepopulation of cattle includes that of cattle, buffalos, and yak.

- 62-

Table 5.3: METRANE EmiSSIONS FROM DoMESTICATED ANIMMS (in Tg CH4/yr)

Animals 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Cattle 3.053 3.221 3.326 3.442 3.540 3.615Camel 0.037 0.035 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.032Sheep and goat 1.393 1.486 1.612 1.802 1.892 1.878Horse 0.199 0.198 0.192 0.190 0.185 0.183Swine 0.331 0.337 0.328 0.342 0.353 0.362Mule 0.050 0.051 0.052 0.054 0.054 0.055Donkey 0.104 0.107 0.108 0.111 0.111 0.112

Tota L&17 5.43 5.6S 5,74 b.M1 6.23

Table 5.4: THE ANMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ANDPERCENTAGE OF POTENTAL METANE PRODUCTION (MCF)

Dairy MCFSystems (%) Cattle cattle Poultry Sheep Swine Others (%of Bo)

Araerobic lagoon - 6 1 - 1 - 90Liquid system - 4 2 - 38 - 15Daily spread 16 21 - - 1 - 5Solid storage

and drylot 14 - - - 53 95 10Pasture & paddock 29 24 44 83 - - 10Burned for fuel 40 46 1 - 7 5 5Other - - 52 17 - - 5

MCF (% of Bo) 7.1 11.8 8.25 9.15 12.3 9.75

Notes: (1) Other systems include deep pit stacking, litter, and other.(2) Otier animals include goat, horse, mule, donkey, and camel.(3) MCF of each system is based on Reference 1.

- 63 -

Table 5.5: PARAMETr RELATING TO CH4 EMIONS FROM ANuMAL WAgrES

P VS Bo MCF TMAnimal (kg/TWA.day) (%) (m3 CH 4/kg VS) (%) (kg CH4JTAW.yr)

Cattle La 12.5 15 0.10 7.1 3.217Dairy cattle 15.6 15 0.14 11.8 6.672Camel 18.4 16 0.21 9.75 14 57Sheep 1.6 23 0.13 9.75 1.127Goat 1.8 27 0.13 9.75 1.448Horse 18.4 20 0.26 9.75 22.54Swine 4.1 10 0.29 12.3 3.534Mule 18.4 20 0.26 9.75 22.54Donkey 12.2 20 0.26 9.75 14.95Poultry 0.12 19 0.26 8.25 0.1182

La Except dairy cattle.

Table 5.6: CH, EMISSIONS FROM ANIMAL WASrES, 1985-90 (Tg CH4/year)

Animal 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Cattle la 0.279 0.295 0.304 0.315 0.324 f231Dairy cattle 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.017 C.0'8Camel 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.0(j7 C.007Sheep 0.106 0.111 0.116 0.125 0.128 0.127Goat 0.089 0.097 0.112 0.132 0.142 0.141Horse 0.250 0.248 0.241 0.238 0.232 9.229Swine 1.171 1.192 1.158 1.(U9 1.243 1.281Donkey 0.156 0.160 0.162 0.165 0.166 2.167Mfule 0.112 0.115 0.118 0.121 0.122 0.124Poultry 0.253 0.234 0.258 0.289 0.266 0.278

2A5 2.471 2A4Q 2616 2.647 70

La Except dairy cattle.

- 64 -

Table 5.7: RICE GROWING CuLTnVATED AREA N CHNA (1,000 ha)

Early Intermediate Double SingleYear rice rice late rice rice Total

(ER) (IR) (DL) (SR)

1985 9,575 10,528 9,707 2,261 32,0711986 9,543 10,533 9,797 2,393 32,2661987 9,370 10,528 9,768 2,527 32,1921988 9,220 10,678 9,558 2,532 31,9881989 9,365 10,888 9,776 2,672 32,7011990 9,418 10,984 9,839 2,824 33,065

Source: China Agricultural Yearbook, Agricultural Publishing House, 1986,1987, and 1991.

Table 5.8: FLoODING DAYS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF RICE

Region and type Growing days Emission factors (g CH4/day/m2)

The southern rice regionEarly rice 80-90 0.19Intermediate rice 100-110 0.26Double late rice 90-100 0.69

The northem rice regionSingle rice 95-110 0.21-0.42

- 65 -

Table 5.9: METHANE EmssiONS FROM RICE FIELDS IN CHINA (Tg CH4)

ER IR DL SR Total Average

1985 low 1.455 2.737 6.028 0.451 10.671high 1.637 3.011 6.698 1.045 12.391 11.531

1986 low 1.451 2.738 6.048 0.477 10.750high 1.632 3.012 6.760 1.106 12.510 11.630

1987 low 1.424 2.737 6.066 0.504 10.731high 1.602 3.011 6.740 1.167 12.520 11.626

1988 low 1.401 2.776 5.936 0.505 10.618high 1.577 3.054 6.595 1.170 12.396 11.507

1989 low 1.423 2.831 6.071 0.533 10.858high 1.601 3.114 6.745 1.234 12.694 11.776

1990 low 1.432 2.856 6.110 0.564 10.961high 1.610 3.141 6.789 1.305 12.845 11.903

Table 5.10: FERTIUz-DERIvED N 2 0 EMISSIONS BY FERTIUZER TYPE

Fertilizer type % N 20-N produced % N20-N produced(median) (range)

Ammonia, aqua 1.63 0.86-6.84Other nitrogen fertilizer 0.11 0.001-6.84Complex ferfilizer 0.11 0.001-6.84

- 66 -

Table 5.11: NITROUS OXME EMISON FROM NrrROGEN FERTIL UsE, 1985-90(1,000 tonnes N 20)

Ammonia, Other nitrogen Compound Totd emisionYear aqua fertilizers fetlize of N20

1985Amount consued (1,000 tons N) 201 11,848 656N20 emission

Median 5.15 20.48 1.13 26.76Low 2.72 0.19 0.01 2.92High 21.60 1,273.49 66.80 1,361.8

1986Amount consumed (1,000 tons N) 189 12,937 661N20 emission

Median 4.84 22.36 1.14 28.34Low 2.55 0.20 0.01 2.76High 20.31 1,390.54 71.05 1,481.90

1987Amount consumed (1,000 tons N) 169 13,099 881N20 emission

Median 4.33 22.64 1.30 28.27Low 2.28 0.21 0.01 2.50High 18.17 1,407.96 81.04 1,507.17

1988AmoUnt consumed (1,000 tonS N) 176 13,995 881N20 emiSSiOn

Median 4.51 24.19 1.52 30.22Low 2.37 0.22 0.01 2.60High 18.92 1,504.26 94.69 1,317.87

1989Amount consumed (1,000 tons N) 174 15,187 1,014N2O emission

Median 4.46 26.25 1.75 32.46Low 2.35 0.24 0.02 2.61High 18.70 1,632.39 108.99 1,760.08

1990

Amount consumed (1,000 tons N) 118 16,266 1,275N2O emission

Median 3.02 28.12 2.20 33.34Low 1.59 0.26 0.02 1.87High 12.68 1,748.36 137.04 1,898.08

- 67 -

Table 6.1: SELECTED CROP RESIDUE STATiSTICS

Crops Waste generation/ Content of dry Carbon content incrop yield material (%) dry material (%)

Rice 1.4 78--88 41.44Wheat 1.3 78--88 48.53Yams 0.4 30--60 42.26Maize 1.0 30--50 47.09Beets 0.3 10--20 40.72Chinese sorghum 1.4 -40 -45Cereal 1.4 -83 -45Soybeans 2.1 45 -45Peanuts 1.0 -60 -45Other grains 1.0 -62 -45

Note: Carbon content of straw = content of dry materials x carbon content in drymaterial; average of the content of dry material used.

Table 6.2: EMISSION RATIOS FOR BIOMASSBURNING CALCULATIONS

Compound Ratios Average values

CH4 0.007--0.013 0.010CO 0.075--0.125 0.100N 20 0.005--0.009 0.007NO, 0.094--0.148 0.121

Notes: Ratios for carbon compounds, i.e., CH4 andCO, are mass of carbon compound released(in units of C) relative to mass of CO,released from burning (in units of C); thosefor nitrogen compounds are expressed as theratios of emission relative to the nitrogencontent of the fuel. Average values are useifor calculating.

Source: Crutzen and Andreae, 1990.

- 68 -

Table 6.3: WAS GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENTFROM CROP RESIDUE (1985)

Crop tYPe Crop yield Waste generation Carbon content(millon tons) (million tons) (milion ton-C)

Rice 168.569 235.997 48.703Wheat 85.805 111.547 26.958Yams 26.036 10.414 1.188Maize 63.826 63.826 7.213Beets 8.919 2.676 0.098Chinese Sorghum 5.610 7.854 0.848Cereal 5.977 8.368 1.875Soybeans 10.500 22.050 2.679Peanuts 6.664 6.664 1.080Other grains 12.786 12.786 2.140

TO l92782

Table 6.4: WASwE GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENTFROM CROP REDUE (1986)

Crop type Crop yield Waste generation Carbon content(million tons) (million tons) (million ton-C)

Rice 172.224 241.114 49.759Wheat 90.040 117.052 28.289Yams 25.337 10.135 1.156Iaize 70.856 70.856 8.008

Beets 8.306 2.492 0.091Chinese Sorghum 5.384 7.538 0.814Cereal 4.540 6.356 1.424Soybeans 11.614 24.389 2.963Peanuts 5.882 5.882 0.953Other grains 11.517 11.517 1.928

ToS 95.385

- 69 -

Table 6.5: WAsTE GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENTFROM CRop RESiDuE (1987)


Rice 174.262 243.967 50.348Wheat 85.902 111.673 26.989Yams 28.205 11.282 1.287Maize 79.241 79.241 8.956Beets 8.140 2.442 0.089Chinese Sorghum 5.426 7.596 0.820Cereal 4.357 6.100 1.367Soybeans 12.465 26.177 3.180Peanuts 6.171 6.171 1.00mOther grains 13.119 13.119 2.196

ToSw 96,232

Table 6.6: WAsTE GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENrFROM CROP RESIDUE (1988)

Crop type Crop yield Waste generation Carbon conment(million tons) (million tons) (million ton-C)

Rice 169.107 236.750 48.?58Wheat 85.432 111.062 26.S41Yams 26.965 10.-86 1.,31Maize 77.351 77.351 8.742Beets 12.810 3.843 0.141Chinese Sorghum 5.594 7.832 S.S46Cereal 4.412 6.177 1.384Soybeans 11.650 24.465 2.972Peanuts 5.693 5.693 0.922Other grains 13.575 13.575 2.272

QIa 94.209

- 70 -

Table 6.7: WAr GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENTFROM CROP RESuE (1989)

Crop type Crop yield Waste generation Carbon content(mi11ion tons) (million tons) (milion ton-C)


IQIal 981

Table 6.8: WASrE GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENTROM CROP RESIDUE (1990)



R I ~106.255

- 71 --

Table 6.9: GHG EMISSIONS FROM BURNING OF AGRICULURAL CROP WASTE,1985-90 (in million tons)

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Carbon burned 92.782 95.385 96.232 94.209 98.170 106.255

CH4 emission low 0.779 0.801 0.808 0.791 0.825 0.893high 1.447 1.488 1.501 1.470 1.531 1.658

CO emission low 14.613 15.023 15.156 14.838 15.462 16.735high 24.355 25.039 25.261 24.730 25.770 27.892

N 20 emission low 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.008high 0.026 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.028 0 030

NO. emission low 0.187 0.192 0.194 0.190 0.198 0.214high 0.588 0.605 0.610 0.600 0.623 0.674

Table 6.10: GHG EMissiONS FROM F1ELWOOD COMBUSI1ON

Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Fuelwood combustion (Tg) 200 205lA 210 223La 236la 251Total carbon bumed (Tg C) 54 55.35 56.70 60.21 63.72 67.77CO2 emissions (Tg CO2) 178.20 182.66 187.11 198.69 210.28 223.(4CH4 emissions (Tg CH4) 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.81N20 emissions (Tg N20) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01CO emission (Tg CO) 11.34 11.62 11.91 12.64 13.38 14.23NO, emission (Tg NOJ) 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.26

la Values are esfimated.

- 72 -

Table 6.11: GHG EMISONS FROM BIOGAS IAAGE AND COMBUSON

Total number of GasYear generating pits production CO2 emissions CH4 emissions

(1O) (10 m3/year) (Tg CO/year) (Tg CI 4/year)

1985 375.2 2,260 4.04 0.1451986 357.8 2,155 3.85 0.1391987 347.5 2,093 3.74 0.1351988 324.0 1,951 3.49 0.1251989 326.9 1,969 3.52 0.1271990 338.1 2,036 3.64 0.131

Table 7.1: TOTAL BIOCARBON OF GROWN-UP WOODS

Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ratio of total biomassto aboveground biomass 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.24

Ratio of ground biomassto stem biomass 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.18

Wood density, t/m3 0.44 0.51 0.38 0.4 0.58 0.6

Storage of grown-upwoods, m3/ha 146.4 215.5 105.4 163.3 210.4 222.0

Wood carbon content,kg C/kg biomass 0.55 0.52 0.52 0.55 0.52 0.52

Total biocarbon ofgrown-up woods, t C/ha 42.87 89.16 29.99 56.04 124.38 101.35

- 73 -

Table 7.2: CO2 ABSORPTION BY FoREsr GROWTH

Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6

Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.20 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87

Forest annual averageincrease, m3/ha/yr 2.2 3.03 3.58 1.65 3.03 3.58

CO2 absorption by forestgrowth, Tg CO2/yr 84.28 92.85 153.44 43.77 3.74 5.21

Note: Subtotal 383.29 Tg CO2 = 104.56 Tg C02-C.

Table 7.3: AGE PROFIIE AND AVERAGE SToRAGE OF CHINA'S FoRiss (m 3 /ha)

Forest age Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6

Young, % 34.8 31.9 50.3 31.8 36.3 42.4Storage 35.4 36.3 17.6 30.5 50.1 33.4

Middle-age, % 34.9 24.3 34.7 36.9 25.2 44.3Storage 80.3 87.2 58.9 79.0 104.9 142.6

Prematured, % 9.5 11.9 7.5 12.8 12.8 5.6Storage 120.4 128.2 81.7 106.9 117.4 203.7

Mature, % 16.2 18.7 5.4 12.3 15.1 7.4Storage 146.4 215.5 105.4 163.3 210.4 222.0

Overmatured, % 4.7 13.2 2.0 6.2 10.6 0.4Storage 169.9 304.1 119.1 253.3 341.8 620.0

Average storage 83.5 128.5 43.5 88.3 127.6 107.7

- 74 -

Table 74: AvERAGE ABOVEGROuND BIOCARBON OF FoREsr

Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6

Average storage (m3 /ha) 83.5 128.5 43.5 88.3 127.6 107.7Average aboveground bio-

carbon of forest, t C/ha 22.23 44.30 10.31 25.25 53.88 39.65Ratio of total biomass

to aboveground biomass 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.24Total biomass, tC/ha 24.45 53.16 12.37 30.30 75.43 49.17

Table 7.5: CO. EMISSION BY FOREST FIRE

Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6

Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.2 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87Ratio of fire area to

total forest area 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05Total burned carbon,

104 t C 39.66 44.74 21.18 26.61 1.54 1.72Average ground biocarbonof forest, t C/ha 22.23 44.30 10.31 25.25 53.88 39.65

CO2 emission, 10' t CO2 151.16 154.83 84.5 99.79 5.26 5.94

Note: Emissions subtotal = 501.48 104 t CO2 = 5.01 Tg CO2.

Table 7.6: NON-CO 2 EmisSION BY FORESr FIRE

Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total

Total burned carbon,10' t C 39.66 44.74 21.18 26.61 1.54 1.72

CH, emissions,10' t CH, 0.48 0.54 0.25 0.32 0.02 0.02 1.63

CO emissions, 10' t CO 8.33 9.40 4.45 5.59 0.32 0.36 28.45N,O emissions, 10' t N20 0.0065 0.0074 0.0035 0.0044 0.0003 0.0003 0.022NO emissions, 10't NO. 0.15 0.17 0.08 0.10 0.006 0.007 O.S1

- 75 -

Table 7.7: INsTANT GHG EMISSIONS BY BURNiNG (1O4 t)

Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total

Total biomass t C/ha 24.45 53.16 12.37 30.30 75.43 49.17Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.2 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87Area ratio of forest

to agriculture 0.324 0.3 0.9 0.13 0.49 0.18Area ratio of forest

to other usages 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05Sum of ratio 0.424 0.35 1.0 0.18 0.59 0.23Total burned carbon,

lY t C 166.45 169.13 228.67 51.74 11.42 4.43

CO2 emissions(104 t C02) 549.29 558.13 754.61 170.74 37.69 14.62 2,085.08

CH4 emissions(10A t CH) 2.0 2.03 2.74 0.62 0.14 0.05 7.58

CO emissions (104 t CO) 34.95 35.52 48.02 10.87 2.4 0.93 132.69N20 emissions

(104 t N20) 0.027 0.028 0.038 0.009 0.002 0.001 0.105NO. emissions

(104 t NO) 0.65 0.66 0.89 0.20 0.04 0.02 2.46

Table 7.8: SLOW CO2 EMLSSION (104 t C)

Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total burned carbon 166.45 169.13 228.67 51.74 11.42 4.43CO2 emissions 74.59 75.80 102.48 23.19 5.12 1.99

Note: Total: 2.83 Tg CO2.

- 76 -

Table 7.9: CO2 EMIONS BY SoIL

Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6

Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.2 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87Sum of ratio 0.424 0.35 1.00 0.18 0.59 0.23CO2 emission, Tg CO2 1.72 0.50 2.92 0.43 0.02 0.01


Table 7.10: A BSORPTION BY FARMLAND REGROWTH

Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6

Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.2 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87Area ratio of forest to

agriculture 0.324 0.3 0.9 0.13 0.49 0.18CO2 absorption, Tg CO2 2.11 1.11 6.78 0.50 0.05 0.03


Table 7.11: CO2 ABSORPTION THROUGH LAND CONvERsION

Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6

Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.2 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87Ratio of afforestation 1.83 2.46 5.36 2.31 3.58 13.64Converted area of agricul-

tural lands to forests,million ha 0.125 0.097 0.426 0.087 0 0

Rotation period, year 60 30 30 60 30 30CO2 absorption, Tg CO2 2.00 6.41 9.37 1.94 0.31 1.47


- 77 -

Table 7.12: CO2 EMISSIONS BY FORESTY IN 1990 (Tg CO2)

Conversion ConversionSources Fuelwood Growth Fire (1) lA (2) la Total

Emissions 223.64 -383.29 5.01 18.70 -21.50 -157.44

La Conversion (1): conversion to other lands from forest.Conversion (2): conversion to forest from other lands.

Note: "_- means absorption.

Table 7.13: NON-CO 2 EMIsSIONS BY FoREsr iN 1990 (10' t)

Source CH4 CO N 20 NOX

Deforestation 81.00 1,423.00 1.00 26.00Forest fire 1.63 28.45 0.0224 0.51Conversion (1) 7.58 132.69 0.105 2.46Total, Tg 0.90 15.84 0.011 0.29

Table 7.14: CO2 EmISSION BY FALUNG IAVES

Zone 1 2 3 4 S 6 Total

Wood carbon content,kg Cfkg biomasa 0.55 0.52 0.52 0.55 0.52 0.52

Amount of fallingleaves and branches,t/yr 4 4.5 4.5 2 11 11

CO2 emission,Tg CO2/yr 8.07 8.58 8.58 4.03 20.97 20.97 71.2


- 78 -

Table 8.1: CO2 EMISsiONS IN CEINA DuRiNG 198590 (rg CO2)

Year Emissions Total TotalFossil fuel Cement Biogas Emissions Emissionscombustion production burning (Tg C0 2) (Tg C)

1985 1,856 74 4 1,934 5271986 1,959 84 4 2,047 5581987 2,103 94 4 2,201 6001988 2,251 107 3 2,361 6441989 2,346 107 4 2,457 6701990 2,381 106 4 2,491 679

Table 8.2: CH, EMIsSONS IN CHNA DuNG 1985-90 (Tg CH4)

Sources 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Coal Mining (IPCC method.) 15.34 15.67 16.27 16.99 18.14 18.4510.671n

Leakage of Natural Gas 0.15 0.23 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.18Combustion of Fossil Fuels 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06Landfills 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79DOmesticated Animals 5.17 5.44 5.65 5.97 6.17 6.24Animal Wastes 2.44 2.47 2.49 2.62 2.65 2.70Rice Fields 11.53 11.63 11.63 11.51 11.78 11.90Burning of Crop Wastes 1.11 1.14 1.15 1.13 1.18 1.28Biogas Digesters 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13Fuelwood and Forests 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22

Ial 38.81 39. 40.49 4.52 4A2S 36.17/a

/i Average using IPCC methodology and estimate by Wang Hanchen, NEPA, of 5.29for 1990.

- 79 -

Table 8.3: N2O EmISSIONS 1N CmNA DURING 1985-90 (Tg N20)

Fossil fuel Fertilizer Crop wastes FuelwoodYear combustion use burning and burning Total

1985 0.144 0.027 0.017 0.011 0.1991986 0.150 0.028 0.017 0.011 0.2061987 0.160 0.028 0.018 0.011 0.2171988 0.167 0.030 0.017 0.011 0.2251989 0.175 0.032 0.018 0.011 0.2361990 0.181 0.033 0.019 0.011 0.244

Table 8.4: CO EMIssiONS IN CHNA DURING 1985-90 (Tg CO)

Fossil fuel Crop wastes Fuelwood andYear combustion burning forest activities Total

1985 14.94 19.48 15.84 50.261986 15.32 20.03 15.84 51.191987 16.05 20.21 15.84 52.101988 16.89 19.78 15.84 52.511989 16.86 20.62 15.84 53.321990 16.76 22.31 15.84 54.91

Table 8.5: NOX EMISSIONS IN CHNA DURING 1985-90 (Tg NOD

Fossil fuel Crop wastes Fuelwood andYear combustion burning forest activities Total

1985 8.13 0.39 0.29 8.811986 8.71 0.40 0.29 9.401987 9.48 0.40 0.29 10.171988 10.27 0.40 0.29 10.961989 10.82 0.41 0.29 11.521990 11.26 0.44 0.29 11.99

- 80 -

Table 8.6: TOTAL EmiSSIONS OF GHG IN CHNA (Tg CO2 Equiv.)

CO2 CH4 N 20 CO NO, Total C02 Equiv.

CO2 Equiv. Ratio 1 11 290 N/A N/A

1985Emissions 1,908 37.49 0.199 50.26 8.81CO2 Equiv. 1,908 407 58 2,373 (647 Mt C)





1990Emissions 2,465 36.17 0.26 54.91 11.99CO2 Equiv. 2,465 398/a 75 2,938 (801 Mt C)

/a Note: an average value for coal-bed methane emissions has been used for 1990,which reduces total methane emissions for 1990 relative to previous years.

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