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Published Project ReportPPR359

Emission factors 2009: Report 6 – deterioration factors and other modelling assumptions for road vehicles

P G Boulter

TRL Limited

PUBLISHED PROJECT REPORT PPR359

Emission factors 2009: Report 6 - deterioration factors and othermodelling assumptions for road vehicles

Version: 5

By P G Boulter

Prepared for: Department for Transport, Cleaner Fuels & Vehicles 3

Chris Parkin

Copyright TRL Limited, June 2009.

This report has been prepared for the Department for Transport. The views expressed are those of the authorsand not necessarily those of the Department for Transport.

If this report has been received in hard copy from TRL then, in support of the company’s environmentalgoals, it will have been printed on paper that is FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) registered and TCF(Totally Chlorine-Free) registered

Approvals

Project Manager T Barlow

Quality Reviewed I McCrae

Contents Amendment Record

This report has been issued and amended as follows

Version Date Description Editor Technicalreferee

1 19-May-2008 First Review draft.UPR/IE/02/08

P Boulter I McCrae

2 23-Jul-08 Final Report for Consultation P Boulter I McCrae

3 8-Apr-09 Amended final report. Reporttitle change from “2008” to

“2009”

P Boulter I McCrae

4 30-Apr-09 Final changes prior topublication

P Boulter I McCrae

5 30-Jun-09 Published report P Boulter I McCrae

When purchased in hard copy, this publication is printed on paper that is FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) registered and TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) registered.

5TRL Limited PPR359

Emission factors 2009: Report 6 - deterioration factors and other modelling assumptions for road vehicles Version: 5

ContentsPage

Executive summary

1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................1

1.2 The current NAEI approach for hot exhaust emissions .............................................................................2

1.3 Report structure..........................................................................................................................................3

2 NAEI emission functions and assumptions..................................................................................4

2.1 Emission functions for CO, HC, NOx and PM...........................................................................................42.1.1 Petrol cars ...........................................................................................................................................42.1.2 Diesel cars...........................................................................................................................................42.1.3 Petrol LGVs........................................................................................................................................42.1.4 Diesel LGVs .......................................................................................................................................52.1.5 HGVs and buses .................................................................................................................................52.1.6 Motorcycles ........................................................................................................................................5

2.2 Emission functions for benzene and 1,3-butadiene....................................................................................5

2.3 Emissions of CO2 .......................................................................................................................................6

2.4 Emission degradation functions .................................................................................................................62.4.1 Cars and LGVs ...................................................................................................................................72.4.2 HGVs and buses .................................................................................................................................7

2.5 Fuel and technology scaling factors...........................................................................................................72.5.1 Early introduction of ultra-low sulphur petrol and diesel – HGVs and buses ....................................82.5.2 The effect of benzene content of petrol on exhaust emissions of benzene .........................................92.5.3 Retrofitting of PM traps and oxidation catalysts on heavy-duty diesel vehicles ................................92.5.4 CO2 emissions.....................................................................................................................................9

2.6 Other assumptions......................................................................................................................................9

3 Review of mileage, fuel and technology effects .........................................................................10

3.1 Overview..................................................................................................................................................10

3.2 Mileage effects.........................................................................................................................................103.2.1 Light-duty vehicles ...........................................................................................................................103.2.2 Heavy-duty vehicles .........................................................................................................................11

3.3 Fuel effects...............................................................................................................................................12

3.4 Technology effects...................................................................................................................................123.4.1 Cars and LGVs .................................................................................................................................123.4.2 Heavy-duty vehicles .........................................................................................................................12

4 Scaling factors applicable to the 2009 emission factors............................................................13

4.1 Vehicle mileage scaling factors ...............................................................................................................134.1.1 Cars and light good vehicles.............................................................................................................134.1.2 Heavy-duty vehicles .........................................................................................................................214.1.3 Two-wheel vehicles ..........................................................................................................................22

4.2 Fuel composition scaling factors..............................................................................................................22

4.3 Scaling factors for biofuels ......................................................................................................................22

4.4 Technology scaling factors ......................................................................................................................22

5 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................23

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6 References .....................................................................................................................................24

Appendix A: Abbreviations and terms used in the Task Reports ................................................26

Appendix B: Fuel and technology scaling factors currently used in NAEI .................................31

Appendix C: Examples of mileage scaling factors applicable to 2009 emission factors .............38

Appendix D: Fuel composition scaling factors applicable to 2009 emission factors ...................48

4TRL Limited PPR359


Executive Summary

TRL Limited was commissioned by the Department for Transport to review the methodology used in theNational Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) for estimating emissions from road vehicles. Variousaspects of the methodology were addressed.

In the NAEI, scaling factors are applied to the basic emission factors to enable the modelling of emissions indifferent years. These scaling factors cover to the following:

• The changes in emissions associated with vehicle age (‘degradation’ or ‘deterioration’).

• The effects of the penetration of improved fuels and other technologies.

The current assumptions concerning vehicle age are rather simplistic, and do not take into account thecharacteristics of the vehicle samples used to derive emission factors. Similarly, the fuel and technologyscaling factors were devised several years ago, and many were assumed to stabilise after 2005. There are somedoubts as to their relevance to emission factors now being derived from more recent test programmes.

The Report describes the emission factors currently used in the NAEI, including the deterioration functionsand the fuel and technology scaling factors. It also provides a brief review of the mileage, fuel and technologyeffects given in the literature.

The derivation of new emission factors for UK road vehicles is described in a separate Report. This Reportdescribes how the scaling factors to be applied to the new emission factors were derived. Scaling factors fordifferent years were developed to account for the following:

• Mileage effects relating to vehicle samples.

• Fuel composition effects.

• Increased market penetration of biofuels for use in existing petrol and diesel-engined vehicles.

• Effects of future technologies.

In the case of the mileage scaling factors, some examples of values are presented in the Report. However,these are not definitive. Users of the emission factors must calculate their own mileage scaling factors basedon appropriate vehicle age and mileage distributions for each vehicle category and year.

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TRL Limited 1 PPR359

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

Emissions of air pollutants in the United Kingdom are reported in the National Atmospheric EmissionsInventory (NAEI)1. Estimates of emissions are made for the full range of sectors, including agriculture,domestic activity, industry and transport. The results are submitted by the UK under various internationalConventions and Protocols, and are used to assess the need for, and effectiveness of, policy measures to reduceUK emissions. Projections from the road transport model in the NAEI are used to assess the potential benefitsof policies and future emission standards for new vehicles. It is therefore essential that the model is as robustas possible and based on sound data.

TRL Limited has been commissioned by the Department for Transport (DfT) to review the methodologycurrently used in the NAEI to estimate emissions from road vehicles. The overall purpose of the project is topropose complete methodologies for modelling UK road transport emissions. The project includes anextensive and detailed review of the current methodology. It will identify where approaches could improve thequality of the emission estimates, and will show where existing methodologies give good quality estimates andshould be retained.

The specific objectives of the project take the form of a list of Tasks. These Tasks, which are self-explanatory,are:

• Task 1: Review of the methods used to measure hot exhaust emission factors, including test cycles anddata collection methods (Boulter et al., 2009a).

• Task 2: Review of the use of average vehicle speed to characterise hot exhaust emissions (Barlow andBoulter, 2009).

• Task 3: Development of new emission factors for regulated and non-regulated pollutants (Boulter et al.,2009b).

• Task 4: Review of cold-start emissions modelling (Boulter and Latham, 2009a).

• Task 5: Reviewing the effects of fuel quality on vehicle emissions (Boulter and Latham, 2009b).

• Task 6: Review of deterioration factors and other modelling assumptions (this Report).

• Task 7: Review of evaporative emissions modelling (Latham and Boulter, 2009).

• Task 8: Demonstration of new modelling methodologies (Boulter et al., 2009c).

• Task 9: Final report (Boulter et al., 2009c).

Task 1 also included the compilation of a Reference Book of driving cycles (Barlow et al., 2009).

This Report presents the findings of Task 6, the overall aim of which was to review the deterioration factorsfor road vehicle emissions and other modelling assumptions in the NAEI.

In the measurement and modelling of vehicle emissions, various abbreviations and terms are used to describethe concepts and activities involved. Appendix A provides a list of abbreviations and a glossary whichexplains how specific terms are used in the context of this series of Reports.

It should also be noted that, in accordance with the legislation, a slightly different notation is used in theReport to refer to the emission standards for light-duty vehicles (LDVs)2, heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs)3 andtwo-wheel vehicles. For LDVs and two-wheel vehicles, Arabic numerals are used (e.g. Euro 1, Euro 2…etc.),whereas for HDVs Roman numerals are used (e.g. Euro I, Euro II…etc.).

1 http://www.naei.org.uk/2 Light-duty vehicles are vehicles weighing less than or equal to 3.5 tonnes, including cars and light goods vehicles (LGVs). LGVs aresometimes also referred to as ‘light commercial vehicles’, ‘light trucks’ or ‘vans’ in the literature. The term LGV is used in this Report.3 Heavy-duty vehicles are all vehicles heavier than 3.5 tonnes, including heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), buses and coaches.

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1.2 The current NAEI approach for hot exhaust emissions

During 2002, an updated database of vehicle emission functions for CO, HC, NOx, PM10, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, CO2 and fuel consumption was prepared by TRL and NETCEN for use in the NAEI. Thesealgorithms expressed emission factors (in g km-1) as a function of average vehicle speed. The databaseincluded existing measurements from an earlier 1998 TRL database, data from the EC MEET4 project, and anew set of measurements reported by TRL (Barlow et al., 2001). The new TRL measurements were drawnfrom programmes conducted on behalf of DfT between 1997 and 2000.

After a period of public consultation on the new emission data and functions, discussions were held betweenTRL and NETCEN, during which a more complete set of functions were agreed. These agreed functions arestill used in the NAEI, as well as in a number of other models and applications in the UK.

The vehicle classification system used in the NAEI is shown in Table 1. This is a modified version of thesystem of classification used in legislation. An emission function is assigned to each of the classes of vehiclein Table 1.

Table 1: The road vehicle classification used in the NAEI.

Vehicle category Regulation Vehicle category Regulation

Petrol car

by engine size:<1.4 litres

1.4-2.0 litres>2.0 litres

ECE 15.01

Rigid HGV

Pre-1988ECE 15.02 Pre-Euro I (88/77EEC)ECE 15.03 Euro I (91/542/EEC)ECE 15.04 + failed Euro IIEuro 1 Euro IIIEuro 2 Euro IVEuro 3 Euro IV+Euro 4

Articulated HGV

Pre-1988

Diesel car

by engine size:<2.0 litres>2.0 litres

Pre-Euro 1 Pre-Euro I (88/77EEC)Euro 1 Euro I (91/542/EEC)Euro 2 Euro IIEuro 3 Euro IIIEuro 3 + particulate Euro IVEuro 4 Euro IV+Euro 4 + particulate

Bus

Pre-1988

Petrol LGV

Pre-Euro 1 Pre-Euro I (88/77EEC)Euro 1 (93/59/EEC) Euro I (91/542/EEC)Euro 2 Euro IIEuro 3 Euro IIIEuro 4 Euro IV

Diesel LGV

Pre-Euro 1 Euro IV+Euro 1 (93/59/EEC) 2-wheel vehicle:

Moped (2-stroke)<250cc 2-stroke<250cc 4-stroke

250-750cc 4-stroke>750cc 4-stroke

Pre-2000Euro 2Euro 3

97/24/ECEuro 4

† No separate emission functions are provided for failed catalyst vehicles.

In Table 1 LGVs are defined as any light-duty vehicle less than 3.5 tonnes GVW, capable of carrying goods.HGVs are defined as goods vehicles with a GVW in excess of 3.5 tonnes.

With the exception of CO2, the emission functions for the pollutants covered in the NAEI are identical to thoseused in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) procedure for air pollution estimation (HighwaysAgency et al., 2003). Prior to 2002, the road transport emission functions contained within the DMRB and the

4 MEET = Methodologies for estimating emissions from transport.

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NAEI were different, but as part of the development of the supporting material and guidance for the DEFRAAir Quality Review and Assessment process, these databases were standardised.

In addition to the emission functions, in the NAEI a number of assumptions are made to enable the modellingof emissions in different years. These assumptions relate to the following:

• The changes in emissions associated with vehicle age (‘degradation’ or ‘deterioration’).

• The effects of the penetration of improved fuels and other technologies.

The current assumptions concerning vehicle mileage are rather simplistic, and do not take into account thecharacteristics of the vehicle samples used to derive emission factors. Similarly, the fuel and technologyscaling factors were devised several years ago, and many were assumed to stabilise after 2005. There are somedoubts as to their relevance to emission factors now being derived from more recent test programmes.

This Report examines the validity of the current assumption in the light of recent test data. The analysis islimited to the assumptions which relate directly to the emission factors, and do not extend to the UK vehiclefleet model.

1.3 Report structure

The derivation of ‘basic’ 2009 emission factors for UK road vehicles was described in Task Report 3 (Boulterand Barlow, 2009). The term ‘basic’ is used here to indicate that the emission factors are either normalised formileage or reflect current vehicle and fuel technologies, and should be used in conjunction with scaling factorswhen estimating actual emissions. Scaling factors for different years were therefore required to account for thefollowing:

• Mileage effects relating to vehicle samples.• Fuel composition effects.• Increased market penetration of biofuels for use in existing petrol and diesel-engined vehicles.• Effects of future technologies.

Chapter 2 of this Report describes the emission factors currently used in the NAEI, including the deteriorationfunctions and the fuel and technology scaling factors. Chapter 3 provides a brief review of mileage, fuel andtechnology effects in the literature, and in Chapter 4 scaling factors to be applied to the 2009 emission factorsare presented. In the case of the mileage scaling factors, some examples of values are presented in the Report.However, these are not definitive, and users must calculate their own values based on appropriate vehicle ageand mileage distributions.

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2 NAEI emission functions and assumptions

This Chapter of the Report describes the basic emission functions currently used in the NAEI, including thedeterioration functions and the fuel and technology scaling factors. The full NAEI methodology does notappear to be publicly available. However, a methodology is available for the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventoryfor submission under the Framework Convention on Climate Change (Choudrie et al., 2008). It is assumedthat this methodology is, in fact, the same as that used in the NAEI.

2.1 Emission functions for CO, HC, NOx and PM

2.1.1 Petrol cars

Pre-Euro 1 cars

The emission factors for CO, HC and NOx for pre-Euro 1 petrol cars were based on data from the 1998 TRLdatabase (unpublished) and the COPERT II model produced by the European Topic Centre on Air Emissionsfor the European Environment Agency (Ahlvik et al., 1997). Both these sources provided emission functionsand coefficients relating emission factors (in g/km) to average speed for each vehicle type and emissionstandard. These functions were derived by fitting polynomial functions to experimental measurements. No PMdata were available for pre-Euro 1 petrol cars. An average value (independent of speed) of 0.02 g/km wasassumed, and the relative speed dependence around this value was taken to be the same as that for CO.

Euro 1 and Euro 2 cars

The emission factors for Euro 1 and Euro 2 cars were based on speed-emission factor relationships derived byTRL (Barlow et al., 2001). The tests were carried out on in-service vehicles on dynamometer facilities usingreal-world driving cycles.

Euro 3 and Euro 4 cars

Due to the lack of measurements, the emission factors for Euro 3 and Euro 4 cars were estimated by applyingemission-reduction factors to the equations for Euro 2 vehicles. These scaling factors were based partly onfactors given in MEET (European Commission, 1999) and partly on a judgement of the extent that emissionsfrom Euro 2 vehicles would need to be reduced to meet the Euro 3 and 4 limit values, calculated from thecoefficients at the average speed of the regulatory Extra Urban Drive Cycle (EUDC) used for type-approval.Some limited data from TRL on Euro 3 vehicles also aided the judgement. Since PM emissions from petrolvehicles are not regulated, and are much lower than those from diesel cars, it was assumed that PM emissionsfrom Euro 3 and Euro 4 vehicles would remain at Euro 2 levels.

2.1.2 Diesel cars

The emission functions for pre-Euro 1, Euro 1, and Euro 2 vehicles were all derived from TRL measurements.The pre-Euro 1 emission functions were taken from the 1998 TRL database, and the Euro 1 and Euro 2functions were taken from Barlow et al. (2001). The Euro 3 and 4 emission functions (including PM) werebased on emission reduction scaling factors applied to the equations for Euro 2 vehicles.

2.1.3 Petrol LGVs

The emission functions for pre-Euro 1 LGVs were drawn from the 1998 TRL database for small and mediumsized LGVs, with the Euro 1 functions being taken from Barlow et al. (2001). Emission functions for Euro 2petrol LGVs were not available, and so they were assumed to be the same as for medium-sized petrol cars. The emission functions for Euro 3 and 4 vehicles were based on emission-reduction factors applied to theequations for Euro 2 vehicles. The same scaling factors as those applied to petrol cars were used. No emissionfactors for PM emissions were available for petrol LGVs. For pre-Euro 1 vehicles, a bulk estimate of 0.04

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g/km, agreed some years ago for use in the NAEI, was retained, but the relative speed dependence around thisvalue was assumed to be the same as that for CO. PM emission functions for Euro 1 and 2 vehicles wereassumed to be the same as for medium sized petrol cars. Since PM emissions from petrol vehicles are notregulated, it was assumed that PM emissions from Euro 3 and Euro 4 vehicles would remain at Euro 2 levels.

2.1.4 Diesel LGVs

The emission functions for pre-Euro 1 vehicles were obtained from the 1998 TRL database for medium andlarge sized LGVs, and the Euro 1 emission functions were taken from Barlow et al. (2001). Emission factorsfor Euro 2 diesel LGVs were not available. For all pollutants except NOX, the emission levels of Euro 1vehicles appeared to be within the limits for Euro 2. Hence, the emission coefficients for Euro 2 diesel LGVswere assumed to be the same as those for Euro 1 on the basis that no further reduction in emissions wasnecessary. For NOx, a slight reduction in emissions was required from Euro 1 to meet the Euro 2 limits.Therefore, the Euro 1 coefficients were adopted, with a 0.95 scaling factor for Euro 2 vehicles. The Euro 3 andEuro 4 emission functions (including PM) were derived by applying emission-reduction factors to thefunctions for Euro 2. These scaling factors were estimated following much the same principles as for petroland diesel cars (i.e. based on the extent emissions needed to be reduced to meet the limit values), withinformation from MEET and some limited data from TRL on Euro 3 vehicles aiding the judgement.

2.1.5 HGVs and buses

The emission functions for pre-Euro I, Euro I, and Euro II vehicles were all drawn from TRL measurements.The pre-Euro I functions were from the 1998 TRL database, and the Euro I and Euro II functions were takenfrom the 2001 TRL Report. Drive-cycle factors for pre-1988 HGVs, of which some remain in the fleet, havebeen used in the NAEI; these have corresponded to earlier measurements over the Warren Spring Laboratory(WSL) drive cycles. Speed-dependent emission equations were derived for this old category of HGVs fromthese existing WSL road-type factors, either assuming the relationship with speed was flat or had the samerelative speed-dependence as the later pre-Euro I vehicles on the basis of the variation in the road-type factorswith average cycle speed. In the latter case, the emission functions for old HGVs were used, based onemission scaling factors applied to the factors for pre-Euro I vehicles. Euro III and IV emission functions werebased on emission reduction scaling factors applied to the equations for Euro II. The scaling factors weredrawn from COPERT III (Ntziachristos and Samaras, 2000a).

2.1.6 Motorcycles

Speed-dependent functions provided by TRL were used for different sizes of motorcycle. Prior to 2000, allmotorcycles were assumed to be uncontrolled. It was also assumed that mopeds (<50cc) operated only inurban areas, while motorcycles outside urban areas (motorways) would be dominated by 4-stroke engines witha capacity greater than 50cc. Otherwise, the numbers of vehicle kilometres driven on each road type weredisaggregated by motorcycle type according to the proportions in the fleet. Motorcycles sold since thebeginning of 2000 were assumed to meet the Directive 97/24/EC, and their emission functions were reducedaccording to the factors given in COPERT III (Choudrie et al., 2008).

2.2 Emission functions for benzene and 1,3-butadiene

The emission coefficients for benzene and 1,3-butadiene were the same as those for total hydrocarbons, exceptfor the use of a scaling coefficient reflecting the mass fraction of these two species in the total hydrocarbonemissions from different vehicle types. The mass fractions were based on the NMVOC emission speciationfractions for benzene and 1,3-butadiene in COPERT III. In deriving species fractions of the total hydrocarbonemission functions given by TRL, it was necessary to account for the amount of methane in the HC emissions,as the COPERT figures refer to fractions of non-methane volatile organic compounds. The methanecomponents of the total HC emissions from each vehicle type were calculated from the COPERT III emissionfactors for methane.

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2.3 Emissions of CO2

Carbon dioxide emissions are not regulated under the EU emission standards. Nevertheless, for convenience,the vehicle classification used for the definition of CO2 emission functions is the same as that for the regulatedemissions, but in this case there are not significant, stepwise changes between the legislation classes.Emissions of carbon dioxide (and sulphur dioxide) from road transport are calculated from the consumption ofpetrol and diesel fuel. Data on petrol and diesel fuels consumed by road transport in the UK are taken from theDigest of UK Energy Statistics published by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), and corrected forthe fuel consumption of off-road vehicles. Emissions of CO2, expressed as kg carbon per tonne of fuel, arebased on the carbon content (by mass) of the fuel. Values of the fuel-based emission factors for CO2 fromconsumption of petrol and diesel fuels are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Fuel-based emission factors for carbon (Choudrie et al., 2008).

Fuel C (kg per tonne of fuel)

Petrol 855Diesel 863

Average-speed functions for (exhaust) CO2 were developed by TRL (Barlow et al., 2001). For cars, averagefuel consumption factors were calculated from UK fleet-averaged CO2 emission factors for different carvintages (years of production) provided by DfT following consultation with the Society of MotorManufacturers and Traders (SMMT). The dependence on speed was based upon the TRL speed functions fordifferent Euro standards. For LGVs, HGVs, buses and motorcycles, the inventory used fuel consumptionfactors (expressed in grammes of fuel per kilometre) for each vehicle type and road type, calculated directlyfrom the TRL equations. A normalisation procedure was used to ensure that the breakdown of petrol anddiesel consumption by each vehicle type, calculated on the basis of the fuel consumption factors, added up tothe DTI figures for total fuel consumption in the UK (adjusted for off-road consumption).

Total CO2 emissions from vehicles running on LPG are estimated in the NAEI on the basis of national figures(from DTI) on the consumption of this fuel by road transport. The CO2 emissions from LPG consumptioncannot be broken down by vehicle type because there are no figures available on the total number of vehiclesor types of vehicles running on this fuel. It is believed that many vehicles running on LPG are cars and vansconverted by their owners and that these conversions are not necessarily reported to vehicle licensing agencies.It is for this same reason that LPG vehicle emission estimates are not possible for other pollutant types,because these would need to be based on traffic data and emission factors for different vehicle types ratherthan on fuel consumption (Choudrie et al., 2008). Emissions from vehicles running on natural gas are notestimated at present, although the number of such vehicles in the UK is very small. Estimates are not made asthere are no separate figures from DTI on the amount of natural gas used by road transport, nor are thereuseable data on the total numbers and types of vehicles equipped to run on natural gas.

At present, there are no definitive centralised statistics from the DTI on the amount of biofuels consumed byroad transport in the UK. The total amount is still relatively small, although it is growing each year. DTI hasindicated that biofuels are not combined with fossil fuels in their transport fuel statistics, and are currentlyinvestigating the separate provision of national statistics on biofuel consumption by road transport. At present,emissions from road transport consumption of biofuels are not included in the inventory. Carbon emissionsfrom road transport consumption of biofuels would not be included in the national totals. Other pollutantemissions would be included in the inventory on the basis of emission factors and usage rates (amount of fuelconsumed or traffic data) although the differences in emission factors for vehicles running on biofuels andthose running on fossil fuels are likely to be small for these pollutants (Choudrie et al., 2008).

2.4 Emission degradation functions

An emission factor calculated for a particular vehicle type and emission standard is effectively an averagevalue for in-service vehicles at the time of testing. These vehicles have various ages and mileages, and thus

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any degradation in emissions with vehicle age is included in the sample. However, as time passes the averageaccumulated mileage of vehicles conforming to a given emission standard increases. For example, theaccumulated mileage of Euro 2 cars would generally be very different in 1998 and 2005. In the case of themore recent LDV emission standards included in the 2002 database (i.e. Euro 1 and 2 at the time the databasewas compiled), the vehicles would have been fairly new when the emissions were measured, but Euro 1 andEuro 2 vehicles in the current fleet will be rather old. Therefore, adjustment factors are required to account forthe deterioration in emissions with age or mileage.

2.4.1 Cars and LGVs

Based on data from the European Auto-Oil study, the deterioration in emissions with age or mileage was takeninto account for Euro 1 and Euro 2 vehicles in the NAEI. It was assumed that emissions of CO and NOx wouldincrease by 60% over 80,000 km, whist emissions of NMVOCs would increase by 30% over the sameaccumulated distance (Choudrie et al., 2008). Based on the average annual mileage of cars, 80,000 kmcorresponded to a time period of 6.15 years.

For Euro 3 and Euro 4 petrol cars the scaling factors took into consideration the requirement for new vehiclesto meet certain durability standards. It was assumed that emissions from new vehicles would be a certainpercentage lower than the limit value-derived figure when new, so that the vehicle would not have emissionsthat degrade to levels higher than the limit value over the durability period of the vehicle. The emissiondegradation rates permitted for Euro 3 and 4 light duty petrol vehicles by Directive 98/69/EC are given inTable 3. Account was taken of the fact that the regulatory cycle for the Euro 3 and 4 tests applies the momentthe vehicle is switched on, and therefore includes a period of ‘cold start’ emissions. The degradation factorsfor diesel cars estimated following much the same principles as for petrol cars (Table 4).

Table 3: Emission degradation rates for petrol cars (from Choudrie et al., 2008).

Pollutant(s) Emission standard Degradation rate

NOx, HC and CO Euro 3 x1.2 over 80,000km

Euro 4 x1.2 over 100,000km

Table 4: Emission degradation rates for diesel cars (from Choudrie et al., 2008).

Pollutant(s) Emission standard Degradation rate

PM Euro 3 x1.2 over 80,000kmEuro 4 x1.2 over 100,000km

CO Euro 3 x1.1 over 80,000kmEuro 4 x1.1 over 100,000km

Note: Although the referenced report gives durability for Euro 4 cars over 100,000km, Directive98/69/EC actually specifies 80,000 km.

2.4.2 HGVs and buses

According to Choudrie et al. (2008), the degradation factors for heavy-duty vehicles are taken from COPERTIII. However, this is a source of some confusion, as COPERT III does not contain degradation factors forHDVs.

2.5 Fuel and technology scaling factors

Emissions from existing vehicles in the fleet can be reduced if improved fuels (e.g. lower sulphur content) areused or if the vehicles are retrofitted with emission-control devices (e.g. particulate traps). In the NAEI,scaling factors are applied to the basic emission factors for each year of the inventory. These scaling factorsare designed to reflect the penetration of improved fuels and other technologies which ought to influence the

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emission levels in future years. The NAEI takes account of the early introduction of certain emission and fuelquality standards and additional voluntary measures to reduce emissions from road vehicles in the UK fleet. Inaddition the use of engine developments and exhaust abatement technologies, while designed to limit theemissions of specific pollutants such as PM, can have significant impacts on other non-regulated pollutants.The fuel and technology scaling factors currently in use are given in Appendix B. The fuel and technologyscaling factors were devised several years ago, and many were assumed to stabilise after 2005. Clearly thereare some doubts as to their relevance to emission factors now being derived from more recent testprogrammes.

2.5.1 Early introduction of ultra-low sulphur petrol and diesel – HGVs and buses

The early introduction of ultra-low sulphur petrol and diesel (100% by 2001) into the national fleet was takeninto account. Many bus fleets had converted to ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) as early as 1997, and this wasalso accounted for. The impact these fuels would have on emissions from existing vehicles in the fleet wasbased on empirical formulae from EPEFE5 on the relationship between emissions and fuel quality, combinedwith information drawn from MEET, the World-Wide Fuel Charter reports and various reports prepared byMillbrook and LT Buses on the effects of fuel quality on emissions from heavy duty vehicles (Murrells, 2000).

Emissions from HGVs and buses were scaled down according to the proportions running on ULSD fuel ineach year, the proportions fitted with oxidation catalysts or particulate traps (CRTs), and the effectiveness ofthese measures in reducing emissions. Choudrie et al. (2008) state that (the small number of) HGVs equippedwith CRTs have their emissions reduced by the amounts shown in Table 5. It is assumed that a HDV fittedwith a CRT is also running on ultra-low sulphur diesel. The effectiveness of measures in reducing emissionsfrom a Euro II bus is shown in Table 6. Again, it is assumed that a bus fitted with an oxidation catalyst or CRTis also running on ULSD. These scaling factors are relative to emissions from a bus running on 500 ppmsulphur diesel and are based on analysis of fuel quality effects by Murrells (2000) and data on theeffectiveness of oxidation catalysts on bus emissions by LT Buses (1998).

Table 5: Scaling factors for emissions from a Euro II HGV running on ultra-low sulphur dieseland fitted with an oxidation catalyst or CRT (Choudrie et al., 2008).

CO NMVOCs NOx

ULSD only Urban 0.96 0.97 0.94Rural 1.01 1.02 0.99

ULSD + CRT Urban 0.10 0.12 0.81Rural 0.10 0.12 0.85

Table 6: Scaling factors for emissions from a Euro II bus running on ultra-low sulphur dieseland fitted with an oxidation catalyst or CRT (Choudrie et al., 2008).

CO NMVOCs NOx

ULSD only Urban 0.91 0.72 1.01Rural 1.01 1.02 0.99

ULSD + oxidation catalyst Urban 0.20 0.39 0.97Rural 0.22 0.55 0.95

ULSD + CRT Urban 0.17 0.19 0.90Rural 0.19 0.27 0.88

5 EPEFE = European Programme on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies.

9



2.5.2 The effect of benzene content of petrol on exhaust emissions of benzene

The effect of the benzene content of petrol on exhaust emissions of benzene was included in the 2002 revisionto the UK emission factors. According to the UK Petroleum Industries Association (UKPIA), a substantialdecrease (76 %) in the benzene content of UK petrol occurred in 2000 in order to meet the lower EU limit of1% introduced that year. Equations from EPEFE and MEET were used to derive factors reflecting the effect ofreduced benzene content on benzene emissions from catalyst cars. No such information was available for non-catalyst cars. However, on the basis of fundamental combustion chemistry and the significant reductions inambient benzene concentrations observed in early 2000 at a number of air pollution monitoring sites, it wasconcluded that the reductions in benzene content of petrol led to a proportional reduction in benzene emissionsfrom non-catalyst cars. This was represented with an emission reduction scaling factor for this class of vehicle.For all vehicle categories except buses, benzene emissions were assumed to stabilise at 2001 levels. For buses,emissions were assumed to stabilise at 2006 levels.

2.5.3 Retrofitting of PM traps and oxidation catalysts on heavy-duty diesel vehicles

The retrofitting of particulate traps and oxidation catalyst on some heavy duty diesel vehicles is accounted for,on the basis of information on their likely uptake. The assumptions on their effects on emissions and their fleetuptake are described in the Technical Annex of the Air Quality Strategy consultation document (DEFRA etal., 2001).

2.5.4 CO2 emissions

The basic CO2 emission factors will be influenced by the general improvements in technology introduced toimprove fuel economy and, for cars in particular, by voluntary agreements between the European AutomobileManufacturers Association (ACEA) and the EU to reduce emissions.

The TRL emission databases were the sources used for pre-Euro 1, Euro 1, and Euro 2 cars, pre-Euro 1 andEuro 1 LGVs, and pre-Euro I, Euro I, and Euro II HGVs and buses, in the same way as for the CO, HC, NOx

and PM functions described above. For cars and LGVs it was assumed that the basic emissions of Euro 3vehicles would be reduced from the Euro 2 levels by the same proportion that Euro 2 emissions were reducedfrom Euro 1 levels. The same proportional reduction was applied to Euro 3 emission levels to derive Euro 4levels. For petrol cars, diesel cars and petrol LGVs, an additional adjustment was made in order to take intoaccount the voluntary agreement: emissions were reduced linearly to 140 g/km between 2000 and 2008, withno further improvement thereafter. Euro III and Euro IV buses and HGVs were assumed to have emissionlevels equivalent to those of Euro II vehicles.

2.6 Other assumptions

In the NAEI, assumptions are currently made about the proportion of failing catalysts in the petrol car fleet.For first-generation catalyst cars (Euro 1), it is assumed that the catalysts fail in 5% of cars fitted with themeach year (for example due to mechanical damage of the catalyst unit) and that 95% of failed catalysts arerepaired each year, but only for cars more than three years in age, when they first reach the age for MOTtesting. Lower failure rates are assigned to Euro 2 (1.5%), Euro 3 (0.5%) and Euro 4 (0.5%) cars manufacturedsince 1996.

10



3 Review of mileage, fuel and technology effects

3.1 Overview

This Chapter of the report provides a brief review of the mileage, fuel and technology effects on emissionsreported in the literature, and in particular the use of scaling factors.

3.2 Mileage effects

3.2.1 Light-duty vehicles

In the ARTEMIS project (Joumard et al., 2006), the influence of the mileage M1 or M2 (km) for LDVs isexpressed by the formula:

(((( ))))(((( ))))

(((( ))))(((( ))))2

1

2

1

My

My

Memission

Memission==== (Equation 1)

Values of y are given for Euro 1 and 2 petrol cars in Table 7, and for Euro 3 and 4 petrol cars in Table 8, inboth cases for urban and rural situations (average speeds lower than 19 km/h and higher than 63 km/hrespectively). For an intermediate speed, V, the following formula is used:

(((( )))) (((( )))) (((( )))) (((( )))) (((( ))))(((( ))))44

19 urbanyruralyVurbanyVy

−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−++++==== (Equation 2)

Table 7: Emission degradation correction factor y = a x Mileage + b, for Euro 1 and Euro 2 petrol vehicles.Mileage expressed in km, y normalised for the corresponding average mileage.

Petrol Euro 1 and 2Engine

capacity (l)Average

mileage (km)a b

Value at ≥120,000 km

y (urban)for

V≤19 km/h

CO

≤1.4 29,057 1.523E-05 0.557 2.39

1.4-2.0 39,837 1.148E-05 0.543 1.92

>2.0 47,028 9.243E-06 0.565 1.67

HC

≤1.4 29,057 1.215E-05 0.647 2.10

1.4-2.0 39,837 1.232E-05 0.509 1.99

>2.0 47,028 1.208E-05 0.432 1.88

NOx All 44,931 1.598E-05 0.282 2.20

y (rural)for

V≥63 km/h

CO

≤1.4 29,057 1.689E-05 0.509 2.54

1.4-2.0 39,837 9.607E-06 0.617 1.77

>2.0 47,028 2.704E-06 0.873 1.20

HC

≤1.4 29,057 6.570E-06 0.809 1.60

1.4-2.0 39,837 9.815E-06 0.609 1.79

>2.0 47,028 6.224E-06 0.707 1.45

NOx all 47,186 1.220E-05 0.424 1.89

11



Table 8: Emission degradation correction factor y = a x Mileage + b, for Euro 3 and Euro 4 petrol vehicles.Mileage expressed in km, y normalised for the corresponding average mileage.

Petrol Euro 3 and 4Engine

capacity (l)Average

mileage (km)a b

Value at ≥160,000 km

y (urban)for

V≤19 km/h

CO≤1.4 32,407 7.129E-06 0.769 1.91

>1.4 16,993 2.670E-06 0.955 1.38

HC≤1.4 31,972 3.419E-06 0.891 1.44

>1.4 17,913 0 1 1

NOx≤1.4 31,313 0 1 1

>1.4 16,993 3.986E-06 0.932 1.57

y (rural)for

V≥63 km/h

CO≤1.4 30,123 1.502E-06 0.955 1.20

>1.4 26,150 0 1 1

HC all 28,042 0 1 1

NOx all 26,150 0 1 1

The literature suggests that CO2 emissions are not affected by vehicle mileage (Samaras and Ntziachristos,1998; Ntziachristos and Samaras, 2000b; Geivanidis and Samaras, 2004).

3.2.2 Heavy-duty vehicles

In order to determine whether a vehicle mileage effect had to be taken into account for HDVs in theARTEMIS emission model, the effects of engine deterioration and maintenance on emissions were assessedby Rexeis et al. (2005). Data from the Dutch and German in-use compliance programmes were used for thispurpose. The assessment focused only on Euro I, II and III vehicles (200 vehicles in total).

The results for Euro I and II vehicles were surprising. Where an increase in emissions with increasing mileagewas anticipated, an improvement was observed for most pollutants. A clear increase in emissions was onlyevident for HC from Euro III vehicles, and to a lesser extent for Euro III PM emissions. One explanation forthe lower emissions of vehicles with higher mileage could be that the fuel consumption was, on average, lowerfor vehicles with a high mileage. Another explanation is that vehicles in the database with a high mileage wereprobably used for long -distance transport activities. The general conclusion for the ARTEMIS model was thatno mileage scaling factors were needed for Euro I to Euro III vehicles.

Rexeis et al. (2005) noted that there are currently several different emission-control devices which areconsidered relevant to the Euro IV emission standards and beyond, including:

• Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR).• Diesel oxidation catalyst.• Selective catalytic reduction of NOx (SCR). • Diesel particulate filter (DPF).

The conclusions in relation to the deterioration of Euro IV and Euro V technologies were as follows:

• There is no reason to assume that the deterioration pattern of engine-out emissions would differ muchfrom engines of earlier Euro classes.

• Emission-control devices can contribute to the deterioration of specific pollutants as a result of ageing,malfunctioning and even tampering.

• Some of the anticipated effects of component deterioration (including the effects of malfunctioning andtampering) can be prevented by the installation of an OBD system, which will be mandatory from EuroIV onwards.

• Emission-control devices featuring catalysts will show some emission deterioration over the life of thevehicle due to ageing. At present it is not possible to give exact values since the technology is not fullydeveloped and few data are available.

12



3.3 Fuel effectsFuel effects were reviewed in some detail in Task Report 5 (Boulter and Latham, 2008). This work is notrepeated here.

3.4 Technology effects

3.4.1 Cars and LGVs

Within the ARTEMIS project Samaras and Geivanidis (2005) provided emission factors for Euro 4 petrol cars.However, there are relatively few measurements for Euro 4 cars, and none for Euro 5 cars. It was proposedthat the Euro 4 equations for petrol vehicles are also used for Euro 5 petrol vehicles. In the case of directinjection petrol vehicles, the literature and the limited available data indicated a reduction in fuel consumptionof around 10%. Samaras and Geivanidis (2005) also presented the reduction of emissions expected in Euro 4and 5 diesel vehicles using as basis the emissions of Euro 3 vehicles. These factors where derived from theratios of the established Euro 4 or expected Euro 5 emission standards (Table 7) over the emission standards ofEuro 3:

Table 7: Reduction factors for future diesel vehicle technologies.

CO HC NOx PMEuro 4 0.781 0.833 0.5 0.5 x Euro 3Euro 5 0.781 0.833 0.35 0.1 x Euro 3

Table 8 presents the PM mass reduction potential of the installation of a DPF on a vehicle. The factors werederived under the assumption that the application of a DPF leads to PM levels comparable to the expectedEuro 5 limit.

Table 8: Reduction of PM mass emissions due to the addition of a DPF.

PM

Euro 3 + DPF 0.1 x Euro 3Euro 4 + DPF 0.1 x Euro 4


In the ARTEMIS model for heavy-duty vehicles, the option of ‘DPF-technology’ can be chosen, whichassumes a reduction in PM mass of approximately 90%, and an increase in fuel consumption of 3%, comparedwith the relevant basic engine emission map (Rexeis et al. (2005).

13



4 Scaling factors applicable to the 2009 emission factors

The development of the basic emission factors for road vehicles was described by Boulter and Barlow (2009).These basic emission factors are complemented by scaling factors to take account of (i) mileage effectsassociated with vehicle samples and (ii) future improvements in fuels and vehicle technologies.

4.1 Vehicle mileage scaling factors

An emission factor for a particular vehicle type and emission standard is usually an average value for vehiclesof different ages and mileages which inherently takes account of possible changes in emissions with vehicleage, relative to new vehicle emissions performance. However, vehicles which are now rather old would havebeen relatively new when tested, with a relatively low mileage. For example, the accumulated mileage of Euro2 vehicles would generally be very different in 1998 and 2005. Therefore, it is possible to refine the basicemission factors using scaling factors for the deterioration in emissions with age or mileage. This is not analtogether straightforward process, as different scaling factors are required for different years, and informationis required on the average accumulated mileage of different types of vehicle by year.

4.1.1 Cars and light good vehicles

Rather than using existing mileage scaling factors, examples of new scaling factors for cars and LGVs weredetermined from the database of emission measurements compiled within the project. The following stepswere taken to adjust the measured emission factors to take account of the wide range of vehicle mileage duringtests:

(i) To generate the basic emission functions for cars, the emission test data were normalised to anaccumulated mileage of 50,000 km for each vehicle type and pollutant. This process was described byBoulter and Barlow (2009). Only the emission factors for CO, HC and NOx were normalised formileage. Too few PM measurements were available to obtain deterioration functions, and literaturesuggests that CO2 emissions are not affected by vehicle mileage.

(ii) For each vehicle category, the average age was calculated for the range of reference years of interest(1995-2030).

(iii) Relationships between vehicle age and mileage were established, and the average mileage was thencalculated for each vehicle category and reference year.

(iv) For each vehicle category, reference year and pollutant, the emission factor associated with the actualaverage mileage and the emission factor for 50,000 km were calculated. The scaling factors werecalculated by dividing the emission factor for the actual mileage by the emission factor for 50,000 km.

Normalisation of measured emission factors

As noted above, the basic CO, HC and NOx emission factors for all LDVs were normalised to an accumulatedmileage of 50,000 km for each vehicle type and pollutant. Due to a lack of data, no mileage correction wasapplied to test data relating to fuels other than conventional petrol or diesel. The mileage adjustment wasapplied for urban, rural and motorway driving using the formula:

E50,000 = Etest × y50,000 / ytest (Equation 3)

Where :

E50,000 = emission factor at 50,000 km.Etest = emission factor recorded during the testy50,000 = mileage adjustment factor for 50,000 kmytest = mileage during test

The coefficients which are used to calculate the values of y for urban, rural and motorway driving are given inTable 9. Values for all the data are also shown.

14

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-

deteriorationfactors

andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

14P

PR

359

Table

9:C

oefficientsof

theregression

fitsto

theC

O,H

Cand

NO

x emission

factorsand

accumulated

mileage

datafor

cars.Ineach

case,thefunction

isof

theform

y=

ax+

b,where

yis

theem

issionfactor

ing/km

,andx

isthe

accumulated

mileage.

Pollutant

FuelE

mission

standardU

rbanR

uralM

otorway

All

ab

ab

ab

ab

CO

Petrol

Pre-E

uro1

2.570E-05

14.7144.094E

-054.621

5.339E-05

3.2273.974E

-058.661

Euro

15.197E

-050.243

3.053E-05

0.4091.831E

-052.086

4.303E-05

0.382E

uro2

1.428E-05

0.8271.994E

-060.552

4.284E-06

1.1048.418E

-060.785

Euro

34.650E

-060.617

1.866E-06

0.483-1.318E

-052.752

1.669E-06

0.954E

uro4

6.071E-06

0.4629.622E

-060.158

1.349E-05

0.4301.021E

-050.358

Diesel

Pre-E

uro1

5.410E-07

0.9651.025E

-060.341

2.819E-07

0.3751.054E

-060.666

Euro

14.277E

-070.560

-6.683E-07

0.3843.094E

-070.183

-4.836E-07

0.504E

uro2

6.379E-06

0.2302.620E

-060.118

5.584E-07

0.0383.749E

-060.164

Euro

38.183E

-070.201

5.816E-07

0.0381.333E

-070.019

8.146E-07

0.097E

uro4

1.803E-06

0.0741.509E

-070.008

1.253E-07

0.0091.166E

-060.027

HC

Petrol

Pre-E

uro1

4.713E-06

1.8043.525E

-060.891

2.896E-06

0.4614.459E

-061.192

Euro

14.749E

-060.034

2.439E-06

0.0407.092E

-070.079

3.475E-06

0.042E

uro2

9.570E-07

0.1222.879E

-070.029

4.140E-07

0.0246.376E

-070.070

Euro

32.943E

-070.051

7.621E-08

0.024-2.902E

-070.060

1.256E-07

0.042E

uro4

1.214E-06

0.025-3.931E

-080.008

-1.340E-07

0.0193.233E

-070.022

Diesel

Pre-E

uro1

5.121E-07

0.1623.681E

-080.086

4.510E-08

0.0714.294E

-070.120

Euro

11.104E

-070.089

-1.466E-07

0.063-6.353E

-080.036

-7.471E-08

0.082E

uro2

1.077E-06

0.0361.704E

-070.035

8.807E-08

0.0195.253E

-070.035

Euro

33.863E

-070.035

1.803E-07

0.0154.645E

-080.007

2.944E-07

0.021E

uro4

1.012E-06

0.0103.015E

-070.010

1.480E-06

0.0101.024E

-060.010

NO

xP

etrolP

re-Euro

12.548E

-061.378

-1.157E-06

2.6886.518E

-061.802

1.250E-06

1.985E

uro1

3.368E-06

0.1553.779E

-060.181

4.077E-06

0.2743.761E

-060.165

Euro

2-2.191E

-060.334

-7.720E-07

0.1701.301E

-060.140

-9.811E-07

0.240E

uro3

-1.127E-06

0.152-4.612E

-070.080

-1.590E-07

0.092-6.759E

-070.113

Euro

43.273E

-070.059

4.379E-07

0.0407.694E

-070.010

4.315E-07

0.046D

ieselP

re-Euro

1-2.036E

-080.828

3.628E-07

0.5831.731E

-060.581

3.577E-07

0.714E

uro1

3.231E-06

0.5888.112E

-070.498

2.880E-07

0.7401.764E

-060.618

Euro

29.963E

-071.078

-1.541E-07

0.7085.192E

-070.998

1.611E-07

0.960E

uro3

-4.603E-06

1.194-7.567E

-060.826

-5.952E-06

1.026-4.849E

-061.010

Euro

4-3.819E

-060.913

3.300E-07

0.3193.411E

-070.567

-1.312E-06

0.660

15



Estimation of average vehicle age

NB: The age and mileage values presented here, and the resulting mileage scaling factors, should beviewed as indicative, and are provided to illustrate the recommended approach. These indicativescaling factors are available on the DfT web site. Users of the emission factors must calculate theirown mileage scaling factors based on appropriate vehicle age and mileage distributions for eachvehicle category and year.

For each car category, the average age was calculated for each reference year from 1995 to 2030 inclusive. UKvehicle licensing statistics6 were used for this purpose. The licensing statistics are stated in terms of thenumbers of cars licensed by propulsion (fuel), engine capacity, and year of first registration. Similar data areavailable for LGVs, although there is no distinction according to fuel type. However, this process was notstraightforward for a number of reasons.

Firstly, the licensing statistics relate to model years and not specific emission standards. Assumptions weretherefore required to align the two. The assumed correspondence between emission standard and model year isgiven in Table 10.

Table 10: Assumed correspondence between emission standard and model year for LDVs.

Emissionstandard

Model years (inclusive)

Car <2.5 t, taxi Car 2.5-3.5 t LGV N1(I) LGV N1(II/III)

Pre-Euro 1 Up to 1992 Up to 1994 Up to 1994 Up to 1994

Euro 1 1993 to 1996 1995 to 1998 1995 to 1997 1995 to 1998

Euro 2 1997 to 2000 1999 to 2001 1998 to 2000 1999 to 2001

Euro 3 2001 to 2005 2002 to 2006 2001 to 2005 2002 to 2006

Euro 4 2006 to 2010 2007 to 2011 2006 to 2010 2007 to 2011

Euro 5 2011 to 2015 2012 to 2016 2011 to 2015 2012 to 2016

Euro 6 2016 to 2020 2017 to 2020 2016 to 2020 2017 to 2020

Secondly, actual statistics were available for reference years up to and including 2006. The statistics for aparticular year were used to define the age distribution in the following year. For example, the 2006 statisticswere used to define the age distribution in 2007. Assumptions were therefore required to estimate vehicle agedistributions in future years. For this purpose, it was assumed that the vehicle age distributions in 2007 couldbe applied to each year in the future.

The 2007 distributions for petrol and diesel cars, and for the three engine size ranges (<1400 cc, 1400-2000 ccand >2000 cc) were normalised to give the percentage of vehicles by age, and the normalised distributionswere applied to future years. The 2007 distributions are shown for petrol cars and diesel cars in Figure 1 andFigure 2 and for LGVs in Figure 3.

A problem associated with future projections was the treatment of the oldest vehicles in the fleet, as these arecombined in the statistics (e.g. ‘Pre-1988’). For such vehicles, it was assumed that the oldest vehicles wereevenly distributed in terms of model years. This is a relatively crude assumption which would benefit fromfurther refinement, although the number of vehicles in the oldest age band was generally rather smallcompared with the total (an exception being petrol cars >2000 cc).

The resulting average ages are shown in Table 11 to Table 15.

6 Vehicle licensing statistics for recent years are available from DfT athttp://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/vehicles/licensing/

16



0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

Older 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Average vehicle age (years)

Pro

por

tion

ofto

tal(

%)

<1400 cc

1400-2000 cc

>2000 cc

Figure 1: Normalised age distribution for petrol cars in 2007, based on licensing statistics for 2006.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Older 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


Pro

por

tion

of

tota

l(%

)

<1400 cc

1400-2000 cc

>2000 cc

Figure 2: Normalised age distribution for diesel cars in 2007, based on licensing statistics for 2006.

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Older 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


Pro

port

ion

oft

otal

(%)

Figure 3: Normalised age distribution for all LGVs in 2007, based on licensing statistics for 2006.

17

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09:

Rep

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ors

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:Ave

rage

age

byve

hicl

eca

tego

ryan

dm

odel

year

(car

s<

2.5

tonn

es).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R00

1C

ar<

2.5

tP

etro

l<

1400

ccP

re-E

uro

18.

49.

19.

810

.511

.111

.712

.413

.013

.714

.515

.316

.117

.518

.419

.320

.421

.522

.523

.524

.525

.526

.527

.528

.529

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.531

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.537

.538

.539

.540

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R00

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ar<

2.5

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l<

1400

ccE

uro

11.

52.

02.

53.

54.

55.

56.

47.

48.

49.

410

.311

.312

.213

.114

.015

.116

.217

.118

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.020

.221

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01.

52.

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53.

54.

55.

56.

47.

48.

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.311

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.015

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.918

.920

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.522

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.525

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2.5

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31.

01.

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14.

15.

05.

96.

97.

88.

89.

810

.711

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96.

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310

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88.

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iese

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510

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210

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31.

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93.

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88.

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910

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R03

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61.

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93.

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67.

88.

99.

910

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R03

6C

ar<

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iese

l>

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17.

07.

98.

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812

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R03

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ar<

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11.

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33.

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35.

46.

37.

38.

39.

310

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21.

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55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

410

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31.

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67.

88.

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R04

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67.

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R04

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ar<

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PG

All

Eur

o1

1.7

2.0

2.3

3.4

4.4

5.4

6.4

7.4

8.4

9.4

10.3

11.3

12.2

13.2

14.1

15.1

16.2

17.1

17.9

18.8

20.0

21.5

22.5

23.5

24.5

25.5

26.5

27.5

28.5

29.5

30.5

31.5

32.5

33.5

34.5

35.5

R04

4C

ar<

2.5

tL

PG

All

Eur

o2

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.4

4.4

5.4

6.4

7.4

8.4

9.3

10.2

11.2

12.2

13.2

14.1

15.1

16.2

17.1

17.8

18.7

19.8

21.5

22.5

23.5

24.5

25.5

26.5

27.5

28.5

29.5

30.5

31.5

R04

5C

ar<

2.5

tL

PG

All

Eur

o3

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.6

3.2

4.1

5.1

6.0

6.9

7.9

8.8

9.6

10.5

11.5

12.5

13.4

14.4

15.4

16.4

17.2

17.9

18.8

20.0

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

27.0

R04

6C

ar<

2.5

tL

PG

All

Eur

o4

1.0

1.5

2.1

2.6

3.2

4.1

5.1

6.0

6.9

7.9

8.8

9.6

10.5

11.5

12.5

13.4

14.4

15.4

16.4

17.2

17.9

18.7

19.9

22.0

R04

7C

ar<

2.5

tL

PG

All

Eur

o5

1.0

1.5

2.1

2.6

3.2

4.1

5.1

6.0

6.9

7.9

8.8

9.6

10.5

11.5

12.5

13.4

14.4

15.4

16.4

R04

8C

ar<

2.5

tL

PG

All

Eur

o6

1.0

1.5

2.1

2.6

3.2

4.1

5.1

6.0

6.9

7.9

8.8

9.6

10.5

11.5

Em

issi

onst

anda

rd

Ave

rage

age

byre

fere

nce

year

Cod

eV

ehic

lety

peFu

elty

peE

ngin

eca

paci

ty(c

c)

18

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-


andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

18P

PR

359

Table

12:Average

ageby

vehiclecategory

andm

odelyear(cars

>2.5

tonnes).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R049

Car

2.5-3.5t

Petrol

All

Pre-E

uro1

8.89.0

9.210.6

11.311.9

12.513.1

13.814.4

15.115.7

17.018.0

18.819.6

20.321.3

22.423.5

24.525.5

26.527.5

28.529.5

30.531.5

32.533.5

34.535.5

36.537.5

38.539.5

R050

Car

2.5-3.5t

Petrol

All

Euro

11.0

1.51.9

2.33.3

4.35.3

6.37.3

8.39.3

10.211.2

12.213.1

14.215.4

16.517.4

18.219.1

20.221.5

22.523.5

24.525.5

26.527.5

28.529.5

30.531.5

32.533.5

R051

Car

2.5-3.5t

Petrol

All

Euro

21.0

1.52.0

2.93.9

5.05.9

6.98.0

8.99.9

10.811.8

12.813.8

14.916.0

17.017.9

18.719.7

21.022.0

23.024.0

25.026.0

27.028.0

29.030.0

R052

Car

2.5-3.5t

Petrol

All

Euro

31.0

1.52.1

2.63.2

4.25.0

6.06.9

7.88.8

9.610.5

11.512.5

13.414.7

15.916.9

17.618.3

19.120.4

22.023.0

24.025.0

26.0

R053

Car

2.5-3.5t

Petrol

All

Euro

41.0

1.52.1

2.73.2

4.25.0

6.06.9

7.88.8

9.610.5

11.512.5

13.414.7

15.916.9

17.618.2

19.020.2

R054

Car

2.5-3.5t

Petrol

All

Euro

51.0

1.52.1

2.73.2

4.25.0

6.06.9

7.88.8

9.610.5

11.512.5

13.414.7

15.9

R055

Car

2.5-3.5t

Petrol

All

Euro

61.0

1.52.1

2.73.6

4.65.5

6.47.4

8.49.3

10.211.2

R056

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Pre-E

uro1

4.95.8

6.87.6

8.47.8

10.010.8

11.612.4

13.214.0

15.016.1

17.218.1

19.120.3

21.723.5

24.525.5

26.527.5

28.529.5

30.531.5

32.533.5

34.535.5

36.537.5

38.539.5

R057

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

11.0

1.52.0

2.53.4

4.55.5

6.57.5

8.49.4

10.411.4

12.313.0

13.915.0

16.117.1

17.918.7

19.721.5

22.523.5

24.525.5

26.527.5

28.529.5

30.531.5

32.533.5

R058

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

21.0

1.51.9

2.93.9

4.95.9

6.98.0

9.09.9

11.011.9

12.813.7

14.715.8

16.817.8

18.519.3

21.022.0

23.024.0

25.026.0

27.028.0

29.030.0

R059

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

31.0

1.41.9

2.32.7

3.64.4

5.46.6

7.88.9

9.910.8

11.712.5

13.314.2

15.316.4

17.217.9

18.719.8

22.023.0

24.025.0

26.0

R060

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

41.0

1.51.9

2.42.7

3.64.4

5.46.6

7.88.9

9.910.8

11.712.5

13.314.2

15.316.4

17.217.9

18.719.6

R061

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

51.0

1.51.9

2.42.7

3.64.4

5.46.6

7.88.9

9.910.8

11.712.5

13.314.2

15.3

R062

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

61.0

1.51.9

2.43.3

4.25.1

6.27.3

8.59.4

10.411.4

Em

issionstandard

Average

ageby

referenceyear

Code

Vehicle

typeFueltype

Engine

capacity(cc)

Table

13:Average

ageby

vehiclecategory

andm

odelyear(taxis).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R063

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llP

re-Euro

17.0

7.98.8

9.710.5

9.812.1

12.813.6

14.415.1

15.917.0

17.918.8

19.821.0

22.523.5

24.525.5

26.527.5

28.529.5

30.531.5

32.533.5

34.535.5

36.537.5

38.539.5

40.5

R064

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro1

1.31.8

2.33.3

4.35.4

6.37.3

8.39.3

10.311.3

12.313.0

13.915.0

16.117.1

17.918.8

19.821.5

22.523.5

24.525.5

26.527.5

28.529.5

30.531.5

32.533.5

34.535.5

R065

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro2

1.01.5

2.02.5

3.54.5

5.56.5

7.58.5

9.410.4

11.412.3

13.013.9

15.016.1

17.117.9

18.719.6

21.522.5

23.524.5

25.526.5

27.528.5

29.530.5

31.5

R066

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro3

1.01.4

1.82.2

2.63.6

4.45.4

6.67.8

8.99.9

10.811.7

12.513.3

14.215.3

16.417.2

17.918.8

19.822.0

23.024.0

25.026.0

27.0

R067

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro4

1.01.5

1.92.4

2.73.6

4.45.4

6.67.8

8.99.9

10.811.7

12.513.3

14.215.3

16.417.2

17.918.7

19.722.0

R068

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro5

1.01.5

1.92.4

2.73.6

4.45.4

6.67.8

8.99.9

10.811.7

12.513.3

14.215.3

16.4

R069

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro6

1.01.5

1.92.4

2.73.6

4.45.4

6.67.8

8.99.9

10.811.7

Em

issionstandard

Average

ageby

referenceyear

Code

Vehicle

typeFueltype

Engine

capacity(cc)

19

Em

issi

onfa

ctor

s20

09:

Rep

ort6

-de

teri

orat

ion

fact

ors

and

othe

rm

odel

ling

assu

mpt

ions

for

road

vehi

cles

Ver

sion

:5

TR

LL

imit

ed19

PP

R35

9

Tab

le14

:Ave

rage

age

byve

hicl

eca

tego

ryan

dm

odel

year

(LG

VN

1(I)

).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R07

0L

GV

N1(

I)P

etro

lA

llP

re-E

uro

13.

84.

85.

86.

77.

58.

09.

19.

910

.711

.412

.213

.114

.015

.016

.217

.418

.519

.721

.323

.524

.525

.526

.527

.528

.529

.530

.531

.532

.533

.534

.535

.536

.537

.538

.539

.5

R07

1L

GV

N1(

I)P

etro

lA

llE

uro

11.

01.

52.

03.

04.

15.

06.

07.

08.

09.

010

.010

.911

.912

.813

.614

.515

.516

.717

.718

.419

.321

.022

.023

.024

.025

.026

.027

.028

.029

.030

.031

.032

.033

.034

.0

R07

2L

GV

N1(

I)P

etro

lA

llE

uro

21.

01.

52.

03.

04.

05.

06.

07.

08.

09.

010

.010

.911

.912

.813

.614

.515

.516

.717

.718

.419

.321

.022

.023

.024

.025

.026

.027

.028

.029

.030

.031

.0

R07

3L

GV

N1(

I)P

etro

lA

llE

uro

31.

01.

41.

92.

32.

83.

74.

65.

66.

67.

88.

99.

910

.811

.612

.313

.013

.814

.815

.916

.917

.818

.619

.622

.023

.024

.025

.026

.027

.0

R07

4L

GV

N1(

I)P

etro

lA

llE

uro

41.

01.

52.

02.

42.

93.

74.

65.

66.

67.

88.

99.

910

.811

.612

.313

.013

.814

.815

.916

.917

.718

.519

.522

.0

R07

5L

GV

N1(

I)P

etro

lA

llE

uro

51.

01.

52.

02.

42.

93.

74.

65.

66.

67.

88.

99.

910

.811

.612

.313

.013

.814

.815

.9

R07

6L

GV

N1(

I)P

etro

lA

llE

uro

61.

01.

52.

02.

42.

93.

74.

65.

66.

67.

88.

99.

910

.811

.6

R07

7L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llP

re-E

uro

13.

84.

85.

86.

77.

58.

09.

19.

910

.711

.412

.213

.114

.015

.016

.217

.418

.519

.721

.323

.524

.525

.526

.527

.528

.529

.530

.531

.532

.533

.534

.535

.536

.537

.538

.539

.5

R07

8L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

11.

01.

52.

03.

04.

15.

06.

07.

08.

09.

010

.010

.911

.912

.813

.614

.515

.516

.717

.718

.419

.321

.022

.023

.024

.025

.026

.027

.028

.029

.030

.031

.032

.033

.034

.0

R07

9L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

21.

01.

52.

03.

04.

05.

06.

07.

08.

09.

010

.010

.911

.912

.813

.614

.515

.516

.717

.718

.419

.321

.022

.023

.024

.025

.026

.027

.028

.029

.030

.031

.0

R08

0L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

31.

01.

41.

92.

32.

83.

74.

65.

66.

67.

88.

99.

910

.811

.612

.313

.013

.814

.815

.916

.917

.818

.619

.622

.023

.024

.025

.026

.027

.0

R08

1L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

41.

01.

52.

02.

42.

93.

74.

65.

66.

67.

88.

99.

910

.811

.612

.313

.013

.814

.815

.916

.917

.718

.519

.522

.0

R08

2L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

51.

01.

52.

02.

42.

93.

74.

65.

66.

67.

88.

99.

910

.811

.612

.313

.013

.814

.815

.9

R08

3L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

61.

01.

52.

02.

42.

93.

74.

65.

66.

67.

88.

99.

910

.811

.6

Cod

eV

ehic

lety

peFu

elty

peE

ngin

eca

paci

ty(c

c)E

mis

sion

stan

dard

Ave

rage

age

byre

fere

nce

year

Tab

le15

:Ave

rage

age

byve

hicl

eca

tego

ryan

dm

odel

year

(LG

VN

1(II

/III

)).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R08

4L

GV

N1(

II)

Pet

rol

All

Pre

-Eur

o1

3.8

4.8

5.8

6.7

7.5

8.0

9.1

9.9

10.7

11.4

12.2

13.1

14.0

15.0

16.2

17.4

18.5

19.7

21.3

23.5

24.5

25.5

26.5

27.5

28.5

29.5

30.5

31.5

32.5

33.5

34.5

35.5

36.5

37.5

38.5

39.5

R08

5L

GV

N1(

II)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o1

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.6

4.5

5.6

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

10.4

11.3

12.2

12.9

13.7

14.6

15.8

16.9

17.7

18.5

19.5

21.5

22.5

23.5

24.5

25.5

26.5

27.5

28.5

29.5

30.5

31.5

32.5

33.5

R08

6L

GV

N1(

II)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o2

1.0

1.5

1.9

2.9

3.9

4.9

5.9

6.8

8.0

9.0

10.0

10.9

11.9

12.8

13.6

14.5

15.5

16.7

17.7

18.4

19.2

21.0

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

27.0

28.0

29.0

30.0

R08

7L

GV

N1(

II)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o3

1.0

1.5

1.9

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

15.9

16.9

17.8

18.5

19.5

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

R08

8L

GV

N1(

II)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o4

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

15.9

16.9

17.7

18.5

19.5

R08

9L

GV

N1(

II)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

R09

0L

GV

N1(

II)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o6

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

3.4

4.3

5.2

6.2

7.3

8.5

9.5

10.4

11.3

R09

1L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Pre

-Eur

o1

3.8

4.8

5.8

6.7

7.5

8.0

9.1

9.9

10.7

11.4

12.2

13.1

14.0

15.0

16.2

17.4

18.5

19.7

21.3

23.5

24.5

25.5

26.5

27.5

28.5

29.5

30.5

31.5

32.5

33.5

34.5

35.5

36.5

37.5

38.5

39.5

R09

2L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o1

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.6

4.5

5.6

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

10.4

11.3

12.2

12.9

13.7

14.6

15.8

16.9

17.7

18.5

19.5

21.5

22.5

23.5

24.5

25.5

26.5

27.5

28.5

29.5

30.5

31.5

32.5

33.5

R09

3L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o2

1.0

1.5

1.9

2.9

3.9

4.9

5.9

6.8

8.0

9.0

10.0

10.9

11.9

12.8

13.6

14.5

15.5

16.7

17.7

18.4

19.2

21.0

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

27.0

28.0

29.0

30.0

R09

4L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o3

1.0

1.5

1.9

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

15.9

16.9

17.8

18.5

19.5

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

R09

5L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o4

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

15.9

16.9

17.7

18.5

19.5

R09

6L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

R09

7L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o6

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

3.4

4.3

5.2

6.2

7.3

8.5

9.5

10.4

11.3

R09

8L

GV

N1(

III)

Pet

rol

All

Pre

-Eur

o1

3.8

4.8

5.8

6.7

7.5

8.0

9.1

9.9

10.7

11.4

12.2

13.1

14.0

15.0

16.2

17.4

18.5

19.7

21.3

23.5

24.5

25.5

26.5

27.5

28.5

29.5

30.5

31.5

32.5

33.5

34.5

35.5

36.5

37.5

38.5

39.5

R09

9L

GV

N1(

III)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o1

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.6

4.5

5.6

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

10.4

11.3

12.2

12.9

13.7

14.6

15.8

16.9

17.7

18.5

19.5

21.5

22.5

23.5

24.5

25.5

26.5

27.5

28.5

29.5

30.5

31.5

32.5

33.5

R10

0L

GV

N1(

III)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o2

1.0

1.5

1.9

2.9

3.9

4.9

5.9

6.8

8.0

9.0

10.0

10.9

11.9

12.8

13.6

14.5

15.5

16.7

17.7

18.4

19.2

21.0

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

27.0

28.0

29.0

30.0

R10

1L

GV

N1(

III)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o3

1.0

1.5

1.9

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

15.9

16.9

17.8

18.5

19.5

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

R10

2L

GV

N1(

III)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o4

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

15.9

16.9

17.7

18.5

19.5

R10

3L

GV

N1(

III)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

R10

4L

GV

N1(

III)

Pet

rol

All

Eur

o6

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

3.4

4.3

5.2

6.2

7.3

8.5

9.5

10.4

11.3

R10

5L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Pre

-Eur

o1

3.8

4.8

5.8

6.7

7.5

8.0

9.1

9.9

10.7

11.4

12.2

13.1

14.0

15.0

16.2

17.4

18.5

19.7

21.3

23.5

24.5

25.5

26.5

27.5

28.5

29.5

30.5

31.5

32.5

33.5

34.5

35.5

36.5

37.5

38.5

39.5

R10

6L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o1

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.6

4.5

5.6

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

10.4

11.3

12.2

12.9

13.7

14.6

15.8

16.9

17.7

18.5

19.5

21.5

22.5

23.5

24.5

25.5

26.5

27.5

28.5

29.5

30.5

31.5

32.5

33.5

R10

7L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o2

1.0

1.5

1.9

2.9

3.9

4.9

5.9

6.8

8.0

9.0

10.0

10.9

11.9

12.8

13.6

14.5

15.5

16.7

17.7

18.4

19.2

21.0

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

27.0

28.0

29.0

30.0

R10

8L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o3

1.0

1.5

1.9

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

15.9

16.9

17.8

18.5

19.5

22.0

23.0

24.0

25.0

26.0

R10

9L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o4

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

15.9

16.9

17.7

18.5

19.5

R11

0L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

2.9

3.7

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.8

8.9

9.9

10.8

11.6

12.3

13.0

13.8

14.8

R11

1L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o6

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.4

3.4

4.3

5.2

6.2

7.3

8.5

9.5

10.4

11.3

Em

issi

onst

anda

rd

Ave

rage

age

byre

fere

nce

year

Cod

eV

ehic

lety

peFu

elty

peE

ngin

eca

paci

ty(c

c)

20



Estimation of average mileage

Relationships between vehicle age and mileage were established using data supplied by VOSA from in-serviceemission tests (MOT) conducted between November 2006 and November 2007 (VOSA, 2007). The data fromVOSA described the average mileage by model year for around 33 million cars and 730,000 LGVs. Modelyears period to 1993 were stated as bands (1978-1982, 1983-1987 and 1988-1992). As in-service tests areconducted primarily on vehicles which are at least three years old, the most recent mileage data, with someexceptions, were for 2004.

For the vehicle categories listed in the VOSA data, the average accumulated mileage was plotted as a functionof vehicle age relative to 2007 (i.e. 2006 models were assumed to be one year old, 2005 models two years old,and so on). The results are shown in Figure 4 (cars) and Figure 5 (LGVs).

0

25,000

50,000

75,000

100,000

125,000

150,000

175,000

200,000

225,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Vehicle age (years)

Mea

nac

cum

ula

ted

dis

tan

ce(k

m)

Diesel <1400 cc

Diesel 1400-2000cc

Diesel >2000 cc

Petrol <1400cc

Petrol 1400-2000cc

Petrol >2000cc

Figure 4: Vehicle mileage as a function of age, based on in-service test data (cars).

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Vehicle age (years)

Mea

nac

cum

ula

ted

dis

tan

ce(k

m)

Diesel

Petrol

Figure 5: Vehicle mileage as a function of age, based on in-service test data (LGVs).

21



The plots for cars indicate that the average accumulated mileage for vehicles typically increases with age forvehicles up to around 16 or 17 years old, and then appears to decrease for older vehicles. Presumably thedecrease in the average mileage is due to high-mileage vehicles being removed from the fleet. The averagemileage of small diesel cars appears to have a slightly different relationship with age compared with othertypes of car, with a peak in accumulated mileage occurring for vehicles which are around 21 or 22 years old,but the numbers of old vehicles of this type were relatively small. In the case of LGVs, the peak accumulatedmileage occurred for vehicles between around 9 and 10 years old.

For cars, second-order polynomial functions (forced through zero) were fitted to the data. For LGVs no simplefunction could be fitted to the data, and a polynomial function was used for vehicles less than or equal to 14years old. It was assumed that there was no further change in mileage for vehicles with an age greater than14years. The coefficients for the regression fits are shown in Table 16. In all cases, it was assumed that there wasno further change in mileage for vehicles older than 27 years.

Table 16: Equations describing accumulated vehicle mileage as a function of age.

Vehicletype

FuelEngine

capacity(cc)

Vehicleage

(years)Equationa

Coefficients

a b c

Car Petrol <1400 0-27 y = ax2 + bx -452.02 15,274

1400-2000 0-27 y = ax2 + bx -616.25 20,172

>2000 0-27 y = ax2 + bx -675.25 22,366

All 0-27 y = ax2 + bx -537.38 18,172

Diesel <1400 0-27 y = ax2 + bx -378.22 16,938

1400-2000 0-27 y = ax2 + bx -757.02 24,568

>2000 0-27 y = ax2 + bx -766.48 25,276

All 0-27 y = ax2 + bx -746.21 24,658

LGV Petrol All <=14 y = ax2 + bx -1,855.1 33,997

>14 y = a 112,358.4

Diesel All <=14 y = ax3 + bx2 + cx -160.27 1002.6 28,386

>14 y = a 154,132.7

a where y is the accumulated mileage in km, and x is the vehicle age in years.

For each vehicle category and reference year, the functions in Table 16 were used to calculate the averagevehicle mileage. In the case of cars the functions for the different engine size bands were used. For LPG carsthe functions for 1400-2000 cc petrol cars were used. For cars >2.5 tonnes the functions for large petrol anddiesel cars were used. The functions for large diesel cars were also used for taxis. In the case of LGVs only thefunctions for all engine sizes were used (the division between petrol and diesel was retained).

Calculation of mileage scaling factors

For each vehicle category, reference year and pollutant, the emission factor associated with the actual averagemileage, and the emission factor for 50,000 km, were calculated using Equation 2 and the coefficients in Table9 (‘all’ driving conditions). These coefficients were applied to all LDVs. For LPG cars the functions for petrolcars were used. Where a function had a negative gradient (i.e. emissions decreased with increased mileage), itwas assumed that there was no further reduction in emissions above 100,000 km.

The mileage scaling factors were then calculated by dividing the emission factor for the actual mileage by theemission factor for 50,000 km. The final scaling factors are given in Appendix C.


The general conclusion from the ARTEMIS work on HDVs was that no emission deterioration factors wereneeded for Euro I to Euro III vehicles. It was also concluded that there is no reason to assume that the

22



deterioration pattern of engine-out emissions from Euro IV and Euro V vehicles would differ much fromengines of earlier Euro classes. However, the ageing, malfunctioning and tampering of emission-controldevices on Euro IV and Euro V vehicles could lead to increased emissions. At present, it is not possible to giveexact values since the technology is not fully developed and few data are available (Rexeis et al., 2005).

The database of heavy-duty emission factors compiled in this project was considered to be too small to allowdeterioration effects to be examined. As a consequence of this, and taking into account the findings ofARTEMIS, no mileage scaling factors were developed for heavy-duty vehicles.

4.1.3 Two-wheel vehicles

For the UK, Boulter and Barlow (2009) recommended the use ARTEMIS emission factors for two-wheelvehicles. However, emission degradation was not studied in ARTEMIS and no degradation functions wereavailable. This was identified as an area for further research (Elst et al., 2006).

4.2 Fuel composition scaling factors

The scaling factors for fuel composition (sulphur content), taken from Boulter and Latham (2008), are given inAppendix D. In order to the derive fuel composition scaling factors, an adapted version of the methodpresented in COPERT III (and retained in COPERT 4) was used. The baseline fuels which were used wereidentical to those used in COPERT, except for the addition of a ‘Fuel 2009’ having a maximum sulphurcontent of 10 ppm. The correspondence between fuels and emission standards, for all vehicle types, was alsotaken from COPERT, with the addition of a 2009 fuel. It was assumed that there would be no furtherimprovements in fuels beyond 2009. The correspondence between fuel and emission standards was applied toall light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. No fuel scaling factors were determined for two-wheel vehicles.

4.3 Scaling factors for biofuels

Based upon the available evidence, Boulter and Latham (2008) concluded that emission scaling factors forbiodiesel are not required in the UK, given that the blending of petroleum diesel with biodiesel in a proportionof less than 10% is expected to have no effect on emissions, and the biofuel content of diesel is not predictedto exceed 5% by volume

A similar argument appears to be justifiable for bioethanol blends, although there appear to be fewrecommendations for specific adjustment factors. Consequently, no scaling factors are provided here. Theeffects of bioethanol blends are currently being reviewed for inclusion in COPERT 4. When this informationbecomes available, the need for scaling factors in the UK should be reconsidered.

4.4 Technology scaling factors

For future LDV technologies, such as Euro 5 and Euro 6 cars, assumptions were made to derive the basicemission factors, based upon the limit values in legislation (Boulter and Barlow, 2009). No furtherassumptions are required, as technological improvements are accounted for implicitly. For example, for LDVsthe use of a DPF will be required to meet the Euro 5 and Euro 6 PM standards and this is taken into account inthe basic emission factors. However, an important consideration is the fitting (or retro-fitting) of a DPF to pre-Euro 5 diesel vehicles. Where this is the case, based on the values presented by Samaras and Geivanidis(2005) it is assumed that the basic PM emission factor is multiplied by 0.1 (i.e. the DPF leads to a 90%reduction in PM mass emissions).

For heavy-duty vehicles, the majority of Euro VI vehicles are expected to be fitted with DPFs, whereas Euro Vvehicles are not expected to need them to meet the limits. Again, this is taken into account in the basicemission factors for Euro V and Euro VI vehicles. For pre-Euro V heavy-duty vehicles retro-fitted with a DPF,a scaling factor of 0.1 is again recommended, based on Rexeis et al. (2005).

23



5 Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Mr Michael Skone, the Data Manager of the Private Vehicles Directorate at theVehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA), for the provision of vehicle mileage data from MoT tests.

24



6 References

Ahlvik P, Eggleston S, Gorißen N, Hassel D, Hickman A J, Joumard R, Ntziachristos L, Rijkeboer R,Samaras Z and Zierock K-H (1997). COPERT II: Computer Programme to Calculate Emissions from RoadTransport - Methodology and Emission Factors. European Topic Centre on Air Emissions, EuropeanEnvironment Agency, April 1997.

Barlow T J and Boulter P G (2009). Emission factors 2009: Report 2 - A review of the average-speedapproach for estimating hot exhaust emissions from road vehicles. TRL Report 355. TRL Limited,Wokingham.

Barlow T J, Hickman A J and Boulter P (2001). Exhaust emission factors 2000 Database & EmissionFactors. TRL Unpublished Report PR/SE/230/00S9907/TC. Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne.

Barlow T J, Latham S, McCrae I S and P G Boulter (2009). A Reference Book of Driving Cycles for Usein the Measurement of Road Vehicle Emissions. TRL Report PPR354. TRL Limited, Wokingham.

Boulter P G and Latham S (2009a). Emission factors 2009: Report 4 - a review of methodologies formodelling cold-start emissions from road vehicles. TRL Report PPR357. TRL Limited, Wokingham.

Boulter P G and Latham S (2009b). Emission factors 2009: Report 5 - a review of the effects of fuelproperties on road vehicle emissions. TRL Report PPR358. TRL Limited, Wokingham.

Boulter P G, Barlow T J, Latham S and McCrae I S (2009a). Emission factors 2009: Report 1 - a review ofmethods for determining hot exhaust emission factors for road vehicles. TRL Report PPR353. TRL Limited,Wokingham.

Boulter P G, Barlow T J and McCrae I S (2009b). Emission factors 2009: Report 3 - exhaust emissionfactors for road vehicles in the United Kingdom (2009). TRL Report PPR356. TRL Limited, Wokingham.

Boulter P G, Barlow T J, McCrae I S and Latham S (2009c). Emission factors 2009: Final summary report.TRL Report PPR361. TRL Limited, Wokingham.

Choudrie S L, Brown L, Milne R, Murrells T P, Passant N, Thistlethwaite G, Watterson J D andJackson J (2008). UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2006. AEA Technology, Harwell, Oxfordshire.ISBN 0-9554823-4-2.

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the Scottish Executive, National Assembly forWales and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland (2001). The Air Quality Strategy forEngland, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: A consultation document on proposals for air qualityobjectives for particles, benzene, carbon monoxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. September 2001.

Elst D A M M, Gense N L J, Vermeulen R J and Steven H (2006). ARTEMIS WP500 Final Report.Deliverable D 5, Version 0.5. TNO Automotive, Delft.

European Commission (1999). MEET - Methodology for calculating transport emissions and energyconsumption. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, L-2985 Luxembourg,1999.

Geivanidis S and Samaras Z (2004). Investigation of the emission degradation of petrol vehicles. LATReport n°0415, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Highways Agency, Scottish Executive Development Department, National Assembly for Wales and theDepartment for Regional Development Government Department in Northern Ireland (2003). DesignManual for Roads and Bridges. Volume 11, Environmental Assessment. Part 3, Air Quality. HMSO, London.

Joumard R, Andre M, Laurikko J, Le Anh T, Geivanidis S, Samaras Z, Olah Z, Devaux P, Andre J-M,Cornelis E, Rouveirolles P, Lacour S, Prati M V, Vermeulen R and Zallinger (2006). Accuracy of exhaustemissions measurements on vehicle bench. ARTEMIS deliverable 2. Report no. LTE 0522, INRETS, Bron.

Latham S and Boulter P G (2009). Emission factors 2009 – Report 7 - a review of the NAEI methodologyfor modelling evaporative emissions. TRL Report PPR360. TRL Limited, Wokingham.

LT Buses (1998). Buses: A Cleaner Future. Bus Emissions and Air Quality in London. London TransportBuses Report, 1998. Cited in Choudrie et al. (2008).

25



Murrells T P (2000). UK Road Transport Emission Projections: The Assumptions Used and Results of the1997 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory Base Projections. AEA Technology Report AEAT-5953,January 2000. Cited in Choudrie et al. (2008).

Ntziachristos L and Samaras Z (2000a). COPERT III. Computer program to calculate emissions from roadtransport. Methodology and emission factors (version 2.1). Technical Report No. 49. European EnvironmentAgency, Copenhagen.

Ntziachristos L and Samaras Z (2000b). Speed-dependent representative emissions factors for catalystpassenger cars and influencing parameters. Atmospheric Environment, Vol.34, pp. 4611-4619.

Rexeis M, Hausberger S, Riemersma I, Tartakovsky L, Zvirin Y, Van poppel M and Cornelis E (2005).Heavy duty vehicle emission. ARTEMIS deliverable 4, TUG report, Graz, Austria, 176 p.

Samaras Z and Geivanidis S (2005). Speed dependent emission and fuel consumption factors for Euro levelpetrol and diesel passenger cars (May 2005). Report No 0417. Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.

Samaras Z and Ntziachristos L (1998). Average hot emission factors for passenger cars and light dutytrucks. LAT report, n°9811, Thessaloniki, Greece, 112 p.

VOSA (2007). Personal communication between Mr Michael Skone of the Vehicle & Operator ServicesAgency and Dr Tim Barlow of TRL Limited.

26



Appendix A: Abbreviations and terms used in the TaskReports

ACEA European Automobile Manufacturers Association.

ADMS Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System.

ARTEMIS Assessment and Reliability of Transport Emission Models and Inventory Systems.An EC 5th Framework project, funded by DG TREN and coordinated by TRL.http://www.trl.co.uk/artemis/introduction.htm

AURN Automatic Urban and Rural Network. Automatic monitoring sites for air qualitythat are or have been operated on behalf of the Department for Environment, Foodand Rural Affairs in the UK.

AVERT Adaptation of Vehicle Environmental Response by Telematics. Project funded bythe Foresight Vehicle programme.http://www.foresightvehicle.org.uk/dispproj1.asp?wg_id=1003

BP British Petroleum.

CEN European Standards Organisation.

CERC Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants, the developers of the ADMSmodel suite.

Cetane number(CN)

Cetane number is a measure of the combustion quality of diesel fuel. Cetane is analkane molecule that ignites very easily under compression. All other hydrocarbonsin diesel fuel are indexed to cetane (index = 100) as to how well they ignite undercompression. Since there are hundreds of components in diesel fuel, the overall CNof the diesel is the average of all the components. There is very little actual cetanein diesel fuel. Generally, diesel engines run well with a CN between 40 and 55.

CITA International Motor Vehicle Inspection Committee, based in Brussels.

CNG Compressed natural gas (primarily methane).

CH4 Methane.

CO Carbon monoxide.

CO2 Carbon dioxide.

uCO2 ‘Ultimate’ CO2.

COLDSTART A model for cold-start emissions developed by VTI in Sweden.

CONCAWE The Oil Companies’ European Association for Environment, Health and Safety inRefining and Distribution.

COST European Cooperation in Science and Technology.

CRT Continuously Regenerating Trap – a trademark of Johnson Matthey.

CVS Constant-volume sampler.

COPERT COmputer Program to calculate Emissions from Road Transport.http://lat.eng.auth.gr/copert/

CORINAIR CO-oRdinated INformation on the Environment in the European Community - AIR

DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

27



DfT Department for Transport, UK.

DI Direct injection.

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges.http://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/dmrb/

DPF Diesel particulate filter.

DTI Department of Trade and Industry (now the Department for Business, Enterprise andRegulatory Reform – BERR).

Driving cycle The term ‘driving cycle’ (or sometimes ‘duty cycle’ is used to describe how avehicle is to be operated during a laboratory emission test. A driving cycle isdesigned to reflect some aspect of real-world driving, and usually describes vehiclespeed as a function of time.

Driving pattern The term ‘driving pattern’ is used to describe how a vehicle is operated under real-world conditions, based on direct measurement, or the time history of vehicleoperation specified by a model user. In the literature, this is also often referred toas a driving cycle. However, in this work it has been assumed that a driving patternonly becomes a driving cycle once it has been used to measure emissions.

Dynamics Variables which emission modellers use to describe the extent of transient operation(see entry below for ‘transient’) in a driving cycle (e.g. maximum and minimumspeed, average positive acceleration). Can be viewed as being similar to the conceptof the ‘aggressiveness’ of driving.

DVPE Dry vapour pressure equivalent. The difference between DVPR and (the older)RVP is the measurement method. DVPE is measured ‘dry’ after removing allmoisture from the test chamber prior to injection of the sample. This overcomes theunpredictability of results experienced when testing samples containing oxygenatesby the conventional RVP method. DVPE is measured at a temperature of 37.8°C.

EC European Commission.

ECE Economic Commission for Europe.

EGR Exhaust gas recirculation.

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMEP Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-RangeTransmission of Air Pollutants in Europe.

EMFAC EMission FACtors model, developed by the California Air Resources Board.EMFAC 2007 is the most recent version.

EMPA One of the research institutes of the Swiss ETH organisation.

EPEFE European Programme on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies

ETC European Transient Cycle.

EU European Union.

EUDC Extra Urban Driving Cycle.

EXEMPT EXcess Emissions Planning Tool.

FAME Fatty acid methyl ester.

FHB Fachhochschule Biel (FHB): Biel University of applied science, Switzerland.

FID Flame ionisation detector.

FIGE (or FiGE) Forschungsinstitut Gerausche und Erschutterungen (FIGE Institute), Aachen,Germany. Now TUV Automotive GmbH.

28



Fischer-Tropschdiesel (FTD)

Fischer-Tropsch diesel is a premium diesel product with a very high cetane number(75) and zero sulphur content. It is generally produced from natural gas.

FTP Federal Test Procedure – the driving cycle used in US emission tests.

FTIR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

GC/MS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

GDI Gasoline Direct Injection.

GHG Greenhouse gas.

GVW Gross vehicle weight.

HBEFA/Handbook Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren desStrassenverkehrs). An emission model used in Switzerland, Germany and Austria.http://www.hbefa.net/

HDV Heavy-duty vehicles. Road vehicles greater than 3.5 tonnes (GVW), where GVW isthe gross weight of the vehicle, i.e. the combined weight of the vehicle and goods.

HGV Heavy goods vehicles. Goods vehicles greater than 3.5 tonnes GVW.

HOV High-occupancy vehicle.

HyZem HYbrid technology approaching efficient Zero Emission Mobility.

IDI Indirect injection.

IM Inspection and Maintenance: in-service vehicle road worthiness testing.

INFRAS A private and independent consulting group based in Switzerland.

INRETS Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité, France.

IUFC-15 INRETS urbain fluide court. Short, urban free-flow driving cycle.

IRC-15 INRETS route courte. Short rural driving cycle.

JCS A European Joint Commission funded project: The inspection of in-use cars inorder to attain minimum emissions of pollutants and optimum energy efficiency,carried out on behalf of EC DGs for Environment (DG XI) Transport (DG VII) andEnergy (DG XVII). Project coordinated by LAT, University of Thessaloniki.

LDV Light-duty vehicles. Road vehicles less than 3.5 tonnes GVW, including cars andlight goods vehicles.

LGV Goods/commercial vehicles less than 3.5 tonnes GVW.

LPG Liquefied petroleum gas.

M25 London orbital motorway.

MEET Methodologies for Estimating air pollutant Emissions from Transport. EuropeanCommission 4th Framework project coordinated by INRETS.

MHDT Millbrook Heavy-Duty Truck (driving cycle).

MLTB Millbrook London Transport Bus (driving cycle).

MOBILE USEPA vehicle emission modelling software.

MODEM Modelling of Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban Areas. A research projectwithin the EU DRIVE programme coordinated by INRETS.

MOUDI Micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor.

MPI Multi-point injection.

29



MTC AVL MTC Motortestcenter AB, Sweden.

MVEG Motor Vehicle Emission Group.

NAEI National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (UK).http://www.naei.org.uk/

NEDC New European Driving Cycle.

NETCEN National Environmental Technology Centre.

N2O Nitrous oxide.

NH3 Ammonia.

NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds.

NO Nitric oxide.

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide.

NOx Total oxides of nitrogen.

OBD On-board diagnostics.

OSCAR Optimised Expert System for Conducting Environmental Assessment of UrbanRoad Traffic. A European Fifth Framework research project, funded by DGResearch. Project and coordinated by the University of Hertfordshire.

PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PARTICULATES An EC Fifth Framework research project, funded by DG TREN and coordinated byLAT, Thessaloniki.http://lat.eng.auth.gr/particulates/

PHEM Passenger car and Heavy-duty Emission Model. One of the emission modelsdeveloped in COST Action 346 and the ARTEMIS project.

PM Particulate matter.

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 µm.

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm.

PMP Particle Measurement Programme.

POPs Persistent organic pollutants.

ppm Parts per million.

PSV Public Service Vehicle.

Roadcharacteristics

Information relating to the road, such as the geographical location (e.g. urban,rural), the functional type (e.g. distributor, local access), the speed limit, the numberof lanes and the presence or otherwise of traffic management measures.

RME Rapeseed methyl ester.

RTC Reference test cycles.

RTD Real-time diurnal (evaporative emissions).

RTFO Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation.

RVP Reid vapour pressure.

SCR Selective catalytic reduction.

SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment.

SHED Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination.

SMMT Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders.

30



SO2 Sulphur dioxide.

TEE Traffic Energy and Emissions (model).

THC/HC Total hydrocarbons.

TNO TNO Automotive, The Netherlands. The power train and emissions researchinstitute of the holding company, TNO Companies BV.

Trafficcharacteristics/conditions

Information relating to the bulk properties of the traffic stream – principally itsspeed, composition and volume/flow or density.

TRAMAQ Traffic Management and Air Quality Research Programme. A research programmefunded by the UK Department for Transport.http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/network/research/tmairqualityresearch/trafficmanagementandairquali3927

Transient Relates to when the operation of a vehicle is continuously varying, as opposed tobeing in a steady state.

TRL TRL Limited (Transport Research Laboratory), UK.

TRRL Transport and Road Research Laboratory - former name of TRL.

TUG Technical University of Graz, Austria.

TUV TÜV Rheinland, Germany. Exhaust emission testing used to be undertaken at thisinstitute based in Cologne. These activities were transferred to another institute inthe TUV group, based in Essen, in 1999.

TWC Three-way catalyst.

UG214 A project within DfT's TRAMAQ programme which involved the development ofrealistic driving cycles for traffic management schemes.

UKEFD United Kingdom Emission Factor Database (for road vehicles).

UKPIA UK Petroleum Industries Association

ULSD Ultra-low-sulphur diesel.

UROPOL Urban ROad POLlution model.

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency.

UTM/UTMC Urban Traffic Management / Urban Traffic Management and Control.

Vehicle operation The way in which a vehicle is operated (e.g. vehicle speed, throttle position, enginespeed, gear selection).

VeTESS Vehicle Transient Emissions Simulation Software.

VOCs Volatile organic compounds.

VOSA Vehicle and Operator Services Agency

WMTC World Motorcycle Test Cycle. A common motorcycle emissions certificationProcedure. The cycle is divided into urban, rural, and highway driving.

WSL Warren Spring Laboratory.

WVU West Virginia University, US.

WWFC World-Wide Fuel Charter. The World Wide Fuel Charter is a joint effort byEuropean, American and Japanese automobile manufacturers and other relatedassociations, and recommends global standards for fuel quality, taking into accountthe status of emission technologies.

31



Appendix B: Fuel and technology scaling factors currentlyused in NAEI

32

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-


andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

32P

PR

359

Table

B1:C

urrentfuelandtechnology

scalingfactors

forcarbon

monoxide.

19961997

19981999

20002001

20022003

20042005

20062007

20082009

20102011

20122013

20142015

20162017

20182019

20202021

20222023

20242025

Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.763

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.676E

uro2

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.7630.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

Euro

31.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.947

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.839E

uro4

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Pre-Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.943E

uro1

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

Euro

21.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.943E

uro3

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

41.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.763

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.676E

uro2

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.7630.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

0.6760.676

Euro

31.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.947

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.8390.839

0.839E

uro4

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Pre-Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.943E

uro1

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

Euro

21.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.943E

uro3

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

41.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Old

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

Pre-Euro

I1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.956E

uroI

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

Euro

II1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.949

0.9470.946

0.9460.946

0.9480.948

0.9480.948

0.9480.948

0.9480.948

0.9480.948

0.9480.948

0.9480.948

0.9480.948

0.9480.948

0.9480.948

0.948E

uroIII

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9470.929

0.9360.934

0.9320.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

Euro

IV1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000E

uroIV

+1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Old

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

Pre-Euro

I1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.956E

uroI

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

0.9560.956

Euro

II1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.943

0.9410.939

0.9370.937

0.9390.939

0.9390.939

0.9390.939

0.9390.939

0.9390.939

0.9390.939

0.9390.939

0.9390.939

0.9390.939

0.9390.939

0.939E

uroIII

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9470.919

0.9290.927

0.9230.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

Euro

IV1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000E

uroIV

+1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Old

1.0000.991

0.9580.926

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

Pre-Euro

I1.000

0.9910.958

0.9260.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.907E

uroI

1.0000.991

0.9580.926

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

0.9070.907

Euro

II1.000

0.7290.692

0.6560.596

0.5890.583

0.5820.588

0.6000.600

0.6000.600

0.6000.600

0.6000.600

0.6000.600

0.6000.600

0.6000.600

0.6000.600

0.6000.600

0.6000.600

0.600E

uroIII

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.8990.785

0.8240.818

0.8060.793

0.7930.793

0.7930.793

0.7930.793

0.7930.793

0.7930.793

0.7930.793

0.7930.793

0.7930.793

0.7930.793

0.7930.793

Euro

IV1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000E

uroIV

+1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Buses

CO

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Diesel

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PetrolL

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1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

Eur

o1

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.70

40.

595

0.59

50.

595

0.59

50.

595

0.59

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595

0.59

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595

0.59

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0.59

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0.59

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Eur

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1.00

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1.00

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0.70

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0.59

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0.59

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0.59

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0.59

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0.59

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0.59

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0.59

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0.59

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595

0.59

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595

0.59

50.

595

0.59

50.

595

0.59

50.

595

Eur

o3

1.00

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1.00

01.

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0.92

90.

786

0.78

60.

786

0.78

60.

786

0.78

60.

786

0.78

60.

786

0.78

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786

0.78

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786

0.78

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786

0.78

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786

0.78

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786

0.78

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786

0.78

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786

0.78

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786

Eur

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

01.

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1.00

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1.00

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Pre-

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1.00

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0.95

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Eur

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0.95

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0.95

50.

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0.95

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955

0.95

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Eur

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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Eur

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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0.59

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0.59

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0.59

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0.59

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0.59

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Eur

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1.00

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0.92

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0.78

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0.78

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0.78

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0.95

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50.

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50.

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0.95

50.

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0.95

50.

955

0.95

50.

955

0.95

50.

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0.95

50.

955

Eur

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1.00

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1.00

01.

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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1.00

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0.97

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0.97

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0.97

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HC

Petr

olca

rs

Die

sel

cars

Petr

olL

GV

s

Die

sel

LG

Vs

Rig

idH

GV

s

Art

icH

GV

s

Bus

es

34

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-


andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

34P

PR

359

Table

B3:C


scalingfactors

forbenzene.

19961997

19981999

20002001

20022003

20042005

20062007

20082009

20102011

20122013

20142015

20162017

20182019

20202021

20222023

20242025

Pre-Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.270

Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.585

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.495

Euro

21.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.585

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.495

Euro

31.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.929

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.786

Euro

41.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Pre-Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.955

Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.955

Euro

21.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.955

Euro

31.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Euro

41.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Pre-Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.2700.270

0.270

Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.585

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.495

Euro

21.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.585

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.4950.495

0.495

Euro

31.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.929

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.7860.786

0.786

Euro

41.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Pre-Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.955

Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.955

Euro

21.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.9550.955

0.955

Euro

31.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Euro

41.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Old

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

Pre-Euro

I1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.970

Euro

I1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.970

Euro

II1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.963

0.9620.960

0.9600.960

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.962

Euro

III1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.947

0.9300.936

0.9340.932

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.9300.930

0.930

Euro

IV1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Euro

IV+

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Old

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

Pre-Euro

I1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.970

Euro

I1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.9700.970

0.970

Euro

II1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.957

0.9550.953

0.9520.952

0.9530.953

0.9530.953

0.9530.953

0.9530.953

0.9530.953

0.9530.953

0.9530.953

0.9530.953

0.9530.953

0.9530.953

0.953

Euro

III1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.947

0.9200.929

0.9270.924

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.9200.920

0.920

Euro

IV1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Euro

IV+

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Old

1.0000.972

0.8750.778

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

Pre-Euro

I1.000

0.9720.875

0.7780.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.723

Euro

I1.000

0.9720.875

0.7780.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

0.7230.723

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01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1,3-

buta

dien

e

Petr

olca

rs

Die

sel

cars

Petr

olL

GV

s

Die

sel

LG

Vs

Rig

idH

GV

s

Art

icH

GV

s

Bus

es

36

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-


andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

36P

PR

359

Table

B5:C


scalingfactors

forN

Ox .

19961997

19981999

20002001

20022003

20042005

20062007

20082009

20102011

20122013

20142015

20162017

20182019

20202021

20222023

20242025

Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.893

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.854E

uro2

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.8930.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

Euro

31.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.917

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.747E

uro4

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Pre-Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000E

uro1

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

21.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000E

uro3

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

41.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.893

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.854E

uro2

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.8930.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

0.8540.854

Euro

31.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.917

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.7470.747

0.747E

uro4

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Pre-Euro

11.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000E

uro1

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

21.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000E

uro3

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

41.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Old

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

Pre-Euro

I1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.941E

uroI

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

Euro

II1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.940

0.9400.939

0.9390.939

0.9400.940

0.9400.940

0.9400.940

0.9400.940

0.9400.940

0.9400.940

0.9400.940

0.9400.940

0.9400.940

0.9400.940

0.940E

uroIII

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9480.945

0.9460.945

0.9450.945

0.9450.945

0.9450.945

0.9450.945

0.9450.945

0.9450.945

0.9450.945

0.9450.945

0.9450.945

0.9450.945

0.9450.945

Euro

IV1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000E

uroIV

+1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Old

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

Pre-Euro

I1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.941E

uroI

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

0.9410.941

Euro

II1.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.939

0.9390.938

0.9380.938

0.9380.938

0.9380.938

0.9380.938

0.9380.938

0.9380.938

0.9380.938

0.9380.938

0.9380.938

0.9380.938

0.9380.938

0.938E

uroIII

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9480.943

0.9450.944

0.9440.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

0.9430.943

Euro

IV1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000E

uroIV

+1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Old

1.0001.001

1.0061.011

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

Pre-Euro

I1.000

1.0011.006

1.0111.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.014E

uroI

1.0001.001

1.0061.011

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

1.0141.014

Euro

II1.000

0.9880.992

0.9960.992

0.9910.990

0.9900.991

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.992E

uroIII

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0211.004

1.0101.009

1.0071.005

1.0051.005

1.0051.005

1.0051.005

1.0051.005

1.0051.005

1.0051.005

1.0051.005

1.0051.005

1.0051.005

1.0051.005

Euro

IV1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000E

uroIV

+1.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

NO

x

Petrolcars

Diesel

cars

PetrolL

GV

s

Diesel

LG

Vs

Rigid

HG

Vs

Artic

HG

Vs

Buses

37

Em

issi

onfa

ctor

s20

09:

Rep

ort6

-de

teri

orat

ion

fact

ors

and

othe

rm

odel

ling

assu

mpt

ions

for

road

vehi

cles

Ver

sion

:5

TR

LL

imit

ed37

PP

R35

9

Tab

leB

6:C

urre

ntfu

elan

dte

chno

logy

scal

ing

fact

ors

for

PM.

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

Eur

o1

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o2

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o3

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o4

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Pre-

Eur

o1

0.99

40.

976

0.97

60.

976

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

Eur

o1

0.99

40.

976

0.97

60.

976

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

Eur

o2

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

Eur

o3

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

Eur

o4

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o1

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o2

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o3

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o4

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Pre-

Eur

o1

0.99

40.

976

0.97

60.

976

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

Eur

o1

0.99

40.

976

0.97

60.

976

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

0.88

30.

883

Eur

o2

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

0.90

50.

905

Eur

o3

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

Eur

o4

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Old

0.97

00.

870

0.87

00.

870

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

Pre-

Eur

oI

0.97

00.

870

0.87

00.

870

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

Eur

oI

0.97

00.

870

0.87

00.

870

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

Eur

oII

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.90

90.

908

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

909

0.90

90.

909

0.90

90.

909

0.90

90.

909

0.90

90.

909

0.90

90.

909

0.90

90.

909

0.90

90.

909

0.90

90.

909

0.90

90.

909

0.90

90.

909

Eur

oII

I1.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

922

0.90

60.

912

0.91

00.

909

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

7E

uro

IV1.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

0E

uro

IV+

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Old

0.97

00.

870

0.87

00.

870

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

Pre-

Eur

oI

0.97

00.

870

0.87

00.

870

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

Eur

oI

0.97

00.

870

0.87

00.

870

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

0.79

70.

797

Eur

oII

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.90

50.

903

0.90

10.

899

0.89

90.

901

0.90

10.

901

0.90

10.

901

0.90

10.

901

0.90

10.

901

0.90

10.

901

0.90

10.

901

0.90

10.

901

0.90

10.

901

0.90

10.

901

0.90

10.

901

Eur

oII

I1.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

922

0.89

70.

905

0.90

30.

900

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

7E

uro

IV1.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

0E

uro

IV+

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Old

0.96

80.

842

0.74

40.

645

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

Pre-

Eur

oI

0.96

80.

842

0.74

40.

645

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

Eur

oI

0.96

80.

842

0.74

40.

645

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

0.58

90.

589

Eur

oII

1.00

00.

811

0.70

90.

609

0.52

10.

516

0.51

10.

511

0.51

50.

523

0.52

30.

523

0.52

30.

523

0.52

30.

523

0.52

30.

523

0.52

30.

523

0.52

30.

523

0.52

30.

523

0.52

30.

523

0.52

30.

523

0.52

30.

523

Eur

oII

I1.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

682

0.59

60.

625

0.62

00.

612

0.60

20.

602

0.60

20.

602

0.60

20.

602

0.60

20.

602

0.60

20.

602

0.60

20.

602

0.60

20.

602

0.60

20.

602

0.60

20.

602

0.60

20.

602

0.60

2E

uro

IV1.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

0E

uro

IV+

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

PM

Petr

olca

rs

Die

sel

cars

Petr

olL

GV

s

Die

sel

LG

Vs

Rig

idH

GV

s

Art

icH

GV

s

Bus

es

38



Appendix C: Examples of mileage scaling factors applicable to2009 emission factors

39

Em

issi

onfa

ctor

s20

09:

Rep

ort6

-de

teri

orat

ion

fact

ors

and

othe

rm

odel

ling

assu

mpt

ions

for

road

vehi

cles

Ver

sion

:5

TR

LL

imit

ed39

PP

R35

9

Tab

leC

1:M

ileag

esc

alin

gfa

ctor

sfo

rC

Oby

vehi

cle

cate

gory

and

refe

renc

eye

ar(c

ars

<2.

5to

nnes

).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R00

1C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.17

21.

192

1.21

01.

226

1.23

91.

250

1.26

11.

270

1.27

81.

285

1.29

01.

294

1.29

41.

291

1.28

51.

275

1.26

01.

242

1.22

11.

197

1.17

01.

139

1.12

31.

123

1.12

31.

123

1.12

31.

123

1.12

31.

123

1.12

31.

123

1.12

31.

123

1.12

31.

123

R00

2C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o1

0.52

20.

637

0.74

70.

956

1.15

41.

337

1.50

31.

655

1.79

01.

909

2.01

22.

099

2.17

22.

231

2.27

92.

316

2.33

82.

342

2.33

22.

308

2.25

82.

179

2.10

12.

007

1.89

81.

774

1.63

41.

558

1.55

81.

558

1.55

81.

558

1.55

81.

558

1.55

81.

558

R00

3C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o2

0.75

40.

804

0.85

10.

893

0.98

21.

064

1.13

91.

207

1.26

91.

325

1.37

51.

416

1.45

21.

482

1.50

61.

526

1.54

11.

550

1.55

21.

549

1.54

01.

521

1.48

51.

453

1.41

41.

369

1.31

81.

261

1.23

01.

230

1.23

01.

230

1.23

0

R00

4C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o3

0.94

30.

955

0.96

60.

977

0.98

91.

009

1.02

41.

039

1.05

41.

068

1.08

01.

090

1.09

91.

107

1.11

31.

118

1.12

21.

125

1.12

71.

127

1.12

61.

124

1.11

91.

108

1.10

01.

090

1.07

91.

067

1.05

3

R00

5C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o4

0.58

70.

671

0.76

00.

847

0.92

71.

062

1.17

81.

288

1.39

41.

494

1.58

41.

661

1.72

41.

778

1.82

31.

861

1.89

31.

916

1.92

81.

928

1.92

21.

908

1.87

41.

790

R00

6C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o5

0.58

70.

671

0.76

00.

847

0.92

71.

062

1.17

81.

288

1.39

41.

494

1.58

41.

661

1.72

41.

778

1.82

31.

861

1.89

31.

916

1.92

8

R00

7C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o6

0.58

70.

671

0.76

00.

847

0.92

71.

062

1.17

81.

288

1.39

41.

494

1.58

41.

661

1.72

41.

778

R00

8C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.25

91.

283

1.30

41.

334

1.35

31.

371

1.38

61.

399

1.41

01.

419

1.42

61.

429

1.42

81.

423

1.41

41.

399

1.37

51.

343

1.31

21.

277

1.23

81.

193

1.16

91.

169

1.16

91.

169

1.16

91.

169

1.16

91.

169

1.16

91.

169

1.16

91.

169

1.16

91.

169

R00

9C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o1

0.66

00.

795

0.92

61.

205

1.46

51.

704

1.91

92.

115

2.28

92.

441

2.57

22.

681

2.77

22.

846

2.90

12.

938

2.95

42.

948

2.92

92.

891

2.81

62.

679

2.56

12.

422

2.26

22.

081

1.88

01.

771

1.77

11.

771

1.77

11.

771

1.77

11.

771

1.77

11.

771

R01

0C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o2

0.78

70.

849

0.91

10.

970

1.08

51.

192

1.29

01.

379

1.45

91.

530

1.58

91.

641

1.68

81.

728

1.75

91.

782

1.79

71.

804

1.80

11.

794

1.78

01.

752

1.69

01.

642

1.58

51.

519

1.44

51.

362

1.31

71.

317

1.31

71.

317

1.31

7

R01

1C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o3

0.95

10.

966

0.98

20.

997

1.01

21.

037

1.05

91.

079

1.09

71.

113

1.12

81.

140

1.15

21.

162

1.17

01.

177

1.18

11.

184

1.18

51.

185

1.18

31.

179

1.17

21.

154

1.14

21.

127

1.11

11.

093

1.07

3

R01

2C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o4

0.64

20.

761

0.87

40.

984

1.09

51.

270

1.43

11.

577

1.70

91.

828

1.93

42.

024

2.10

72.

181

2.24

22.

290

2.32

52.

346

2.35

22.

348

2.33

62.

312

2.26

42.

123

R01

3C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o5

0.64

20.

761

0.87

40.

984

1.09

51.

270

1.43

11.

577

1.70

91.

828

1.93

42.

024

2.10

72.

181

2.24

22.

290

2.32

52.

346

2.35

2

R01

4C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o6

0.64

20.

761

0.87

40.

984

1.09

51.

270

1.43

11.

577

1.70

91.

828

1.93

42.

024

2.10

72.

181

R01

5C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

>20

00cc

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.38

01.

397

1.41

41.

443

1.46

01.

473

1.48

41.

492

1.49

91.

503

1.50

41.

504

1.49

61.

489

1.47

91.

464

1.44

21.

416

1.38

31.

346

1.30

31.

256

1.23

01.

230

1.23

01.

230

1.23

01.

230

1.23

01.

230

1.23

01.

230

1.23

01.

230

1.23

01.

230

R01

6C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

>20

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Eur

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40.

813

0.95

81.

269

1.56

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835

2.08

02.

303

2.50

32.

681

2.83

52.

966

3.07

53.

160

3.23

13.

280

3.29

63.

288

3.26

33.

217

3.13

53.

017

2.89

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744

2.57

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380

2.16

32.

047

2.04

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047

2.04

72.

047

2.04

72.

047

2.04

72.

047

R01

7C

ar<

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Eur

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253

1.36

31.

463

1.55

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633

1.69

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755

1.80

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853

1.88

81.

917

1.93

81.

944

1.94

11.

933

1.91

61.

884

1.82

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1.71

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1.56

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478

1.43

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430

1.43

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430

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0

R01

8C

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1.07

31.

095

1.11

61.

135

1.15

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166

1.17

81.

189

1.19

91.

207

1.21

41.

217

1.21

71.

216

1.21

41.

210

1.20

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1.17

31.

157

1.14

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121

1.09

9

R01

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Eur

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0.66

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792

0.92

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055

1.17

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376

1.53

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696

1.84

61.

985

2.10

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209

2.30

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383

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512

2.56

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585

2.58

82.

581

2.56

72.

540

2.48

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R02

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792

0.92

81.

055

1.17

81.

376

1.53

31.

696

1.84

61.

985

2.10

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209

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383

2.45

52.

512

2.56

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2.58

8

R02

1C

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70.

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0.92

81.

055

1.17

81.

376

1.53

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1.84

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R02

2C

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11.

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102

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1.13

51.

146

1.15

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1.17

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1.19

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1.20

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1.20

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1.20

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1.19

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1.19

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11.

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20.

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1.16

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315

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1.68

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1.98

62.

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2.14

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154

2.17

62.

221

2.30

42.

363

2.39

42.

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2.47

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489

2.49

22.

487

2.47

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2.42

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2.40

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2.40

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406

R02

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30.

802

0.82

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854

0.88

70.

930

1.01

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063

1.11

91.

179

1.28

31.

414

1.53

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596

1.62

61.

634

1.63

91.

651

1.67

61.

722

1.75

41.

772

1.79

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1.82

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1.81

91.

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1.79

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R02

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40.

545

0.65

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763

0.84

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912

1.03

81.

146

1.27

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413

1.65

21.

954

2.22

72.

372

2.44

12.

459

2.47

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2.55

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2.73

62.

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2.81

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7

R02

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50.

545

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2.22

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2.44

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2.47

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R02

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60.

545

0.65

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1

R02

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11.

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2.54

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2.59

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2.57

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2.51

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2.04

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1.74

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1.65

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1.65

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R03

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30.

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1.85

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50.

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R03

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11.

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1.21

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1.23

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R03

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R03

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30.

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1.92

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60.

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1.41

71.

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1.87

62.

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2.36

82.

556

2.70

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2.91

3

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10.

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2.93

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1.77

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1.77

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1.12

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R04

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60.

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1

Cod

eV

ehic

lety

peFu

elty

peE

ngin

eca

paci

ty(c

c)E

mis

sion

stan

dard

Mile

age

scal

ing

fact

orby

refe

renc

eye

ar

40

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-


andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

40P

PR

359

Table

C2:M

ileagescaling

factorsfor

CO

byvehicle

categoryand

referenceyear

(cars>

2.5tonnes).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R049

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llPre-E

uro1

1.3511.360

1.3691.415

1.4341.450

1.4631.475

1.4851.493

1.4991.503

1.5041.499

1.4921.482

1.4691.448

1.4181.383

1.3461.303

1.2561.230

1.2301.230

1.2301.230

1.2301.230

1.2301.230

1.2301.230

1.2301.230

R050

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro1

0.5190.691

0.8220.959

1.2751.568

1.8402.085

2.3082.508

2.6842.837

2.9653.075

3.1603.231

3.2803.296

3.2883.266

3.2243.143

3.0172.892

2.7442.573

2.3802.163

2.0472.047

2.0472.047

2.0472.047

2.047

R051

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro2

0.8020.876

0.9381.070

1.1941.309

1.4131.508

1.5981.670

1.7321.790

1.8391.877

1.9081.931

1.9431.943

1.9361.924

1.8981.851

1.8051.749

1.6831.608

1.5241.430

1.4301.430

1.430

R052

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro3

0.9540.972

0.9891.007

1.0241.051

1.0731.095

1.1161.135

1.1521.166

1.1781.189

1.1991.207

1.2141.217

1.2171.216

1.2141.210

1.2021.185

1.1731.157

1.1401.121

R053

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro4

0.6670.792

0.9281.055

1.1781.376

1.5331.696

1.8461.985

2.1092.209

2.3022.383

2.4552.512

2.5602.585

2.5882.581

2.5682.541

2.482

R054

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro5

0.6670.792

0.9281.055

1.1781.376

1.5331.696

1.8461.985

2.1092.209

2.3022.383

2.4552.512

2.5602.585

R055

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro6

0.6670.792

0.9281.055

1.2651.451

1.6141.774

1.9242.065

2.1702.271

2.359

R056

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Pre-Euro

11.082

1.1051.126

1.1441.159

1.1481.185

1.1961.205

1.2141.220

1.2251.230

1.2321.232

1.2291.224

1.2161.202

1.1771.160

1.1411.120

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

1.108

R057

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

11.026

1.0141.003

0.9920.973

0.9520.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

R058

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

20.728

0.8490.940

1.1711.387

1.5861.767

1.9322.100

2.2332.341

2.4422.523

2.5802.627

2.6662.688

2.6912.679

2.6582.626

2.5252.443

2.3452.230

2.0991.951

1.7871.787

1.7871.787

R059

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

30.849

0.9070.966

1.0231.076

1.1811.278

1.3811.492

1.5941.676

1.7401.791

1.8311.863

1.8881.912

1.9291.935

1.9331.926

1.9121.887

1.7981.743

1.6801.607

1.526

R060

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

40.653

0.8050.948

1.0761.175

1.4171.639

1.8762.132

2.3682.556

2.7032.821

2.9132.986

3.0453.099

3.1383.153

3.1483.133

3.1033.050

R061

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

50.653

0.8050.948

1.0761.175

1.4171.639

1.8762.132

2.3682.556

2.7032.821

2.9132.986

3.0453.099

3.138

R062

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

60.653

0.8050.948

1.0761.336

1.5711.798

2.0412.280

2.4842.636

2.7702.882

Code

Vehicle

typeFueltype

Engine

capacity(cc)

Em

issionstandard

Mileage

scalingfactor

byreference

year

Table

C3:M

ileagescaling

factorsfor

CO

byvehicle

categoryand

referenceyear

(taxis).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R063

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llPre-E

uro1

1.1311.150

1.1661.180

1.1921.182

1.2101.217

1.2231.227

1.2301.232

1.2321.230

1.2261.219

1.2091.192

1.1771.160

1.1411.120

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

1.1081.108

R064

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro1

1.0181.007

0.9960.975

0.9550.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

R065

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro2

0.7280.851

0.9701.087

1.3081.513

1.7031.874

2.0282.167

2.2862.391

2.4792.546

2.5952.639

2.6752.691

2.6892.677

2.6532.611

2.4862.396

2.2902.166

2.0271.871

1.7871.787

1.7871.787

1.787

R066

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro3

0.8490.907

0.9561.008

1.0611.181

1.2781.381

1.4921.594

1.6761.740

1.7911.831

1.8631.888

1.9121.929

1.9351.933

1.9261.912

1.8861.798

1.7431.680

1.6071.526

1.435

R067

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro4

0.6530.805

0.9481.076

1.1751.417

1.6391.876

2.1322.368

2.5562.703

2.8212.913

2.9863.045

3.0993.138

3.1533.148

3.1333.102

3.0492.837

R068

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro5

0.6530.805

0.9481.076

1.1751.417

1.6391.876

2.1322.368

2.5562.703

2.8212.913

2.9863.045

3.0993.138

3.153

R069

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro6

0.6530.805

0.9481.076

1.1751.417

1.6391.876

2.1322.368

2.5562.703

2.8212.913

Em

issionstandard

Mileage

scalingfactor

byreference

year

Code

Vehicle

typeFueltype

Engine

capacity(cc)

Table

C4:M

ileagescaling

factorsfor

CO

byvehicle

categoryand

referenceyear

(LG

VN

1(I)).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R070

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Pre-Euro

11.199

1.2631.314

1.3511.376

1.3861.395

1.3911.379

1.3591.330

1.2891.233

1.2331.233

1.2331.233

1.2331.233

1.2331.233

1.2331.233

1.2331.233

1.2331.233

1.2331.233

1.2331.233

1.2331.233

1.2331.233

1.233

R071

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

10.697

0.9541.201

1.6001.986

2.2622.489

2.6532.755

2.7952.775

2.6972.563

2.3882.182

2.0592.059

2.0592.059

2.0592.059

2.0592.059

2.0592.059

2.0592.059

2.0592.059

2.0592.059

2.0592.059

2.0592.059

R072

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

20.875

0.9831.075

1.2451.393

1.5151.609

1.6781.721

1.7381.730

1.6981.643

1.5711.486

1.4361.436

1.4361.436

1.4361.436

1.4361.436

1.4361.436

1.4361.436

1.4361.436

1.4361.436

1.436

R073

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

30.971

0.9921.013

1.0311.048

1.0831.109

1.1321.151

1.1651.170

1.1691.162

1.1521.140

1.1251.106

1.1001.100

1.1001.100

1.1001.100

1.1001.100

1.1001.100

1.1001.100

R074

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

40.790

0.9691.125

1.2551.380

1.6031.796

1.9652.103

2.2012.242

2.2312.186

2.1132.026

1.9161.773

1.7331.733

1.7331.733

1.7331.733

1.733

R075

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

50.790

0.9691.125

1.2551.380

1.6031.796

1.9652.103

2.2012.242

2.2312.186

2.1132.026

1.9161.773

1.7331.733

R076

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

60.790

0.9691.125

1.2551.380

1.6031.796

1.9652.103

2.2012.242

2.2312.186

2.113

R077

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llPre-E

uro1

1.0951.134

1.1701.200

1.2221.234

1.2501.255

1.2531.243

1.2261.197

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

1.1531.153

R078

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro1

1.0211.005

0.9890.960

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.9500.950

0.950

R079

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro2

0.7780.948

1.1031.423

1.7402.039

2.3012.525

2.6982.814

2.8572.824

2.7092.521

2.2722.113

2.1132.113

2.1132.113

2.1132.113

2.1132.113

2.1132.113

2.1132.113

2.1132.113

2.1132.113

R080

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro3

0.8770.955

1.0391.115

1.1911.366

1.5151.662

1.8001.922

2.0002.026

2.0141.968

1.8991.799

1.6571.615

1.6151.615

1.6151.615

1.6151.615

1.6151.615

1.6151.615

1.615

R081

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro4

0.7180.931

1.1301.308

1.4891.842

2.1852.524

2.8423.122

3.3013.362

3.3353.228

3.0692.840

2.5132.416

2.4162.416

2.4162.416

2.4162.416

R082

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro5

0.7180.931

1.1301.308

1.4891.842

2.1852.524

2.8423.122

3.3013.362

3.3353.228

3.0692.840

2.5132.416

2.416

R083

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro6

0.7180.931

1.1301.308

1.4891.842

2.1852.524

2.8423.122

3.3013.362

3.3353.228

Em

issionstandard

Mileage

scalingfactor

byreference

year

Code

Vehicle

typeFueltype

Engine

capacity(cc)

41

Em

issi

onfa

ctor

s20

09:

Rep

ort6

-de

teri

orat

ion

fact

ors

and

othe

rm

odel

ling

assu

mpt

ions

for

road

vehi

cles

Ver

sion

:5

TR

LL

imit

ed41

PP

R35

9

Tab

leC

5:M

ileag

esc

alin

gfa

ctor

sfo

rC

Oby

vehi

cle

cate

gory

and

refe

renc

eye

ar(L

GV

N1(

II/I

II))

.

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R08

4L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llPr

e-E

uro

11.

199

1.26

31.

314

1.35

11.

376

1.38

61.

395

1.39

11.

379

1.35

91.

330

1.28

91.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

3

R08

5L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

10.

697

0.95

41.

201

1.40

91.

834

2.12

42.

386

2.57

92.

712

2.78

22.

793

2.74

82.

647

2.51

12.

347

2.14

52.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

R08

6L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

20.

875

0.97

41.

048

1.22

31.

374

1.49

91.

597

1.66

91.

721

1.73

81.

730

1.69

81.

643

1.57

11.

486

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

R08

7L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

30.

971

0.99

41.

015

1.03

31.

052

1.08

31.

109

1.13

21.

151

1.16

51.

170

1.16

91.

162

1.15

21.

140

1.12

51.

106

1.10

01.

100

1.10

01.

100

1.10

01.

100

1.10

01.

100

1.10

01.

100

1.10

0

R08

8L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

40.

790

0.96

91.

125

1.25

51.

380

1.60

31.

796

1.96

52.

103

2.20

12.

242

2.23

12.

186

2.11

32.

026

1.91

61.

773

1.73

31.

733

1.73

31.

733

1.73

31.

733

R08

9L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

50.

790

0.96

91.

125

1.25

51.

380

1.60

31.

796

1.96

52.

103

2.20

12.

242

2.23

12.

186

2.11

32.

026

1.91

61.

773

1.73

3

R09

0L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

60.

790

0.96

91.

125

1.25

51.

511

1.73

11.

908

2.05

02.

169

2.23

22.

241

2.21

02.

140

R09

1L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.09

51.

134

1.17

01.

200

1.22

21.

234

1.25

01.

255

1.25

31.

243

1.22

61.

197

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

R09

2L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o1

1.02

11.

005

0.98

90.

974

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

0

R09

3L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o2

0.77

80.

932

1.05

71.

379

1.69

61.

998

2.26

62.

495

2.69

82.

814

2.85

72.

824

2.70

92.

521

2.27

22.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

3

R09

4L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o3

0.87

70.

965

1.04

61.

125

1.21

21.

366

1.51

51.

662

1.80

01.

922

2.00

02.

026

2.01

41.

968

1.89

91.

799

1.65

71.

615

1.61

51.

615

1.61

51.

615

1.61

51.

615

1.61

51.

615

1.61

51.

615

R09

5L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o4

0.71

80.

931

1.13

01.

308

1.48

91.

842

2.18

52.

524

2.84

23.

122

3.30

13.

362

3.33

53.

228

3.06

92.

840

2.51

32.

416

2.41

62.

416

2.41

62.

416

2.41

6

R09

6L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o5

0.71

80.

931

1.13

01.

308

1.48

91.

842

2.18

52.

524

2.84

23.

122

3.30

13.

362

3.33

53.

228

3.06

92.

840

2.51

32.

416

R09

7L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o6

0.71

80.

931

1.13

01.

308

1.69

22.

065

2.40

42.

714

3.02

33.

240

3.34

63.

357

3.27

2

R09

8L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llPr

e-E

uro

11.

199

1.26

31.

314

1.35

11.

376

1.38

61.

395

1.39

11.

379

1.35

91.

330

1.28

91.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

31.

233

1.23

3

R09

9L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

10.

697

0.95

41.

201

1.40

91.

834

2.12

42.

386

2.57

92.

712

2.78

22.

793

2.74

82.

647

2.51

12.

347

2.14

52.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

2.05

92.

059

R10

0L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

20.

875

0.97

41.

048

1.22

31.

374

1.49

91.

597

1.66

91.

721

1.73

81.

730

1.69

81.

643

1.57

11.

486

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

1.43

61.

436

R10

1L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

30.

971

0.99

41.

015

1.03

31.

052

1.08

31.

109

1.13

21.

151

1.16

51.

170

1.16

91.

162

1.15

21.

140

1.12

51.

106

1.10

01.

100

1.10

01.

100

1.10

01.

100

1.10

01.

100

1.10

01.

100

1.10

0

R10

2L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

40.

790

0.96

91.

125

1.25

51.

380

1.60

31.

796

1.96

52.

103

2.20

12.

242

2.23

12.

186

2.11

32.

026

1.91

61.

773

1.73

31.

733

1.73

31.

733

1.73

31.

733

R10

3L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

50.

790

0.96

91.

125

1.25

51.

380

1.60

31.

796

1.96

52.

103

2.20

12.

242

2.23

12.

186

2.11

32.

026

1.91

61.

773

1.73

3

R10

4L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

60.

790

0.96

91.

125

1.25

51.

511

1.73

11.

908

2.05

02.

169

2.23

22.

241

2.21

02.

140

R10

5L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.09

51.

134

1.17

01.

200

1.22

21.

234

1.25

01.

255

1.25

31.

243

1.22

61.

197

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

1.15

31.

153

R10

6L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o1

1.02

11.

005

0.98

90.

974

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

00.

950

0.95

0

R10

7L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o2

0.77

80.

932

1.05

71.

379

1.69

61.

998

2.26

62.

495

2.69

82.

814

2.85

72.

824

2.70

92.

521

2.27

22.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

32.

113

2.11

3

R10

8L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o3

0.87

70.

965

1.04

61.

125

1.21

21.

366

1.51

51.

662

1.80

01.

922

2.00

02.

026

2.01

41.

968

1.89

91.

799

1.65

71.

615

1.61

51.

615

1.61

51.

615

1.61

51.

615

1.61

51.

615

1.61

51.

615

R10

9L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o4

0.71

80.

931

1.13

01.

308

1.48

91.

842

2.18

52.

524

2.84

23.

122

3.30

13.

362

3.33

53.

228

3.06

92.

840

2.51

32.

416

2.41

62.

416

2.41

62.

416

2.41

6

R11

0L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o5

0.71

80.

931

1.13

01.

308

1.48

91.

842

2.18

52.

524

2.84

23.

122

3.30

13.

362

3.33

53.

228

3.06

92.

840

2.51

32.

416

R11

1L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o6

0.71

80.

931

1.13

01.

308

1.69

22.

065

2.40

42.

714

3.02

33.

240

3.34

63.

357

3.27

2

Em

issi

onst

anda

rd

Mile

age

scal

ing

fact

orby

refe

renc

eye

ar

Cod

eV

ehic

lety

peFu

elty

peE

ngin

eca

paci

ty(c

c)

42

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-


andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

42P

PR

359

Table

C6:M

ileagescaling

factorsfor

HC

byvehicle

categoryand

referenceyear

(cars<

2.5tonnes).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R001

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

<1400

ccPre-E

uro1

1.1451.162

1.1781.191

1.2011.211

1.2201.228

1.2351.241

1.2451.248

1.2491.246

1.2411.232

1.2191.204

1.1871.167

1.1441.118

1.1041.104

1.1041.104

1.1041.104

1.1041.104

1.1041.104

1.1041.104

1.1041.104

R002

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

<1400

ccE

uro1

0.5480.656

0.7610.958

1.1461.319

1.4761.620

1.7491.861

1.9582.041

2.1102.166

2.2122.247

2.2682.271

2.2622.239

2.1922.117

2.0431.954

1.8511.733

1.6011.529

1.5291.529

1.5291.529

1.5291.529

1.5291.529

R003

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

<1400

ccE

uro2

0.7800.824

0.8670.905

0.9841.057

1.1241.185

1.2411.291

1.3351.372

1.4041.431

1.4531.470

1.4841.492

1.4941.491

1.4831.466

1.4341.405

1.3711.330

1.2851.233

1.2051.205

1.2051.205

1.205

R004

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

<1400

ccE

uro3

0.9080.927

0.9450.963

0.9831.014

1.0401.064

1.0881.110

1.1301.147

1.1611.173

1.1831.191

1.1991.204

1.2061.206

1.2051.201

1.1931.176

1.1621.147

1.1291.109

1.086

R005

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

<1400

ccE

uro4

0.7010.762

0.8270.889

0.9471.045

1.1291.208

1.2851.357

1.4221.478

1.5231.562

1.5951.623

1.6461.663

1.6711.671

1.6671.657

1.6321.571

R006

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

<1400

ccE

uro5

0.7010.762

0.8270.889

0.9471.045

1.1291.208

1.2851.357

1.4221.478

1.5231.562

1.5951.623

1.6461.663

1.671

R007

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

<1400

ccE

uro6

0.7010.762

0.8270.889

0.9471.045

1.1291.208

1.2851.357

1.4221.478

1.5231.562

R008

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

1400-2000cc

Pre-Euro

11.219

1.2391.257

1.2821.298

1.3131.326

1.3371.346

1.3541.359

1.3621.361

1.3571.350

1.3371.316

1.2901.264

1.2341.201

1.1631.143

1.1431.143

1.1431.143

1.1431.143

1.1431.143

1.1431.143

1.1431.143

1.143

R009

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

1400-2000cc

Euro

10.678

0.8060.930

1.1941.440

1.6661.871

2.0562.221

2.3652.489

2.5922.678

2.7492.800

2.8362.851

2.8462.828

2.7912.720

2.5902.478

2.3472.195

2.0241.833

1.7301.730

1.7301.730

1.7301.730

1.7301.730

1.730

R010

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

1400-2000cc

Euro

20.810

0.8650.920

0.9731.076

1.1711.260

1.3391.411

1.4741.527

1.5731.615

1.6521.679

1.6991.713

1.7191.717

1.7101.698

1.6731.617

1.5741.523

1.4641.398

1.3241.284

1.2841.284

1.2841.284

R011

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

1400-2000cc

Euro

30.920

0.9450.971

0.9951.020

1.0601.096

1.1281.158

1.1841.208

1.2281.246

1.2631.276

1.2871.295

1.2991.301

1.3001.297

1.2911.279

1.2501.230

1.2071.181

1.1511.119

R012

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

1400-2000cc

Euro

40.741

0.8270.909

0.9891.069

1.1951.312

1.4171.513

1.5991.675

1.7411.800

1.8541.898

1.9331.958

1.9731.978

1.9741.966

1.9491.914

1.812

R013

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

1400-2000cc

Euro

50.741

0.8270.909

0.9891.069

1.1951.312

1.4171.513

1.5991.675

1.7411.800

1.8541.898

1.9331.958

1.9731.978

R014

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

1400-2000cc

Euro

60.741

0.8270.909

0.9891.069

1.1951.312

1.4171.513

1.5991.675

1.7411.800

1.854

R015

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

>2000

ccPre-E

uro1

1.3211.335

1.3491.374

1.3881.399

1.4081.415

1.4211.424

1.4261.426

1.4191.413

1.4041.392

1.3731.351

1.3241.292

1.2561.216

1.1941.194

1.1941.194

1.1941.194

1.1941.194

1.1941.194

1.1941.194

1.1941.194

R016

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

>2000

ccE

uro1

0.6820.823

0.9601.255

1.5331.791

2.0232.235

2.4242.592

2.7382.863

2.9663.046

3.1133.160

3.1753.167

3.1443.100

3.0222.910

2.7922.652

2.4912.307

2.1021.991

1.9911.991

1.9911.991

1.9911.991

1.9911.991

R017

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

>2000

ccE

uro2

0.8230.884

0.9441.005

1.1201.227

1.3251.414

1.4941.566

1.6221.676

1.7231.763

1.7941.821

1.8391.845

1.8411.834

1.8201.791

1.7421.696

1.6421.579

1.5081.428

1.3851.385

1.3851.385

1.385

R018

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

>2000

ccE

uro3

0.9260.954

0.9821.009

1.0381.084

1.1181.155

1.1881.219

1.2471.269

1.2891.308

1.3241.336

1.3471.352

1.3531.351

1.3481.341

1.3271.301

1.2801.256

1.2281.196

1.161

R019

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

>2000

ccE

uro4

0.7590.849

0.9481.040

1.1291.272

1.3851.504

1.6121.712

1.8021.875

1.9422.000

2.0522.093

2.1282.146

2.1482.143

2.1332.114

2.0711.979

R020

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

>2000

ccE

uro5

0.7590.849

0.9481.040

1.1291.272

1.3851.504

1.6121.712

1.8021.875

1.9422.000

2.0522.093

2.1282.146

2.148

R021

Car

<2.5

tPetrol

>2000

ccE

uro6

0.7590.849

0.9481.040

1.1291.272

1.3851.504

1.6121.712

1.8021.875

1.9422.000

R022

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel<

1400cc

Pre-Euro

11.092

1.1261.157

1.1861.211

1.2331.258

1.2801.302

1.3201.337

1.3571.375

1.3941.404

1.4151.423

1.4241.423

1.4191.413

1.4051.400

1.4001.400

1.4001.400

1.4001.400

1.4001.400

1.4001.400

1.4001.400

1.400

R023

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel<

1400cc

Euro

11.026

1.0131.000

0.9860.973

0.9610.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.952

R024

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel<

1400cc

Euro

20.714

0.7840.864

0.8891.016

1.1341.251

1.3551.455

1.5461.676

1.7881.873

1.9121.922

1.9391.976

2.0422.089

2.1142.141

2.1772.190

2.1922.188

2.1782.161

2.1382.124

2.1242.124

2.1242.124

R025

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel<

1400cc

Euro

30.723

0.7490.795

0.8410.902

1.0231.089

1.1661.251

1.3971.581

1.7471.836

1.8771.889

1.8961.912

1.9482.012

2.0572.082

2.1082.144

2.1552.155

2.1482.135

2.1152.089

R026

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel<

1400cc

Euro

40.124

0.3250.542

0.7080.831

1.0741.281

1.5271.795

2.2562.838

3.3653.644

3.7773.812

3.8353.887

3.9984.201

4.3454.420

4.5014.615

4.656

R027

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel<

1400cc

Euro

50.124

0.3250.542

0.7080.831

1.0741.281

1.5271.795

2.2562.838

3.3653.644

3.7773.812

3.8353.887

3.9984.201

R028

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel<

1400cc

Euro

60.124

0.3250.542

0.7080.831

1.0741.281

1.5271.795

2.2562.838

3.3653.644

3.777

R029

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel1400-2000

ccPre-E

uro1

1.2081.250

1.2881.321

1.3491.361

1.3931.410

1.4231.435

1.4441.451

1.4541.451

1.4441.431

1.4071.363

1.3321.296

1.2561.211

1.1871.187

1.1871.187

1.1871.187

1.1871.187

1.1871.187

1.1871.187

1.1871.187

R030

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel1400-2000

ccE

uro1

1.0161.005

0.9950.975

0.9580.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

R031

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel1400-2000

ccE

uro2

0.7760.878

0.9761.057

1.2281.387

1.5331.663

1.7811.884

1.9792.055

2.1212.169

2.2052.234

2.2592.274

2.2722.260

2.2412.207

2.0952.021

1.9331.833

1.7191.593

1.5251.525

1.5251.525

1.525

R032

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel1400-2000

ccE

uro3

0.7830.865

0.9501.026

1.0991.260

1.3941.528

1.6591.789

1.9021.985

2.0502.102

2.1412.172

2.1992.223

2.2362.233

2.2212.202

2.1662.027

1.9491.858

1.7541.638

1.509

R033

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel1400-2000

ccE

uro4

0.3140.623

0.9001.139

1.3741.822

2.2472.670

3.0843.498

3.8534.116

4.3244.488

4.6094.710

4.7954.869

4.9094.903

4.8664.808

4.7034.251

R034

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel1400-2000

ccE

uro5

0.3140.623

0.9001.139

1.3741.822

2.2472.670

3.0843.498

3.8534.116

4.3244.488

4.6094.710

4.7954.869

4.909

R035

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel1400-2000

ccE

uro6

0.3140.623

0.9001.139

1.3741.822

2.2472.670

3.0843.498

3.8534.116

4.3244.488

R036

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel>

2000cc

Pre-Euro

11.272

1.3101.344

1.3731.397

1.3781.435

1.4501.462

1.4711.477

1.4801.481

1.4771.469

1.4551.433

1.3971.367

1.3321.292

1.2481.224

1.2241.224

1.2241.224

1.2241.224

1.2241.224

1.2241.224

1.2241.224

1.224

R037

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel>

2000cc

Euro

11.017

1.0060.996

0.9760.957

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.952

R038

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel>

2000cc

Euro

20.782

0.8810.976

1.0691.246

1.4101.562

1.6981.822

1.9322.027

2.1112.182

2.2352.275

2.3102.338

2.3512.350

2.3402.321

2.2872.188

2.1162.031

1.9321.821

1.6961.629

1.6291.629

1.6291.629

R039

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel>

2000cc

Euro

30.789

0.8690.938

1.0111.085

1.2541.389

1.5331.689

1.8331.947

2.0372.109

2.1652.210

2.2452.278

2.3022.311

2.3082.298

2.2782.242

2.1182.042

1.9531.851

1.7371.610

R040

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel>

2000cc

Euro

40.332

0.6240.900

1.1461.338

1.8032.232

2.6883.181

3.6363.998

4.2814.508

4.6864.827

4.9405.044

5.1205.148

5.1405.109

5.0514.947

4.539

R041

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel>

2000cc

Euro

50.332

0.6240.900

1.1461.338

1.8032.232

2.6883.181

3.6363.998

4.2814.508

4.6864.827

4.9405.044

5.1205.148

R042

Car

<2.5

tD

iesel>

2000cc

Euro

60.332

0.6240.900

1.1461.338

1.8032.232

2.6883.181

3.6363.998

4.2814.508

4.686

R043

Car

<2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro1

0.7260.806

0.8851.194

1.4401.666

1.8712.056

2.2212.365

2.4892.592

2.6782.749

2.8002.836

2.8512.846

2.8282.791

2.7202.590

2.4782.347

2.1952.024

1.8331.730

1.7301.730

1.7301.730

1.7301.730

1.7301.730

R044

Car

<2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro2

0.8100.865

0.9200.973

1.0761.171

1.2601.339

1.4111.474

1.5271.573

1.6151.652

1.6791.699

1.7131.719

1.7171.710

1.6981.673

1.6171.574

1.5231.464

1.3981.324

1.2841.284

1.2841.284

1.284

R045

Car

<2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro3

0.9200.945

0.9710.995

1.0201.060

1.0961.128

1.1581.184

1.2081.228

1.2461.263

1.2761.287

1.2951.299

1.3011.300

1.2971.291

1.2791.250

1.2301.207

1.1811.151

1.119

R046

Car

<2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro4

0.7410.827

0.9090.989

1.0691.195

1.3121.417

1.5131.599

1.6751.741

1.8001.854

1.8981.933

1.9581.973

1.9781.974

1.9661.949

1.9141.812

R047

Car

<2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro5

0.7410.827

0.9090.989

1.0691.195

1.3121.417

1.5131.599

1.6751.741

1.8001.854

1.8981.933

1.9581.973

1.978

R048

Car

<2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro6

0.7410.827

0.9090.989

1.0691.195

1.3121.417

1.5131.599

1.6751.741

1.8001.854

Code

Vehicle

typeFueltype

Engine

capacity(cc)

Em

issionstandard

Mileage

scalingfactor

byreference

year

43

Em

issi

onfa

ctor

s20

09:

Rep

ort6

-de

teri

orat

ion

fact

ors

and

othe

rm

odel

ling

assu

mpt

ions

for

road

vehi

cles

Ver

sion

:5

TR

LL

imit

ed43

PP

R35

9

Tab

leC

7:M

ileag

esc

alin

gfa

ctor

sfo

rH

Cby

vehi

cle

cate

gory

and

refe

renc

eye

ar(c

ars

>2.

5to

nnes

).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R04

9C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Petr

olA

llPr

e-E

uro

11.

297

1.30

41.

311

1.35

01.

366

1.38

01.

391

1.40

11.

410

1.41

61.

421

1.42

41.

426

1.42

21.

415

1.40

71.

396

1.37

91.

353

1.32

41.

292

1.25

61.

216

1.19

41.

194

1.19

41.

194

1.19

41.

194

1.19

41.

194

1.19

41.

194

1.19

41.

194

1.19

4

R05

0C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Petr

olA

llE

uro

10.

545

0.70

70.

832

0.96

11.

261

1.53

81.

796

2.02

82.

239

2.42

82.

595

2.74

02.

861

2.96

63.

046

3.11

33.

160

3.17

53.

167

3.14

73.

106

3.03

02.

910

2.79

22.

652

2.49

12.

307

2.10

21.

991

1.99

11.

991

1.99

11.

991

1.99

11.

991

R05

1C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Petr

olA

llE

uro

20.

823

0.88

90.

945

1.06

31.

174

1.27

61.

369

1.45

41.

535

1.59

91.

655

1.70

61.

751

1.78

41.

812

1.83

31.

843

1.84

41.

837

1.82

61.

804

1.76

21.

720

1.67

01.

611

1.54

41.

469

1.38

51.

385

1.38

51.

385

R05

2C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Petr

olA

llE

uro

30.

926

0.95

40.

982

1.01

21.

040

1.08

41.

118

1.15

51.

188

1.21

91.

247

1.26

91.

289

1.30

81.

324

1.33

61.

347

1.35

21.

353

1.35

11.

348

1.34

11.

328

1.30

11.

280

1.25

61.

228

1.19

6

R05

3C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Petr

olA

llE

uro

40.

759

0.84

90.

948

1.04

01.

129

1.27

21.

385

1.50

41.

612

1.71

21.

802

1.87

51.

942

2.00

02.

052

2.09

32.

128

2.14

62.

148

2.14

32.

134

2.11

42.

072

R05

4C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Petr

olA

llE

uro

50.

759

0.84

90.

948

1.04

01.

129

1.27

21.

385

1.50

41.

612

1.71

21.

802

1.87

51.

942

2.00

02.

052

2.09

32.

128

2.14

6

R05

5C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Petr

olA

llE

uro

60.

759

0.84

90.

948

1.04

01.

192

1.32

61.

444

1.56

01.

668

1.77

01.

846

1.91

91.

983

R05

6C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Die

sel

All

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.17

11.

218

1.26

11.

298

1.33

01.

306

1.38

41.

407

1.42

61.

443

1.45

61.

467

1.47

61.

481

1.48

01.

475

1.46

51.

447

1.41

81.

367

1.33

21.

292

1.24

81.

224

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

R05

7C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Die

sel

All

Eur

o1

1.02

41.

013

1.00

30.

993

0.97

40.

955

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

2

R05

8C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Die

sel

All

Eur

o2

0.78

20.

879

0.95

21.

137

1.30

91.

468

1.61

31.

745

1.87

91.

985

2.07

22.

152

2.21

72.

263

2.30

12.

331

2.34

92.

352

2.34

12.

325

2.29

92.

219

2.15

32.

075

1.98

31.

878

1.76

01.

629

1.62

91.

629

1.62

9

R05

9C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Die

sel

All

Eur

o3

0.78

90.

870

0.95

31.

032

1.10

71.

254

1.38

91.

533

1.68

91.

833

1.94

72.

037

2.10

92.

165

2.21

02.

245

2.27

82.

302

2.31

12.

308

2.29

82.

279

2.24

42.

118

2.04

21.

953

1.85

11.

737

R06

0C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Die

sel

All

Eur

o4

0.33

20.

624

0.90

01.

146

1.33

81.

803

2.23

22.

688

3.18

13.

636

3.99

84.

281

4.50

84.

686

4.82

74.

940

5.04

45.

120

5.14

85.

140

5.10

95.

052

4.95

0

R06

1C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Die

sel

All

Eur

o5

0.33

20.

624

0.90

01.

146

1.33

81.

803

2.23

22.

688

3.18

13.

636

3.99

84.

281

4.50

84.

686

4.82

74.

940

5.04

45.

120

R06

2C

ar2.

5-3.

5t

Die

sel

All

Eur

o6

0.33

20.

624

0.90

01.

146

1.64

82.

101

2.53

73.

006

3.46

63.

860

4.15

24.

410

4.62

6

Cod

eV

ehic

lety

peFu

elty

peE

ngin

eca

paci

ty(c

c)E

mis

sion

stan

dard

Mile

age

scal

ing

fact

orby

refe

renc

eye

ar

Tab

leC

8:M

ileag

esc

alin

gfa

ctor

sfo

rH

Cby

vehi

cle

cate

gory

and

refe

renc

eye

ar(t

axis

).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R06

3C

ar(t

axi)

Die

sel

All

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.27

21.

310

1.34

41.

373

1.39

71.

378

1.43

51.

450

1.46

21.

471

1.47

71.

480

1.48

11.

477

1.46

91.

455

1.43

31.

397

1.36

71.

332

1.29

21.

248

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

1.22

41.

224

R06

4C

ar(t

axi)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o1

1.01

71.

006

0.99

60.

976

0.95

70.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

R06

5C

ar(t

axi)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o2

0.78

20.

881

0.97

61.

069

1.24

61.

410

1.56

21.

698

1.82

21.

932

2.02

72.

111

2.18

22.

235

2.27

52.

310

2.33

82.

351

2.35

02.

340

2.32

12.

287

2.18

82.

116

2.03

11.

932

1.82

11.

696

1.62

91.

629

1.62

91.

629

1.62

9

R06

6C

ar(t

axi)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o3

0.78

90.

869

0.93

81.

011

1.08

51.

254

1.38

91.

533

1.68

91.

833

1.94

72.

037

2.10

92.

165

2.21

02.

245

2.27

82.

302

2.31

12.

308

2.29

82.

278

2.24

22.

118

2.04

21.

953

1.85

11.

737

1.61

0

R06

7C

ar(t

axi)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o4

0.33

20.

624

0.90

01.

146

1.33

81.

803

2.23

22.

688

3.18

13.

636

3.99

84.

281

4.50

84.

686

4.82

74.

940

5.04

45.

120

5.14

85.

140

5.10

95.

051

4.94

74.

539

R06

8C

ar(t

axi)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o5

0.33

20.

624

0.90

01.

146

1.33

81.

803

2.23

22.

688

3.18

13.

636

3.99

84.

281

4.50

84.

686

4.82

74.

940

5.04

45.

120

5.14

8

R06

9C

ar(t

axi)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o6

0.33

20.

624

0.90

01.

146

1.33

81.

803

2.23

22.

688

3.18

13.

636

3.99

84.

281

4.50

84.

686

Em

issi

onst

anda

rd

Mile

age

scal

ing

fact

orby

refe

renc

eye

ar

Cod

eV

ehic

lety

peFu

elty

peE

ngin

eca

paci

ty(c

c)

Tab

leC

9:M

ileag

esc

alin

gfa

ctor

sfo

rH

Cby

vehi

cle

cate

gory

and

refe

renc

eye

ar(L

GV

N1(

I)).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R07

0L

GV

N1(

I)Pe

trol

All

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.16

81.

222

1.26

51.

297

1.31

71.

325

1.33

31.

330

1.32

01.

303

1.27

81.

244

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

1.19

61.

196

R07

1L

GV

N1(

I)Pe

trol

All

Eur

o1

0.71

30.

956

1.19

11.

568

1.93

42.

195

2.41

02.

566

2.66

32.

701

2.68

22.

607

2.48

12.

315

2.11

92.

003

2.00

32.

003

2.00

32.

003

2.00

32.

003

2.00

32.

003

2.00

32.

003

2.00

32.

003

2.00

32.

003

2.00

32.

003

2.00

32.

003

2.00

3

R07

2L

GV

N1(

I)Pe

trol

All

Eur

o2

0.88

80.

985

1.06

71.

219

1.35

11.

461

1.54

51.

606

1.64

51.

660

1.65

31.

624

1.57

51.

510

1.43

51.

390

1.39

01.

390

1.39

01.

390

1.39

01.

390

1.39

01.

390

1.39

01.

390

1.39

01.

390

1.39

01.

390

1.39

01.

390

R07

3L

GV

N1(

I)Pe

trol

All

Eur

o3

0.95

30.

987

1.02

11.

050

1.07

71.

134

1.17

71.

215

1.24

51.

267

1.27

61.

274

1.26

41.

247

1.22

81.

204

1.17

21.

163

1.16

31.

163

1.16

31.

163

1.16

31.

163

1.16

31.

163

1.16

31.

163

1.16

3

R07

4L

GV

N1(

I)Pe

trol

All

Eur

o4

0.84

80.

978

1.09

11.

185

1.27

51.

436

1.57

61.

698

1.79

71.

869

1.89

81.

890

1.85

71.

805

1.74

21.

662

1.55

91.

530

1.53

01.

530

1.53

01.

530

1.53

01.

530

R07

5L

GV

N1(

I)Pe

trol

All

Eur

o5

0.84

80.

978

1.09

11.

185

1.27

51.

436

1.57

61.

698

1.79

71.

869

1.89

81.

890

1.85

71.

805

1.74

21.

662

1.55

91.

530

1.53

0

R07

6L

GV

N1(

I)Pe

trol

All

Eur

o6

0.84

80.

978

1.09

11.

185

1.27

51.

436

1.57

61.

698

1.79

71.

869

1.89

81.

890

1.85

71.

805

R07

7L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llPr

e-E

uro

11.

197

1.27

81.

352

1.41

41.

461

1.48

41.

519

1.52

81.

524

1.50

51.

468

1.40

81.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

61.

316

1.31

6

R07

8L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

11.

020

1.00

50.

990

0.96

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

0.95

20.

952

R07

9L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

20.

823

0.95

81.

082

1.33

81.

591

1.83

02.

040

2.21

92.

357

2.44

92.

484

2.45

72.

366

2.21

62.

016

1.88

91.

889

1.88

91.

889

1.88

91.

889

1.88

91.

889

1.88

91.

889

1.88

91.

889

1.88

91.

889

1.88

91.

889

1.88

9

R08

0L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

30.

828

0.93

71.

054

1.16

21.

268

1.51

31.

722

1.92

82.

122

2.29

22.

401

2.43

82.

422

2.35

72.

260

2.12

01.

921

1.86

21.

862

1.86

21.

862

1.86

21.

862

1.86

21.

862

1.86

21.

862

1.86

21.

862

R08

1L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

40.

456

0.86

61.

251

1.59

41.

942

2.62

23.

283

3.93

74.

550

5.08

95.

433

5.55

25.

498

5.29

44.

987

4.54

53.

914

3.72

83.

728

3.72

83.

728

3.72

83.

728

3.72

8

R08

2L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

50.

456

0.86

61.

251

1.59

41.

942

2.62

23.

283

3.93

74.

550

5.08

95.

433

5.55

25.

498

5.29

44.

987

4.54

53.

914

3.72

83.

728

R08

3L

GV

N1(

I)D

iese

lA

llE

uro

60.

456

0.86

61.

251

1.59

41.

942

2.62

23.

283

3.93

74.

550

5.08

95.

433

5.55

25.

498

5.29

4

Em

issi

onst

anda

rd

Mile

age

scal

ing

fact

orby

refe

renc

eye

ar

Cod

eV

ehic

lety

peFu

elty

peE

ngin

eca

paci

ty(c

c)

44

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-


andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

44P

PR

359

Table

C10:M

ileagescaling

factorsfor

HC

byvehicle

categoryand

referenceyear

(LG

VN

1(II/III)).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R084

LG

VN

1(II)Petrol

All

Pre-Euro

11.168

1.2221.265

1.2971.317

1.3251.333

1.3301.320

1.3031.278

1.2441.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.196

R085

LG

VN

1(II)Petrol

All

Euro

10.713

0.9561.191

1.3871.790

2.0652.313

2.4962.621

2.6882.699

2.6562.560

2.4312.276

2.0842.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

R086

LG

VN

1(II)Petrol

All

Euro

20.888

0.9771.043

1.1991.334

1.4471.534

1.5991.645

1.6601.653

1.6241.575

1.5101.435

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

R087

LG

VN

1(II)Petrol

All

Euro

30.953

0.9911.024

1.0531.084

1.1341.177

1.2151.245

1.2671.276

1.2741.264

1.2471.228

1.2041.172

1.1631.163

1.1631.163

1.1631.163

1.1631.163

1.1631.163

1.163

R088

LG

VN

1(II)Petrol

All

Euro

40.848

0.9781.091

1.1851.275

1.4361.576

1.6981.797

1.8691.898

1.8901.857

1.8051.742

1.6621.559

1.5301.530

1.5301.530

1.5301.530

R089

LG

VN

1(II)Petrol

All

Euro

50.848

0.9781.091

1.1851.275

1.4361.576

1.6981.797

1.8691.898

1.8901.857

1.8051.742

1.6621.559

1.530

R090

LG

VN

1(II)Petrol

All

Euro

60.848

0.9781.091

1.1851.370

1.5291.656

1.7591.846

1.8911.897

1.8751.824

R091

LG

VN

1(II)D

ieselA

llPre-E

uro1

1.1971.278

1.3521.414

1.4611.484

1.5191.528

1.5241.505

1.4681.408

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

R092

LG

VN

1(II)D

ieselA

llE

uro1

1.0201.005

0.9900.976

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.952

R093

LG

VN

1(II)D

ieselA

llE

uro2

0.8230.946

1.0451.303

1.5561.797

2.0122.195

2.3572.449

2.4842.457

2.3662.216

2.0161.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.889

R094

LG

VN

1(II)D

ieselA

llE

uro3

0.8280.951

1.0641.175

1.2981.513

1.7221.928

2.1222.292

2.4012.438

2.4222.357

2.2602.120

1.9211.862

1.8621.862

1.8621.862

1.8621.862

1.8621.862

1.8621.862

R095

LG

VN

1(II)D

ieselA

llE

uro4

0.4560.866

1.2511.594

1.9422.622

3.2833.937

4.5505.089

5.4335.552

5.4985.294

4.9874.545

3.9143.728

3.7283.728

3.7283.728

3.728

R096

LG

VN

1(II)D

ieselA

llE

uro5

0.4560.866

1.2511.594

1.9422.622

3.2833.937

4.5505.089

5.4335.552

5.4985.294

4.9874.545

3.9143.728

R097

LG

VN

1(II)D

ieselA

llE

uro6

0.4560.866

1.2511.594

2.3343.052

3.7054.303

4.8975.317

5.5205.541

5.377

R098

LG

VN

1(III)Petrol

All

Pre-Euro

11.168

1.2221.265

1.2971.317

1.3251.333

1.3301.320

1.3031.278

1.2441.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.1961.196

1.196

R099

LG

VN

1(III)Petrol

All

Euro

10.713

0.9561.191

1.3871.790

2.0652.313

2.4962.621

2.6882.699

2.6562.560

2.4312.276

2.0842.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

2.0032.003

R100

LG

VN

1(III)Petrol

All

Euro

20.888

0.9771.043

1.1991.334

1.4471.534

1.5991.645

1.6601.653

1.6241.575

1.5101.435

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

1.3901.390

R101

LG

VN

1(III)Petrol

All

Euro

30.953

0.9911.024

1.0531.084

1.1341.177

1.2151.245

1.2671.276

1.2741.264

1.2471.228

1.2041.172

1.1631.163

1.1631.163

1.1631.163

1.1631.163

1.1631.163

1.163

R102

LG

VN

1(III)Petrol

All

Euro

40.848

0.9781.091

1.1851.275

1.4361.576

1.6981.797

1.8691.898

1.8901.857

1.8051.742

1.6621.559

1.5301.530

1.5301.530

1.5301.530

R103

LG

VN

1(III)Petrol

All

Euro

50.848

0.9781.091

1.1851.275

1.4361.576

1.6981.797

1.8691.898

1.8901.857

1.8051.742

1.6621.559

1.530

R104

LG

VN

1(III)Petrol

All

Euro

60.848

0.9781.091

1.1851.370

1.5291.656

1.7591.846

1.8911.897

1.8751.824

R105

LG

VN

1(III)D

ieselA

llPre-E

uro1

1.1971.278

1.3521.414

1.4611.484

1.5191.528

1.5241.505

1.4681.408

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

1.3161.316

R106

LG

VN

1(III)D

ieselA

llE

uro1

1.0201.005

0.9900.976

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.952

R107

LG

VN

1(III)D

ieselA

llE

uro2

0.8230.946

1.0451.303

1.5561.797

2.0122.195

2.3572.449

2.4842.457

2.3662.216

2.0161.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.8891.889

1.889

R108

LG

VN

1(III)D

ieselA

llE

uro3

0.8280.951

1.0641.175

1.2981.513

1.7221.928

2.1222.292

2.4012.438

2.4222.357

2.2602.120

1.9211.862

1.8621.862

1.8621.862

1.8621.862

1.8621.862

1.8621.862

R109

LG

VN

1(III)D

ieselA

llE

uro4

0.4560.866

1.2511.594

1.9422.622

3.2833.937

4.5505.089

5.4335.552

5.4985.294

4.9874.545

3.9143.728

3.7283.728

3.7283.728

3.728

R110

LG

VN

1(III)D

ieselA

llE

uro5

0.4560.866

1.2511.594

1.9422.622

3.2833.937

4.5505.089

5.4335.552

5.4985.294

4.9874.545

3.9143.728

R111

LG

VN

1(III)D

ieselA

llE

uro6

0.4560.866

1.2511.594

2.3343.052

3.7054.303

4.8975.317

5.5205.541

5.377

Em

issionstandard

Mileage

scalingfactor

byreference

year

Code

Vehicle

typeFueltype

Engine

capacity(cc)

45

Em

issi

onfa

ctor

s20

09:

Rep

ort6

-de

teri

orat

ion

fact

ors

and

othe

rm

odel

ling

assu

mpt

ions

for

road

vehi

cles

Ver

sion

:5

TR

LL

imit

ed45

PP

R35

9

Tab

leC

11:M

ileag

esc

alin

gfa

ctor

sfo

rN

Ox

byve

hicl

eca

tego

ryan

dre

fere

nce

year

(car

s<2

.5to

nnes

).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R00

1C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.02

81.

031

1.03

41.

037

1.03

91.

041

1.04

31.

044

1.04

51.

047

1.04

81.

048

1.04

81.

048

1.04

71.

045

1.04

31.

040

1.03

61.

032

1.02

81.

023

1.02

01.

020

1.02

01.

020

1.02

01.

020

1.02

01.

020

1.02

01.

020

1.02

01.

020

1.02

01.

020

R00

2C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o1

0.70

00.

772

0.84

10.

972

1.09

71.

212

1.31

61.

411

1.49

61.

571

1.63

51.

690

1.73

61.

773

1.80

31.

827

1.84

01.

843

1.83

71.

821

1.79

01.

741

1.69

11.

633

1.56

41.

486

1.39

81.

351

1.35

11.

351

1.35

11.

351

1.35

11.

351

1.35

11.

351

R00

3C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o2

1.18

11.

144

1.11

01.

078

1.01

30.

953

0.89

80.

847

0.80

20.

761

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.76

60.

808

0.83

10.

831

0.83

10.

831

0.83

1

R00

4C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o3

1.29

91.

238

1.17

91.

122

1.05

60.

955

0.87

10.

792

0.71

50.

644

0.57

80.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.58

10.

647

0.72

1

R00

5C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o4

0.77

60.

821

0.87

00.

917

0.96

01.

034

1.09

71.

156

1.21

41.

268

1.31

61.

358

1.39

21.

421

1.44

61.

467

1.48

41.

497

1.50

31.

503

1.50

01.

492

1.47

41.

428

R00

6C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o5

0.77

60.

821

0.87

00.

917

0.96

01.

034

1.09

71.

156

1.21

41.

268

1.31

61.

358

1.39

21.

421

1.44

61.

467

1.48

41.

497

1.50

3

R00

7C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

<14

00cc

Eur

o6

0.77

60.

821

0.87

00.

917

0.96

01.

034

1.09

71.

156

1.21

41.

268

1.31

61.

358

1.39

21.

421

R00

8C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.04

21.

046

1.05

01.

055

1.05

81.

061

1.06

31.

065

1.06

71.

069

1.07

01.

070

1.07

01.

069

1.06

81.

065

1.06

11.

056

1.05

11.

045

1.03

91.

032

1.02

81.

028

1.02

81.

028

1.02

81.

028

1.02

81.

028

1.02

81.

028

1.02

81.

028

1.02

81.

028

R00

9C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o1

0.78

60.

871

0.95

41.

129

1.29

21.

442

1.57

71.

700

1.81

01.

905

1.98

72.

056

2.11

32.

159

2.19

42.

217

2.22

72.

224

2.21

22.

187

2.14

02.

054

1.98

01.

893

1.79

31.

679

1.55

21.

484

1.48

41.

484

1.48

41.

484

1.48

41.

484

1.48

41.

484

R01

0C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o2

1.15

61.

111

1.06

61.

022

0.93

80.

859

0.78

60.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.76

70.

767

0.76

70.

767

0.76

7

R01

1C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o3

1.25

81.

177

1.09

51.

015

0.93

60.

805

0.68

90.

584

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.61

5

R01

2C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o4

0.80

60.

870

0.93

20.

991

1.05

11.

146

1.23

41.

313

1.38

41.

449

1.50

61.

555

1.60

01.

640

1.67

31.

699

1.71

81.

730

1.73

31.

730

1.72

41.

711

1.68

51.

608

R01

3C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o5

0.80

60.

870

0.93

20.

991

1.05

11.

146

1.23

41.

313

1.38

41.

449

1.50

61.

555

1.60

01.

640

1.67

31.

699

1.71

81.

730

1.73

3

R01

4C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

1400

-200

0cc

Eur

o6

0.80

60.

870

0.93

20.

991

1.05

11.

146

1.23

41.

313

1.38

41.

449

1.50

61.

555

1.60

01.

640

R01

5C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

>20

00cc

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.06

21.

065

1.06

81.

073

1.07

51.

077

1.07

91.

080

1.08

21.

082

1.08

31.

083

1.08

11.

080

1.07

81.

076

1.07

21.

068

1.06

31.

057

1.05

01.

042

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

R01

6C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

>20

00cc

Eur

o1

0.78

90.

883

0.97

41.

169

1.35

41.

524

1.67

81.

818

1.94

42.

055

2.15

22.

235

2.30

32.

356

2.40

12.

432

2.44

22.

437

2.42

12.

392

2.34

12.

266

2.18

82.

095

1.98

81.

867

1.73

11.

657

1.65

71.

657

1.65

71.

657

1.65

71.

657

1.65

71.

657

R01

7C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

>20

00cc

Eur

o2

1.14

61.

095

1.04

60.

996

0.90

10.

814

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

3

R01

8C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

>20

00cc

Eur

o3

1.24

01.

150

1.06

00.

971

0.87

60.

729

0.61

50.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

6

R01

9C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

>20

00cc

Eur

o4

0.82

00.

887

0.96

11.

030

1.09

71.

204

1.28

91.

377

1.45

91.

534

1.60

11.

656

1.70

61.

750

1.78

91.

819

1.84

61.

859

1.86

11.

857

1.85

01.

835

1.80

31.

734

R02

0C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

>20

00cc

Eur

o5

0.82

00.

887

0.96

11.

030

1.09

71.

204

1.28

91.

377

1.45

91.

534

1.60

11.

656

1.70

61.

750

1.78

91.

819

1.84

61.

859

1.86

1

R02

1C

ar<

2.5

tPe

trol

>20

00cc

Eur

o6

0.82

00.

887

0.96

11.

030

1.09

71.

204

1.28

91.

377

1.45

91.

534

1.60

11.

656

1.70

61.

750

R02

2C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l<

1400

ccPr

e-E

uro

11.

015

1.02

01.

025

1.03

01.

034

1.03

81.

042

1.04

51.

049

1.05

21.

054

1.05

71.

060

1.06

31.

065

1.06

71.

068

1.06

81.

068

1.06

71.

066

1.06

51.

064

1.06

41.

064

1.06

41.

064

1.06

41.

064

1.06

41.

064

1.06

41.

064

1.06

41.

064

1.06

4

R02

3C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l<

1400

ccE

uro

10.

932

0.96

71.

000

1.03

61.

070

1.10

21.

131

1.15

91.

185

1.20

81.

230

1.24

91.

267

1.27

01.

275

1.28

61.

305

1.31

91.

327

1.33

51.

345

1.34

81.

349

1.34

81.

345

1.34

01.

333

1.32

91.

329

1.32

91.

329

1.32

91.

329

1.32

91.

329

1.32

9

R02

4C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l<

1400

ccE

uro

20.

994

0.99

60.

997

0.99

81.

000

1.00

31.

005

1.00

71.

009

1.01

11.

013

1.01

51.

017

1.01

81.

018

1.01

81.

019

1.02

01.

021

1.02

21.

022

1.02

31.

023

1.02

31.

023

1.02

31.

023

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

R02

5C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l<

1400

ccE

uro

31.

211

1.19

11.

156

1.12

11.

075

0.98

20.

932

0.87

30.

808

0.69

70.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

R02

6C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l<

1400

ccE

uro

41.

074

1.05

71.

039

1.02

51.

014

0.99

40.

976

0.95

60.

933

0.89

40.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

0

R02

7C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l<

1400

ccE

uro

51.

074

1.05

71.

039

1.02

51.

014

0.99

40.

976

0.95

60.

933

0.89

40.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

R02

8C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l<

1400

ccE

uro

61.

074

1.05

71.

039

1.02

51.

014

0.99

40.

976

0.95

60.

933

0.89

40.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

0

R02

9C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l14

00-2

000

ccPr

e-E

uro

11.

033

1.04

01.

046

1.05

21.

056

1.05

81.

063

1.06

61.

068

1.07

01.

071

1.07

21.

073

1.07

31.

071

1.06

91.

065

1.05

81.

053

1.04

81.

041

1.03

41.

030

1.03

01.

030

1.03

01.

030

1.03

01.

030

1.03

01.

030

1.03

01.

030

1.03

01.

030

1.03

0

R03

0C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l14

00-2

000

ccE

uro

10.

959

0.98

71.

014

1.06

41.

111

1.15

51.

192

1.22

71.

258

1.28

41.

307

1.32

61.

342

1.35

31.

361

1.36

81.

373

1.37

21.

369

1.36

31.

352

1.32

11.

299

1.27

31.

244

1.21

11.

174

1.15

41.

154

1.15

41.

154

1.15

41.

154

1.15

41.

154

1.15

4

R03

1C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l14

00-2

000

ccE

uro

20.

996

0.99

81.

000

1.00

11.

004

1.00

81.

010

1.01

31.

015

1.01

71.

019

1.02

11.

022

1.02

31.

024

1.02

41.

025

1.02

51.

025

1.02

51.

024

1.02

41.

021

1.02

01.

018

1.01

61.

014

1.01

21.

010

1.01

01.

010

1.01

01.

010

R03

2C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l14

00-2

000

ccE

uro

31.

166

1.10

31.

038

0.98

00.

925

0.80

20.

699

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

R03

3C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l14

00-2

000

ccE

uro

41.

058

1.03

21.

008

0.98

80.

968

0.93

10.

895

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

0

R03

4C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l14

00-2

000

ccE

uro

51.

058

1.03

21.

008

0.98

80.

968

0.93

10.

895

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

R03

5C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l14

00-2

000

ccE

uro

61.

058

1.03

21.

008

0.98

80.

968

0.93

10.

895

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

0

R03

6C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l>

2000

ccPr

e-E

uro

11.

044

1.05

01.

055

1.06

01.

064

1.06

11.

070

1.07

21.

074

1.07

61.

077

1.07

71.

077

1.07

71.

075

1.07

31.

070

1.06

41.

059

1.05

31.

047

1.04

01.

036

1.03

61.

036

1.03

61.

036

1.03

61.

036

1.03

61.

036

1.03

61.

036

1.03

61.

036

1.03

6

R03

7C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l>

2000

ccE

uro

10.

956

0.98

41.

011

1.06

31.

112

1.15

91.

197

1.23

41.

267

1.29

71.

322

1.34

41.

362

1.37

31.

384

1.39

21.

396

1.39

51.

392

1.38

61.

375

1.34

81.

327

1.30

21.

273

1.24

01.

204

1.18

41.

184

1.18

41.

184

1.18

41.

184

1.18

41.

184

1.18

4

R03

8C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l>

2000

ccE

uro

20.

996

0.99

81.

000

1.00

11.

005

1.00

81.

011

1.01

41.

016

1.01

81.

020

1.02

21.

023

1.02

41.

025

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

51.

023

1.02

21.

020

1.01

81.

016

1.01

41.

012

1.01

21.

012

1.01

21.

012

R03

9C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l>

2000

ccE

uro

31.

161

1.10

01.

047

0.99

20.

935

0.80

60.

703

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

R04

0C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l>

2000

ccE

uro

41.

056

1.03

21.

008

0.98

80.

971

0.93

20.

896

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

0

R04

1C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l>

2000

ccE

uro

51.

056

1.03

21.

008

0.98

80.

971

0.93

20.

896

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

R04

2C

ar<

2.5

tD

iese

l>

2000

ccE

uro

61.

056

1.03

21.

008

0.98

80.

971

0.93

20.

896

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

0

R04

3C

ar<

2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro

10.

818

0.87

10.

923

1.12

91.

292

1.44

21.

577

1.70

01.

810

1.90

51.

987

2.05

62.

113

2.15

92.

194

2.21

72.

227

2.22

42.

212

2.18

72.

140

2.05

41.

980

1.89

31.

793

1.67

91.

552

1.48

41.

484

1.48

41.

484

1.48

41.

484

1.48

41.

484

1.48

4

R04

4C

ar<

2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro

21.

156

1.11

11.

066

1.02

20.

938

0.85

90.

786

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

767

0.76

70.

767

0.76

70.

767

R04

5C

ar<

2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro

31.

258

1.17

71.

095

1.01

50.

936

0.80

50.

689

0.58

40.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

615

R04

6C

ar<

2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro

40.

806

0.87

00.

932

0.99

11.

051

1.14

61.

234

1.31

31.

384

1.44

91.

506

1.55

51.

600

1.64

01.

673

1.69

91.

718

1.73

01.

733

1.73

01.

724

1.71

11.

685

1.60

8

R04

7C

ar<

2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro

50.

806

0.87

00.

932

0.99

11.

051

1.14

61.

234

1.31

31.

384

1.44

91.

506

1.55

51.

600

1.64

01.

673

1.69

91.

718

1.73

01.

733

R04

8C

ar<

2.5

tL

PGA

llE

uro

60.

806

0.87

00.

932

0.99

11.

051

1.14

61.

234

1.31

31.

384

1.44

91.

506

1.55

51.

600

1.64

0

Cod

eV

ehic

lety

peFu

elty

peE

ngin

eca

paci

ty(c

c)E

mis

sion

stan

dard

Mile

age

scal

ing

fact

orby

refe

renc

eye

ar

46

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-


andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

46P

PR

359

Table

C12:M

ileagescaling

factorsfor

NO

xby

vehiclecategory

andreference

year(cars

>2.5tonnes).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R049

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llPre-E

uro1

1.0571.059

1.0601.068

1.0711.074

1.0761.078

1.0791.081

1.0821.082

1.0821.082

1.0801.079

1.0771.073

1.0681.063

1.0571.050

1.0421.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

R050

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro1

0.6980.806

0.8880.974

1.1731.357

1.5281.682

1.8211.947

2.0572.154

2.2342.303

2.3562.401

2.4322.442

2.4372.423

2.3962.346

2.2662.188

2.0951.988

1.8671.731

1.6571.657

1.6571.657

1.6571.657

1.657

R051

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro2

1.1461.091

1.0460.948

0.8570.773

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.743

R052

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro3

1.2401.149

1.0580.962

0.8710.729

0.6150.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

R053

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro4

0.8200.887

0.9611.030

1.0971.204

1.2891.377

1.4591.534

1.6011.656

1.7061.750

1.7891.819

1.8461.859

1.8611.857

1.8501.835

1.803

R054

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro5

0.8200.887

0.9611.030

1.0971.204

1.2891.377

1.4591.534

1.6011.656

1.7061.750

1.7891.819

1.8461.859

R055

Car

2.5-3.5t

PetrolA

llE

uro6

0.8200.887

0.9611.030

1.1441.245

1.3331.420

1.5011.577

1.6341.689

1.737

R056

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Pre-Euro

11.027

1.0351.042

1.0481.053

1.0491.062

1.0651.068

1.0711.073

1.0751.076

1.0771.077

1.0761.075

1.0721.067

1.0591.053

1.0471.040

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

1.036

R057

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

10.936

0.9660.993

1.0191.068

1.1191.163

1.2031.240

1.2721.301

1.3251.346

1.3621.373

1.3841.392

1.3961.395

1.3921.386

1.3761.348

1.3271.302

1.2731.240

1.2041.184

1.1841.184

1.1841.184

1.1841.184

R058

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

20.996

0.9980.999

1.0031.006

1.0091.012

1.0151.017

1.0191.021

1.0221.024

1.0251.025

1.0261.026

1.0261.026

1.0261.025

1.0241.022

1.0211.019

1.0171.015

1.0121.012

1.0121.012

R059

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

31.161

1.0991.036

0.9750.918

0.8060.703

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.684

R060

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

41.056

1.0321.008

0.9880.971

0.9320.896

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

R061

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

51.056

1.0321.008

0.9880.971

0.9320.896

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.890

R062

Car

2.5-3.5t

Diesel

All

Euro

61.056

1.0321.008

0.9880.945

0.9070.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

Code

Vehicle

typeFueltype

Engine

capacity(cc)

Em

issionstandard

Mileage

scalingfactor

byreference

year

Table

C13:M

ileagescaling

factorsfor

NO

x byvehicle

categoryand

referenceyear

(taxis).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R063

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llPre-E

uro1

1.0441.050

1.0551.060

1.0641.061

1.0701.072

1.0741.076

1.0771.077

1.0771.077

1.0751.073

1.0701.064

1.0591.053

1.0471.040

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

1.0361.036

R064

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro1

0.9560.984

1.0111.063

1.1121.159

1.1971.234

1.2671.297

1.3221.344

1.3621.373

1.3841.392

1.3961.395

1.3921.386

1.3751.348

1.3271.302

1.2731.240

1.2041.184

1.1841.184

1.1841.184

1.1841.184

1.1841.184

R065

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro2

0.9960.998

1.0001.001

1.0051.008

1.0111.014

1.0161.018

1.0201.022

1.0231.024

1.0251.026

1.0261.026

1.0261.026

1.0261.025

1.0231.022

1.0201.018

1.0161.014

1.0121.012

1.0121.012

1.012

R066

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro3

1.1611.100

1.0470.992

0.9350.806

0.7030.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.684

R067

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro4

1.0561.032

1.0080.988

0.9710.932

0.8960.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

R068

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro5

1.0561.032

1.0080.988

0.9710.932

0.8960.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.890

R069

Car

(taxi)D

ieselA

llE

uro6

1.0561.032

1.0080.988

0.9710.932

0.8960.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

Em

issionstandard

Mileage

scalingfactor

byreference

year

Code

Vehicle

typeFueltype

Engine

capacity(cc)

Table

C14:M

ileagescaling

factorsfor

NO

x byvehicle

categoryand

referenceyear

(LG

VN

1(I)).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R070

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Pre-Euro

11.033

1.0431.051

1.0571.061

1.0631.065

1.0641.062

1.0591.054

1.0471.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.038

R071

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

10.810

0.9711.126

1.3761.619

1.7921.935

2.0382.102

2.1282.115

2.0651.982

1.8711.742

1.6651.665

1.6651.665

1.6651.665

1.6651.665

1.6651.665

1.6651.665

1.6651.665

1.6651.665

1.6651.665

1.6651.665

R072

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

21.092

1.0120.945

0.8190.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.7430.743

0.743

R073

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

31.152

1.0420.932

0.8380.749

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

0.5760.576

R074

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

40.886

0.9831.068

1.1381.206

1.3271.431

1.5231.598

1.6511.673

1.6671.643

1.6031.556

1.4961.419

1.3971.397

1.3971.397

1.3971.397

1.397

R075

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

50.886

0.9831.068

1.1381.206

1.3271.431

1.5231.598

1.6511.673

1.6671.643

1.6031.556

1.4961.419

1.3971.397

R076

LG

VN

1(I)Petrol

All

Euro

60.886

0.9831.068

1.1381.206

1.3271.431

1.5231.598

1.6511.673

1.6671.643

1.603

R077

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llPre-E

uro1

1.0321.045

1.0571.067

1.0741.078

1.0831.085

1.0841.081

1.0751.066

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

1.0511.051

R078

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro1

0.9480.987

1.0271.100

1.1801.245

1.3071.359

1.3991.425

1.4351.427

1.4001.356

1.2981.260

1.2601.260

1.2601.260

1.2601.260

1.2601.260

1.2601.260

1.2601.260

1.2601.260

1.2601.260

1.2601.260

1.260

R079

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro2

0.9970.999

1.0021.007

1.0121.016

1.0201.024

1.0261.028

1.0291.028

1.0271.024

1.0201.017

1.0171.017

1.0171.017

1.0171.017

1.0171.017

1.0171.017

1.0171.017

1.0171.017

1.0171.017

R080

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro3

1.1311.048

0.9590.877

0.7950.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.6840.684

0.684

R081

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro4

1.0461.011

0.9790.950

0.9210.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

R082

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro5

1.0461.011

0.9790.950

0.9210.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.890

R083

LG

VN

1(I)D

ieselA

llE

uro6

1.0461.011

0.9790.950

0.9210.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

0.8900.890

Em

issionstandard

Mileage

scalingfactor

byreference

year

Code

Vehicle

typeFueltype

Engine

capacity(cc)

47

Em

issi

onfa

ctor

s20

09:

Rep

ort6

-de

teri

orat

ion

fact

ors

and

othe

rm

odel

ling

assu

mpt

ions

for

road

vehi

cles

Ver

sion

:5

TR

LL

imit

ed47

PP

R35

9

Tab

leC

15:M

ileag

esc

alin

gfa

ctor

sfo

rN

Ox

byve

hicl

eca

tego

ryan

dre

fere

nce

year

(LG

VN

1(II

/III

)).

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

R08

4L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llPr

e-E

uro

11.

033

1.04

31.

051

1.05

71.

061

1.06

31.

065

1.06

41.

062

1.05

91.

054

1.04

71.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

8

R08

5L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

10.

810

0.97

11.

126

1.25

71.

524

1.70

61.

870

1.99

22.

075

2.11

92.

126

2.09

82.

034

1.94

91.

846

1.71

91.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

R08

6L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

21.

092

1.01

90.

965

0.83

60.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

R08

7L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

31.

152

1.02

90.

923

0.82

70.

726

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

6

R08

8L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

40.

886

0.98

31.

068

1.13

81.

206

1.32

71.

431

1.52

31.

598

1.65

11.

673

1.66

71.

643

1.60

31.

556

1.49

61.

419

1.39

71.

397

1.39

71.

397

1.39

71.

397

R08

9L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

50.

886

0.98

31.

068

1.13

81.

206

1.32

71.

431

1.52

31.

598

1.65

11.

673

1.66

71.

643

1.60

31.

556

1.49

61.

419

1.39

7

R09

0L

GV

N1(

II)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

60.

886

0.98

31.

068

1.13

81.

277

1.39

61.

492

1.56

91.

634

1.66

81.

673

1.65

61.

618

R09

1L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.03

21.

045

1.05

71.

067

1.07

41.

078

1.08

31.

085

1.08

41.

081

1.07

51.

066

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

R09

2L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o1

0.94

80.

987

1.02

71.

064

1.14

71.

212

1.27

81.

334

1.38

01.

413

1.43

11.

433

1.41

81.

388

1.34

51.

286

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

0

R09

3L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o2

0.99

70.

999

1.00

11.

006

1.01

11.

016

1.02

01.

023

1.02

61.

028

1.02

91.

028

1.02

71.

024

1.02

01.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

7

R09

4L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o3

1.13

11.

038

0.95

10.

867

0.77

30.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

R09

5L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o4

1.04

61.

011

0.97

90.

950

0.92

10.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

0

R09

6L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o5

1.04

61.

011

0.97

90.

950

0.92

10.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

R09

7L

GV

N1(

II)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o6

1.04

61.

011

0.97

90.

950

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

0

R09

8L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llPr

e-E

uro

11.

033

1.04

31.

051

1.05

71.

061

1.06

31.

065

1.06

41.

062

1.05

91.

054

1.04

71.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

81.

038

1.03

8

R09

9L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

10.

810

0.97

11.

126

1.25

71.

524

1.70

61.

870

1.99

22.

075

2.11

92.

126

2.09

82.

034

1.94

91.

846

1.71

91.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

1.66

51.

665

R10

0L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

21.

092

1.01

90.

965

0.83

60.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

0.74

30.

743

R10

1L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

31.

152

1.02

90.

923

0.82

70.

726

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

60.

576

0.57

6

R10

2L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

40.

886

0.98

31.

068

1.13

81.

206

1.32

71.

431

1.52

31.

598

1.65

11.

673

1.66

71.

643

1.60

31.

556

1.49

61.

419

1.39

71.

397

1.39

71.

397

1.39

71.

397

R10

3L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

50.

886

0.98

31.

068

1.13

81.

206

1.32

71.

431

1.52

31.

598

1.65

11.

673

1.66

71.

643

1.60

31.

556

1.49

61.

419

1.39

7

R10

4L

GV

N1(

III)

Petr

olA

llE

uro

60.

886

0.98

31.

068

1.13

81.

277

1.39

61.

492

1.56

91.

634

1.66

81.

673

1.65

61.

618

R10

5L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Pre-

Eur

o1

1.03

21.

045

1.05

71.

067

1.07

41.

078

1.08

31.

085

1.08

41.

081

1.07

51.

066

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

1.05

11.

051

R10

6L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o1

0.94

80.

987

1.02

71.

064

1.14

71.

212

1.27

81.

334

1.38

01.

413

1.43

11.

433

1.41

81.

388

1.34

51.

286

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

01.

260

1.26

0

R10

7L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o2

0.99

70.

999

1.00

11.

006

1.01

11.

016

1.02

01.

023

1.02

61.

028

1.02

91.

028

1.02

71.

024

1.02

01.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

71.

017

1.01

7

R10

8L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o3

1.13

11.

038

0.95

10.

867

0.77

30.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

0.68

40.

684

R10

9L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o4

1.04

61.

011

0.97

90.

950

0.92

10.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

0

R11

0L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o5

1.04

61.

011

0.97

90.

950

0.92

10.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

R11

1L

GV

N1(

III)

Die

sel

All

Eur

o6

1.04

61.

011

0.97

90.

950

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

00.

890

0.89

0

Em

issi

onst

anda

rd

Mile

age

scal

ing

fact

orby

refe

renc

eye

ar

Cod

eV

ehic

lety

peFu

elty

peE

ngin

eca

paci

ty(c

c)

48



Appendix D: Fuel composition scaling factors applicable to2009 emission factors

49

Em

issi

onfa

ctor

s20

09:

Rep

ort6

-de

teri

orat

ion

fact

ors

and

othe

rm

odel

ling

assu

mpt

ions

for

road

vehi

cles

Ver

sion

:5

TR

LL

imit

ed49

PP

R35

9

Tab

leD

1:Fu

elco

mpo

sitio

nsc

alin

gfa

ctor

sfo

rC

O.

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

Pre-

Eur

o1

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

959

0.95

90.

959

0.95

90.

959

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

Eur

o1

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

959

0.95

90.

959

0.95

90.

959

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

Eur

o2

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

959

0.95

90.

959

0.95

90.

959

0.89

70.

897

0.89

70.

897

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

0.89

10.

891

Eur

o3

2000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.93

60.

936

0.93

60.

936

0.93

00.

930

0.93

00.

930

0.93

00.

930

0.93

00.

930

0.93

00.

930

0.93

00.

930

0.93

00.

930

0.93

00.

930

0.93

00.

930

0.93

00.

930

0.93

00.

930

Eur

o4

2005

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

Eur

o5

2009

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o6

2009

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Pre-

Eur

o1

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

933

0.93

30.

933

0.93

30.

933

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

Eur

o1

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

933

0.93

30.

933

0.93

30.

933

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

Eur

o2

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

933

0.93

30.

933

0.93

30.

933

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

0.90

70.

907

Eur

o3

2000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

0.97

30.

973

Eur

o4

2005

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o5

2009

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o6

2009

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Pre-

Eur

oI

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

Eur

oI

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

Eur

oII

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

1.02

61.

026

Eur

oII

I20

001.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

21.

022

1.02

2

Eur

oIV

2005

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

oV

2009

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

oV

I20

091.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

0

HD

V

Scal

ing

fact

orby

year

Car

,tax

i,L

GV

Petr

ol

Die

sel

Veh

icle

type

Fuel

type

Em

issi

onst

anda

rdB

asel

ine

fuel

Die

sel

50

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-


andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

50P

PR

359

Table

D2:Fuelcom

positionscaling

factorsfor

HC

.

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

Pre-Euro

11996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.971

0.9710.971

0.9710.971

0.9240.924

0.9240.924

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

Euro

11996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.971

0.9710.971

0.9710.971

0.9240.924

0.9240.924

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

Euro

21996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.971

0.9710.971

0.9710.971

0.9240.924

0.9240.924

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

0.9170.917

Euro

32000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9520.952

0.9520.952

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

Euro

42005

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

0.9920.992

Euro

52009

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

62009

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Pre-Euro

11996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.951

0.9510.951

0.9510.951

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

Euro

11996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.951

0.9510.951

0.9510.951

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

Euro

21996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.951

0.9510.951

0.9510.951

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

0.9330.933

Euro

32000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

0.9820.982

Euro

42005

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

52009

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

62009

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Pre-Euro

I1996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.028

1.0281.028

1.0281.028

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

Euro

I1996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.028

1.0281.028

1.0281.028

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

Euro

II1996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.028

1.0281.028

1.0281.028

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

1.0671.067

Euro

III2000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

1.0381.038

Euro

IV2005

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

V2009

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

VI

20091.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

HD

V

Scalingfactor

byyear

Car,taxi,L

GV

Petrol

Diesel

Vehicletype

FueltypeE

mission

standardB

aselinefuel

Diesel

51

Em

issi

onfa

ctor

s20

09:

Rep

ort6

-de

teri

orat

ion

fact

ors

and

othe

rm

odel

ling

assu

mpt

ions

for

road

vehi

cles

Ver

sion

:5

TR

LL

imit

ed51

PP

R35

9

Tab

leD

3:Fu

elco

mpo

sitio

nsc

alin

gfa

ctor

sfo

rN

Ox.

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

Pre-

Eur

o1

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

995

0.99

50.

995

0.99

50.

995

0.97

80.

978

0.97

80.

978

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

Eur

o1

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

995

0.99

50.

995

0.99

50.

995

0.97

80.

978

0.97

80.

978

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

Eur

o2

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

995

0.99

50.

995

0.99

50.

995

0.97

80.

978

0.97

80.

978

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

0.96

90.

969

Eur

o3

2000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.98

30.

983

0.98

30.

983

0.97

40.

974

0.97

40.

974

0.97

40.

974

0.97

40.

974

0.97

40.

974

0.97

40.

974

0.97

40.

974

0.97

40.

974

0.97

40.

974

0.97

40.

974

0.97

40.

974

Eur

o4

2005

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

0.99

10.

991

0.99

10.

991

0.99

10.

991

0.99

10.

991

0.99

10.

991

0.99

10.

991

0.99

10.

991

0.99

10.

991

0.99

10.

991

0.99

10.

991

0.99

10.

991

Eur

o5

2009

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o6

2009

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Pre-

Eur

o1

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

011

1.01

11.

011

1.01

11.

011

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

Eur

o1

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

011

1.01

11.

011

1.01

11.

011

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

Eur

o2

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

011

1.01

11.

011

1.01

11.

011

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

1.01

41.

014

Eur

o3

2000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

1.00

31.

003

Eur

o4

2005

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o5

2009

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

o6

2009

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Pre-

Eur

oI

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

998

0.99

80.

998

0.99

80.

998

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

Eur

oI

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

998

0.99

80.

998

0.99

80.

998

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

Eur

oII

1996

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

998

0.99

80.

998

0.99

80.

998

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

0.99

30.

993

Eur

oII

I20

001.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

00.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

40.

994

0.99

4

Eur

oIV

2005

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

oV

2009

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

Eur

oV

I20

091.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

01.

000

1.00

0

HD

VD

iese

l

Scal

ing

fact

orby

year

Car

,tax

i,L

GV

Petr

ol

Die

sel

Em

issi

onst

anda

rdB

asel

ine

fuel

Veh

icle

type

Fuel

type

52

Em

issionfactors

2009:R

eport6-


andother

modelling

assumptions

forroad

vehiclesV

ersion:5

TR

LL

imited

52P

PR

359

Table

D4:Fuelcom

positionscaling

factorsfor

PM.

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

Pre-Euro

11996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.957

0.9570.957

0.9570.957

0.8520.852

0.8520.852

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

Euro

11996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.957

0.9570.957

0.9570.957

0.8520.852

0.8520.852

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

Euro

21996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.957

0.9570.957

0.9570.957

0.8520.852

0.8520.852

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

0.8480.848

Euro

32000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.8910.891

0.8910.891

0.8870.887

0.8870.887

0.8870.887

0.8870.887

0.8870.887

0.8870.887

0.8870.887

0.8870.887

0.8870.887

0.8870.887

0.8870.887

Euro

42005

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9950.995

0.9950.995

0.9950.995

0.9950.995

0.9950.995

0.9950.995

0.9950.995

0.9950.995

0.9950.995

0.9950.995

0.9950.995

Euro

52009

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

62009

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Pre-Euro

I1996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.981

0.9810.981

0.9810.981

0.9460.946

0.9460.946

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

Euro

I1996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.981

0.9810.981

0.9810.981

0.9460.946

0.9460.946

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

Euro

II1996

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0000.981

0.9810.981

0.9810.981

0.9460.946

0.9460.946

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

0.9440.944

Euro

III2000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9650.965

0.9650.965

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

0.9620.962

Euro

IV2005

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

0.9970.997

0.9970.997

0.9970.997

0.9970.997

0.9970.997

0.9970.997

0.9970.997

0.9970.997

0.9970.997

0.9970.997

0.9970.997

Euro

V2009

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

Euro

VI

20091.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.0001.000

1.000

Diesel

HD

V

Car,taxi,L

GV

FueltypeV

ehicletype

Diesel

Baselinefuel

Em

issionstandard

Scalingfactor

byyear

TRLCrowthorne House, Nine Mile RideWokingham, Berkshire RG40 3GAUnited Kingdom

T: +44 (0) 1344 773131F: +44 (0) 1344 770356E: [email protected]: www.trl.co.uk

ISSN 0968-4093

Price code: 3X

Published by IHSWilloughby Road, BracknellBerkshire RG12 8FBUnited Kingdom

T: +44 (0) 1344 328038F: +44 (0) 1344 328005E: [email protected]: http://emeastore.ihs.com PP

R3

59

Emission factors 2009: Report 6 – deterioration factors and other modelling assumptions for road vehicles

TRL was commissioned by the Department for Transport to review the approach used in the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) for estimating emissions from road vehicles, and to propose new methodologies. This Report addresses the emission deterioration functions and fuel/technology scaling factors currently used in the NAEI. Scaling factors are applied to the basic emission factors to enable the modelling of emissions in different years. These scaling factors cover to the changes in emissions associated with vehicle age (“degradation” or “deterioration”), and the effects of the penetration of improved fuels and vehicle technologies. The current assumptions concerning vehicle age are rather simplistic, and do not take into account the characteristics of the vehicle samples used to derive emission factors. Similarly, the fuel and technology scaling factors were devised several years ago, and many were assumed to stabilise after 2005. The Report provides a brief review of the mileage, fuel and technology effects given in the literature, and describes how new scaling factors (to be applied to the new emission factors) were derived. Scaling factors for different years were developed to account for the following: (i) mileage effects relating to vehicle samples; (ii) fuel composition effects; (iii) increased market penetration of biofuels; and (iv) the effects of future technologies.

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