Emory Sigalos Karthikeyan Neg Adanats Round1

7/17/2019 Emory Sigalos Karthikeyan Neg Adanats Round1

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ADA Round 1 Speeches



1NC



Of Case



1NC DA 1Expanding gambling in Florida violates the exclusivit o! theSeminole gaming compact ending the compact"Rosica 1#$ James, Tampa Tribune staf writer, 10/5/13, “State eyes gambling

expansion gingerly, ears losing Seminole money,”ttp!//tbo"#om/news/business/state$eyes$gambling$expansion$gingerly$ears$losing$seminole$money$%0131005/, &##esse' (/%)/1*

T&++&&SS-- . oney is a''i#tie, an' a #ool %00 million or so a year is usually impossible toresist" 2 ut tat4s wat your state lawmaers #oul' be passing up i tey #oose to expan'gambling in 6lori'a" 2 Te state4s 'eal wit te Seminole Tribe o 6lori'a guarantees it

a minimum 1 billion #ut o reenue rom te tribe4s gambling in#ome oer 7e years" Te tribe

operates Tampa4s Seminole ar' 8o# otel 9 :asino an' oter gambling a#ilities a#ross te state" 2 ut te

agreement , nown as te Seminole :ompa#t, also guarantees te Seminoles exclusive

rights to ofer +as ;egas$style gambling outsi'e iami$<a'e an' rowar' #ounties" = tey lose tat

ex#lusiity troug expan'e' gambling, te Seminoles 'on4t ae to pay anoter'ime" 2 Teir %013$1* payment alone is estimate' at %33 million, wit %%) million going to te state an' (

million to lo#al goernments"2 >it a new stu'y suggesting a minor e#onomi# lit oerall rom more gambling in6lori'a, lawmaers may ae to tin ar' beore pulling te trigger on new gambling"2 Te stu'y an' #ommentsrom up#oming publi# worsops are suppose' to be blueprints or a big gambling bill 'uring te %01* legislatiesession, in#lu'ing weter to allow +as ;egas$style 'estination #asino$resorts"2 +ast year, a bill 'ie' in te+egislature tat woul' ae permitte' te #onstru#tion o tree 'estination otel$#asinos in Sout 6lori'a"2 TeSenate gaming #ommittee is s#e'ule' to meet on'ay to 'is#uss a woring 'rat o te gambling report, autore'by ?ew Jersey$base' #onsultant Spe#trum @aming @roup" Te 7nal ersion is 'ue ?o" 1" Te publi# worsop#losest to Tampa is 3 p"m" A#t" 30 at te @eorge Jenins ig S#ool au'itorium in +aelan'" 2 BBB2 Spe#trum

suggests “tat te intro'u#tion o #asinos, weter stan'alone 'estination resorts, or a''ition o slot

ma#ines at existing parimutuels, will lea' to mo'est e#onomi# bene7ts,” its report sai'"2 % epart o te #ompa#t tat gies te Seminoles te rigt to ofer #ertain #ar' games ,

su# as bla#Ca#, expires in %015 unless reautoriDe'" Tey 'o not want to let it go an'are willing to spen' big to eep it, re#ently #ontributing 500,000 to @o" 8i# S#ott4s re$ele#tion, or

example"2 “Te Seminole Tribe wore' or two 'e#a'es to se#ure a gaming #ompa#t wit te state o 6lori'a tatproi'e' a more stable uture or te Tribe an' its members an' allowe' or signi7#ant saring o gaming reenuewit te state,” tribal spoesman @ary itner sai'" “Te tribe wants to maintain tat stea'y, stable #ourse troug%015 an' beyon'"”2 State Sen" ill @alano, a ra'enton 8epubli#an wo represents parts o illsboroug :ounty,sits on te gaming #ommittee an' wore' on te #ompa#t wen e sere' in te ouse"2 “Tese issues are so#omplex an' tere are so many #ompeting interestsE it4s not someting you #an rus,” @alano sai'" “Te i'ea is toreally un'erstan' te gaming in'ustries witin te state o 6lori'a an' teir potentials" &lso, te gaming laws are

not uniormE tey4e been put togeter pie#emeal"”2 Te problem wit #leaning up te regulations is tat any#anges #oul' run aoul o te #ompa#t" 2 “& #ange to te #ompa#t is not someting tat

#an be a##omplise' oernigt,” @alano sai'" “Fou4re taling about a negotiation between twosoereigns G an' HitI as to ae e'eral approal"”

Seminole casino revenue is &e to Everglade restoration andprotectionCattelino '(, Jessi#a, asso#iate proessor o antropology at :+& an' a member in te S#ool o So#ial

S#ien#e at =&S in %00K$0LE preiously, se was an assistant proessor o antropology at te niersity o :i#ago,>rote a boo about Seminoles, ay %00L, “6lori'a Seminoles an' te :ultural Moliti#s o te -ergla'es,”ttps!//www"sss"ias"e'u/7les/papers/paper3)"p', &##esse' (/%K/1*



The water compact ushered in a new era of Seminole control over natural resources and of

increased interdependency among the Tribe, the State of Florida, e'eral agen#ies, an' te Sout 6lori'a

>ater anagement <istri#t" &ltoug the compact was a serious #ompromise, it resulted in tribal bureaucratic

control and technical expertise that )ould buttress subse*uent environmentalclaims Hsee :low an' Sutton %001I" :raig Tepper, a non$Seminole soil #onserationist wo 'ire#ts te Tribe4s -nironmental

8esour#e anagement <epartment, operates oN#es at ollywoo', ig :ypress, an' rigton tat employe' approximately tirty

people in %00L" =n te wae o te water rigts #ompa#t, e explaine', is 'epartment too responsibility or reseration watersampling an' Ouality assessment, resear#, sureying, maintenan#e o large systems H'ies, pump stationsI, an' issuan#e o wellpermits" is staf regulates on$reseration water use, oersees #leanup o un'ergroun' uel tans an' oter pollutants, parti#ipates

in e'eral wetlan's prote#tion programs, an' #onsults in planning or tribal 'eelopment proCe#ts H&ugust 31, %000I" %he!ederal Environmental +rotection Agenc has delegated to the %ribe theauthorit to implement the Clean ,ater Act )ithin the %ribe-s .urisdiction$and so the %ribe sets and enforces it own water quality standards, mu# lie a state woul'"

Te#ni#al language an' re' tape aboun', weter in tribal #oun#il resolutions about water monitoring or small$ont -nironmental=mpa#t Statements publise' an' generally ignore' in Cust about eery issue o te wi'ely$rea' Seminole Tribune" Ater'epartments now establis an' enor#e unting an' 7sing regulations, altoug te s#ope o permissible Seminole untingbe#ame a otly$#onteste' issue in te mi'$1LK0s, wen ten$Tribal :airman James illie was arreste' an' trie' or illing anen'angere' 6lori'a panter or religious purposes" Jim Sore, general #ounsel, a#nowle'ge' to me tat many Seminoles stan' at a'istan#e rom te #ompa#t an' relate' legal issues be#ause “Te general Seminole publi# 'oesn4t eel as toug tey are part ote 'estru#tion o te enironment"” Tey 'on4t ne#essarily #are about te #ompa#t, e a''e', an' tey may eel as toug teysoul'n4t ae to worry about #leaning up ater oters H<e#ember ), %000I" ?o 'oubt in reeren#e to its bureau#rati# 'eman's,

#airman James illie on#e in a tribal #oun#il meeting reerre' to te #ompa#t as a pain in is bein' Har# K, %001I"

The water compact has given the Tribe unprecedented control over the movement of water on its

lan's, not Cust oer boun'aries but oer Ouantity, 'istribution, timing, Ouality" Tese are te our ey terms use' in -ergla'esrestoration #ir#les to 'es#ribe te #omponents o “getting te water rigt"” =n#rease' #ontrol oer water moement as brougt te

Tribe into new relations o negotiation an' #ooperation wit oter large lan' managers" 1) =t is through thisinterdependency tat Seminoles have secured a prominent place at the environmentalnegotiating table , a position tey leerage to prote#t an' exten' teir interests, but also rom wi# teir interests 'eelop in

te 7rst pla#e"

=n 1LLL, the %ribe partnered )ith the /"S" Arm Corps o! Engineers tounderta&e a ma.or )ater conservation pro.ect at ig :ypress tat in#orporate' storage, Ouality

treatment, #oneyan#e, an' Poo' #ontrol" Tis was te largest$eer Coint efort by te :orps an' an &meri#an =n'ian tribal

goernment an', in or'er to se#ure 'e#ision$maing power, the Seminole %ribe provided mat#ing !unds

o %5 million" +o#al newspaper #oerage note' tat the Tribe was directing casino revenues towardenvironmental stewardship , and Seminoles emphasized that gaming 7nally was enabling them toregain control over teir territory an' its environmental quality . & January %00% groun'breaing #eremony eature'

spee#es by ele#te' tribal lea'ers an' rea'ings by Seminole #il'ren about te importan#e o protecting the Everglades

H>einberg %00%I" :oun#ilman ax As#eola, Jr" tol' Te iami eral'! “=t4s ironi# tat te military or#e' us ere an' puse' us ereQto Sout 6lori'aR, an' now te military is woring an' in an' wit us” H:abral %00%I" Su# intergoernmental #ollaborationrepresents a sit rom ostility an' negle#t to #ooperation, a #ange ma'e possible only ater Seminoles a' legally se#ure' teirwater rigts an' a#iee' gaming$base' e#onomi# an' politi#al power" =n %000, :ongress autoriDe' te :ompreensie -ergla'es8estoration Mrogram H:-8MI, an extraor'inarily #ompli#ate' multi$#omponent proCe#t, wi#, at estimate' tens o billions o 'ollars,is te worl'4s largest e#ologi#al restoration proCe#t an' is toute' as a mo'el an' a test o &meri#a4s #ommitment to its uture"

CER+-s logo includes text about te efort4s many partners an' mentions “tribal partners” along wit

e'eral an' regional agen#ies an' oter goernments" Toug not as prominent in tis efort as teir i##osuee neigbors,Seminoles are at te table again, staing a #laim to tis massie e#ologi#al, so#ial, an' politi#al experiment" Teories o soereignty

oten un'uly priilege autonomy, but in the era of Everglades restoration, Seminoles’ increasing

interdependency with other governments in natural resource management facilitates theirsovereignty claims.1

Everglades restoration &e to prevent extinction and serves asa global environmental model%o)er and Regalado '( Q:ris "S" &rmy :orps o -ngineers, an' ?an#iann "S" &rmy :orps

o -ngineers, @etting te >ater 8igt, July$&ugust temilitaryengineer"#om/in'ex"ppoptionU#omV#ontent9tasUiew9i'U)%R



=n'ustrial initiaties, so oten aile' as “progress,” ae #ome at a pri#e" u# o 6lori'a4s natielan's#ape was 'ramati#ally #ange'E peraps the most severel damaged )as the

Everglades " Te "S" &rmy :orps o -ngineers HS&:-I is one o te prin#ipal agen#ies in a Coint efort to restore te

-ergla'es, te :ompreensie -ergla'es 8estoration Mlan H:-8MI, te worl'4s largest restoration proCe#t eer" Te plan is

'esigne' to #reate a sustainable uture or te state an' its resi'ents" =t will not only

restore mu# o te Sout 6lori'a e#osystem , but it also will enan#e urban an'agri#ultural water supplies"

%his tas& is not easil accomplished " =t will tae many years to #omplete an' su##ess will reOuiretat all inole' use #utting$e'ge s#ien#e an' engineering" %he plan is li&el to have

a ma.or impact on bot the !uture o! the environment an' te uture o our

#ountry" =t stan's to be a mo'el or all su##ee'ing restoration eforts E it stan's to

alter man4s symbioti# relationsip wit natureE an' it stan's to #ange te way in wi# agen#ies lie

S&:- 'o business" ltimately, :-8M ma een in0uence man-s abilit to survive on Earth "



1NC C+ %ext2 %he /nited States should legali3e the placing o! bets bciti3ens o! the /nited States on an )ebsite not based in the/nited States that agrees to meet standards set b sel!4

regulating industr entities$ and subscribes to an internationaldispute resolution agreement" %he /nited States shouldlegali3e the transmission o! bets to these operators brelevant 5nancial entities" %he /nited States should

4remove regulations that prevent bitcoin access

4promote integration o! bitcoin as legal tender and currenc"

4!und manu!acturing to prevent disease outbrea&s

4assist A!rican nations )ith integration o! bitcoin"

4develop a comprehensive plan !or geolocation$ attribution$intelligence analsis and impact assessment technologiesrelated to cber4attac&s"

4establish .urisdictional diferentiation !or internettechnologies as per the 1AC 6ing evidence"

4implement a smart grid sstem as per the 1AC Eisen evidence"

,e reserve the right to clari! and amend"

Online gambling occurs at the location )here the operatorproviding the service has phsical in!rastructure 444 legali3ingonline gambling in the /nited States means allo)ing both theplacing o! bets and the reception o! those bets b operatorsbased in the /"S"ernar' 7aier, ar# '1'" ++ HonsI %00K Soutampton niersity, ++ H<istin#tionI %00L

niersity :ollege +on'on" “ow as te +aw &ttempte' to Ta#le te or'erless ?ature o te=nternet” =nternational Journal o +aw an' =normation Te#nology 1K"%, p" 1*%$1(5"

8n 9ritain$ the :ambling Act ''; as intro'u#e' a li#ensing s#eme using a #onne#tinga#tor similar to tat a'opte' by arti#le *H1IH#I o te <ata Mrote#tion <ire#tie" -ssentially, te &#t

ma&es licensing !or providers o! gambling !acilities in accordance )ith its



provisions compulsor1<1" =o)ever$ as !or the provision o! !acilities !orremote1< gambling$ section #>?#@ states that the licensing scheme shallonl appl i! at least one piece o! e*uipment used in the provision o! the!acilities is situated in :reat 9ritain"41(3 =n oter wor's, even though providersestablished in 9ritain )ill be sub.ect to the licensing re*uirement )hen

ofering their services to customers abroad$ providers established in adiferent .urisdiction )ill onl be caught b the regime i! there isa phsical lin& )ith the territor"

%he personal computer o! a customer ta&ing advantage o! a gambling)ebsite )hose provider is phsicall established abroad is explicitlexcluded !rom constituting such a lin& "1(* -fe#tiely, tis means tat )here thereis no phsical connection )ith :reat 9ritain apart !rom the )ebsite beingavailable to customers on 9ritish soil$ the government has decided tode!er regulation o! these activities to the .urisdiction in )hich the provideris phsicall established"

nortunately, tere is ambiguity #on#erning tis 'eeren#e witin te wor'ing o te &#t itsel" Te -xplanatory ?otes to te <rat ill explaine' tat Wa

person proi'ing gambling by means o remote #ommuni#ation, wo as no releant eOuipment witin @reat ritain, will not all witin te s#ope o te'rat ill or any o its proisions, een i people witin @reat ritain #an re#eie te gambling e is proi'ing"41(5 &s Xol points out1(), tis assertion isin#onsistent wit te wor'ing o te &#t as se#tion 3)H3I itsel states tat it is te li#ensing reOuirement enun#iate' in se#tion 33 tat only applies to teproision o a#ilities or remote gambling i at least one pie#e o eOuipment is situate' in @reat ritain" &lso, se#tion *)H1I maes it an ofen#e to inite,#ause or permit a #il' or young person to gamble1(( an' te wor'ing use' suggests tat te se#tion applies to 'omesti# an' oreign proi'ers alie"6ollowing te narrow interpretation o se#tion 3)H3I, one must presume tat a proi'er pysi#ally establise' abroa' woul' be #ommitting an ofen#e byproi'ing a website a##essible on ritis territory allowing a #il' or young person to gamble or een a'ertising on a site nown to be reOuently isite'by minors"

5"* "S" +aw

=nstea' o attempting to regulate online gambling, the /"S" has ta&en an approach o! outright prohibition"1(K Te tree main #riminal statutesaing tis efe#t beore %00) were te >ire &#t o 1L)1, te Trael &#t an' te =llegal @ambling usiness &#t"1(L =n A#tober %00), a urter#ontroersial1K0 e'eral statute was ena#te' wi# was spe#i7#ally aime' at limiting W"S" a##ess to =nternet gambling sites oste' on ofsoreserers"41K1 To a##omplis tis goal, it efe#tiely preents W=nternet gambling businesses rom a##epting #re'it, ele#troni# un's transers, #e#s, or'rats rom "S" =nternet gamblers Qan'R ol's 7nan#ial institutions responsible tat nowingly a#t as interme'iate agents between te =nternet gamingbusiness an' gamblers"41K%

&s te aboe proisions ten outline, it is ver diBcult to legall suppl online gambling services to /"S" citi3ens on /"S" territor via the8nternet" 8eturning to te prin#iple i'enti7e' in :apter ==, tis #an #ertainly, to some extent, be 'es#ribe' as an a#t o regulatory oerrea#ing, only tistime applie' in a Ouite 'iferent #ontext" -fe#tiely proibiting any orm o online gambling to rea# "S" territory subCe#ts eery proi'er in te worl' to"S" law, proi'e' it as #ustomers on "S" soil amongst its #lientele" -en toug tere ae been numerous1K3 ig pro7le arrests o in'ii'uals relate'to te proision o ofsore gambling seri#es, it appears tat at tis stage in time te Wsmall amount o e'eral #ase law QGR is not suN#ient to orm a#ompreensie pattern41K* regar'ing te prose#ution o oreign proi'ers"

6urtermore, it is essential to un'erline tat it is an establise' prin#iple o international law tat Wailing te existen#e o a permissie rule to te #ontraryQa stateR may not exer#ise its power in any orm on te territory o anoter state"41K5 oweer, international law 'oes not proibit Wa state rom exer#ising Curis'i#tion in its own territory, in respe#t o a #ase wi# relates to a#ts wi# ae taen pla#e abroa'"41K) &##or'ingly, tere is te possibil ity o te "S"legitimately enor#ing teir #riminal law by prose#uting in'ii'uals responsible or enterprises maing aailable online gambling a#ilities on "S" territoryi tese persons enter &meri#an soereign territory" @ien te e#onomi# an' politi#al migt o te "S", it appears1K( tat many maCor gambling proi'ersae #osen to implement steps so as to aoi' "S" #ustomers an' te liability asso#iate' wit tem"

Te net result o te proibition is tereore te #onstru#tion o arti7#ial bor'ers troug regulation 'rate' to preent online gambling seri#es romabroa' to rea# "S" #ustomers" An te sura#e, tis is Custi7e' wit altruisti# moties su# as te prote#tion o minors" oweer, te real motiationbein' te measures un'oubte'ly is te prote#tion o tax reenues an' te tra'itional gambling in'ustry rom te #ompetition pose' by tis new orm obor'erless entertainment"

"S" gambling law as also a' seere 'etrimental efe#ts on oter e#onomies seeing to ofer teir seri#es to #ustomers in &meri#a" =n te tra'e 'isputebrougt against te "S" beore te >orl' Tra'e ArganiDation, te small :aribbean islan' state &ntigua allege' Wtat "S" eforts to proibit =nternetgambling, su# as laws #riminaliDing te taing o ofsore bets, #ause' te 'e#line o Q&ntigua4sR gambling in'ustry41KKan' tat tis was #ontrary to#ommitments o te "S" un'er te @eneral &greement on Tra'e an' Seri#es H@&TSI"1KL &ter a 7rst ruling in &ntiguaYs aour1L0, an appeal panel

#on7rme' tat in'ee' some o te "S" gambling laws #onstitute' 'isguise' restri#tions on tra'e an' were tereore in#onsistent wit >TA#ommitments"1L1 =nterestingly, te panel also reCe#te' te "S" #ontention tat te measures in Ouestion ell un'er one o te exemptions o te treatybe#ause een toug tey were on teir sura#e ne#essary to prote#t publi# morals, tey 'i' not apply to national an' oreign proi'ersalie"1L% -fe#tiely, te "S" #oul' not Custiy wy in #ertain #ir#umstan#es lo#al proi'ers #oul' ofer remote gambling seri#es wen &ntiguan#ompanies were not allowe' to 'o so" e#ause o te "S" ailure to ensure ull #omplian#e wit te panel 7n'ings, te 'ispute between te two #ountries#ontinues until te 'ay"1L3

:on#lu'ing, it seems tat one #an sympatise wit te argument tat te prote#tion o publi# morals soul' not be #apable o being oerri''en byinternational tra'e #ommitments" An te oter an', were tis prote#tion is merely el' out to 'istra#t rom te ulterior motie o prote#ting te nationale#onomy in te orm o tax reenues, international bo'ies su# as te >TA soul' not be esitant to remin' te "S" tat it, ater all, is te biggestproponent o te #on#ept o #apitalisti# ree ex#ange"1L*

5"5 :on#lusion



6rom tis brie analysis it #an be seen tat tere are a number o 'iferent regulatory approa#es to gambling, ea# o wi# as its merits an' 'emerits" Te - 'e#ision to ex#lu'e gambling rom te #ountry o origin approa# in te -$:ommer#e <ire#tie was taen beore te a'ent o te #ommer#ial=nternet as we now it to'ay an' its a'eOua#y in te ligt o mo'ern te#nology #an #ertainly be #allenge'" oweer, gien te #omplexity o te'iferent national legal systems base' on 'iferent moral but also e#onomi# arguments, it remains Ouestionable weter a'opting a #ountry o originapproa# su# as te one to be oun' in te -:< woul' be worable in pra#ti#e" Te approa# a'opte' by te X, namely to mae li#ensing appli#able toremote gambling proi'ers only i tey ae a pysi#al lin wit te territory on its sura#e #ertainly seems a wise one to tae" &ter all, it impli#itlya#nowle'ges tat regulation o proi'ers establise' abroa' is at best utopian" ?eerteless, as #an be seen rom te in#onsisten#ies in te wor'ing,'espite te initial 'eeren#e tis #on#ept too sees to retain its ultimate #ontrol oer armul #ontent aing efe#ts on soereign territory" aing 'rawnup only ery ew o te #ountless problems inole' in te "S" proibition o online gambling, one #oul' easily see tat ere#ting arti7#ial bor'ers trougregulation to ta#le te =nternetYs ubiOuitous an' seamless nature 'oes not mae or a iable long$term solution"

:&MT-8 ;=

) &nalysis 8ePe#tion

=aving loo&ed at various areas in )hich the la) has attempted to tac&lethe borderless nature o! the 8nternet$ a variet o! common themes can beextracted" urisdiction has been allocated to and exercised b the !orum o! the countr o! origin$ in most contexts this place being the location o!establishment" &lso, the phsical location o! e*uipment used !or a givenactivit has been used as a connecting !actor" 6urtermore, te pla#e enisage' or targete' by a#tions

as been empasise'" =n a''ition, reeren#e as been ma'e to lo#alities in wi# material was a##esse' or, or te purposes o te releant lawWpublise'"4 6inally, te territory on wi# an a#t pro'u#e' its efe#ts as also been este' wit Curis'i#tion oer te perpetrators o te releant a#t"Meraps te most #ontroersial #on#ept illustrate' was te ere#tion o Warti7#ial4 bor'ers troug regulation" =n te #ase o gambling, tese bor'ersamount to tra'e barriers wi# 'eter an' preent te ree Pow o inormation an' tereby obstru#t te 'eelopment o #ross$bor'er #ommer#e an' wollyun'ermine te bor'erless nature o te =nternet" -a# o te aboe #on#epts as its merits an' 'emerits an' must be isualise' in te #ontext o its

respe#tie un'erlying poli#y obCe#tie"

)"1 :ountry o Arigin

@ien tat te #ountry o origin mo'el as been utilise' in ways only subtly 'ifering rom ea# oter, it #omes as no surprise tat its meaning an' s#opeae trouble' #ommentators"1L5 ='eally, as te -le#troni# :ommer#e <ire#tie as 'one, te #on#ept maes #ertain a#tiities subCe#t to te law in wi#te persons or entities responsible are establise'" Te gist o tis notion is tat its efe#tieness an' 'esirability really 'epen' on armonisation"1L) Anlyi te substantie laws o te #ountry in wi# te perpetrator o wateer a#tiity is pysi#ally lo#ate' assumes Curis'i#tion are broa'ly eOuialent1L( tote laws o te pla#e in wi# te a#tiity a' its efe#t #an a'erse #onseOuen#es on te rigts an' interests o te latterYs resi'ents an' in'ustry bepreente'"1LK

&ltoug not a rule or 'etermining te orum as su#, te single publi#ation rule to be oun' in &meri#an Curispru'en#e is also an interesting #on#eptwort mentioning ere" An an inter$state leel, it allows potential #laims in a number o states to be entruste' to only one Curis'i#tionE te pla#e were te“global” #ause o a#tion arises" <espite seemingly pra#ti#al on a national leel, te notion 'oes not appear to be a 'esirable one or te implementationon a global s#ale gien te signi7#ant 'iferen#es in national substantie laws aroun' te worl'" ost liely, it will tereore remain to be a pe#uliarity omulti$Curis'i#tional 'eamation #ases witin te S alone"

Ane #an at tis stage #ontrast te -uropean system establise' by te #ombine' efe#t o &rti#le 5H3I o te russels 8egulation an' te Seillruling"ere, een toug tere is an in#entie or te plaintif to sue in te ember State in wi# te 'een'ant is establise', an alternatie route is proi'e'in wi# te plaintif #an sue in te pla#e were arm was 'one to is or er reputation or te 'amage 'one witin tat orum" +imite' ex#lusiely to te

-, tis rule as its oun'ations in re#ipro#ity" Ju'gments ren'ere' in one -uropean Curis'i#tion will be re#ognise' an' enor#e' in any oter -uropean Curis'i#tion witout te nee' to resort to #ompli#ate' ormal pro#e'ures" Su# re#ipro#ity being absent on te international plane, te useulness o tisparti#ular me#anism is tereore limite' to 'ealing wit te bor'erless nature o te =nternet witin te bor'ers o te -uropean nion"

&s regar's 'ata prote#tion an' pria#y, witin te - bot arti#le %LH)I an' arti#le *H1IHaI ae te efe#t o allo#ating Curis'i#tion to te #ourts o teorum in wi# te 'ata #ontroller is establise'" Tis, witin -urope as te a'antage o preenting a multipli#ity o suits as well as to gie establise''ata #ontrollers #ertainty as to teir liability" ?o su# me#anism regar'ing te allo#ation o Curis'i#tion existing1LL between -uropean an' oter ora,oter #on#epts o 'etermining Curis'i#tion a' to be oun'"

)"1"1 +o#ation o eOuipment

%he next concept ma&es the location o! the processing e*uipment used

%00 the decisive connection to allocate .urisdiction" =n te #ontext o 'ata prote#tion,it was aime' at prote#ting in'ii'uals witin te -uropean nion rom te misuse o teir 'ata by#ontrollers establise' outsi'e te :ommunity" ;iewing #ooies an' teir lie as Oualiying, tis#onne#tion be#ame ery broa' in s#ope an' raise' amiliar issues su# as unpre'i#tability, liabilityun'er a multitu'e o legal systems an' te most obious one, enor#ement" Te a''itional proisionproibiting 'ata exports into #ountries not 'eeme' to proi'e a'eOuate prote#tion 'eiates rom apure #on#ept o allo#ating Curis'i#tion a##or'ing to te lo#ation o te eOuipment" -en toug teirinterplay is not entirely #ertain, te latterYs stru#ture on its sura#e proi'es a me#anism orarti7#ially ere#ting bor'ers in #yberspa#e so as to preent 'ata rom illegitimately being extra#te'rom witin te :ommunity"

8n the context o! online gambling$ using the connecting !actor e*uipment)as aimed at giving efect to the 9ritish polic angle that the regulatedactivit is ta&ing place )here the operator is based"%01 %he legislation



treats the location o! e*uipment !or the provision o! gambling services asdecisive !or the application o! the licensing re*uirement and thus .urisdiction" oweer, i tat lin wit te territory is absent, te regime 'eers regulation to te

#ountry were te proi'er is establise'" =n oter wor's, te #on#ept again in#lu'es elements o anuan#e' #ountry o origin approa#" -x#lu'ing rom tis 'eeren#e te prote#tion o minors, teregulation also a''s te #onne#ting a#tor o an efe#t a' witin te territory as teoreti#ally enabling

te #ourts o te orum to exer#ise Curis'i#tion oer te oreign proi'er so as to prote#t its mostulnerable #itiDens"

Allo)ing !oreign operators )ith sel!4regulated certi5cation anddispute resolution solves"Xaterine &" alase& , ''<" "&", Moliti#al S#ien#e, <rew niersityE J"<" :an'i'ate, i#igan

State niersity :ollege o +aw, %00K" “>=??=?@ T- J&:XMAT! & 68&->A8X 6A8 S::-SS6+=?T-8?&T=A?&+ 8-@+&T=A? A6 A?+=?- @&+=?@ &?< T- ;&+- A6 T- S-+6$8-@+&T=?@-?T=T=-S,” i#igan State +aw 8eiew, %00( =:" ST" +" 8-;" (53, ttp!//msulawreiew"org/wp$#ontent/uploa's/%01%/10/;alase"p'"

%he / nited S tates could ten tae a step no oter #ountry as taen" =t #oul' allo)gambling on an international )ebsite that agrees to meet the standardsestablished b the /nited States and the sel!4regulating entities$ andsubscribes to an international dispute resolution agreement" Ten, mu# lie

te =+A4s monitoring o labor stan'ar's in :ambo'ia, te sel!regulating entities shouldmonitor the )ebsites to ensure that the are meet4 ing the no)internationall established standards" %1) +ie te stan'ar's establise' in :ambo'ia,

certi5cation should be voluntar and there should be no !ormalpunishment !or !ailure to meet the standards$ save a revocation o!certi5cation" %1( Compliance and certi5cation )ould bring to international)ebsites the bene5t o! the /nited States 8nternet gambling mar&et"

:A?:+S=A?

8egulating =nternet gambling is possible as ei'en#e' by te in#rease' number o nations beginning to

'o so" %he creation o! sel!4regulating entities )ithin the 8nternet gamblingcommunit sho)s the desire o! 8nternet gambling sites to becomelegitimate business entities" Te nowle'ge tese entities ae an' te progress tey aema'e in 'eeloping stan'ar's soul' be use' wen #reating a regulatory s#eme" oweer,selregulating entities alone are insuN#ient to #reate efe#tie regulation, as tey ae no me#anismor enor#ing #omplian#e" Te nite' States goernment soul' use existing stan'ar's to beginregulating, rater tan proibiting, =nternet gambling" Te e'eral goernment soul' establis #riteriaor #erti7#ation base' on te sel$regulating entities4 stan'ar's an' allow nite' States #itiDens to

gamble on =nternet sites tat meet tese stan'ar's an' are #erti7e' by tese sel$regulating entities"

=n'ustry regulation, oweer, nee's to go urter tan 'omesti# regulation witin te nite' States or

any oter #ountry" /n!ortunatel$ the /nited States is not eager to .oin the resto! the international communit in accepting 8nternet gambling as alegitimate business" &s su#, #ountries #ontinue to #reate separate meto's o regulating=nternet gambling, leaing te Curis'i#tional problems on =nternet gambling unsole', i not more#ompli#ate'" =nstea', te nite' States soul' elp establis a #oesie, #rossCuris'i#tional regulatory

s#eme, an' open te 'oor to legal, international gambling" &''itionally, the / nited S tates





The closure of the U.S. online-gambling market highlighted the regulatory andlegal risk of the online-gaming industry for many investors. Marty@amingYs sares ell nearly

(0[ wen it exite' te "S" maret ater te gambling a#t passe'" But online-gambling operatorsoutside the U.S. reoriented themselves to focus on non-U.S. markets.2 Tat moe as

pai' of" =n re#ent wees, =relan'Ys Ma''yMower M+S"< ]0"(([ M+: an' te "X"Ys >illiam ill >"+? ]1"11[ M+:sai' strong >orl' :up gambling reenue elpe' sustain business in te a#e o te e#onomi# 'ownturn"2 Onerisk in U.S. legalization for European online-gambling operations ould be the

likely entry into the online market by !as "egas casino behmoths. !as "egas Sands!"S ]%"30[ Hmaret alue 1L billionI, #ynn $esorts #%&& ]%"3)[ H10 billionI and '('

$esorts H* billionI all d)ar! the main European plaers" 2 ^&ltoug tis #oul' be goo' or

oreign players, it ould mean creditable )domestic* competitors )ill appear

overnight$ hich ould make it tougher !or !oreign plaers to get their

!oot in the mar&et$ sai' <aniel Masini, portolio manager o &:M= =nestment anagers2 8i#ar'

@reenwoo', a un' manager at e'lam &sset anagement, beliees te &meri#an maret will eentually open up,be#ause online gambling is bot a global tren' an' an êasy oluntary tax generator in ars 7s#al times"^ 2 &nalystSimon <aies at :ollins Stewart sai' =talyYs +ottomati#a woul' bene7t i online gambling were legaliDe' in te "S",'ue to its a#Ouisition o @te#, a "S" gambling #ompany" 2 ^Te Marty@aming/win entity will also bene7t^ 'ue to

siDe an' pro'u#t oferings, r" <aies sai'. +,n order for other European players to benefitfrom U.S. legislation they ould need to offer business-to-business softare to

U.S. companies via oint ventures. ,t ould be expensive to enter the U.S.

market so operators ould have to merge in order to benefit.+

6e to Europe-s Econom G 9ritainHs leading the rest o! Europe"+!anner 1', -ri#, Senior #orporate #orrespon'ent >all Street Journal, (/%(/10, “-urope

nleases Anline @ambling to 6ill :ofers,”

ttp!//www"nytimes"#om/%010/0(/%K/te#nology/%Keurogamble"tmlpagewante'Uall9VrU19,&##esse' (/%5/1*

M&8=S . /cross Europe cash4strapped governments looking for ays to reduce

yaning budget gaps are embracing online gambling, a sour#e o revenue tey on#e

iewe' wit wary septi#ism"2 #hile U.S. opposition to =nternet betting has centered on

concerns about gambling addiction, -uropean politi#ians preiously obCe#te' or a 'iferent reason!liberaliDing te pra#ti#e, tey eare', woul' un'ermine state$sponsore' lottery monopolies an' gamblingoperators"2 ut more an' more gamblers are spurning lan'$base' #asinos anyway, an' logging on to =nternet poer

an' sports betting sites . many o tem base' in pla#es tat are out o rea# o tax #olle#tors" /s public

finances orsen governments are trying to bring this once-shadoy business intothe mainstream o! Europe-s digital econom$ here it can be regulated and

ta0ed. “>at4s appene' is a realiDation tat you #an4t uninent te =nternet,” sai' <ai' Trun7el', a

#onsultant at Mri#ewaterouse:oopers" “Meople are gaming online" %ou either try to regulate and ta0

it or people are going to go to the ofshore operators were you 'on4t get any reenue"”2

1rance, wi# only our years ago Caile' te top exe#uties o an &ustrian =nternet gambling #ompany, win,

wen tey isite' 6ran#e, last mont permitted private companies lie win to start taking bets





Europe might come under pressure. Tir', failure ould cement (ermany6s rise as

the leading country in Europe and as an indispensable hub in the European Union an'

-uroDone, i tey #ontinue to exist, but anti-(ermanism ould be#ome a more potent force in

politics on the European periphery. 6ourt, economic donturn as a result o 'isintegration

ould undermine political authority in tose parts o te worl' here te legitimacy ofgovernments is shallo and it woul' e0acerbate international tensions here thegeopolitical climate is relatively malign. The places most at risk are the 'iddle

East and ;hina. 6it, disintegration ould eaken Europe on the orld stage<it

woul' severely damage the transatlantic alliance, bot by sapping its resources and by

diverting Europe6s attention to its internal crisis< and woul', 7nally, undermine themultilateral order. Taing tese 7e impli#ations in teir totality, one ting is #lear" 1ailure ill

badly damage Europe and the international order but some types o ailuremost notably a'isor'erly #ollapseare worse tan oters" :urrently, te pain is #on#entrate' on te so$#alle' -uropean peripery

H@ree#e, Mortugal, Spain, =taly, an' =relan'I" 2isorderly collapse ould affect all European

countries as ell as &orth /merica and East /sia. = a solution to te -uro#risis is per#eie' as

beyon' rea#, lea'ers o te maCor powers will sit teir priorities to managing ailure in or'er to #ontain itsefe#ts" Tis will be strenuously resiste' on te peripery, wi# is alrea'y experien#ing extremely ig leels o

pain an' 'oes not want to a##ept te permanen#e o te status Ouo" :onseOuently, teir electorates ill

become more risk-acceptant and will pressure (ermany and other #ore memberstates to accommodate them through financial transfers an' assistan#e in ex#ange or not

'eliberately triggering a brea$up" This bitter split ill divide an' largely 'e7ne a failing Europe. &bsent moement towar' a solution, - politi#s is about to tae an ugly turn"



1NC DA :ambling gro)th-s stable and &e to tribal economies and sel!4determination G the plan crushes it,ashburn 1 Xein X" >asburn, <ean o te niersity o ?ew exi#o S#ool

o +aw, “>&T4S &T ST&X- 6A8 T8=-S T- "S" <-M&8T-?T A6 JST=:- A66=:-A6 +-@&+ :A?S-+ AM=?=A? A? =?T-8?-T @&=?@”, :ongressional Testimonyeore te Senate :ommittee o =n'ian &fairs, %$L,ttp!//www"in'ian"senate"go/sites/'eault/7les/uploa'/7les/Xein$>asburn$testimony0%0L1%"p'

8ndian casinos constitute I'J o! the American gaming mar&et" For a large

number o! American 8ndian nations$ 8ndian gaming has been a &e

resource in !acilitating tribal sel!4governance and sel!4determination "

&pproximately %3( tribes operate **% =n'ian gaming a#ilities in te nite' States"1 :iven the

importance o! 8ndian gaming to tribal governments$ Congress must

consider ho) online gaming )ill afect 8ndian tribes an' insure tat any e'eral laws

ena#te' to regulate =nternet gaming gie =n'ian tribes a air opportunity to sare in te =nternet gaming boom" TeSupreme :ourt re#ogniDe' tat tribes a' inerent powers to regulate gaming on teir own lan's in :aliornia ":abaDon an' o issions =n'ians% in 1LK(" Tat 'e#ision pro'u#e' a nationwi'e 'ebate on =n'ian gaming tat waslargely resole' te next year wen Mresi'ent 8onal' 8eagan signe' te =n'ian @aming 8egulatory &#t into law" Te8eagan a'ministration was strongly supportie o =n'ian gaming een beore te :abaDon 'e#ision" Te 8eagan

&'ministration beliee' tat revenues !rom 8ndian gaming could increase tribal sel!4

suBcienc and reduce tribal dependence on !ederal appropriations" >en it

ena#te' =@8&, :ongress re#ogniDe' te ex#lusie rigt o tribes to regulate gaming on teir lan's an' sougt topromote tribal e#onomi# 'eelopment, sel$suN#ien#y an' strong sel goernment"3 oreoer, :ongress reuse' topriatiDe te bene7ts o =n'ian gaming" =t man'ate' in =@8& tat gaming reenues must be use' primarily or publi#purposes, naming 7e autoriDe' uses! “HiI to un' tribal goernment operations or programsE HiiI to proi'e or tegeneral welare o te =n'ian tribe an' its membersE HiiiI to promote tribal e#onomi# 'eelopmentE HiI to 'onate to

#aritable organiDationsE or HI to elp un' operations o lo#al goernment agen#ies"”* %he legal regimeset !orth in 8:RA has allo)ed man tribes to prosper " Te 8eagan &'ministration4s

hopes !or 8ndian gaming have been reali3ed , probably beond their )ildest

expectations " 8ndian gaming has been the greatest economic engine on

8ndian reservations that the / nite' S tates has ever seen" 6rom 1LLK to %010, 8ndian

:aming grossed more than KI>" billion nation)ide"5 :onsistent wit te purposes

spe#i7e' by :ongress, most o tese have been used to !und tribal operations and

promote the economic development and )el!are o tribes an' =n'ian people" 6or

instan#e, a##or'ing to te ?ational =n'ian @aming &sso#iation4s H?=@&I -#onomi# =mpa#t 8eport or %00L, %3(

8ndian tribes in %K states had used 8ndian gaming to create ne) .obs $ !undessential government services and rebuild communities " =n %00L tribal

goernments generate' %)"% billion gross reenue rom gaming alone $ %0[ o tat net revenue )asdedicated to education$ children and elders$ culture and charit, 1L[ to

economic development, 1([ to health care, 1([ to police and 5re protection, 1)[

towar's in!rastructure and 11[ towar's housing") >ile tribal reenues allo#ation plans tat proi'e

or per #apita payments to in'ii'ual tribal members ae been approe' by te Se#retary o te =nterior an' aeearne' a great 'eal o press attention, most o tese payments ae 'one little more tan to in#rease ouseol'



in#ome an' lit some =n'ian #itiDens out o poerty" =n a''ition to gaming reenues, tribes generate' 3"% billion ingross reenue rom relate' ospitality an' entertainment seri#es su# as resorts an' entertainment #omplexes"(&s o %00L, tribal goernments a' 'ire#tly or in'ire#tly generate' )%K,000 Cobs nationwi'e or &meri#an =n'ians

an' oters"K As a result o! gaming$ tribes have experienced extensive

economic development and built strong governmental in!rastructures" 8n

sum$ gaming has assisted in producing strong tribal governmentalin!rastructures" Tribal gaming reenues ae been a boon to te e'eral goernment as well" =n ligt o te

e'eral goernment4s trust responsibility to te tribes, it woul' liely ae a' to spen' more on e'eral =n'ianprograms in te absen#e o =n'ian gaming" =n a''ition, =n'ian gaming reenues ae pro'u#e' tax reenues or tee'eral goernment, bot 'ire#tly an' in'ire#tly, an' reenue sares or state goernments" &ltoug pre'i#tions

are 'iN#ult, espe#ially about te uture, 8nternet gaming poses some magnitude o!

threat to the bric& and mortar casino industr$ including tribal casinos "

Federal polic to)ard 8nternet gaming going !or)ard should recogni3e the

signi5cant ris& to the stable revenue stream upon )hich man tribes

have been able to depend " n'er te worst #ase s#enario, a shi!t in the mar&et or

gaming away rom lan'$base' #asinos an' to)ard 8nternet gaming could vastl increase

revenues to private and even of4shore 8nternet gaming companies and

decrease tribal governmental revenues$ plunging some tribal nations

bac& into povert " 6e'eral poli#y must re#ogniDe an' see to mitigate tis ris, so as to presere gaming

as a iable means o raising goernmental resour#es or tribal goernments"

%he plan-s an economic tsunami that devastates tribal gro)th+orter 1#, 8obert A'awi Morter is te ormer Mresi'ent o te Sene#a ?ation o=n'ians an' #urrently Senior :ounsel at S?8 <enton in >asington, <":", >y TribesSoul' Appose =nternet @aming,ttp!//in'ian#ountryto'ayme'ianetwor"#om/%013/0*/05/wy$tribes$soul'$oppose$internet$gaming

Congress is no) considering the legali3ation o! gambling over the8nternet" =n'ian #ountry, wi# as ineste' billions o 'ollars in tra'itional “bri#s an' mortar” businesses,

soul' be extremely worrie' about tis efort" 8! success!ul$ man o! the over #'' triball4

o)ned gaming !acilities ris& losing signi5cant patrons and pro5ts " 8esear#

on te impa#t o =nternet gaming legaliDation is tin, but the primar stud to date H@eiger$Jons

%010I concludes tat tribal casinos could lose up to ; percent o! annual

gross gaming revenues i! legali3ation )ere to occur" Controlling KL

billion in gaming revenues is a ma.or economic accomplishment !or

8ndians" :iven our histor o! economic deprivation$ )ho )ould haveguessed that this revitali3ation )as possibleM 9ut )e should not sit idl

b )hile K< billion in revenues and associated .obs is given a)a to the

competition" =n'ian #ountry response to te =nternet legaliDation treat as been mixe'" & ew tribes are

a#tiely pursuing eforts to get inole' in on$line gambling" Tey see it as simply a logi#al expansion o te maretgien te#nologi#al a'an#es" Ater tribes see it as a #lear treat, seeing te great potential or unnown numberso patrons to gamble in te #omort o teir own omes rater tan isit te tribal #asino" Aur in'ustry tra'easso#iation, te ?ational =n'ian @aming &sso#iation, as strongly 'een'e' te nee' to prote#t existing tribal$state#ompa#ts" ot ?=@& an' = in :ongressional testimony ae argue' tat tribes soul' ae te same rigts as non$



=n'ian #asinos were legaliDation to o##ur" %he problem )ith legali3ing 8nternet gambling$

as the research suggests$ is that it drains a)a customers )ho )ould

other)ise be limited to visiting tribal casinos" Te Moer Mlayers &llian#e argues tat

legaliDing on$line poer woul' a#tually support “bri#s an' mortar” #asinos sin#e poer players eentually want toplay against oter umans as tey get better" ut powerul or#es in te gaming in'ustry, le' by name$bran'?ea'a an' ?ew Jersey interests, are strongly promoting te legaliDation efort" States, too, are eager to get in on

te a#tion an' start taxing on$line bettors" =t 'oesn4t seem reasonable tat tis efort will en' wit only legaliDingon$line poer" Aur #ompetitors an' teir allies in goernment are going “all in” or ull legaliDation o all =nternet

gambling" osing ; percent or more o! gross revenues could cause

)idespread economic in.ur to tribal casinos$ man o! )hich have

signi5cant debt " >i# is wy 8ndian countr needs to stop )atching this

economic tsunami in the ma&ing and start 5ghting against it " 8! the on4

line gambling mar&et opens )ide, only a hand!ul o! providers )ill control themar&et" Do )e reall thin& tribal gaming brands can beat out the mar*ueegaming brands in a global on4line mar&et & ew larger tribes might$ but 8 seriously doubt G as te research suggests tat tribal casinos )ill gain ne)customers in an 8nternet gaming era" Tere are a#tions tat #an be taen now to 7gt against

tis efort" >e soul' be preparing our litigation strategy to prote#t existing #ompa#ts an' inestments" >e soul'be e'u#ating an' lobbying :ongress to prote#t =n'ian #ountry gaming.wi# employs tens o tousan's o non$=n'ians as well as =n'ians.to prote#t te bir' in te an' rater tan #ase te bir' in te bus" Te =nternet migt

not be stoppe', but it #an be slowe' 'own" 8! )e don-t act no) and 8nternet gamblinglegali3ation occurs$ the ensuing economic disaster in 8ndian countr )ould

be our o)n version o! the 5scal clif"

%ribal sovereignt-s modelled G solves ethnic con0icts7orris ; G Tenure' proessor ` :$<ener, &meri#an a#a'emi# an' ?atie&meri#an a#tiist

H@lenn, “?atie &meri#an Soereignty,” e$#opy rom Taylor an' 6ran#is, p" %()I

,hile such assertions ma seem novel and untenable at present, it shouldbe recalled tat .ust !ort ears ago$ tens o! millions o! people languishedunder the rule o! colonial dominationP toda$ the are politicallindependent" Central to teir independence )as the development andacceptance o! the right to sel!4determination un'er international law"Despite such developments$ man coloni3ed peoples )ere !orced by'esperate #on'itions to engage in armed struggle to a'an#e teir legitimateaspirations" Similarly, or many in'igenous peoples ew iable options remain in

teir Ouest or #ontrol o teir 'estinies" :onseOuently, a ma.orit o! the current

armed con0icts in the )orld are not bet)een established states$ but

between indigenous peoples and states that see& their subordination"Armed struggle or most in'igenous peoples represents a desperate anduntenable strateg !or their survival " Nonetheless$ it ma remain an

unavoidable option or many o tem, because i teir petitions seeing

re#ognition o teir rigts in international orums are ignore', man indigenouspeoples, Ouite literally, !ace extermination " &ltoug tis #apter asimpli#ations or te status o all in'igenous peoples, its #on#entration is primarily



witin te nite' States" Tis is be#ause, in seeral ways, the status o!

indigenous nations )ithin the /"S" is uni*ue$ and the polic o! the / nite'

S tates to)ard indigenous nations has !re*uentl been emulated b other

states " %he a#t tat a treat relationship exists bet)een the / nite' S tates

and indigenous nations$ and the !act that indigenous nations )ithin the/"S" retain de5ned and separate land bases and continue to exercise some

degree o! efective sel!4government $ ma contribute to the success!ul

application o! international standards in their cases" &lso, given the si3e

and relative po)er o! the / nite' S tates in i nternational r elations, an' absent

te unliely in'epen'en#e o a maCority$ in'igenous nation$state su# as @uatemala

or @reenlan', the success!ul application o! decoloni3ation principles to

indigenous nations )ithin the /"S" could allo) the extension o! such

applications to indigenous peoples in other parts o! the planet "

Sel!4determination solves global )ar=andler 1'41', :ontributor to russels Journal, M<, ormer asso#iateproessor o istory, @eorge, Se#ession, &utonomy &n' Te State System,ttp!//www"brusselsCournal"#om/no'e/51)*

-en aloo &meri#ans an' >est$ -uropeans are afe#te' by “oreign afairs”" Te la#ing #on#ern4s #ause is

supporte' te impression tat all troubles appen “abroa'”" 8t is te good !ortune o! the

American continent$ and largely o Europe-s )est$ that it avoided numerous

destructive territorial4ethnic disputes" or'ers playe' a role among te iolent or#es tat

a' sape' te %0t #entury" Seeral #omponents ae #ontribute'" Ane is te #ase o peoples tat, 'eoi' o

istori# in'epen'en#e, la#/e' teir own state" 6urtermore, boun'aries ignore etni#ity! su# bor'ers separatewat is apt to want to belong togeter" Te worl' wars a' le' to te re'rawing o boun'aries an' to te #reationan' to te abolition o states" Te problems o unair an' inappropriate bor'ers remain" >e are mire' in te morasso arbitrary bor'ers an' te states tey 'e7ne tat #reate' populations tat per#eie o tem as “prisons”" ere anexample" Te reorganiDation o te SS8 an' Fugoslaia into su##essor states tells o te problem #ause' byboun'aries 'esigne' to settle 'isputes but tat ee' new tensions" =n -urope alone, mu# #ontinues to i'e un'er#oers" & sample! +aplan'ers, @ermans in seeral #ountries, &ustrians in =taly, Sorbs in @ermany, 6risians, :atalans,asOues, retons, A#sitanians, S#ots, Xasubs, &lbanians, Serbs, 6lemiss, :orsi#ans, ol'oans, a#e'onians,8ussians, ranians, 8omanians, @ypsies, agyars an' Jews" ?ew maps mae tea#ers 'espairE tey nee' toupgra'e 'isplays an' to learn someting new" :artograpers bene7t" Te 'is#repan#y between existing bor'ersan' teir possible a'Custment to #onne#t wat belongs togeter an' to separate wat is 'iferent, uels 'isputes"Aur instin#ts are territorial" >e sare tis trait wit 'ogs tat raise a leg" Te 'iferen#e is tat we ae missiles" >e#laim to be #leerer tan our #anines, yet a ew sOuare miles #an #ause bitter #onPi#ts" Tereore, rules to gui'ete pro#esses o a'Custment are #ru#ial" -en i un'erstoo', tis 'oes not mae solutions, easy" Te XosooOuestion, being ar rom te >estern rea'er an' un#onne#te' to te writer4s ba#groun', is suite' to illustrate

some generaliDations" To its misortune, Xosoo represents mu# tat 'e7nes territorial Ouarrels" Typi#ally,allegations ba#ing goo' #laims are pit against ea# oter" oweer, te inoe' a#ts la# a #ommon 'enominatoran' sometimes proe only te antasy o teir inentors" >o soul' own #onteste' territory tat a' seeral pastowners &#tual 'emograpi#s, a#ts an' myts #olli'e" 8egar'ing Xosoo, a battle lost by te :ristians against te Turs #reates a “#learly un#lear” #ase" =n a#t, tere were two #lases" Te Serbs preer to remember te se#on'one" ?o won'er" =n te 7rst en#ounter, a neigbor 'i' te eay liting" =t is a role tat Serbs now resent be#ause o#laims to a 'istri#t newly a'ministere' by Serbia" &#tually, te se#on' battle on Xosoo ea'ow was ougt by anallian#e in 13KL" Te 'eeat brougt te ruin o te Serbs tat represente' -urope4s resistan#e to arme' =slam" Teglorious 'eeat, be#ame an i#on by wi# te Serbs 'e7ne temseles" SubseOuently, tis i'enti7#ation grew into a#ompli#ation" Te essentials ten' to be repeate' in areas tat were un'er te rule o alien empires" To'ay4s#onteste' Xosoo4s original Serb population moe' nort into ungary4s sout were tey be#ame a maCority"



>>14s generous i#tors gae te lan' to Serbia" -arlier, troug migration, Xosoo be#ame &lbanian an' uslim">ile alleging tat 'emograpy preails oer ungary4s istori#al #laim, in Xosoo te #laim is reerse' to assert

tat istory oerri'es 'emograpy" A conclusion is suggested b )orld )ars P common

borders can ma&e !or bad neighbors " %erritoriali3ed disputes tend to ma&ethe involved communities lose their sound .udgment " Reason$ !airness$

common interests$ as )ell as the !acts$ are abandoned in !avor o! claimspresented as temper tantrums that demand land" -xamine te #ase o #onteste'

bor'ers! only rarely #an “goo' lines” be 'rawn ones tat respe#t te i'entity o all lo#als" or'ers tat re'u#etensions, rater tan to nurture tem, are not te rule" Te great pea#e treaties H;ienna 1K1*, Maris 1L1L an' Falta/Mots'am 1L*5 sare an element" Te i#tors #laime' to lay 'own te basis o a lasting pea#e" Just bor'ers#reating states tat rely on a supportie people were to be te solution" Soun' bor'ers were to a#ilitate internalarmony" Stability was to be sere' by eliminating territorial 'isputes between etni# states" To support te e'i7#e,te integrity o te entities was to be iniolable" Su# #ommitments laste' until te “next war” an' te repetition o te #ara'es at pea#e treaties" u# is wrong wit te allege' stabiliDing result o iniolable bor'ers tat ignore tearti7#ial 'iisions tey impose" -Oually wobbly is a relate' assumption" =t is tat bor'ers, 'rawn witout te #onsento te afe#te', se#ure te state bein' tem" &lso, te 7#tion is beliee', tat states wit relu#tant subCe#ts #anbe#ome national states an' as su# will un#tion as omogenous 'emo#rati# an' stable #ommunities" Tereore, inprin#iple, te entities #reate' are 'e#lare' untou#able" Te #on'itional inserte' into an absolute is not te result o logi#al in#onsisten#y" Abiously, great powers are, su# as 8ussia in te :rimea, exempte'" Te eOuation tatsa#rosan#t bor'ers guarantee pea#e is wrong" Te teory attempts to oerloo a #omponent o reality wi# is te

lot o etni#s assigne' to te “wrong” state" Forcing local ethnic ma.orities to submit to anational state o! another people has conse*uences " %he contradictionbet)een claimed homogeneit and ethnic diversit brings internal stri!e5rst and then interstate con0icts" =t is ar' to be loyal to a state tat #laims not to be yours" Tis

out#ome arises be#ause te 'enial o rigts must o##ur wen arbitrary bor'ers in#orporate resente' an' suspe#te'populations into stru#tures tat are alien to tem an' wi# tey will resent" Suppresse' etni# groups ten' tooerlap interstate boun'aries" Tus, te 'istan#e between internal an' international strie is small" “>at is to be'one” +et us begin wit an a'mission" =t is senseless to support #entrally goerne' multi$etni# states tat want to

eliminate minorities wose existen#e prooes te “people o state”" Suppression in the pursuit o!stabilit is a bad polic" 8n the case o! the Austro4=ungarian Empire$ this

efort led to the :reat ,ar " %hose )ho )ish to preserve multi4ethnic

states governed b the pretention that the are mono4ethnic$ need to be

nudged to grant local sel!4government" Failing that$ separatism )ill

emerge " Te international #ommunity must aban'on te iew tat all autonomists are separatists an' tat te

ormer are tereore a treat to pea#e" 6or some time now, te #ontrary approa# was tougt to proi'e stability"&s in =raO, maCor powers support allies tat suppress minorities" Tis as #onseOuen#es" y ignoring e'eralsolutions, #ountries wose minorities migt ae a state a#ross te bor'er, limit 'emo#ra#y alone or te maCority">it a built$in enemy, mu# will be sa#ri7#e' to #ombat te eare' #ollusion o 'omesti# an' oreign oes" Su# aproCe#t will also in'er te 'eelopment o peoples tat 'is#oer “broters” in nee' o liberation" Te 'erie' 'utyto irre'entism or to #onormity will be exploite' by ultras tat 'eman' te in' o unity on wi# 'i#tatorsip ee's"

%he problem is soluble even i! the ailment seems to be a chronic" %heinternational communit must use its in0uence not to re4dra) borders butto change their conse*uence" ?ot bor'ers nee' to be moe'! teir out#ome must be reise'" To

sae te #ountry, ultras #laim tat power be use' to #reate a uniorm people" Fet the openly multi4ethnicstate must not be a threat" ?or is or#e' unity a pre$#on'ition o greatness" Tese are te errors o

te past su##essul so#ieties ae aoi'e' te 'isease" inority status must not be a punisment" Te lan' o te

minorities is not #onOuere' territory ept 'own to se#ure imperial surial" Disputes recede oncerights are respected be#ause tey apply to “man” an' 'o not express etni# priilege" %he rule o!

la) instead o! the rule o! a lording ma.orit$ de!uses tic&ing bombs"



1NC DA #%+A )ill pass G has the votes" 9ut Obama-s capital is &e Gpushing no)%=E =8 G 1( 15 QMritDer expe#ts ast$tra# to pass :ongress,

ttp!//teill"#om/poli#y/7nan#e/%33%K5$pritDer$expe#ts$ast$tra#$to$pass$#ongressR

Obama a'ministration oBcials are ac&no)ledging the challenge o! passing tra'e

promotion autority H%+A@ as the ramp up eforts to build broad support"

:ommer#e Se#retary Menny +rit3&er said Turs'ay tat getting a !ast4trac& measure troug

:ongress has al)as proven diBcult and tat tis time around )onHt be andiferent"

^%hese are never eas votes so let4s not tin it4s 'iferent or tere4s some #ir#umstan#e now tat4s

'iferent tan beore,” se sai' in a #all wit reporters"

^Tra'e promotion legislation is a ar' ote to get passe' because ta&es a lot o! explanation as to

wat it is,” se sai'"

Still, +rit3&er is con5dent that a !ast4trac& measure, despite )idespreadopposition !rom Democrats in :ongress, )ill pass $ most li&el b a smallmargin"

+rit3er sai' se has been tal&ing to Republicans and Democrats )ho )ereinvolved in previous %+A battles and understands )hat is needed to get pus a

measure troug :ongress"

Te last TM& bill passe' in %00%, only by a ew otes in te ouse"

-arlier in te 'ay, &gri#ulture Se#retary Tom ilsac& said that a %+A vote is a close call,”

a##or'ing to press reports"

+rit3&er and Jef Qients, 'ire#tor o te >ite ouse ?ational -#onomi# :oun#il, said the

lobbing efort to convince la)ma&ers an' &meri#ans continues in earnest and

)ill succeed on %+A and the broader trade agenda"

Qients, )ho has led the >ite ouse4s campaign to get :abinet members taling to

Democrats about gaining teir support, reiterated Mresi'ent ObamaHs message tat tra'e will

#reate more an' better paying Cobs wile boosting te nation4s oerall growt"

e argue' tat exports are essential to growing te "S" e#onomy an' tat ^tra'e agreements lie te Trans$Ma#i7#Martnersip #an boost wages an' elp prote#t &meri#an worers"^

Abama a'ministration oN#ials use' innesota as an example o ow tra'e #an wor, espe#ially or smallerbusinesses"

Te :ommer#e <epartment reporte' on Turs'ay tat last year mer#an'ise exports rom te state it a re#or'%1"* billion, elping bring te "S" total to a %"35 trillion re#or' or goo's an' seri#es exports"



+rit3&er$ as )ell as other Cabinet oBcials$ has been on the road ha)&ingthe trade agenda to small$ an' me'ium$siDe' business" Se re#ently Dippe' troug te >est :oast #ities

o San 6ran#is#o, Seattle an' Mortlan' maing te sell"

+lan devastates +C:9:C 1#, @lobal etting an' @aming :onsultants, a spe#ialist, in'epen'ent,international gambling #onsultan#y, June 1( %013, “?ew :ongress, ?ew S =$@aming ill, Same +ong A''s,” ttp!//www"gbg#"#om/new$#ongress$new$us$i$gaming$bill$same$long$o''s/

=t4s interesting an' telling ow te responses to :ongressman Meter 6ing-s online gambling bill H"8" %%K%I so

closel mirror tose o all te !ailed attempts at !ederal regulation in the past !

&'o#ates outsi'e te #ommer#ial #asino establisment are entusiasti#E tey4re guar'e' an' non$#ommittal witinE an' te publiclotteries and the 8ndian tribes and the leaders o! the states )here thereside are as ever s&eptical and resistant" =n a broa' sense these are iews tat spea to te

historic !ault lines riddling /"S" gambling polic that no regulatorscheme out o! ,ashington , ex#ept in regar' to sports betting, has been able to repair or

surmount" ,eigh in the near4total absence o! an p olitical c apital to be

gained )ith that to be lost !rom appearing to endorse 8nternet gambling

as a matter o national polic $ )hich is )hat regulation implies, an' r" Xing4s bill is not expe#te'

to are any better" “= 'on4t see anyting appening,” sai' ?ea'a4s arry Reid, wo ea's te slen'er <emo#rati# maCority in te "S" Senate an'

has all but given up on the possibilit that either his chamber or the

Republican4controlled =ouse o! Representatives )ill get behind te poer$only

legislation e aors, let alone a bill lie Xing4s that legali3es #asino games as well" Ane "S"$base' reporter in te poer blogospere

went urter, pronoun#ing te bill, wi# as attra#te' no #o$sponsors, “100[ <A&” H“<ea' on &rrial”I" =t4s reporte' tat or te sae o a poer bill

aime' at salaging a nationwi'e player pool or is +as ;egas #asino #onstituen#y Reid is trying to men' en#es wit te 8epubli#an opposition" ut

e &no)s the votes don-t exist an' as sai' as mu#" & poer$only bill is staf a' #rate' last year in partnersip wit

@AM Senator Jon Xyl, wo as sin#e retire', was bungle' oer ele#tion politi#s" ?ot tat it a' any #an#e, gien language in it tat sougt to lo# upregulatory prima#y or ?ea'a an' reeDe out te lotteries, an' it neer ma'e it to te Senate #ambers"

All agenc action gets tied to ObamaNicholas and =oo& 1' QMeter an' Janet, Staf >riters.+& Times, “Abama te;el#ro presi'ent”, +& Times, ($30, ttp!//arti#les"latimes"#om/%010/Cul/30/nation/la$na$el#ro$presi'en#y$%0100(30/3R

= 8onal' 8eagan was te #lassi# TePon presi'ent, ara# Obama is made o! elcro" Troug two

terms, 8eagan elu'e' mu# o te responsibility or re#ession an' oreign poli#y s#an'al" =n less tan two years,

Obama has become ensnared in blame" =oping to better insulate Obama,

,hite =ouse aides have sought to give other Cabinet oBcials a higherpro5le and additional public exposure" Tey are also #rating new ways to explain te

presi'entYs poli#ies to a septi#al publi#" 9ut Obama remains the colossus o! hisadministration . to a point )here trouble an)here in the )orld is o!tenhis to solve" Te presi'ent is on te oo to repair te @ul :oast oil spill 'isaster, stabiliDe &ganistan, elp

7x @ree#eYs ailing e#onomy an' 'o rigt by Sirley Serro', te &gri#ulture <epartment oN#ial 7re' as a result o a



mislea'ing ragment o i'eotape" >atYs not sti#ing to Abama is a legislatie tra# re#or' tat is re#entpre'e#essors migt eny" Moliti#al 'ii'en's rom passage o a ealt#are oeraul or a 7nan#ial regulatory billae been Peeting" =nstea', oters are measuring is presi'en#y by a more imme'iate yar'sti#! =s e #reatingenoug Cobs So ar te er'i#t is no, an' tat as taen a toll on AbamaYs approal ratings" Anly *)[ approe oAbamaYs Cob perorman#e, #ompare' wit *([ wo 'isapproe, a##or'ing to @allupYs 'aily tra#ing poll" ^= tinte a##omplisments are ery signi7#ant, but = tin most people woul' loo at tis an' say, Y>at was te plan or CobsY ^ sai' Sen" yron +" <organ H<$?"<"I" ^Te agen'a eYs puse' ere as been a ery important agen'a, but itasnYt translate' into 'inner table #onersations"^ 8eagan was able to gli'e past #ontroersies wit is popularitylargely inta#t" e maintaine' is afable persona as a small$goernment a'o#ate wile seeming aboe te ray inis own a'ministration" 8eagan was untarnise' by su# #alamities as te 1LK3 terrorist bombing o te arinesstatione' in eirut an' s#an'als inoling members o is a'ministration" =n te 1LK) =ran$:ontra afair, most o te

blame ell on lieutenants" Obama latel has tried to rip of the elcro veneer" =n a

reealing moment 'uring te oil spill #risis, e remin'e' &meri#ans tat is powers arenYt ^limitless"^ e tol'resi'ents in @ran' =sle, +a", tat e is a Pes$an'$bloo' presi'ent, not a #omi#$boo superero able to 'ie to te

bottom o te sea an' plug te ole" ^= #anYt su# it up wit a straw,^ e sai'" 9ut as a candidate in''L$ he set s&4high expectations about )hat he could achieve and )hatgovernment could accomplish" :lin#ing te <emo#rati# nomination two years ago, Abama

'es#ribe' te moment as an epi# breatroug wen ^we began to proi'e #are or te si# an' goo' Cobs to te Cobless^ an' ^wen te rise o te o#eans began to slow an' our planet began to eal"^ Tose towering goalsremain a long way of" &n' most people woul' ae preerre' to see Abama o#us more narrowly on te ^goo' Cobs^part o te promise" & re#ent @allup poll sowe' tat 53[ o te population rate' unemployment an' te e#onomy

as te nationYs most important problem" y #ontrast, only ([ #ite' ealt#are . a single$min'e' o#us o te >iteouse or a ull year" &t eery turn, Abama maes te argument tat e as improe' lies in #on#rete ways">itout te steps e too, e says, te e#onomy woul' be in worse sape an' more people woul' be out o wor" TereYs ei'en#e to support tat" Two e#onomists, ar Zan'i an' &lan lin'er, reporte' re#ently tat witout te

stimulus an' oter measures, gross 'omesti# pro'u#t woul' be about )"5[ lower" Fet, Americans arenHtapt to cheer )hen something bad doesnHt materiali3e" nemployment as been rising

. rom ("([ wen Abama too oN#e, to L"5[" +ast mont, more tan % million omes in te "S" were in ariousstages o ore#losure . up rom 1"( million wen Abama was sworn in" ^6ols Cust arenYt in a moo' to an' out

gol' stars wen unemployment is oering aroun' 10[,^ sai' Maul egala, a <emo#rati# pun'it" 8nsulatingthe president !rom bad ne)s has proved impossible" Ater >ite ouses ae trie'

'oing so wit more su##ess" ReaganHs :abinet oBcials o!ten too& the blame $ shieldingthe boss" 9ut the Obama administration is about one man" Obama is the,hite =ouseHs chie! spo&esman, polic pitchman$ !undraiser and

negotiator" No Cabinet secretar has emerged as an ade*uate surrogate" Treasury Se#retary Timoty 6" @eitner is seen as a tepi' publi# speaerE -nergy Se#retary Steen :u is prone tolong, wony 'igressions an' as rarely gone beore te #ameras 'uring an oil spill #risis tat e is woring to en'"

So, more !alls to Obama$ rein!orcing the elcro efect2 Everthing stic&s tohim" e as opine' on irtually eeryting in te un're's o publi# statements e as ma'e! nu#lear arms

treaties, basetball star +eron JamesY #areer plansE :elsea :lintonYs we''ing" Fe) audiences are of4limits" An >e'nes'ay, e tape' a spot on &:Ys ^Te ;iew,^ 'rawing a rebue rom <emo#rati# Mennsylania

@o" -'war' @" 8en'ell, wo 'eeme' te appearan#e unworty o te presi'en#y 'uring toug times" ^Stylisti#ally

e #reates some o tose problems,^ -''ie ae, a 8epubli#an politi#al strategist, sai' in an interiew" ^=is!avorite pronoun is H8"H ,hen ou position oursel! as being all things to allpeople$ the ultimate controller and decision ma&er )ith the capacit to 5xanthing$ ou set oursel! up to be blamed )hen it doesnHt get 5xed or

things happen"^ & new >ite ouse strategy is to orgo tal o big poli#y #anges tat are easy to ri'i#ule"=nstea', ai'es want to maret poli#ies as more 'igestible pie#es" So, rater tan tout te ealt#are pa#age as awole, a'isors will tal about smaller parts tat may be more appealing an' un'erstan'able . su# as barringinsurers rom 'enying #oerage base' on preexisting #on'itions" ut at tis stage, it may be late in te game to'ownsiDe eiter te presi'ent or is agen'a" Sen" 8i#ar' J" <urbin H<$=ll"I sai'! ^Te man #ame in promising#ange" e as a iger pro7le tan some presi'ents be#ause o is yout, is ra#e an' te way e #ame to te>ite ouse wit te message e brougt in" =tYs naie to beliee e #an step ba# an' ae some :abinetse#retary be te a#e o te oil spill" Te bu# stops wit is oN#e"^



Solves global trade collapseXati Suominen 1I, ;isiting &ssistant &'Cun#t Mroessor at :+& &n'erson S#oolo anagement, &'Cun#t 6ellow at :S=S, M"<" Moliti#al -#onomy rom : San <iego,&ug * %01*, “:oming &part! >TA 7as#o igligts urgen#y or te "S" to lea' teglobal tra'ing system,” atisuominen"wor'press"#om/%01*/0K/0*/#oming$apart

Two threats are emerging" Te 7rst is disintegration o! the trading sstem " Te #ore o te system until te mi'$1LL0s, the

,%O is utterl ds!unctional 2 deals re*uire unanimit among 1)0 members, ma&ing an

#antanerousplaer lie =n'iaa veto" &ligning interests as been impossible, turning all a#tion in global tra'e poli#ymaing to ree tra'e agreements H6T&sI, 7rst i#e' of by te ?ort &meri#an 6ree

Tra'e &greement H?&6T&I in 1LL*" y now, *00 6T&s are in pla#e or un'er negotiation" 6T&s ae been goo' #olesterol or tra'e, but te oerlapping 'eals an' rules also #ompli#ate lie or "S" #ompanies 'oing global business"

Ane single 'eal among all #ountries woul' be mu# preerable to te “spagetti bowl” o 6T&s, but it is but a pie in te sy" So is 'eeper liberaliDation by prote#tionist #ountries lie =n'ia"2 %he /"S"4ledtal&s !or mega4regional agreements wit -urope an' &sia$Ma#i7# nations, te Trans$&tlanti# Tra'e an' =nestment Martnersip H%%8+@

and Trans$Ma#i7# Martnersip H%++@$ are the best solution et to these problems " %he !ree

trade and create uni!orm rules among #ountries maing up t)o4thirds o! the )orld

econom " =n#i'entally, tey woul' #reate a million Cobs in &meri#a" Fetboth hang in balance than&s to inaction on

Capitol =ill to pass te Tra'e Mromotion &utority H %+A I, te ey pie#e o legislation or approing te mega$'eals, now stu# in a bitter politi#al 7gt as seeral <emo#rats an' Tea

Marty line up in opposition" %+A is &e !or the Obama administration to conclude %++ and

%%8+ tal&s !Europeans and Asians are un)illing to negotiate the thorniest

topics be!ore the &no) %+A is in place to #onstrain "S" :ongress to oting up or 'own on tese 'ea ls, rater tan amen'ing resly negotiate'

texts"2 Te se#on' treat in worl' tra'e is te absen#e o #ommon rules o te game or te %1st #entury global 'igital e#onomy" &s 3< printing, =nternet o Tings, an' #ross$bor'er e#ommer#e, an' oter 'isruptie te#nologies

expan' tra'e in 'igital goo's an' seri#es, intelle#tual property will be air game wy #oul'n4t a #ompany aroun' te worl' simply repli#ate 3< printable pro'u#ts an' 'esigns a'e in te S& &noter problem is dataprotectionism rules on a##ess an' transport o 'ata a#ross bor'ers" -uropeans are imposing limits on #ompanies4 a##ess to #onsumer 'ata, #ompli#ating "S" businesses4 #ustomer seri#e an'

maretingE emerging marets su# as raDil an' ;ietnam are or#ing oreign =T #ompanies to lo#ate serers a n' buil' 'ata #enters as a #on'ition or maret a##ess, measure tat #osts #ompanies millions in ineN#ien#ies" & growing

number o #ountries #laim limits on a##ess to 'ata on te groun's o “national se#urity” an' “publi# saety”, amiliar #o'e wor's or prote#tionism"2 Digital protectionism ris&s

bal&ani3ing the global virtual econom Cust as tarifs siloe' national marets in te 1Lt #entury wen # ountries set out to #olle#t reenue an'

promote inant in'ustries a sel$'eeating approa# tat too well oer a #entury to un'o, an' is still alie an' well in #ountries lie =n'ia" Te biggest losers o digital prote#tionism are &meri#an small businesses an'

#onsumers leeraging teir laptops, iMa's an' smart pones to buy an' sell goo's an' seri#es aroun' te planet"

%rade policma&ers oweer

lag !ar behindtoda-s trade $ )hich re*uires sophisticated rules on =M, pira#y, #opyrigts, patents an' tra'emars, e#ommer#e, 'ata Pows,

irtual #urren#ies, an' 'ispute settlement" %he mega4regionals $ especiall the %%8+$ are a per!ect enueto

start this pro#ess" Disintegration o! trade policies ris& disintegrating )orld

mar&ets " Just as ater >orl' >ar ==, the global trading sstem rests in America-s hands " Tree tings are

nee'e'"2 Te 7rst is te approval o! %+A, wi# unshac&les /"S" negotiators to 5nali3e %++ and%%8+" ost interesting or "S" exporters, TMM an' TT=M almost 'e a#to merge into a super'eal! te nite' States an' - a lrea'y ae bilateral 6T&s wit seeral #ommon partners belonging in TMM Meru, :olombia, :ile,

&ustralia, Singapore, :ana'a, an' exi#o to name a ew" >at4s more, gateeepers to marets wit two$tir's o global spen'ing power, %++ and %%8+ )ill be giantmagnetic doc&ing stations to outsidersP China and 9ra3il , aiming to reie sagging growt, areinterested" An#e tis appens, the %%8+4%++ superdeal )ill cover L' percent o! )orld-s

output and approximate a multilateral agreement an' ae #utting$e'ge #ommon tra'e rules tat #oul' neer be agree' in

one ig ang at te >TA"

Causes global hotspot escalation444trade solvesiriam Sapiro 1I, ;isiting 6ellow in te @lobal -#onomy an' <eelopmentprogram at rooings, ormer <eputy S Tra'e 8epresentatie, ormer <ire#tor o-uropean &fairs at te ?ational Se#urity :oun#il, “>y Tra'e atters,” September%01*, ttp!//www"brooings"e'u//me'ia/resear#/7les/papers/%01*/0L/wy[%0tra'e[%0matters/tra'e[%0global[%0iewsV7nal"p'



Tis poli#y brie explores te e#onomi# rationale an' strategi# imperatie o an ambitious 'omesti# an' global tra'e agen'a rom te perspe#tie o te nite' States" =nternationaltra'e is oten iewe' troug te relatiely narrow prism o tra'e$ofs tat migt be ma'e among 'omesti# se#tors or between tra'ing partners, but it is important to #onsi'er also te

impa#t tat in#rease' tra'e as on global growt, 'eelopment an' se#urity" ,ith tat #ontext in min', tis paper assesses te implications o! theAsia4+aci5c and European trade negotiations under)a, in#lu'ing or #ountries tat are not

parti#ipating but aspire to Coin" =t outlines some o te #allenges tat stan' in te way o #ompletion an' ways in wi# tey #an be a''resse'" =t examines weter te o#us on “mega$regional” tra'e agreements #omes at te expense o broa'er liberaliDation or a#ts as a #atalyst to 'eelop iger stan'ar's tan migt oterwise be possible" =t #on#lu'es wit poli#y

re#ommen'ations or a#tion by goernments, legislators an' staeol'ers to a''ress #on#erns tat ae been raise' an' #reate greater 'omesti# support"2 =t is air to as weter we

soul' be #on#erne' about te uture o international tra'e poli#y wen dire developments are threatening te securit

interests o te nite' States an' its partners in te i''le -ast, &sia, &ri#a an' -urope" 8n the 7iddle East, signi7#ant areas o! 8ra*have been overrun by a toxi# ofsoot o &l$_ae'a,civil )ar in Sria rages wit no en' in sigt, an' te 8sraeli4

+alestinian peace process is in tatters " Nuclear negotiations )ith 8ran

have run into trouble, wile +ibya an' -gypt a#e #ontinuing instability an' 'omesti# #allenges" 8n Asia, istori# rialries an'

disputes over territor ae heightened tensions a#ross te region, most a#utely b China-s aggressie

moves in the S outh C hina S ea towar's ;ietnam, Japan an' te Milippines" Nuclear4armed North

6orea remains isolate', re#less an' unpredictable" =n &ri#a, #ountries are struggling wit rising terrorism, iolen#e an' #orruption" =n -urope,

Russia continues to !oment instabilit an' 'estru#tion in eastern /&raine" &n' witin te -uropean nion, lagging

e#onomi# re#oery an' te surge in support or extremist parties ae let people earul o in#reasing iolen#e against immigrants an' minority groups an' septi#al o urter

integration"2 =t is tempting to o#us solely on tese pressing problems an' 'eer less urgent issues.su# as orging new 'is#iplines or international tra'e.to anoter 'ay, espe#ially

wen su# issues pose #allenges o teir own" ut tat woul' be a mistae" & ey motiation in buil'ing greater 'omesti# an' international #onsensus or advancingtrade liberali3ation now is pre#isely te role tat greater e#onomi# integration #an play in opening up new aenues o opportunity or promoting

'eelopment an' in#reasing e#onomi# prosperity" Su# initiaties can elp stabili3e &e regions and strengthen te

securit o te nite' States an' its partners"2 Te last #entury proi'es a powerul example o ow expanding trade relations

can elp reduce global tensions an' raise l iing stan'ar's"Follo)ing ,orld ,ar 88, buil'ing stronger e#onomi#

#ooperation was a #enterpie#e o allie' eforts to erase battle s#ars an' embra#e ormer enemies" =n 'eeat, te e#onomies o @ermany, =taly an' Japan a#e' ruin an' people were on

te erge o staration" Te nite' States le' eforts to rebuil' -urope an' to repair Japan4s e#onomy" A &e element o te arsall Mlan, wi# establise' te

oun'ation or unpre#e'ente' growt an' te leel o -uropean integration tat exists to'ay, )as to revive trade by re'u#ing tarifs"1 8ussia, an' te

eastern part o -urope tat it #ontrolle', reuse' to parti#ipate or re#eie su# assistan#e" <e#a'es later, as te :ol' >ar en'e', te nite' States an' >estern -urope sougt to mae

up or l ost time by proi'ing signi7#ant te#ni#al an' 7nan#ial assistan#e to elp integrate #entral an' eastern -uropean #ountries wit te rest o -urope an' te global e#onomy" 2 Tere ae been subseOuent #alls or a “arsall Mlan” or oter parts o te worl',% altoug te #onPuen#e o 'e'i#ate' resour#es, #oor'inate' support an' existing #apa#ity as been

'iN#ult to repli#ate" ?oneteless, important lessons ae been learne' about te aluable role economic development can play in

de!using tensions , an' ow opening marets #an asten growt" Tere is again a growing re#ognition tat e#onomi# se#urity an' national se#urity are two

si'es o te same #oin" @eneral :arter am, wo steppe' 'own as ea' o "S" &ri#a :omman' last year, obsere' te #lose #onne#tion between in#reasing prosperity an' bolsteringstability" <uring is time in &ri#a e a' seen tat “se#urity an' stability in many ways 'epen's a lot more on e#onomi# growt an' opportunity tan it 'oes on military strengt"”3

>ere people ae opportunities or temseles an' teir #il'ren, e oun', te result was better goernan#e, in#rease' respe#t or uman rigts an' lower leels o #onPi#t"2 <uringis #on7rmation earing last year, Se#retary Jon Xerry stresse' te lin between e#onomi# an' national se#urity in te #ontext o te #ompetitieness o te nite' States but te pointalso as broa'er appli#ation" Aur nation #annot be strong abroa', e argue', i it is not strong at ome, in#lu'ing by putting its own 7s#al ouse in or'er" e asserte'.rigtly so.tat

“more tan eer oreign poli#y is e#onomi# poli#y,” parti#ularly in ligt o in#reasing #ompetition or global resour#es an' marets" Ever da, e sai', “that

goes b )here America is un#ertain about engaging in tat arena, or unwilling to put our best oot orwar' an' win, un)illing to

demonstrate our resolve to lead , is a 'ay in wi# we )ea&en our nation itsel"”*2

Strengthening America-s e#onomi# securit b cementing its economic alliances is

not simply an option, but an imperative " & strong nation nee's a strong e#onomy tat #an generate growt, spur innoation an' #reate Cobs" Tis is true, o #ourse, not

only or te nite' States but also or its ey partners an' te rest o te global tra'ing system" u# as te nite' States le' te way in orging strong military allian#es ater >orl' >ar

== to 'is#ourage a resurgen#e o militant nationalism in -urope or &sia, now is te time to pla#e eOual empasis on soring up our #olle#tie e#onomi# se#urity" & !ailure toact now could undermine international se#urity an' pla#e stabilit in &e regions in urter Ceopar'y"



urisdiction



A%2 :rid

FERC regulation is goldiloc&s no)it manages con0ictbet)een the states )hile avoiding a severe !ederal ta&eover

Joel " E8SEN, Mroessor o +aw, niersity o 8i#mon' S#ool o +aw, 1# Q“Smart8egulation an' 6e'eralism or te Smart @ri',” %013, Harvard Environmental Law

Review, 3( ar" -ntl" +" 8e" 1, +exisR

>ere 'oes tis leae te states &ter te 6-8: or'er, tey 'o not ae to a'opt stan'ar's in te :atalog, buttey are ree to 'o so"3*% Tey #an reiew proCe#ts un'er teir normal #riteria, an' 'eem impru'ent any proCe#ttat 'oes not ollow appli#able stan'ar's, 'isallowing #ost re#oery"3*3 Some states ae in'i#ate' tat tey wantutilities to use stan'ar's as a sour#e o best pra#ti#es" &s te :atalog grows, te states may rely upon it as a

aluable te#ni#al resour#e" +roceeding )ithout FERCHs approval signals that thestandardsH credibilit$ li&e that o! other voluntar consensus standards$)ill derive !rom their use in Smart :rid pro.ects"

9 not adopting the standards$ FERC le!t the distribution o! .urisdiction

over the electric grid unchanged and postponed perhaps !orever the

threat o! a !ederalTstate po)er struggle over the Smart :rid Hs !oundation "

%his decision signals that suggesting FERC could afect the retail

electricit mar&et )ith Smart :rid standards )as overreaching " y 'e#lining to

man'ate stan'ar's, 6-8: as neiter regulate' nor #e'e' te prospe#t o a regulatory role in te 'istribution si'eo te Smart @ri'" =t retains its autority un'er te -=S&, an' in limite' instan#es, 6-8: #an tae 'is#rete a#tions onstan'ar's to presere reliability an' ensure #yberse#urity"

=n te near$term, ?=ST will a'' more stan'ar's to te :atalog" States soul' be#ome more #omortable wit testan'ar's as tey approe proCe#ts tat rely on tem" Ater eents may proi'e a''itional reasons to use te

stan'ar's" StatesH energ and climate change policies Hor example, te :aliornia an' Texas'ata aailability reOuirements tat le' to te @reen utton =nitiatieI ma drive use o! thestandards " %he Smart :rid )ill gro) and evolve$ )ithout mandator

standards" FERC can limit its role to resolving con0icts bet)een states i te

states a'opt in#ompatible te#nologies an' stan'ar's"

6-8: #an step in i ne#essary in tree 'istin#t #ases! wen it sees statesY a#tions lea'ing to balaniDation o Smart@ri' stan'ar's, wen it beliees e#onomi# interests unairly 'ominate' te S@=M pro#ess, an' wen it beliees

national obCe#ties su# as #yberse#urity ae not been a#iee'"3** %hin& o! this as a dnamic

5ne4tuning !ederalism " Te large an' 'ierse group o Smart @ri' staeol'ers is 'e7ning wat te

Smart @ri' is in real time, wit #on#urrent 'e#isions about law an' te#nology"3*5 Smartness in tis #omplex,

multia#ete' enironment,

)ith its man uncertainties$ demands that regulatorsadapt to changing ideas o! ho) to govern the Smart :rid" Smart :rid!ederalism can be smart2 an open$ evolving relationship$ not a staticentit" =n a sense, the dnamism called !or here compares to climate change!ederalism$ )here the relationship bet)een states and the !ederalgovernment has evolved as states innovate to respond to climateconcerns and !ederal activit promotes uni!orm solutions"3*) FERCHs action,

an' te #ontinuation o te S@=M pro#ess, )ill allo) !or standards to be develop ed )hile



stri&ing a balance bet)een necessar caution about upending the

electricit sstem all at once and doing )hat )ill eventuall be essential

to promote innovation"



No Cber Attac&sCber)ar isn-t an existential threatbest studies prove

Jason =EAEU , <ire#tor o te :yber State#rat =nitiatie at te &tlanti# :oun#il,

1# Q“?o, :yberwarare =snYt as <angerous as ?u#lear >ar,” ar# %0, %013,

www"usnews"#om/opinion/blogs/worl'$report/%013/03/%0/#yber$atta#s$not$yet$an$existential$treat$to$te$usR

America does not !ace an existential cberthreat toda$ despite re#ent

)arnings " Aur #yberulnerabilities are un'oubte'ly grae an' the threats )e !ace are severe

but !ar !rom comparable to nuclear )ar "

Te most re#ent alarms #ome in a <eense S#ien#e oar' report on ow to mae military #ybersystems moreresilient against a'an#e' treats Hin sort, 8ussia or :inaI" =t warne' tat te ^#yber treat is serious, witpotential #onseOuen#es similar in some ways to te nu#lear treat o te :ol' >ar"^ Su# ears were also expresse'by &'m" ie ullen, ten #airman o te Joint :ies o Staf, in %011" e #alle' #yber ^Te single biggestexistential treat tatYs out tere^ be#ause ^#yber a#tually more tan teoreti#ally, #an atta# our inrastru#ture,our 7nan#ial systems"^

,hile it is true that cber attac&s might do these things$ it is also true

the have not onl never happened but are !ar more diBcult to

accomplish than mainstream thin&ing believes " Te #onseOuen#es rom #yber treats

may be similar in some ways to nu#lear, as te S#ien#e oar' #on#lu'e', but mostly, tey are in#re'ibly 'issimilar"

-igty years ago, te generals o te "S" &rmy &ir :orps were sure tat teir bombers woul' easily topple oter

#ountries an' #ause teir populations to pani#, #laims wi# 'i' not stan' up to reality" A stud o! the

;4ear histor o! cber con0ict$ b the Atlantic Council and Cber Con0ictStudies Association$ has sho)n a similar 'ynami# were the impact o! disruptive

cberattac&s has been consistentl overestimated "

8ater tan teoriDing about uture #yberwars or extrapolating rom to'ayYs #on#erns, te istory o #yber#onPi#ttat ae a#tually been ougt, sows tat #yber in#i'ents ae so ar ten'e' to ae efe#ts tat are eiter

wi'esprea' but Peeting or persistent but narrowly o#use'" No attac&s $ so !ar$ have been both

)idespread and persistent" %here have been no authenticated cases o!

anone ding !rom a cber attac&" An )idespread disruptions, een te %00(

'isruption against -stonia, have been short4lived #ausing no signi7#ant @<M loss"

oreoer, as wit #onPi#t in oter 'omains, #yberatta#s #an tae 'own many targets but eeping tem 'own oertime in te a#e o 'etermine' 'eenses as so ar been out o te range o all but te most 'angerous a'ersariessu# as 8ussia an' :ina" A #ourse, i te nite' States is in a #onPi#t wit tose nations, #yber will be te least

important o te existential treats poli#ymaers soul' be worrying about" +lutonium trumps btesin a shooting )ar"

Tis is not all goo' news" Moli#ymaers ae re#ogniDe' te problems sin#e at least 1LLK wit little signi7#ant

progress" >orse, te treats an' ulnerabilities are getting stea'ily more worrying" Still$ experts have

been )arning o! a cber +earl =arbor !or ' o! the <' ears since the

actual +earl =arbor "



Te transer o "S" tra'e se#rets troug :inese cber espionage could somedaaccumulate into an existential threat" 9ut it doesnHt seem so seem .ust et,

wit only an'waing estimates o annual losses o 0"1 to 0"5 per#ent to te total "S" @<M o aroun' 15 trillion"

TatYs ba', but it doesnHt add up to an existential crisis or ê#onomi# #yberwar"^



A%2 ,armingNo impactmitigation and adaptation )ill solveno tippingpoint or 1J ris&8obert A" 7ENDESO=N, -'win >eyeraeuser <ais Mroessor, Fale S#ool o

6orestry an' -nironmental Stu'ies, ( QJune %00L, “:limate :ange an' -#onomi#@rowt,”ttp!//www"growt#ommission"org/storage/#g'e/'o#uments/g#wp0)0web"p'R

%he eart o te debate about climate change #omes rom a number o warnings rom s#ientists

an' oters tat give the impression that human4induced climate change is animmediate threat to societ H=M:: %00(a,bE Stern %00)I" illions o people migt be ulnerable to

ealt efe#ts H=M:: %00(bI, #rop pro'u#tion migt all in te low latitu'es H=M:: %00(bI, water supplies migt'win'le H=M:: %00(bI, pre#ipitation migt all in ari' regions H=M:: %00(bI, extreme eents will grow exponentiallyHStern %00)I, an' between %030 per#ent o spe#ies will ris extin#tion H=M:: %00(bI" -en worse, tere may be#atastropi# eents su# as te melting o @reenlan' or &ntar#ti# i#e seets #ausing seere sea leel rise, wi#

woul' inun'ate un're's o millions o people H<asgupta et al" %00LI" Mroponents argue tere is no time to waste"nless greenouse gases are #ut 'ramati#ally to'ay, e#onomi# growt an' wellbeing may be at ris HStern %00)I"

%hese statements are largely alarmist and misleading " &ltoug #limate #ange is a

serious problem tat 'eseres attention, societ-s immediate behavior has a n extremel

lo) probabilit o! leading to catastrophic conse*uences " Te science and

economics o #limate #ange is *uite clear that emissions over the next !e)

decades )ill lead to onl mild conse*uences " Te severe impacts pre'i#te' by

alarmists re*uire a centur ?or t)o in te #ase o Stern %00)I o! no mitigation " any o te

predicted impacts assume there )ill be no or little adaptation" Te net e#onomi#

impa#ts rom #limate #ange oer te next 50 years will be small regar'less" ost o the more severeimpacts )ill ta&e more than a centur or even a millennium to un!old and

man o! these “potential impacts )ill never occur because people )ill

adapt " 8t is not at all apparent that immediate and dramatic policies need

to be developed to th)art long V range climate ris&s" >at is nee'e' are longrun

balan#e' responses"



9itcoin



1NCSupreme court )ould stri&e it do)nsecond circuit solves isabout internet issues$ not gambling

Ev !or bitcoin collapse is !rom drchaos"comno *ualsempiricall denied b the past ear o! bitcoin gro)th thatassumes this article

Alt causesChina Russia and apan

9itcoin !ails G digital )allet loss$ price 0uctuations$

predetermined number$ securit holes$ vulnerabilit6osta&is 1I H“Te H&IMoliti#al -#onomy o it#oin” ;asilis XostaisB, :ris @iotitsasc B8agnar ?urse

S#ool o =nnoation an' @oernan#e, Tallinn niersity o Te#nology, -stonia, asileios"ostais`ttu"ee cM%M +ab,=oannina, @ree#e, triple:! :ommuni#ation, :apitalism 9 :ritiOue" Apen &##ess Journal or a @lobal Sustainable=normation So#iety ;ol 1%, ?o % H%01*II

& more pra#ti#al issue wit it#oin is te a#t tat digital )allets ma be lost " 8! , or instan#e, the

hard drive is destroed or the computer is in!ected b a virus$ then it is

ver li&el that the 9itcoins contained in it )ill be lost , lie te #ase o a man wo

a##i'entally 'ispose' o a #omputer #ontaining L million 'ollar4s wort o it#oins"Q%R =n tis #ase, since there)ere no bac&ups these 9itcoins remain )ithout an o)ner"

%he value o! 9itcoin 0uctuates constantl under the relevant demand" >e

ae seen, oweer, tat these 0uctuations are extremel steep at times " Tis

!orces businesses that accept the currenc to o!ten ad.ust the prices o!

products or seri#es in it#oin" &lso, an product returns produce inevitable

con!usion about the re!und to te #ustomer" 6or now, there appears to be no

consensus to)ards a particular approach to tac&le these problems" = te

seller sen's te goo's to te #ustomer, te latter as no legal prote#tion sin#e te transa#tion la#e' aninterme'iary party" =t is apparent ten tat te 'e#entraliDe' nature o it#oin, beyon' its many a'antages, ol's

signi7#ant 'isa'antages" 6urter, due to the lac& o! a central authorit$ there is no

guarantee o! a minimum price !or the currenc"

9itcoin-s predetermined number is one o! its greatest liabilities " Reaching

its limit$ the price )ill be s&roc&eting " %his )ill possibly create, as is te #ase now,

steep 0uctuations o! its price through its irregular spending" Tose tat 7rst

entere' te system an' tose wit powerul #omputers ae a signi7#ant a'antage oer te rest o te users"

Coin accumulation in the hands o! a !e) enhances the danger o!0uctuations through deliberate )ithholding or trading large sums in order



to manipulate its price" :urrently, approximately %0[ o te total it#oins mine' are owne' by te 100

ri#est users"Q3R 6or a #urren#y tat is suppose' to bring #ange to te #re'it system tis #on'ition seems awullyamiliar"

8on an' Samir H%013I, ater stu'ying te blo##ain an' re#or'ing patterns, isolate' large sum transa#tions tolater 'is#oer tat almost all were relate' to one big transa#tion tat too pla#e in ?oember %010" Tey note tatte users inole' wit tis transa#tion appear to ae attempte' to #oer teir tra#s wit seeral meto's" Troug teir resear# tey reeale' a s#eme by a minority Halmost 1[I to #eat te rest o te usersen'angering te wole system in te pro#ess" >at is urter illustrate' is tat it#oins4 anonymity is easily#ompromise' sin#e ea# #oin #an be tra#e' ba# rom its miner up to its #urrent ol'er" & it#oin a''ress is Cust anumber, but i enoug inormation is gatere' Htroug websites an' oraI te i'entity o te owner #an, possibly,be reeale' Hartins an' Fang %011E dser %013I" Tere are meto's to prote#t one4s pria#y, yet tis is stillexperimente' upon Hdser %013I"

eing still in 'eelopment it is et un&no)n ho) man bugs are hidden in the code "

As 9itcoinHs popularit gro)s, so does the number o! people searching !orthese bugs in order to ta&e advantage o! them" artins an' Fang H%011I ae lo#ate' te

eatures in te 9itcoin code tat ma&e it prone to attac&s$ toug up to tis point all mali#ious

a#tiity as been 'ealt wit efe#tiely by te #ommunity" =n a''ition -yal an' Sirer H%013I #laim tey locateda securit hole that allo)s the irregular creation o! 9itcoin through the

mining process"

Ev sas bitcoin is used !or gambling$ not that gambling isessentialou can invest in manu!acturing )ith bitcoin)ithout being able to pla po&er )ith it

7anu!acturing internal lin& !rom demel3a"libert"me$ )rittenb the co4!ounder o! a 9itcoin consultanc 5rmeconomicincentive to hpe its importance and not peer revie)ed nor areempirical examples cited

A!rica modeling argument !rom the Editor o! :reen:o+ost"comno *uals and doesn-t even tal& about the /nited Statessasit-s being used no) !rom South A!rica to Nigerianot loo&ingto the /S !or proo! o! !easibilit

No )a it-ll )or& G regulations are inevitable=enning T#T1I H?ew For Times, “ 7ore 9itcoin Regulation is 8nevitable ”

ttp!//'ealboo"nytimes"#om/%01*/0%/03/more$bit#oin$regulation$is$ineitable/rreUworl'9VrU09mo'uleU&rrows?a9#ontent:olle#tionUusiness[%0<ay9a#tionUswipe9regionU6ixe'8igt9pgtypeUlogsI

%he idea that 9itcoin could be an alternative to traditional mone tat woul'

allow users to #on'u#t transa#tions anonymously beyon' te pale o intrusie goernment regulators has

proved to be little more than a pipe dream " =n testimony at last wee4s earing, arry -"

Silbert , the !ounder o! 9itcoin 8nvestment %rust , a#nowle'ge' tat “ it ma be



appropriate to regulate an transaction that involves an unregulatedintermediar converting 9itcoin to dollars on behal! o! a third part"

&s i to mae te message espe#ially #lear tat te goernment is eeping a #lose eye, te Justi#e <epartmentunseale' a #riminal #omplaint te 'ay beore te earings #arging two men wit using a it#oin ex#ange to elppay or illegal nar#oti#s transa#tions" Ane 'een'ant, :arlie Srem, was on te boar' o te it#oin 6oun'ation,wi# is promoting te irtual #urren#y as a new means or #on'u#ting business aroun' te worl'"

Federal regulators have alread been going a!ter companies that allo)

paments in virtual currencies " =n ar# %013, te 6inan#ial :rimes -nor#ement ?etwor, a part

o te Treasury <epartment nown as 6in:en, issue' gui'an#e stating tat anyone operating an ex#ange or

virtual currencies )ould be considered to be running a mone transmittingbusiness"

Tat 'esignation means exchanges must collect in!ormation about customers$ as

re*uired under 9 an S e#re#y A #t regulations , )hich are intended to prevent

transactions through anonmous accounts " 6in:en went a step urter in its gui'an#e by

in#lu'ing any person wo puts into #ir#ulation a irtual #urren#y, wi# means tat te so$#alle' it#oin miners

are also subCe#t to te regulations" H6in:en last wee issue' a letter #lariying tat users mining it#oins or teir

own purposes woul' not be #onsi'ere' money transmitters un'er te an Se#re#y &#tI"

Te only ones not subCe#t to te an Se#re#y &#t are users o irtual #urren#ies wo only buy an' sell goo's an'seri#es" 6in:en exempte' teir transa#tions, wi# means in'ii'uals an' mer#ants wo use it#oin lie #as 'onot nee' to #omply wit te regulations impose' on tose operating ex#anges"

= tat were te extent o goernment regulation, tere woul' be little #on#ern about te negatie efe#t o new

rules on te 'eelopment o irtual #urren#ies" No one supports creating an anonmous

ba3aar !or dealing in drugs and other illegal goods and services ex#ept,

peraps, te #riminals temseles"

Te more 'iN#ult issue is weter te goernment will rea# urter an' try to impose more onerous rules on te ex#anges an' users o irtual #urren#ies"

=t migt be elpul to #onsi'er wat un'erpins any orm o #u rren#y" Mutting it simply, tere are two aspe#ts to #urren#y! te me'ium by wi# it is ex#ange', an' te promise it in#orporates"

>ile regulators 'ebate te pros an' #ons o bit#oins, tis olatile 'igital #urren#y inspires te Ouestion! >at maes money, money ;i'eo by :annon o'ge, <ai' @illen, Ximberly oy an' &aron yr' on Mublis <ate ?oember%5, %013"

Te me'ium #an be almost anyting, rom paper notes an' #oins to gol' an' siler to ele#troni# #re'its store' in a 7nan#ial institution or #entral ban a##ount" >en a goernment issues #urren#y, it #omes wit te promise tat it isa legitimate means o transa#ting business in tat #ountry" & 'ollar bill, or instan#e, states tat it is “legal ten'er or all 'ebts, publi# an' priate"”

ut irtual #urren#ies raise #on#erns about ow tey #an be transmitte' an' use' or illegal purposes" Testimony beore r" +awsy by 8i#ar' " Zabel, te 'eputy nite' States attorney in anattan, igligte' te #allengea#ing law enor#ement wit te “ease o moement” tat a me'ium lie it#oin #an proi'e"

Transerring 1 million in #as to buy 'rugs in anoter #ountry woul' be 'iN#ult be#ause o te seer bul o tat mu# money an' woul' probably get te attention o baning oN#ials" sing te eOuialent in it#oin, oweer, onlyinoles a ew eystroes" So a irtual #urren#y woul' be mu# more attra#tie tan #as to tose engaging in global illegal transa#tions"

Te regulations in pla#e or irtual #urren#y ex#anges may not be enoug to satisy law enor#ement4s 'esire to eep #riminals rom #reating a new aenue or transerring alue a#ross bor'ers" = someone was able to gater upenoug it#oin wile aoi'ing s#rutiny rom irtual #urren#y ex#anges, ten te transa#tions #oul' Py beneat te regulatory reporting rules"

8egulators are also #on#erne' tat ex#anges base' in oreign #ountries migt not impose te same #ustomer 'is#losure reOuirements as te nite' States" = someone #an use a oreign ex#ange to # on'u#t business outsi'e te&meri#an goernment4s wat#ul gaDe, ten #riminals #oul' 7n' ways to slip between te #ra# s an' aoi' s#rutiny"

:yrus 8" ;an#e Jr", te anattan 'istri#t attorney, testi7e' tat “we nee' stronger tools to #ombat new emerging treats 'erie' rom tese payment systems"”

=t woul' not be a surprise i one tool woul' reOuire tose wo #ontrol or tra'e oer a #ertain tresol' amount o a irtual #urren#y to report teir ol'ings to te goernment" Tis approa# is mu# lie te rules reOuiring te ownero 5 per#ent o te sares o a publi#ly tra'e' #ompany to 'is#lose any transa#tions to te Se#urities an' -x#ange :ommission"

Ane promise supporting goernment #urren#ies is tat tey ae a #ertain alue" & #entral ban wor tirelessly to maintain a target leel or its #urren#y in relation to oter #urren#ies, wi# explains wy te ear o inPation is sogreat"

irtual currencies do not carr the same promise " So the depend on the

mar&et to determine their value$ )hich is o!ten stated in relation to atraditional currenc $ lie te 'ollar or euro" Te goernment as no stae in ow it#oin is alue', but

it is #on#erne' tat #onsumers be prote#te' rom abuses wen tey use a irtual #urren#y to pay or goo's an'

seri#es"



9itcoin has 0uctuated )ildl in value , igligte' by a #art rom :oinbase sowing tat it

in#rease' oer *00 per#ent in ?oember an' ten lost nearly al its alue in <e#ember" %hat tpe o!

volatilit is an invitation to unscrupulous dealers and merchants to

overcharge or underpa "



NC





NC G A%2 +erm ?do C+@/"S" court rulings agree 444 the gambling transaction occursboth at the location o! the bet and o! the operator"Me'ro RaventWs and San'ro Qole33i, ar# '11" =?:&- usiness S#ool, &parta'o

Mostal L)0$*050, &laCuela, :osta 8i#aE an' :=?<-, MlaDa 8oble, -s#aD, :osta 8i#a" “Sportsboos an'politi#ians! Mla#e your bet” Journal o usiness 8esear# )*"3,ttp!//www"s#ien#e'ire#t"#om/s#ien#e/arti#le/pii/S01*K%L)30L0030*\"

Online gambling has raised complicated issues o! .urisdiction $ particularl

in the /"S", one o te ew #ountries tat outlaw sports gambling outrigt" 8n 7arch o! 1((L$authorities charged a Cohen$ the operator o! a sportsboo& in Antigua$)ith violating the ,ire Act" 8n his de!ense$ Cohen argued that the betstoo& place in Antigua )here the )ere legal" %he court sentenced him to1 months in .ail$ arguing that the transaction ta&es place both in the /"S"

and in Antigua"

:ambling ta&es place both at the location )here the bet isplaced and the terminal location )here it-s received":u# =umphre, 10/13/''>" &ttorney spe#ialiDing in gambling law matters" e is te autor

an' >ebmaster o @ambling$+aw$S"#om, a lea'ing sour#e or inormation on "S" State an' 6e'eralgambling laws, &, & an' J"< H#um lau'eI 'egrees, all rom te niersity o i#igan" “nlawul=nternet @ambling -nor#ement &#t o %00),” @ambling +aw S, ttp!//www"gambling$law$us"#om/6e'eral$+aws/internet$gambling$ban"tm"

nlawul 8nternet gambling is de5ned as 2

placing$ receiving or transmitting a bet

b means o! the 8nternet

but only i tat bet is unlawul un'er any oter e'eral or state law appli#able in te pla#e were tebet is initiate', re#eie' or oterwise ma'e"

ex#lu'e' rom te #oerage o ûnlawul =nternet gambling^ are

waypoints along te >orl' >i'e >eb tat are only in#i'ental to te pla#es were te ele#troni#transmission o te bet or wager is initiate' an' 7nally re#eie'"

online bets ma'e solely witin a single state un'er an enabling statute passe' by tat state" Q?ote!tere are no su# enabling laws at tis time"R

online bets ma'e solely on or among =n'ian tribal lan's un'er enabling laws a'opte' by te afe#te'tribes an' approe' by te ?ational =n'ian @aming :ommission" Q?ote! no su# laws ae beena'opte' or approe' at tis time"R

online bets ma'e un'er te =nterstate orsera#ing &#t" Q?ote! online interstate bets on orse ra#eswere su# bets are legal at bot en's o te online #onne#tion ae been permitte' un'er tat lawsin#e %000"R

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014829630900304X






http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014829630900304X#af0010




http://www.gambling-law-us.com/


http://www.gambling-law-us.com/Federal-Laws/Horse-Racing-Act.htm









Te new law, tereore, only applies to online gambling operators wo iolate oter existing state ore'eral anti$gambling laws" Some #ommentators on tis aspe#t o te &#t #on#lu'e tat sin#e tereare only a an'ul o states tat expressly ban =nternet gambling, tis law as not a##omplise' erymu#"

Te better iew is tat all o te online gambling sportsboos, #asinos an' #ar'rooms iolate existinganti$gambling laws o eery one o te 7ty states" Tis is be#ause!

Te gambling is legall deemed to ta&e place simultaneousl at both ends

o! the 8nternet connection "

n'er appli#able state laws tese intera#tie online gambling >ebsites are 'eeme' to be 'oingbusiness in te states in wi# te players are lo#ate' wen tey mae a bet"

Te general anti$gambling laws o eery state #riminaliDe te operation o unli#ense' gambling lie tesportsboos, #asinos an' #ar'rooms tat are #oere' by te new law"

Nearl all means A )ith one or t)o exceptions 444 )e can-t

+8C out o! deuce to seven triple dra)P but )e can obviouslexclude a F/ %=8RD o! the topic area"Rodgers and Cooper$ '> G proessor o #ounseling at Strat#ly'e niersity Hrianan' i#, “Mropose' S#oring S#eme or _ualitatie Temati# &nalysis”,www"strat"a#"u/<epartments/#ounsunit/'o#s/artV_T&"'o#I

<rawing on te wor o psy#oterapy resear#ers 8obert -lliott, :lara ill an' #olleagues, te ollowing s#emeas been propose' or te write up o Oualitatie temati# analysis wen 'es#ribing te Wweigting4 o #o'es or

#ategories Hi"e" te number o interiews tat te #o'e/#ategory appeare' inI" Te intention is to useWplain -nglis4 terms to 'es#ribe te reOuen#y o o##urren#e" 6or example te term

Waround hal!- is used to describe ;'J plus or minus one interiew, an' Wnearly all4 is use'to 'es#ribe 100[ minus one or two interiews"



NC G Net 9ene5t G in& ,all/"S" prohibition on operators has turned Europe into theepicenter o! online gambling"%he Economist '( Anline gambling in -urope Sta#ing te 'e# Mroibition o online gambling is 'rien by

a 'esire to prote#t reenues, not #onsumers Jul 1)t %00Lttp!//www"e#onomist"#om/no'e/1*03*L%0

>A says Europe #annot pro'u#e internet giants =n one area o online #ommer#e, at least, its companiesdominate the )orld" etair, an online4betting exchange based in ondon$ has

been called the e9a o! sports betting Hsee arti#leI, an' te ast maCority o te websites tat allow

people to play poer an' oter games o #an#e or sill or real money are base' in -urope"

=n part, tis is be#ause tat is were te maret is! -uropeans pla#e some *0[ o all online wagers" A bigger reason,

oweer, is AmericaHs prohibition o! online gambling" >it its loe o orse ra#ing, sports an'

#asinos, an' its worl'$beating te#nology in'ustry, America ought to be the natural home o! thisburgeoning 5eld" 9ut it has arrested industr entrepreneurs and orderedban&s to halt paments to online4gambling 5rms" =n June te -uropean :ommission grumble'

tat &meri#an restri#tions on -uropean online$gambling 7rms brea >orl' Tra'e Arganisation rules"

ac& o! legalit in /S drives business to the E/" Futuredecisions can change thatEuropean Commission '> “ST<F A6 @&+=?@ S-8;=:-S =? T- =?T-8?&+ &8X-T A6 T-

-8AM-&? ?=A?! 6inal 8eport” ttp!//e#"europa"eu/internalVmaret/gambling/'o#s/stu'y5Ven"p'

=n ligt o legal an' politi#al developments in oter regions aroun' te globe.espe#ially in North

America.it is Ouite possible tat much o! the )orld-s e4gambling business

)ill in a#t be based in European .urisdictions" alta an' te X alrea'y ae laws permitting an'

regulating e$gambling on teir statute boos, an' @ibraltar.wi# is, or te purposes o gambling regulation, an - Curis'i#tion.osts a number o! e4gambling companies wi# a##ount or a

large share o! the )orld-s e4gambling mar&et , mu# o it #onsisting o e$

gambling seri#es 'eliere' to #ustomers resi'ent outsi'e te - "

=t is essential tereore, in #onsi'ering te liely e#onomi# impa#ts o remoing barriers to an internal

maret in gambling, to #onsi'er te liely efects o! remote gambling on the overall E/

gambling mar&et" Tis is a 'iN#ult ore#ast to mae, partly be#ause mu# 'epen's on ow te -

#olle#tiely respon's to te issue o weter an' ow to regulate remote gambling, partly be#ause other .urisdictions

such as the /SA are liely to tae 'e#isions wi# will afe#t -uropean marets, an' partly be#ause te uturemaret or tis orm o e#ommer#e will be 'epen'ent on bot te#nologi#al an' legaldevelopments wi# are Ouite 'iN#ult to anti#ipate"



NC G Net 9ene5t G 8nternal in& 8t-s not .ust tax revenues 444 online gambling is a &e driver o!Europe-s overall digital econom 444 creates critical 8% gro)ththat helps stave of 5nancial crisis"

/nibet, '11" 6oun'ing member o te -uropean @aming an' etting &sso#iation" “:onsultationon te -uropean :ommission4s @reen Maper “An online gambling in te =nternal aret”,”ttp!//www"unibetgrouppl#"#om/pages/101*/nibet[%0@roup[%0Ml#[%0%011[%0$[%0@reen[%0Maper[%0submission"p' "

Online gambling is an essential driver and part o! European e4commerceand the digital econom" >e strongly beliee tat, as su#, it #annot be iewe' outsi'e o tis

#ontext an' tat polic ma&ers should recognise its potential as a globalleading digital industr )ith important spill4over efects into Europe-seconom" 8n 7alta$ !or instance$ the online gambling industr has been the

driving !orce behind a material improvement in the *ualit o! 8C%in!rastructure and a reduction o! the cost o! broadband b more than

;'J" =n 'oing so it as elpe' to 'e7ne an' sape 'omesti# poli#y in alta" %he online

gambling industr is one o te true su##ess stories o -uropean e$#ommer#e! it drives

innovation and contributes to the development o! highl s&illed smart

.obs in Europe$ as )ell as to research into$ and innovation in$ crucial

areas such as data privac$ 8% securit$ e4identi5cation and e4paments" =t isa 'rier bein' issues tat ae been single' out by te -uropean :ommission as #riti#al, or example,

in te #ontext o te -4s <igital &gen'a" %he best example o! this untappe' growt is thepresence o! leading 8C% gaming companies in Stoc&holm proi'ing mainly igly

innoatie % solutions or %: gaming operators a#ross te worl'" %his Stoc&holm 8C%cluster can be best compared to the Silicon alle- o! the global digitalgaming industr" =n ay %011, +ro!essor =enri& ordal o! the S)edish 8nstituteo! 8ndustrial Economics presented the European +arliament )ith a reportentitled S)eden-s digital gro)th industr! Ne) perspectives on the need!or a re4regulated gaming mar&et-" >ile istori#al gambling monopolies ae

experien#e' only single 'igit growt Hi not a#tually stagnate'I, the report indenti5es strongdouble4digit ear4on4ear gro)th )ith$ !or instance$ an averageemploment gro)th o! #;J H#ompare' wit L[ or lo#al monopoliesI" Te results #an be

seen in 6igure 1 below" %he high pace o! gro)th in the online gambling industr

translates into the creation o! ne) )or& opportunities !or European

citi3ens" %his contribution to strengthening the E/ .ob mar&et is critical $especiall in the midst o! a 5nancial crisis" %he online gambling industr

contributes to the creation o! highl s&illed$ smart .obs- in Europe " For

example$ the online gambling industr )or&s )ith man companiesspecialising in digital technologies )hich use the latest &no)4ho) toprovide live betting and other live experiences !or customers$ such as thelive casino" 8n developing the range o! products ofered b online gaming

http://www.unibetgroupplc.com/pages/1014/Unibet%20Group%20Plc%202011%20-%20Green%20Paper%20submission.pdf








NC /XNope$ it-s s)agginCNN mone #T;T1; H“Tree reasons to #eer -uropeYs e#onomy”,

ttp!//money"#nn"#om/%015/03/05/news/e#onomy/europe$e#onomy$re#oery/I

-urope as been a top ris or te worl' e#onomy or years" =s tat about to#ange

&ter relentless ea'lines about 'ebt #rises, bailouts, soaring unemployment,re#ession an' 'ePation, tere may be ligt at te en' o te tunnel" %here are stillobstacles to overcome, o #ourse, notabl :reeceHs pre#arious position in teeuro, an' te #onPi#t in raine"

9ut here are three reasons to bu champagne Hor peraps Spanis #aaI,een i you may want to eep it on i#e or a wile!

1" :ro)th returning2 %he European Central 9an& upgraded its !orecast or

euroDone growt in %015 to 1"5[ Turs'ay" = a#iee', tat woul' represent asigni7#ant a##eleration oer last yearYs meager expansion o 0"L["

^ ,e expect the economic recover to broaden and strengthen graduall ,^

-: Mresi'ent ario <ragi tol' reporters"

Cheap oil is helping consumers, the )ea& euro is giving exporters an edge,an' anticipation o! massive stimulus by te -: is alread having an impact,een toug it asnYt yet begun"

9orro)ing costs or omeowners, #ompanies an' goernments have sun& to

record lo)s , an' in some #ases een turne' negatie as inestors pile into bon's

beore te -: starts buying on on'ay at a rate o )0 billion a mont"

Sureys suggest #on7'en#e is growing, wit #ompanies in manua#turing an'seri#es te most bullis teyYe been sin#e July %01*" -en reorm laggar' 6ran#eappears to be emerging rom stagnation" &ll our o te euroDoneYs biggeste#onomies saw expansion in 6ebruary"

8elate'! -uropean sto#s loe _-" :an te rally last

%" De0ation ris& !ading2 Te ris tat alling pri#es #oul' #reate a i#ious #ir#le o

wea 'eman', an' ten een weaer pri#es, prompte' te -: to uneil its 1"1trillion stimulus program in January"

:onsumer pri#es a#ross te euroDone ell or a tir' #onse#utie mont in 6ebruary,but at 0"3[ te rate o 'ePation was al tat o January" Te -:, an' manyin'epen'ent experts, say tere #oul' be a ew more monts o alling pri#es beoreinPation returns to te euroDone aroun' te mi''le o tis year"



8n0ation should then pic& up to around 1";J in %01)" TatYs still below te-:Ys target o Cust below %[, en#e its plan to #ontinue buying assets untilSeptember %01) an' beyon' i ne#essary"

3" /nemploment !alling2 1L million people are still out o! )or& in the 1(countries that ma&e up the euro3one, wit @ree#e an' Spain sufering te

most"

ut unemploment is !alling $$ it 'roppe' to 11"%[ in January, 'own rom nearly1%[ a year ago an' te lowest rate re#or'e' in nearly tree years" &bout a millionewer people are witout wor now tan a year ago"

:ermanHs labor mar&et is in robust health, an' its powerul unions arebeginning to win big pay rises again" Tere are en#ouraging signs elsewere too"Spain saw te euroDoneYs biggest montly all in unemployment in January,altoug wit a rate o more tan %3[ it still as a long way to go"

/X is our )a$ out)eighs greece

H8eporting y 8oss Finle and Sumanta <ey" &nalysis by <eepti :ovind and ari 6ishan" -'iting by ie Mea#o#I #TIT1;

ea' more! ttp!//www"businessinsi'er"#om/r$or$7rst$time$in$years$euro$e#onomy$starts$surprising$on$upsi'e$%015$3hixDD3=#wm&(y

+A?<A? H8eutersI $ Te euro 3one econom is sprouting more green shoots thananticipated Cust as te -uropean :entral an 7res up a money printing program wort more tan 1 trillion

euros"

An analsis o! Reuters polls sho)s more than hal! the most importanteconomic reports since the start o! the ear, as well as data across theblocHs !our largest economies$ have beaten the consensus !orecast andman have topped the highest prediction"

%his latest turn, wi# #omes 'espite #on#erns over :reeceHs !uturemembership in te euro an' no real respite to #onPi#t in raine, suggests !earso! a de0ationar spiral in Europe have been overdone"

@ermany, -uropeYs largest e#onomy, is te #lear lea'er" 8etail sales growt or January almost triple' te igest ore#ast an' elpe' propel te wi'er euro Done7gure to oer 10 times te 8euters me'ian on >e'nes'ay"

Two oter @ermany releases $ ourt Ouarter @<M growt an' te Pas seri#es M=rea'ing or January $ also toppe' te igest ore#ast"

Taen alongsi'e aerage 3"% per#ent negotiate' pay rises at a time wen inPationas eaporate', te 'ata suggest tat -: Ouantitatie easing may soon loo liete last ting @ermany nee's"

-#onomists point to te greater 'is#retionary in#ome gien to #onsumers by a'ramati# all in energy pri#es an' a signi7#antly weaer euro, partly in anti#ipationo te -:4s bon'$buying program, as ey a#tors"



^-eryone got #augt up in te 'ebate o 'ePation, @ree#e an' te raine #risisan' so expe#tations were Ouite low,^ sai' :ristian S#ulD, e#onomist at erenbergan"

^=t now seems the de0ation stor is a positive one !or the euro 3one since

cheaper oil means consumers spend less on energ and have more monein their purse "^

>ile te 6e'eral 8esere an' an o -nglan' ae iewe' #eap energy as aboon to teir e#onomies, te -: as rette' tat it #oul' entren# 'ePationaryexpe#tations"

=n Spain, bot te Pas manua#turing an' seri#es M= or January beat te#onsensus, wile @<M growt in =taly, wi# is still #ontra#ting, was not as ba' aste 8euters me'ian"

Even in France, -uropeYs se#on' largest e#onomy, te latest industrial output

beat the Reuters consensus$ )hile the services +78 data )as higher thanall predictions"

%he EC9 )ill almost surel announce an up)ard revision to staf growt

ore#asts at its montly meeting on Turs'ay at te same time as giing more'etail about its otly$'ebate' Ouantitatie easing program wi# #ommen#es inar# many years ater its peers ae suttere' teirs"



NC G Net 9ene5t G Europe Econ 9rin&

Europe shoring up econom no) but on the brin& o! recession444 )ould trigger Euro3one crisis"

Reuters, 1'T11/%01*" “-urope growt pa#t Poate' as euro Done re#ession ears mount,”

ttp!//www"#nb#"#om/i'/10%0K00K("

=eeding global calls !or action to shore up EuropeHs sagging econom$euro 3oneHs top 5nance oBcial proposed a ne) gro)th pact on Frida tobrea& a polic log.am and spur re!orms by rewar'ing #ountries wit #eap un's an'

leeway on bu'get targets"

%he 8 nternational 7 onetar F und, wi# #ut its global growt ore#asts or te tir'

time tis year tis wee, 0agged EuropeHs )ea&ness as the top concern, a sentiment

e#oe' by many poli#ymaers, e#onomists an' inestors"-uropean oN#ials in >asington or te =6 an' >orl' an annual meetings sougt to 'ispel tegloom, wit -uropean :entral an Mresi'ent ario <ragi taling about a 'elay, not an en', to teregionYs re#oery"

Jeroen <iCsselbloem, te #airman o euro DoneYs 7nan#e ministers, use' te orum to propose a new^growt 'eal^ or -urope ofering nations embaring on ambitious e#onomi# reorms more 7s#al wiggleroom an' low$interest - un's"

^Tere is no reason or tis gloominess about -urope,^ <iCsselbloem tol' 8euters" ^Tose #ountries tatae a#tually implemente' te strategy an' 'one te reorms, ae returne' to growt, in soutern-urope, in te alti#s, in =relan'" >i# on#e again proes tat reorms 'o not urt growt, butelp re#oery Ouite Oui#ly"^

8t )ould ta&e months o! political negotiations !or the proposed pact tota&e shape" 8n the meantime$ a stead stream o! poor economic data loo&sset to &eep EuropeHs partners on edge"

^%he biggest ris& to the global econom at the moment "" " is the ris& o!

the euro 3one !alling bac& into recession and into crisis $ ritis 7nan#e

minister @eorge Asborne tol' reporters"



9itcoin,e-ll insert a list o! technical diBculties o! bitcoin G there-s a!uc& ton"7ougaar 1TLT1I H8emoing arriers rom it#oinYs -olution >ill &##elerate its &'option2 >illiam

ougayar H`wmougayarI Mublise' on January K, %01* at 1%!30 @T ttp!//www"#oin'es"#om/bit#oin$uture$#allenges$eolution/I

Te#ni#al #allenges

• n'er'eelope' inrastru#ture

• +a# o appli#ations

• S#ar#ity o experien#e' 'eelopers

• =mmature mi''leware an' tools

• ?ot yet well integrate' into te abri# o te =nternet

• aret #allenges

:ompetition rom oter 'igital wallets

• =ntegration wit existing MAS not wi'esprea'

• istory o aile' prior attempts at 'igital #urren#ies

• Mer#eption tat it enables rau' an' #riminal a#tiities

• ining bit#oins #onsumes a lot o energy

• 6ew retail lo#ations were you #an buy wit it#oin

• ;olatility o #urren#y alue

• +arge number o #urren#y spe#ulators

• +egal/regulatory barriers

n#lear regulation

• ?o prote#tion or guarantees on transa#tions

• =rreersible transa#tions, een on in#orre#t ones

• 8iss o goernment blo#age

• 6irst #urren#y tat 'oesn4t ae a soereign entity bein' it

• Seeral goernments issuing it#oin warnings

• eaioral/e'u#ational #allenges

<iN#ulty in un'erstan'ing it

• it#oin4s usability is not great

• Mer#eption tat it4s le' by anti$baning moties

• uying or spen'ing bit#oins is still not easy

• n#lear saety an' se#urity o using it

• Te lists aboe may be in#omplete, but te bullets gie you an i'ea about

wat we nee' to o#us on, in or'er to #ontinue to assure te su##ess obit#oin"



Fails G consumer experience$ competition$ and regulations9loomberg 1T1T1I H“Apportunities &n' arriers To it#oin &'option”,

ttp!//www"bloomberg"#om/proessional/#$post/opportunities$barriers$bit#oin$a'option/I

arrier! +oor consumer experience

9itcoin is onl 5ve ears old , an' man compare its gro)ing pains to the

in!anc o! the 8nternet" “= tin in a sense )e are in 1((I$ tring to train up thatmodem to get on AO,” sai' #<onnell" “%here are some ver slic& consumeruser experience Y that )ill ma&e bitcoin as eas or easier to use than another pament tpe )e-ve seen toda"

arrier! Stif Competition

Apple +a has *uic&l gained momentum as a mobile payment system" Othercompanies are )or&ing on mobile pament sstems, su# as :urren:, to 7gt or

'ominan#e o te mobile payment maret" “= tin you will see a lot o 'iferent tings tat are aluable,” ?eillesai'"

arrier! n#ertainty &bout 8egulation

8t-s unclear ho) regulators around the )orld )ill react i! bitcoin 0ourishes,

wi# is a 'eterrent to many 7nan#ial institutions a##epting irtual #urren#ies" Regulators are ris&4

averse , sai' 6elix Salmon, senior e'itor an' blogger or 6usion agaDine, 'ebating against bit#oin at te

#oneren#e" “Te one rule tey now is tat Wi = 'on4t un'erstan' it, = 'on4t lie it"4”



NC Advanced 7anu!acturing8t )ill collapse4 alterntative depictions ignore realitFortino 1T' H-llyn$ Mrogress =llinois staf writer, %015, “anua#turing >ages An

Te <e#line, -xperts Say”,

ttp!//www"progressillinois"#om/posts/#ontent/%01*/1%/1L/manua#turing$wages$'e#line$experts$sayI

A recent report b the National Emploment a) +ro.ect is shedding light

on the hidden realit o! lo)4)age /"S" manu!acturing )or&ers " ^%he

public assumes that manu!acturing .obs are highl paid, but the realit isthat millions o! manu!acturing )or&ers are at the bottom o! the )agescale,^ te report rea's" ^,hile the manu!acturing sector has been resurging in te

last ew years, growing by *"3 per#ent between %010 an' %01%$ the .obs that are returning are

not the ones that )ere lost2 )ages are lo)er$ the .obs are increasingl

temporar$ and the promised bene5ts have et to be reali3ed" A te

approximately )"% million "S" manua#turing pro'u#tion worers in %013, oer 1"5 million o tem earne' an ourlywage o 11"L1 or less, in#lu'ing )00,000 wo ma'e L")0 or less, a##or'ing to ?-+MYs analysis o 'ata rom te

ureau o +abor Statisti#sY A##upational -mployment Statisti#s" NE+Hs report sho)s thatmanu!acturing )ages overall have tumbled over the past decade , but worers in

te automotie se#tor in parti#ular ae seen te biggest 'e#line" 6rom %003 to %013, me'ian inPation$a'Custe'wages or manua#turing worers as a wole ti#e' 'own by *"* per#ent, #ompare' to a 1"5% per#ent 'rop or allo##upations" Aer te same time perio', me'ian real wages 'e#rease' %1 per#ent or auto manua#turing worersan' 13"( per#ent or auto parts worers" =n %013, te me'ian wage was 1)"K( or worers in all o##upations,15")) or all manua#turing worers, %*"K3 or automaers an' 15"K3 or auto parts worers, wo represent

tree o eery our "S" autoworer Cobs, a##or'ing to ?-+M" ^ 7anu!acturing )ages no) ran& in

the bottom hal! o! all .obs in the /nited States ,^ te report says" ̂ >ile in te past,

manua#turing worers earne' a wage signi7#antly iger tan te "S" aerage, by %013 te aerage a#tory

worer ma'e ("( per#ent below te me'ian wage or all o##upations"^ "S" 8ep" ill 6oster H<$=+,11I, a s#ientist an'businessman wo #o$oun'e' a #ompany tat manua#tures teater ligting eOuipment, sai' te decline in

manu!acturing )ages is another smptom o! the struggling middle class

in this countr" Âne o te signi7#ant a#tors tatYs 'riing tis is a ra#e to te bottom to low$wage

states among manua#turers,^ 6oster explaine' in a re#ent interiew" ^&n' wat you see are a#tories tat are lure'out o =llinois wit a promise tat tey #an moe to Xentu#y or =n'iana or wereer an' pay poerty$leel wages,an' ten tat o #ourse in#reases te saety net spen'ing o te oo' stamps an' e'i#ai' an' you name it" So tenet efe#t is tat youYre asing te taxpayers o =llinois to subsi'iDe te 'ein'ustrialiDation o te i'west, an' tisis a uge problem"^ Te report, meanwile, sowe' tat te manua#turing se#tor grew by *"3 per#ent between

%010 an' %01%, an' nearly 350,000 new "S" auto in'ustry Cobs ae been #reate' sin#e %00L" %hough thecountr has seen an uptic& in manu!acturing .obs, ^nortunately, there reall isa dar& side to this stor$ noted 9ob 9runo$ pro!essor o! labor and

emploment relations at the /niversit o! 8llinois at /rbana4Champaign" ^=tYs

one tat, Ouite ranly, people havenHt been that anxious to tal& about and that isthe .obs that have been created have tpicall not been good4paing .obs "%he have been $ as tis stu'y reeals$ at a lo)er )age and at a )age that is notsuBcient to maintain a middle4class income" ût sin#e te Cobs ae starte' to return

an' people are woring again, itYs a tra'e of,^ a''e' runo, wo was not inole' wit te ?-+M report" ^>ile =#ertainly 'onYt tin worers or teir unions are #omortable a##epting Qtat tra'eofR, tereYs still a esitan#y to be

too #riti#al o te in'ustry, be#ause itYs employing people again"^ %he report also highlighted the



increasing trend o! manu!acturers reling more on temporar )or&ers , wo

typi#ally get pai' less tan 'ire#t ires" &uto parts worers employe' by staNng agen#ies, or example, earn %Lper#ent less on aerage tan teir 'ire#t$ire #ounterparts, a##or'ing to ?-+MYs estimates base' on "S" :ensus

ureau 'ata" OBcial government counts !or /"S" manu!acturing )or&ers as )ellas industr )age averages do not include )or&ers emploed b staBng

agencies $ meaning there is li&el a bigger lo)4)age crisis in

manu!acturing than )hat NE+Hs 5ndings sho)ed"



Smart :rids Advantage



A%2 ,arming 8mpactNo impact to )arming G not a hac& Staford #T11 $$ interiewing &ntony >atts, %5$year broa'#ast meteorologyeteran HJames, %013, ^:limate :ange witout :atastrope! =nteriew wit

&ntony >atts,^ ttp!//oilpri#e"#om/=nteriews/:limate$:ange$witout$:atastrope$=nteriew$wit$&ntony$>atts"tmlI

&ntony >atts! Te premise o te issue or proponents #an be summe' up ery simply! Fou put :A% in te atmospere an' it

maes it warmer, tat4s ba'" Te reality is tat te Earth-s climate sstem is ar more complex tan tat! =t

isn4t Cust a linear relationsip between :A% an' temperature, it is a dnamic ever4changing one, an'

#limate is tremen'ously #omplex wit un're's o intera#tie ariables an' ee'ba#s" +redicting an outcome o! a chaotic sstem over the long term is a ver $ ver big tas& $ one that

)e-ve reall onl scratched the sur!ace o" Dr " Ju'it Curr o! :eorgia %ech

describes it as a )ic&ed problem" ut it is being popularly portraye' as a simple bla#$an'$wite

problem an' ew really 'ele mu# beyon' te ea'lines an' te #alls or a#tion to un'erstan' tat it is really many sa'es o grey"

Ailpri#e"#om! &s a ormer T; meteorologist an' a 'eeloper o weater 'ata 'issemination te#nology, #an you tell us more aboutow your ba#groun' len's to your “pragmati# s#epti#ism” on #limate #ange &ntony >atts! =n T;, i = was wrong on te ore#ast,or te temperature reporte' was ina##urate, =4' ear about it imme'iately" ;iewers woul' #omplain" Tat imme'iate ee'ba#translates ery Oui#ly to maing sure you get it rigt" >it #limate, te ore#ast is open$en'e', an' we ae to wait years or

ee'ba#, an' so te sill leel in ore#asting oten 'oesn4t improe ery mu# wit time" &lso, 8-ve had a li!etime o! experience in designing and deploing )eather instrumentation , an' lie wit

ore#asting, i! )e don-t get it right$ )e hear about it immediatel" >at = learne' is tat

te goernment weater seri#e H?A&&I a' it rigt at one time, but tey4' 'roppe' teir guar', an' my re#ent stu'y HpreliminaryIsows tat not only is te 'eployment o weater stations aulty in siting tem, but tat te a'Custments 'esigne' to sole toseissues a#tually mae te problem worse" Ailpri#e"#om! =s tere any way to remoe te “#amp” element rom te issue o #limate#ange ow ar 'o 'isastrous weater eents.lie urri#ane San'y.go towar's resaping te #limate #ange 'ebate &ntony>atts! Te i'ea tat urri#ane San'y, a minor #lass 1 storm, was someow #onne#te' to :A% 'rien “#limate #ange” is lu'i#rous,espe#ially wen ar worse storms existe' in te same area in te past wen :A% was mu# lower" urri#ane aDel in A#tober 1L5*

is a #ase in point" =n my iew, te only way to null out te “#amp” element is ia e'u#ation" oo&ing at the historo! severe )eather$ there reall aren-t an trends at all" ot the 8+CC and %he ournal Nature sa this clearl, but activists persist in trying to lin seere weater an' :A%

'rien “#limate #ange” be#ause sin#e temperature in#reases ae pause' or about 15 years, it is all tey ae let" ut een tat'oesn4t ol' up wen you stu'y te 'ata istory! Tere is also some peer$reiewe' analysis wi# goes into some 'ept on tis

subCe#t" Tis analysis #on#lu'es tat ^there is no evidence so !ar that climate change hasincreased te normali3ed economic loss rom natural 'isasters"^ Ailpri#e"#om! Four message on #limate

#ange as been #ontroersial among tose wo beliee tis issue is te graest one a#ing us to'ay" =n wat way 'o you tin yourmessage is misun'erstoo' &ntony >atts! Tey tin an' promote tat =4m #ategori#ally a “'enier” in te pay o “big oil” Hor te

re#or', 8-m paid nothing !or this intervie)I in an efort to minimiDe my iews, wile ignoring te a#t tat 8)as actuall on the proponent side o! )arming at one time" ?ow, =4' 'es#ribe mysel as a

luewarmer" Fes, it as gotten warmer, :A% is partially a a#tor, but catastrophic predictions o! the

!uture .ust haven-t held up )hen ou loo& at the observed data compared

to the earl predictions "



A%2 Cber 8mpactNo impact

Arigapping

Respond )ith 8% not )ith nu&es G a)son is a pro! o!

communication" Doesn-t assume .ac& all":rid-s resilient

Jim A8A, Senior ?ational :orrespon'ent at &: ?ews, 1 Q“& "S" la#out as+arge as =n'ia4s W;ery nliely4,” ttp!//ab#news"go"#om/blogs/ea'lines/%01%/0(/a$u$s$bla#out$as$large$as$in'ias$ery$unliely/R

As 8ndia recovers !rom a blac&out tat let te worl'4s se#on'$largest #ountry . an' more tan

)00 million resi'ents . in the dar&$ a ripple o! uncertaint moved through the 6e'eral

8egulatory :ommission4s #omman' center toda in the /"S" Te =n'ian #risis a' some people asing

about te ulnerability o &meri#a4s gri'"

“,hat people reall )ant to &no) toda is$ can something li&e 8ndiahappen hereM So i tere is an outage or some problem in te ?orteast, #an it a#tually sprea' all te way to

:aliornia,” Jon >ellingof, te #ommission4s #airman, tol' &: ?ews" “8t-s ver $ ver unli&elthat ultimatel )ould happen"”

,ellinghof said that 5rst$ the grid )as divided in the middle o! the nation"Engineers said that it also )as monitored more closel than ever" %he grid

is chec&ed !or line surges #' times a second "

Sin#e te ?orteast bla#out in %003 . te largest in te "S", wi# afe#te' 55 million . 1>$''' miles o!

ne) transmission lines have been added to the grid "

&n' even though some lines in te ?orteast are more tan (0 years old$ ,ellinghof saidthat the chances o! a blac&out li&e 8ndia-s )ere ver lo)"

No retaliationour ev post4dates and assumes their )arrantFriedman and +reble 11 Q)/%/11, enCamin " 6rie'man is a resear# ellowin 'eense an' omelan' se#urity stu'ies, an' :ristoper Mreble is 'ire#tor ooreign poli#y stu'ies, at te :ato =nstitute, “& ilitary 8esponse to :yberatta#s =sMreposterous,” ttp!//www"#ato"org/pubV'isplay"pppubVi'U1315LR

According to the ,all Street ournal$ the +entagonHs 5rst cber securitstrateg )ill sa that cberattac&s can be acts o! )ar meriting retaliatormilitar attac& " Te poli#y treatens to repeat te oerrea#tion an' nee'less #onPi#t tat plague'

&meri#an oreign poli#y in te past 'e#a'e" =t buil's on national ysteria about treats to #yberse#urity, te latestbogeyman to Custiy our bloate' national se#urity state" & wiser approa# woul' put te treat in #ontext to #almpubli# ears an' aoi' treats tat 'iminis uture Pexibility" & ey #allenge in respon'ing to ^#yberatta#s^ is'e7ning tat term" 8eporters sometimes use it to 'es#ribe a#ers stealing #re'it #ar' numbers or intelle#tualproperty" >ebsite an'alism an' 'enial$o$seri#e atta#s, were atta#ers Poo' websites wit reOuests tooerbur'en an' 'isable tem, are oten in#lu'e'" -le#troni# espionage, in#lu'ing te tet o intelle#tual property or



state se#rets, also Ouali7es" ore obious in's o #yberatta# in#lu'e atta#s on military #ommuni#ation systems

an' a#ing tat sabotages inrastru#ture lie ele#tri#ity gri's, water systems, or online baning" %he idea o!responding militaril to most o! these threats is preposterous" ,e th)arthac&ers )ith better pass)ords$ 8% pro!essionals and policing$ not aircra!tcarriers" ,e do not threaten to bomb countries caught sping on us intraditional )as and should not do so .ust because the pre5x cber

applies" Te real obsta#le to maing sensible #yberse#urity poli#y is ysteria, wi# 'rowns out #ommon sense"

%he +entagon )ill reportedl avoid this de5nitional diBcult )ith a

polic o! e*uivalence$ )here onl cberattac&s creating destruction onpar )ith traditional militar attac&s *uali! as acts o! )ar " %he trouble isthat some acts o! )ar$ li&e naval bloc&ades$ damage onl commerce" %hesame goes !or all reported cberattac&s" aunching a )ar to retaliate !or anon4lethal attac& seems disproportionate $ especiall )here it is unclear)hether the attac&er served the government" Taen literally, te new poli#y migt ae us

rising nu#lear ex#ange wit 8ussia be#ause it aile' to stop teenagers in os#ow =nternet #ajs rom atta#ing:itiban"#om"



8rreversable,arming is irreversibleAN8 1' H“=M:: as un'erestimate' #limate$#ange impa#ts, say s#ientists”, 3$%0,Ane =n'ia, ttp!//news"onein'ia"in/%010/03/%0/ip##as$un'erestimate'$#limate$

#ange$impa#ts$says#ientis"tmlIAccording to :arles " :reene, Cornell pro!essor o! Earth and atmospheric

science, ^ Even i! all man4made greenhouse gas emissions )ere stopped

tomorro) an' #arbon$'ioxi'e leels stabiliDe' at to'ayYs #on#entration, b the end o! this

centur$ the global average temperature )ould increase b about I"#degrees 6areneit, or about %"* 'egrees #entigra'e aboe pre$in'ustrial leels, )hich issigni5cantl above the level )hich scientists and polic ma&ers agree is athreshold !or dangerous climate change "^ O! course$ greenhouse gasemissions )ill not stop tomorro)$ so the actual temperature increase )illli&el be signi5cantl larger, resulting in potentially #atastropi# impa#ts to so#iety unless oter

steps are taen to re'u#e te -artYs temperature,^ e a''e'" ^6urtermore, wile te o#eans ae slowe' teamount o warming we woul' oterwise ae seen or te leel o greenouse gases in te atmospere, teo#eanYs termal inertia will also slow te #ooling we experien#e on#e we 7nally re'u#e our greenouse gas

emissions,̂ e sai'" %his means that the temperature rise )e see this centur )ill

be largel irreversible !or the next thousand ears " ^Reducing greenhouse

gas emissions alone is unli&el to mitigate the ris&s o! dangerous climatechange$^ sai' @reen"

A)esome reports agreeDavenport 1 $$ energy an' enironment #orrespon'ent or ?ational Journal,was a ellow wit te et#al =nstitute or arine an' -nironmental 8eportingH:oral, 1%/3/%01%, ^=tYs &lrea'y Too +ate to Stop :limate :ange,^

ttp!//www"nationalCournal"#om/magaDine/it$s$alrea'y$too$late$to$stop$#limate$#ange$%01%11%LI

Tat4s te point, s#ientists say, at wi# te -art4s polar i#e seets will melt an' many o te ottest an' 'riest

regions will no longer be able to grow oo'" %he 4degree mar& )ill set of a chain o!extreme reactions, starting wit rapi' sea$leel rise, wi'esprea' Poo'ing, more extreme weater eents,

oo' sortages, an' pri#e spies" ut no matter )hat the diplomats in <oa decide oer te

next wee, it now appears inevitable that the )orld )ill indeed hit that

TTT 7AR6ED TTT

4degree mar& an' #oul' well soot past it to aerage global in#reases o * 'egrees or ) 'egrees.points at

wi# s#ientists pre'i#t een worse #atastropes" A scienti5c stud published Sun'ay in the .ournal Nature Climate Change #on#lu'e' tat te worl'4s rapi' in#rease in ossil uel emissions

now maes a global aerage temperature in#rease o % 'egrees :elsius all but ineitable" & report releasedlast )ee& b the /"N" Environment +rogram concluded tat gien te rapi' proCe#te'

in#rease in pollution rom burning #oal, oil, an' gas aroun' te worl', nations4 #urrent pledges to cutcarbon emissions )on-t be enough to stave of that 4degree rise sometime

beore te en' o te #entury" oreoer, a November report !rom the 8 nternational



E nerg A genc oun' tat i a#tion isn4t taen to signi7#antly #ut #arbon emissions by %01(, te

existing po)er plants$ !actories$ and buildings )ill be enough to pus

temperatures past te %$'egree mar" Fet anoter sobering report last mont rom te a##ounting 7rmMri#ewaterouse:oopers warne' tat te only way te worl' #an preent te %$'egree rise is i te global e#onomy#uts its #arbon intensity by 5"1 per#ent eery year rom now to %050, essentially slamming te braes on growtstarting rigt now.an' eeping te reeDe on or 3( years"



1NR



%ribes DA



NC G Civil ,ar OT,%his out)eighs G ethnic con0icts are uni*uel escalator anddestabili3e &e hotspots7ead 1#$ James :lare :a#e Mroessor o 6oreign &fairs an' umanities at ar'

:ollege an' -'itor$at$+arge o Te &meri#an =nterest magaDine, >alter 8ussell,Mea#e =n Te :ongo >y Te >orl' Soul' :are, ttp!//www"te$ameri#an$interest"#om/wrm/%013/1%/15/pea#e$in$te$#ongo$wy$te$worl'$soul'$#are/

Tese wars #ontinue to'ayE te =sraeli$Malestinian #onPi#t, te war in Syria, te Xur'is struggle or in'epen'en#e,te tensions in te :au#asus" So ar, te only way o settling tem or goo' as been to exterminate minorities or toi# un're's o tousan's or een millions o people H@ermans rom Molan' an' te Su'entenlan' ater >orl' >ar

==I out to #reate omogeneity" One o! the biggest *uestion s o! the 1st centur is

)hether this destructive dnamic can be contained$ or )hether thedemand !or ethnic$ cultural andTor religious homogeneit )ill continue to

convulse )orld politics$ drive ne) generations o! con0ict $ and createmillions more victims " Te :ongo #onPi#t is a 'isturbing pie#e o ei'en#e suggesting tat, in &ri#a at

least, there is potential !or this &ind o! con0ict" Te :ongo war Han' te long utu$Tutsi

#onPi#t in neigboring #ountriesI is not, unortunately alone" Te secession o! South Sudan rom

Su'an proper, te wars in wat remains o tat unappy #ountry, te secession o! Eritrea rom -tiopia

and the rise o! Christian47uslim tension right across A!rica Hwere religious #onPi#t

oten is e' by an' intensi7es “tribal”.in -urope we woul' say “etni#” or “national”.#onPi#tsI are strong

indications that the potential !or huge and destructive con0ict across

A!rica is ery real" ut one must loo& beond A!rica" %he 7iddle East o #ourse is

a0ame in religious and ethnic con0ict " Te ol' ritis 8aC in#lu'ing 8ndia$ +a&istan$

9angladesh$ 9urma and Sri an&a ofer s countless examples o! ethnic andreligious con0ict that sometimes is contained$ and sometimes boils to thesur!ace in horrendous acts o! violence" eyon' tat, rival nationalisms in Eastand Southeast Asia are &eeping the )orld a)a&e at night" %he Congo )ar

should be a reminder to us all that the !oundations o! our )orld are

dnamite $ and tat te potential !or ne) con0icts on the scale o! the

horri5c )ars o! the 'th centur is ver much )ith us to'ay" Te se#on' lesson rom

tis #onPi#t stems rom te realiDation o ow mu# patien#e an' #ommitment rom te international #ommunityHwi# in tis #ase in#lu'e' te &tlanti# 'emo#ra#ies an' a #oalition o &ri#an states woring as in'ii'ual#ountries an' troug arious international institutionsI it as taen to get tis ar towar's pea#e" Marti#ularly at atime wen many &meri#ans want te S to turn inwar's, tere are people wo mae te argument tat it is really

none o &meri#a4s business to inest time an' energy in te oten tanless tas o soling tese #onPi#ts" Tatmigt be an ugly but 'eensible position i we 'i'n4t lie in su# a tin'erbox worl'" Someone #oul' rationally say,yes, it4s terrible tat a million plus people are being ille' oerseas in a orri7# #onPi#t, but te war is really ery araway an' &meri#a as urgent nee's at ome an' we soul' usban' te resour#es we ae aailable or oreignpoli#y on tings tat ae more power to afe#t us 'ire#tly" Te problem is tat tese wars sprea'" Tey may startin pla#es tat we 'on4t #are mu# about Hmost &meri#ans 'i'n4t gie a rat4s patootie about weter @ermany#ontrolle' te Su'etenlan' in 1L3K or <anDig in 1L3LI but tey ten' to sprea' to pla#es tat we 'o #are ery mu#about" Tis #an be be#ause a reisionist great power lie @ermany in 1L3K$3L nee's to oerturn te balan#e opower in -urope to a#iee its goals, or it #an be be#ause instability in a ery remote pla#e triggers problems in

pla#es tat we #are about ery mu#" Out o! A!ghanistan in ''1 came both (T11 and



the )aves o! insurgenc and instabilit that threaten to rip nuclear4

armed +a&istan apart or trigger )ider con0ict )ith 8ndia " Out o! te mess in

Sria a )itches- bre) o! terrorism and religious con0ict loo&s set tocomplicate the securit o! our allies in Europe and the 7iddle East an' eventhe securit o! the oil suppl on )hich the )orld econom so pro!oundl

depends" A!rica $ and the potential !or upheaval there$ is o! moreimportance to American securit than man people may understand" %he linebet)een A!rica and the 7iddle East is a so!t one" %he )ea& states thatstraddle the southern approaches o! the Sahara are ideal petri dishes !orAl Xaeda tpe groups to orm an' attra#t lo#al support" Tere are networs o un'ing an' religious

#onta#t tat gie groups in tese #ountries potential a##ess to un's, 7gters, training an' weapons rom te

i''le -ast" & )ar in te eastern :ongo migt not 'ire#tly trigger tese oter #onPi#ts, but it helps tocreate the s)irling under)orld o! arms trading$ mone trans!ers$ illegalcommerce and the rise o! a generation o! oung men )ho becomeexperienced 5ghters and &no) no other )a to ma&e a living" 8tdestabili3es the environment !or neighboring states Hlie gan'a an' XenyaI that

pla much more direct role in potential crises o! greater concern to us"

7a.or )ar is obsolete 444 civil )ar is signi5cantl moreprobable"8obert ervis, July '11" Mroessor o =nternational Moliti#s ` :olumbia niersity" “6or#e in Aur

Times,” SaltDman >oring Maper ?o" 15,ttp!//www"siwps"#om/news"atta#ment/saltDmanworingpaper15$K*%/SaltDman>oringMaper15"M<6"

Two 'ramati# an' seemingly$#ontra'i#tory tren's are #entral" An te one an', sin#e te en' o te

:ol' >ar i not beore, te amount o inter$state an' een #iil war as 'rasti#ally 'e#line'" A #oursemu# 'epen's on te time perio's sele#te' an' te #ounting rules employe', but b anmeasure international )ars are scarce i! not vanishing, an' #iil wars, ater

blossoming in te 1LL0s, ae greatly 'iminise'"3% Signi5cant instances o! civil stri!eremain and are made salient b the horri5c examples that appear in thene)spapers ever da, but in a#t all inentories tat = now o #on#lu'e tat tey are ewer

tan tey use' to be" =roni#ally, although realism stresses the con0ictGinducingpo)er o! international anarch$ the barriers and inhibitions againstinternational )ar no) seem signi7#antly more robust tan tose limiting #iilwars" ut een te latter are stronger tan tey were in te past" &ltoug a #entral Ouestion isweter tese tren's will be reerse', tey truly are startling, o great importan#e, an' were largelyunpre'i#te'" Tey also remain insuN#iently appre#iate'E one rarely rea's statements about ow

ortunate we are to lie in su# a pea#eul era" Meraps te reasons are tat optimism is generally'eri'e' in te #yni#al a#a'emi# #ommunity, pea#e is not te sort o 'ramati# eent tat seiDes publi#

Han' me'iaI attention, an' in the absence o! ma.or )ars$ )e all 5nd other thingsto )orr about"



NC G A%2 No 7odelingCredibilit G the /"S" is a critical test case G sel!4determination ma&es promotion rhetoric meaning!ul9arsh (#, 8ussel +awren#e ars, Mroessor o ?atie &meri#an Stu'ies at te niersity o

+etbri'ge, niersity o i#igan Journal o +aw 8eorm, >inter, 1LL3, %5 " =:" J" +" 8-6" )(1

&part rom teir potential role as &meri#an #itiDens an' oters in restraining te immature politi#al ex#esses o non$=n'ian &meri#ans abroa', 'o &meri#an =n'ians ae a substantie #ontribution to mae to te liberation an''eelopment o oter in'igenous peoples &nswering tis Ouestion lea's unaoi'ably to anoter" ae &meri#an=n'ians any spe#ial wis'om or su##essul experien#e to sare in rebuil'ing oter in'igenous so#ieties ra#e' byra#ism an' #olonialism Te answer to tat Ouestion 'epen's on weter &meri#an =n'ians genuinely aesu##ee'e' in liberating or 'e#oloniDing temseles" &nti#olonial struggles are preo##upie' wit wresting powerrom te #oloniDer" +ittle serious tougt is gien to te problem o wat to 'o wit power on#e it is obtaine'" &a#uum lies at te en' o nearly eery reolution wi# Oui#ly 7lls wit borrowe' slogans an' i'eas" Tere issome trut in &mbrose ier#eYs obseration, nearly a #entury ago, tat reolution is ân abrupt #ange in te ormo misgoernment"^ =n'igenous peoples eerywere lie to beliee tat te #riti#al 'iferen#e, in teir #ase, is#ulture" Tra'itional #ultures, wi# are 'iametri#ally oppose' to te #ompetitie in'ii'ualism an' insatiableappetite o in'ustrialiDe' so#ieties, suppose'ly will insulate lea'ers rom te #orrupting inPuen#es o power an' te^'emonstration efe#t^ o >estern prosperity" ut &ri#aYs lea'ers ma'e te same arguments a generation agowen tey laun#e' te i'ea o ^&ri#an so#ialism,^ te beautiul 'ream bein' wi# a number o oppressie

'i#tatorsips ae saely lure'" >ill te worl'Ys in'igenous peoples es#ape ier#eYs utile loop %he

/ nite' S tates is a critical test case " American 8ndian tribes are wealtier an' have

en.oed greater po)ers o! internal sel!4government ar longer tan in'igenous peoples

anywere else" %he rhetoric o! sovereignt, antimaterialism, an' tra'itionalism is stronger

here than an)here else" 9ut is this rhetoric meaning!ul $ or is it merel

rhetoricM To wat extent ae &meri#an =n'ian tribal goernments a#iee' te i'eals o #ommunity

responsibility an' e#ologi#al stewar'sip so oten expresse' in publi# 'ebates &re tey truly 'e#oloniDe' at all

%he ans)ers to tese Ouestions explain American 8ndian tribesH mar&edisolationism in )orld afairs$ and pose a serious challenge !or !uture

generations o! indigenous leaders in all countries "



NC G in& ,all ?Econom@Cro)ds out Casinos 444 it devastates the ma.or source o!revenue !or tribes 444 +almer sas it has the efect o! aneconomic tsunami

%his is the primar threat to tribal economies G eviscerates the!oundation o! gro)th,illiams 1, Staf writer at ?FT, Timoty, 1 illion -a# Fear or &ll, as +ong as

Tribe4s +u# ol's, ttp!//www"nytimes"#om/%01%/0K/0L/us/more$#asinos$an'$internet$gambling$treaten$saopee$tribe"tmlpagewante'Uall9VrU0

>ile te Saopee tribe #ontinues to prosper, casino gambling in mu# o =n'ian :ountry . wi# tribes

say is the onl economic development tool that has ever )or&ed on

reservations has in re#ent monts come increasingl under threat , stirring worries

tat te long lu#y strea is oer" Te primary anxiety is #ompeting #asinos being urrie'ly opene' by states in

pursuit o new reenue" ut more menacing, tribes say, is a sopisti#ate' an' gro)ingmovement to legali3e 8nternet gambling un'er state laws tat woul' gie tose states te

potential power to regulate an' tax online gambling een on reserations" 6urter, te #urrent expansion o!

legali3ed gambling in te nite' States, an' te prospe#t o more to #ome, could not have

arrived at a )orse moment !or tribes , be#ause a!ter ; ears o! booming

pro5ts $ the tribal casino business has suddenl gone 0at " Te ast maCority o

tribes ae not be#ome ri#" =nstea', casinos have become a baseline economic

necessit $ li!ting thousands out o! povert b serving as a primar

source o! income and emploment" “y worry is this ma be the beginning o!

the end , tat in te pus to in#rease state an' e'eral reenue )e are putting at ris& the

groups )ho continue to need 8ndian gaming$” sai' Xatryn 8an', #o$'ire#tor o te

=nstitute or te Stu'y o Tribal @aming at te niersity o ?ort <aota" <uring te past year or so, aine, Aio,Xansas an' Mennsylania ae all opene' large #asinos, an' in arylan', pent$up 'eman' #ause' a traN# snarlmiles long. 'uring te mi''le o te nigt . at te opening o a new #asino in June"

Certaint 444 online gambling bene5ts are un&no)n becauselegali3ation re*uires compact re4negotiation ?%heir %homas evconcedes this@ 444 stops 5nancing or expansionFrederic&s 1 G Tomas >" 6re'eri#s, Senior Martner 6re'eri#s Meebles 9organ, “=nternet @aming! Mrote#ting Tribal =nterests”, =n'ian @aming, &pril,ttp!//www"lgates"#om/7les/Mubli#ation/0b#L#3$0%#K$***#$L'5*$

K'%#((b0Ke#/Mresentation/Mubli#ation&tta#ment/e*0*abaK$1b#e$*)*$b)%K$L0*KL3)ee)/&pr1%V+egal6orum%"p'

Tere are currentl ( states tat ae tribal gaming" 7an tribes operate throughstate compacts that limit gaming to te #on7nes o the reservation" Te problem tribes

now a#e is tat te geographic exclusivit granted through state compacts is now

being invaded b 8nternet gambling " 9 legali3ing =nternet gaming, it )ould



re*uire tribes to renegotiate teir existing compacts )ith diferent revenue

plans producing un&no)n results " %ribes have hundreds o! millions o 'ollars

in teir gaming operations and tis uncertaint )ill afect tribes- abilit to

get 5nancing to update and expand their gaming operations" &''itionally, states

tat are ofering online gaming ae set a large pri#e tag H300 million as propose' by :aliorniaI on li#ensure" ?ot

only 'oes obtaining a state li#ense inringe upon tribal soereignty but te #ost o te li#ense #oul' 7nan#ially'eastate small tribes"



A%2 in& %urnsFederal legali3ation )ould undermine tribal sovereignt"A+, 3/)/'1" “&meri#an =n'ian tribes #autious on online gambling,”

ttp!//www"oxnews"#om/us/%01%/03/0)/ameri#an$in'ian$tribes$#autious$on$online$gambling/"

eaders )ho run casinos !or 8ndian tribes told regulators and companieson %uesda that the )onHt support ne) la)s involving online gamblingunless itHs clear ho) tribes nation)ide )ill be afected"

:airwoman +eslie +ose o te :aliornia Tribal usiness &llian#e sai' at te i@aming ?ort &meri#a

#oneren#e tat online gambling has cultural and economic implications tatsoul'nYt be bruse' of be#ause oters are in a urry to start taing bets"

^>atYs going to satisy us Tat we really sit 'own an' ammer out te nuts an' bolts o tis,^ +osesai'" ^8eally loo at te impa#ts an' not rus to te gol'"^

%ribal sovereignt $ local economic implications and other issues need to be!ull addressed beore tribes eagerly support =nternet gambling laws in :aliornia or nationwi'e,+ose sai'"

Te #omments un'ers#ore' te 7er#e #ompetition an' 'iisions between tose wo migt want=nternet gambling in some orm" Te tribes an' oters, in#lu'ing #asino #ompanies, eOuipmentmanua#turers an' state lotteries, 'onYt want to be urt or let out i &meri#ans eentually are able towager on poer or oter games at ome on #omputers or on mobile 'ei#es"

:ambling revenue at American 8ndian casinos )as K>"< billion in '1',a##or'ing to a report issue' Tues'ay by in'ustry publi#ation :asino :ity" Tat was up sligtly rom%)"* billion in %00L, wen #asinos in te "S" were battere' by te global re#ession tat let manypeople witout te means or willingness to gamble as mu#"

Seila 7orago, exe#utie 'ire#tor o te Alaoma =n'ian @aming &sso#iation, said tribes arestill )ear !rom the hit the too& during the recession and donHt )ant to!urther threaten the businesses theHve )or&ed to build" Apinions about =nternet

gambling proposals are wi'esprea' an' arie' be#ause current arrangements that allo)!or 8ndian casinos are complex, se sai'"

,hen ou ta&e one !ederal bill and sort o! overla it over ( statecompacts$ ouHre &ind o! )ondering ho) is this going to )or& ,^ orago sai'"^>e #an all agree tat nobo'y wants to open up tose state #ompa#ts"^

7an o! the top commercial casino companies have pushed !or !ederallegislation that )ould create one national !rame)or& !or online gaming an'allow states to opt out i tey #oose"

Jonatan =al&ard, #ie 7nan#ial oN#er o :aesars -ntertainment :orp", urged !ederallegislation as soon as possible wile speaing at te #oneren#e on on'ay"

:ommer#ial #asinos aenYt supporte' a parti#ular bill an' tals o an efort by Senate aCority +ea'erarry 8ei' aenYt pro'u#e' any publi#ly #ir#ulate' 'rats or oter tangible proposals sin#e late %010"



Stepen =art, a lawyer wo represents tribes an' tribal gambling #ommissions trougout te >est,

said tribes in Cali!ornia )onHt be eager to give up elements o! theirsovereignt$ or exclusive rights to ofer casino games"

Âne woul' ae to anti#ipate 'isagreements,^ art sai'"

As man as #( tribes operated IIL gambling businesses in '1'"Cali!ornia accounted !or K>"L billion in gambling revenue$ more than one*uarter o! revenues !rom American 8ndian casinos in '1'"

egali3ation proposals )ould destro native tax exemptionsand undermine N8:C regulator monopol"-mily +ar&hurst, 1%/%1/'1" <igital anaging -'itor$Muget Soun' usiness Journal" “Staes

rise or online gambling,” Muget Soun' usiness Journal,ttp!//www"biDCournals"#om/seattle/news/%01%/1%/%0/staes$rise$or$online$gambling"tmlpageUall"

Several !ederal bills have been dra!ted to legali3e online gambling wit real#as staes, an', wile >asington =n'ian @aming &sso#iation Mresi'ent >" 8on &llen sai' e 'oesn4texpe#t anyting to be puse' troug 'uring te #urrent lame$'u# session o :ongress, it4s liely billswill be propose' next year"

“Online gaming proposals are o! great concern o! the tribes $ Allen said"“>e ae to eep a wat#ul eye on it, mae sure it4s respe#tul o te tribes"”

%he big *uestions are )hether games hosted on servers located on triballands )ould be sub.ect to diferent regulations than those hosted in otherregions )here gambling is legal, lie +as ;egas, and )hether ne) la)s )ouldcontinue to allo) tribes tax4!ree revenue )ith the regulator sstem that

is currentl in place"

%he tribes )ant the N ational 8ndian : aming C ommission to continue toregulate the industr$ including an legali3ed online gambling, as te

#ommission as oerseen te in'ustry sin#e te =n'ian @aming 8egulatory &#t passe' in 1LKK" 9utdra!ts o! some la)s )ould hand over regulation to other agencies"

&n' man tribal leaders )orr that a gambler-s phsical location ratherthan the online casino-s head*uarters )ill determine ho) revenue )illbe taxed" %hat )ould open the door to states collecting taxes on tribalgambling revenue"

&t a tribal gaming law #oneren#e in Seattle earlier tis mont, Xein ,ashburn, te re#entlyappointe' assistant se#retary o =n'ian afairs or te <epartment o te =nterior, said that hebelieves the “arti7#ial monopol the tribes have on gambling )on-t last oreer"

“ost o us ae #asinos sitting in our pants po#ets,” e sai'" 8! ou can game on asmartphone$ it-s not necessaril a monopol anmore"



+redator regulations 444 industr capture )ill push anti4tribalregulation9roadman 1 &ntony roa'man, J<, Martner at @alan'a roa'man, “=nternet@aming! Mrote#ting Tribal =nterests”, =n'ian @aming, &pril,ttp!//www"lgates"#om/7les/Mubli#ation/0b#L#3$0%#K$***#$L'5*$

K'%#((b0Ke#/Mresentation/Mubli#ation&tta#ment/e*0*abaK$1b#e$*)*$b)%K$L0*KL3)ee)/&pr1%V+egal6orum%"p'

Regulated 8nternet gaming presents tribal governments )ith real

problems G not because )e &no) it )ill eat up tribal gaming mar&et4share

or slo) 8ndian gaming gro)th in ne) areas" Te real problemis tat we 'on4t

now" >e still 'on4t now wat ormregulate' =nternet gaming will tae! apat#wor o a' o# state regulatory systems, a e'eral regulatory regime, a#ombination o te two, someting new ntil we now wat te system will loolie, =n'ian :ountry is going to be mire' in un#ertainty regar'ing =nternet gaming"&n' un#ertainty is not a goo' legal enironment or establise' players in

temaret" Te a#t tat te legal impli#ations are unnown is #on#erning" >at we'o now is tat states are moing towar' intrastate legaliDation an' regulation" %heconventional )isdom, oweer, is that a !ederal nation4)ide regulatorscheme solution )ill protect tribal interests better than that state

patch)or&" 9ut )eHve seen that even the modern Congress$ )hen coopted

b business interests $ )ill turn on 8ndian Countr at the drop o! a

hat "%he S%O+ Act, or instan#e, being pushed b 9ig %obacco$ )ill !urther

!ederali3e the state incursion upon tribal sovereignt b illegall re*uiringtribal tobacco to compl )ith state la)s$ in 8ndian Countr" ,h should )eexpect more !rom a big :aming in0uenced legislatureM %he potential big4

picture legal implications !or tribes are that states )ill tr to end tribal

exclusivit $ )here it exists$ and !urther limit tribal mar&et share )here

non48ndian casinos are alread competing" =n :aliornia, or instan#e, unlesstribes are in#lu'e' in a state regulatory system, we #an expe#t legal #allenges toany s#eme tat 'oes not a'eOuately prote#t tribes4 interests in being te solesour#e or #asino games"



NC G Culture 8mpact

%ribal economic gro)th &e to language revitali3ation eforts" Justin " Richland, 1%/*/'1#" &sso#iate proessor o &ntropology at te niersity o :i#ago"

“T8=&+ :+T8- &?< -:A?A=: @8A>T,” Mroperty an' -nironment 8esear# :enter, 8eport 3%"%,ttp!//per#"org/arti#les/tribal$#ulture$an'$e#onomi#$growt"

To urter un'erstan' te #onne#tion between language an' #ulture, our resear# #onsi'ers te alue

o an =n'ian language to in'ii'uals wo spea it" anguage is a means o! expressionand an instrument o! communication" Expression is intrinsicall valuableand en.oable" &s te #ase o te opi 'i#tionary 'emonstrates, people will pay in money, time,

an' efort to express temseles in ways tat tey enCoy" :onseOuently, as 8ndians get richer$the ma spend more mone $ time$ and efort cultivating 8ndianlanguages"

/sing data on the sel!4reported use o! tribal languages at home$ )eexamine the relationship bet)een tribal language use and incomegro)th on reservations !rom 1(L' to '1'" %he use o! tribal languagesplummeted during the 1(L's $ casting doubt on their !uture viabilit" Triballanguage use ten stabiliDe' between 1LL0 an' %010 as in#omes on manyreserations expan'e' 'ue to growt in in#ome !rom a number o! diferenteconomic ventures$ including casinos" >e explore tis positie asso#iation in 'etail toun#oer #ausal relationsips between tribal language use an' in#ome" &ltoug our resear# is still a

wor in progress, preliminary results suggest that recent income gains onreservationsemanating !rom increases in economic gro)th opportunitiesand ad.acent count )ealthhave enabled tribal language retention and

revitali3ation" Although )e cannot precisel identi! all o! the mechanismsthrough )hich income !rom casinos has enhanced language investments$our theor hpothesi3es that pure income efects and increased demand!or cultural tourism have plaed roles"

%his analsis complements other research 5nding positive efects o!economic gro)th on incomes and health outcomes" &ltoug many obserersassume te bene7ts o su# 'eelopments ne#essarily #ame at te expense o tribal #ulture, our

preliminary results suggest te opposite! %he emergence o! ne) !orms o! economicgro)th appears to be a catalst !or an increased attention to culturalreinvigoration o! a variet o! tpes$ including a return to and rene)edcommitment to native language learning"

=uman survival is at ris&" ,e have a moral imperative toprotect linguistic diversit"7aB '; :o$oun'er an' <ire#tor o Terralingua, an ?@A tat wors to sustain te bio#ultural 'iersity o

lie Q<r" +uisa aN H6ormer 8esear# &sso#iate in te &ntropology <epartment ` Smitsonian =nstitution an' `6iel' useum o ?atural istory, “+inguisti#, :ultural, an' iologi#al <iersity,” Te &nnual 8eiew o &ntropology,;olume %L! H%005I pg" 5LL)1(



armon as ofere' te as yet most toroug an' tougtul approa# to te pilosopi#al an'

eti#al oun'ations or te 7el' o biocultural diversit " =n is wor, e as proi'e' te 7rst

#ompreensie reiew o te state o linguisti# 'iersity an' te geograpi#al oerlaps between linguisti# an'biologi#al 'iersity pointing to te “#onerging extin#tion #rises” o tese 'iersities Harmon 1LL5, 1LL)E see nextse#tion or 'etailsI" >it appropriate #aeats, e taes linguisti# 'iersity to be a maCor in'i#ator or #ultural

'iersity an' te loss o “language ri#ness” as a proxy or te loss o “#ultural ri#ness"” An tis basis, ea''resses a un'amental Ouestion Harmon %00%I! = te worl'4s 'iersity in nature an'#ulture is in'ee' rapi'ly 'iminising, wy soul' we #are

is answer stems pg" rom an examination o pilosopi#al, biologi#al, psy#ologi#al, an' linguisti# literature rom

te -nligtenment to te present" Troug tis ex#ursus, e sows te interwoen Han' possibly

#oeole'I 'iersity in nature an' #ulture to be te “preeminent a#t o existen#e,”

te basic condition o! li!e on earth " Te #ontinue' 'e#rease o bio#ultural 'iersity,

e #on#lu'es, woul' “staun# te istori#al Pow o being itsel , te eolutionarypro#esses troug wi# te itality o all lie as #ome 'own to us troug teages” Harmon %00%, p" xiiiI"

Aters ae similarly stresse' te eolutionary signi7#an#e o 'iersity not only in

nature but also in #ulture an' language as a way o “ &eep ing options alive !or the

!uture o! humanit and the earth HaN 1LLK, %001aI" ernar' H1LL%, p" K%I as suggeste' tat

“QlRinguisti# 'iersity" " " is at least te #orrelate o Htoug not te #ause oI 'iersity oa'aptational i'eas” an' tat tereore “any re'u#tion o language 'iersity 'iminises tea'aptational strengt o our spe#ies be#ause it lowers te pool o nowle'ge romwi# we #an 'raw"”ulausler H1LL5, p" 1)0I as argue' tat #onergen#e towar' maCority#ultural mo'els in#reases te lielioo' tat more an' more people will en#ounter

te same “ cultural blind spots ” . un'ete#te' instan#es in wi# te preailing

#ultural mo'el ails to proi'e a'eOuate solutions to so#ietal problems " =nstea', e

proposes,”Q iRt is by pooling te resour#es o many un'erstan'ings tat more reliable nowle'ge #an arise”E an'“a##ess to tese perspe#ties is +anguage ri#ness! te total number o 'istin#t languages oun' in a gien regionor #ountry or worl'wi'e, as a measure o linguisti# 'iersity +ogospere! te symboli# planetary web o te “logos,”or spoen wor', represente' by te global networ o uman languages best gaine' troug a 'iersity olanguages"” H&n' see 6isman 1LK% or an early, masterul treatment o tis topi# rom a >or7a 2 perspe#tie"I

&long similar lines, Xrauss H1LL)I as propose' tat global linguisti# 'iersity as su# #onstitutes an

intelle#tual web o lie, or “logospere,” tat enelops te planet an' is as essential to

human survival as te biospere.a #on#ept o #ourse reminis#ent o Teilar' 'e :ar'in4s

“noospere” an' o te #lassi#al notion o te +ogos"

6urter, rom bot a psy#ologi#al an' an eti#al perspe#tie, armon H%001, %00%I pinpoints te en'uring alla#yo eOuating unity wit uniormity Hwi# un'erlies all eforts to promote omogeniDation, weter by nationstates or

by te or#es o e#onomi# globaliDationI" 8ater, e argues tat te per#eption o 'iersity is tebasi# #on'ition or te un#tioning o uman #ons#iousness Htroug te 'istilling o

sameness rom 'iferen#eI so tat i #ons#iousness is wat 'e7nes us as umans, ten

'iersity maes us uman" 6rom tis, e 'eries a “ moral imperative to

preserve diversit an' to strie not or uniormity but or unity in 'iersity" Mg" )0%$)03



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Emory Sigalos Karthikeyan Neg Adanats Round1

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