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Emotion
© Kip Smith, 2003
Topics
Arousal and autonomic control Polygraphs
Emotional expression and experience
Emotion and feelings
© Kip Smith, 2003
Arousal
The physical response that prepares the body and mind to act&
The level of activity summoned in the course of action
© Kip Smith, 2003
Just do it !
High arousal
Muscles tense up, receive more blood (oxygen and sugars)
Metabolic rate up heart, breathing, blood pressure
Endorphins released into bloodstream
Attention becomes narrowly focused
© Kip Smith, 2003
Autonomic System
Arousal is controlled by the two divisions of the autonomic ‘system’
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
The ‘system’ consists of an ancient and complex set of predispositions controlled by limbic structures
Hypothalamus Amygdala
© Kip Smith, 2003
Two divisions of the Autonomic System
The sympathetic division prepares the body to take action
Sympathetic --> same feeling --> behavior becomes more uniform
E.g., heart rate becomes relatively regular
The parasympathetic division allows the body to relax, to conserve energy and effort
Parasympathetic --> behavior is less controlled
E.g., heart rate varies ±20%
© Kip Smith, 2003
Sympatheticdivision (take action)
Pupils dilate
Decreases
Perspires
Increases
Accelerates
Inhibits
Secrete stresshormones
Parasympatheticdivision (conserve effort)
Pupils contract
Increases
Dries
Decreases
Slows
Activates
Decreasessecretion ofstresshormones
EYES
SALIVATION
SKIN
RESPIRATION
HEART
DIGESTION
ADRENALGLANDS
What the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions do
© Kip Smith, 2003
Arousal and Performance
Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks
The inverted U of the “Yerkes-Dodson Law”
HighLow
Arousal
Difficult EasyPerformance
level
© Kip Smith, 2003
Polygraph - “lie detectors”
Measures several of the physiological responses accompanying arousal
perspiration heart rate blood pressure breathing changes
‘Interpretation’ = systematic misinterpretation of relative levels of sympathetic activation
© Kip Smith, 2003
Polygraph test protocol
Control Question Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm
anyone? Relevant Question
Did the deceased threaten to harm you in any way?
IF sympathetic response to Relevant Q > response to Control Q
THEN you are judged to have lied
© Kip Smith, 2003
Polygraph test protocol
Control Question Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm
anyone? Relevant Question
Do you still beat your wife?
IF sympathetic response to Relevant Q > response to Control Q
THEN you are judged to have lied
© Kip Smith, 2003
Percentage
Innocentpeople
Guiltypeople
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Judged innocent by polygraphJudged guilty by polygraph
Polygraph tests are specious
50 Innocents 50 Thieves
1/3 of innocent declared guilty
1/4 of guilty declared innocent
(from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)
© Kip Smith, 2003
Would you really trust a Polygraph Test?
Is 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 students actually guilty of
cheating Test all students 285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1001 students actually guilty
Test all students (including 1000 innocents) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%)
© Kip Smith, 2003
Emotion and Feelings
Note:
Much of the material on emotion and feelings in the textbook is not up to date
The material here goes beyond the book
© Kip Smith, 2003
An adaptive physiological response to the status of your interaction with your environment
Emotion is multi-modal physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience
Emotion is NOT mediated by consciousness!
Emotion
© Kip Smith, 2003
Emotion
An adaptive physiological response to the status of your interaction with your environment
You are in the world The world impinges upon you You and the environment are interacting
Emotion is your body’s automatic response to that interaction
© Kip Smith, 2003
The 6 basic emotions
Anger Disgust Fear Joy Sadness Surprise
© Kip Smith, 2003
Positivevalence
Negativevalence
Higharousal
Lowarousal
pleasant
relaxation joy
sadness fear
anger
Two Dimensions of Emotion
© Kip Smith, 2003
Subjective Well-Being
Self-perceived and described happiness or satisfaction with life
Does not necessarily correlate with objective measures of well-being
Physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life
Poor people can be perfectly happy and satisfied with life
Money don’t buy me love
© Kip Smith, 2003
The economics of well-being Does money buy happiness?
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year
100%90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Averageper-person
after-tax incomein 1995 dollars
($1,000s)
$20,000$19,000$18,000$17,000$16,000$15,000$14,000$13,000$12,000$11,000$10,000$9,000$8,000$7,000$6,000$5,000$4,000
Percentage very happy
Personal income
Percentagedescribing
themselves asvery happy
Researchers have found thatHAPPY people tend to
Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage
Have work and leisure that engage their skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
However, HAPPINESS is NOT strongly related to
Age
Gender
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness
Factors of happiness
© Kip Smith, 2003
Emotion is universal
All people everywhere experience and express emotion the same way
The only difference? Some folks are more open about it Some are repressed Men tend to be more repressed than women Some are exhibitionistic Both repression and exhibitionism have
pathological extremes
© Kip Smith, 2003
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Men Women
Sad Happy ScaryFilm Type
Numberof
expressions
Sex and expressiveness
© Kip Smith, 2003
Emotion and Feeling
© Kip Smith, 2003
Emotion ≠ Feelings
A physiological response to your interaction with your environment
Is evident to others Your body signals
emotion
Emotions precede feelings
The conscious experience of emotion
Feelings follow emotion
You can exhibit emotion and not know it
© Kip Smith, 2003
Theories of Emotion
Does your heart pound because you are afraid...
Or Are you afraid because you feel your heart
pounding?
© Kip Smith, 2003
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Fear(emotion)
James - Lange Theory of Emotion
The experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to arousing stimuli
You are afraid because you feel your heart pounding
© Kip Smith, 2003
Cannon - BardTheory of Emotion
Arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
physiological responses subjective experience
of emotion
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Fear(emotion)
© Kip Smith, 2003
The problem with Cannon-Bard
Arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of emotion
But emotions exist whether or not you feel them
Emotions precede feelings
© Kip Smith, 2003
Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion
To experience emotion you must:
be physically aroused &
cognitively label the arousal
Fear(emotion)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Cognitivelabel
“I’m afraid”
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Feelings
feelings
© Kip Smith, 2003
The Amygdala and Emotion
The brain’s shortcut for emotions (principally fear)
© Kip Smith, 2003
The primary route to Emotion
Event
Emotion
Physiologicalactivation
Expressivebehavior
1
© Kip Smith, 2003
The secondary route to Emotion
Memory
Emotion
Physiologicalactivation
Expressivebehavior
2
© Kip Smith, 2003
Subjective experience = Feelings
Consciousness
Emotions & Consciousness
Emotion
Event/Memory
Physiologicalactivation
Expressivebehavior