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art in pleasure and addiction.
The Autonomic Nervous System he second part of the nervous system to have a particularly powerful part to play in ourmotional life is the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system isomposed of two parts, which function primarily in opposition to each other. The first
s the sympathetic nervous system , which starts in the spinal cord and travels to aariety of areas of the body. Its function appears to be preparing the body for the kindsf vigorous activities associated with “fight or flight,” that is, with running from dangerr with preparing for violence.
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ctivation of the sympathetic nervous system has the following effects:
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ilates the pupilspens the eyelidstimulates the sweat glandsilates the blood vessels in large musclesonstricts the blood vessels in the rest of the bodyncreases the heart rate
pens up the bronchial tubes of the lungsnhibits the secretions in the digestive systemne of its most important effects is causing the adrenal glands (which sit on top of theidneys) to release epinephrine (aka adrenalin) into the blood stream. Epinephrine is aowerful hormone that causes various parts of the body to respond in much the sameay as the sympathetic nervous system. Being in the blood stream, it takes a bit longer
o stop its effects. This is why, when you get upset, it sometimes takes a while beforeou can calm yourself down again!he sympathetic nervous system also takes in information, mostly concerning pain from
nternal organs. Because the nerves that carry information about organ pain often travellong the same paths that carry information about pain from more surface areas of theody, the information sometimes get confused. This is called referred pain , and theest known example is the pain some people feel in the left shoulder and arm when theyre having a heart attack.he other part of the autonomic nervous system is called the parasympathetic nervousystem . It has its roots in the brainstem and in the spinal cord of the lower back. Itsunction is to bring the body back from the emergency status that the sympatheticervous system puts it into.ome of the details of parasympathetic arousal include...upil constrictionctivation of the salivary glandstimulating the secretions of the stomachtimulating the activity of the intestinestimulating secretions in the lungsonstricting the bronchial tubes
ecreasing heart ratehe parasympathetic nervous system also has some sensory abilities: It receives
nformation about blood pressure, levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, and so on.here is actually one more part of the autonomic nervous system that we don't mention
oo often: The enteric nervous system . This is a complex of nerves that regulate thectivity of the stomach. When you get sick to your stomach or feel butterflies when youet nervous, you can blame the enteric nervous system.
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Copyright 2002, 2009, C. George Boereeircumplex model [edit ]
he circumplex model of emotion was developed by James Russell .[10] This modeluggests that emotions are distributed in a two-dimensional circular space, containingrousal and valence dimensions. Arousal represents the vertical axis and valenceepresents the horizontal axis, while the center of the circle represents a neutral valencend a medium level of arousal. [9] In this model, emotional states can be represented at anyvel of valence and arousal, or at a neutral level of one or both of these factors. Circumplexodels have been used most commonly to test stimuli of emotion words, emotional facial
xpressions, and affective states. [11] ussell and Lisa Feldman Barrett describe their modified circumplex model as
epresentative of core affect, or the most elementary feelings that are not necessarilyirected toward anything. Different prototypical emotional episodes, or clear emotions thatre evoked or directed by specific objects, can be plotted on the circumplex, according to
heir levels of arousal and pleasure. [12] ector model [edit ]
he vector model of emotion appeared in 1992. [13] This two-dimensional model consists ofectors that point in two directions, representing a "boomerang" shape. The model
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etermines the direction in which a particular emotion lies. For example, a positive valenceould shift the emotion up the top vector and a negative valence would shift the emotionown the bottom vector. [9] In this model, high arousal states are differentiated by theiralence, whereas low arousal states are more neutral and are represented near theeeting point of the vectors. Vector models have been most widely used in the testing oford and picture stimuli. [11] ositive activation – negative activation (PANA) model [edit ]
he positive activation – negative activation (PANA) or "consensual" model of emotion,riginally created by Watson and Tellegan in 1985, [14] suggests that positive affect andegative affect are two separate systems.imilar to the vector model, states of higher arousal tend to be defined by their valence,nd states of lower arousal tend to be more neutral in terms of valence. [9]
n the PANA model, the vertical axis represents low to high positive affect and theorizontal axis represents low to high negative affect.he dimensions of valence and arousal lay at a 45-degree rotation over these axes. [14] lutchik's model [edit ] obert Plutchik offers a three-dimensional model that is a hybrid of both basic-complexategories and dimensional theories. It arranges emotions in concentric circles where innerircles are more basic and outer circles more complex. Notably, outer circles are alsoormed by blending the inner circle emotions. Plutchik's model, as Russell's, emanates from
circumplex representation, where emotional words were plotted based on similarity. [15] Inomputer science, Plutchik's model is often used, in different forms or versions, [16] for tasksuch as affective human-computer interaction or sentiment analysis.
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lutchik demonstrates a selection of major human emotions, how they are
elated to each other, and how they are different too (or bipolar as he calls themotions at opposite sides). At the center of this wheel there are eight basicmotions (as he refers to them) such as ecstacy and grief . Then each of these connected to two more subtle emotions that lead to what Plutchik calls theight advanced emotions – those around the outside. For this wheel to workell you need to cut it out and attach each of the ‘leaves’ to each other such
hat acceptance is alongside apprehension , for example, and annoyance next to
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oredom . The result is a three-dimensional cone shape.
AD emotional state model [edit ] he PAD emotional state model is a psychological model developed by Albert Mehrabian nd James A. Russell to describe and measure emotional states . PAD uses threeumerical dimensions to represent all emotions .[17][18] The PAD dimensions are Pleasure ,rousal and Dominance .he Pleasure-Displeasure Scale measures how pleasant an emotion may be. For instanceoth anger and fear are unpleasant emotions, and score high on the displeasure scale.owever joy is a pleasant emotion. [17] he Arousal-Nonarousal Scale measures the intensity of the emotion. For instance whileoth anger and rage are unpleasant emotions, rage has a higher intensity or a higherrousal state. However boredom, which is also an unpleasant state, has a low arousal
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he Dominance-Submissiveness Scale represents the controlling and dominant nature ofhe emotion. For instance while both fear and anger are unpleasant emotions, anger is aominant emotion, while fear is a submissive emotion. [17] övheim cube of emotion [edit ]
Lövheim cube of emotion
n 2011, Lövheim proposed a direct relation between specific combinations of the levels ofhe signal substances dopamine , noradrenaline and serotonin and eight basic emotions. Ahree-dimensional model, the Lövheim cube of emotion, was presented where the signalubstances forms the axes of a coordinate system, and the eight basic emotions accordingo Silvan Tomkins are placed in the eight corners. Anger is, according to the model, forxample produced by the combination of low serotonin, high dopamine and highoradrenaline. Lövheim wrote that as neither the serotonin nor the dopamine axis is
dentical to the "pleasantness" (i.e. valence) dimension in earlier theories, the cube seemsomewhat rotated when compared to these models. [19]
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