EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor

EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENTSource: Monthly Review of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Vol. 6, No. 6 (JUNE, 1918), pp.168-190Published by: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of LaborStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41842762 .

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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.

NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF EMPLOYMENT MANAGERS, ROCHESTER, N. Y., MAY 9-11, 1918.

Tlic program of the National Conference of Employment Managers, held at Rochester, N. Y., May 9 to 11, inclusive, . was arranged to consider the general theme of "Man power in war time." The subjects treated were Training labor executives; Destructive recruiting and kindred problems; Labor turnover; Dilution and special training; Selecting workmen; A National labor policy; and Social problems of the individual.

Features of the conference were the graduation of the first class in the Government's war emergency course in employment management conducted by the University of Rochester, and the address by the Secretary of Labor, Hon. W. B. Wilson, who told what the United States Department of Labor is doing in its efforts to help solve the many labor problems that are vexing the country, and who outlined the purposes and plans which the department is striving to put into effect to coordinate and harmonize all the activities which have to do with labor and the workingman.

An address by Hon. Royal Meeker, Commissioner of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, was devoted to a discussion of the fundamental aspects of cost of living studies in their bearing upon the question of wages, since most labor disputes center about this question of wages, attention being called to the difficulties, first, of determining what is a proper standard of living and then of

agreeing upon the wage increase to be granted based upon percentages of increase in the cost of living as fixed by that standard. The

procedure adopted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in making cost-of-living inquiries was briefly outlined, indicating the impossi- bility of obtaining absolutely accurate figures, but suggesting the

desirability of at least getting estimates that are usable in deter-

mining what percentage of advance should be made in wages in order to make their purchasing power as great as it was before prices took a sharp upward turn.

The first session of the conference was devoted to a discussion on training labor executives, Prof. Meyer Jacobstein, of the Uni-

versity of Rochester, telling of his work in conducting the first Government course for the training of employment managers, a

168 .11530]



MONTHLY BEVIEW OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOB STATISTICS. 169

six-week course covering four divisions of practical theory: (1) Employment department practices; (2) Labor economics; (3) Indus- trial organization; and (4) Statistics.

Dr. Kristine Mann, of the woman's division, United States Ord- nance Department, emphasized the importance of conserving the health of all women in industry through the cooperation of management and employees which, she stated, could best be accomplished in each establishment by the employment of

" a trained health officcr (not necessarily a doctor) whose duties would be (1) to see that the hygienic conditions under which women must work and live are made as satisfactory as possible, and (2) to educate them to their personal responsibility in the matter of their health" in order that they may maintain a high standard of health by wholesome ways of living, including sensible clothing, nourishing food, and adequate exercise. A course of training for such health officers was outlined by Dr. Mann, who stated that -

Tlie woman supervisor should be able to advise the manager in rest rooms, canteen, the physical condition of individual girls - not as respects disease, but as to probable physical power and efficiency - should be able, by keeping closely in touch with the worker, to observe early signs of undue fatigue and to suggest ways of obviating strain and suggest conserv ing power, as by the maintaining of good posture. She should be able to advise the normal girl on diet, recreation, exercise, supplementing the work of the doctor. She should be in close touch with the employment manager, advising him in the placing of girls in accordance with their physical capacity. On the other hand, she must know something of factory problems from the employer's side that close cooperation may be effected.

Dr. Mann's paper was quite generally discussed. Capt. Boyd Fisher, chairman of the program committee, presented

the diplomas to the graduating class. He referred to the graduates as representatives of a new profession which has come to be recog- nized as of sufficient importance in the industrial world to suggest the necessity of a definite course of instruction to fit men to copo with the many employment problems that are presented in every- day business.

The subject for discussion at the afternoon session on May 9 was Labor recruiting and kindred problems. Addresses were made by S. R. Rectanus, of the American Rolling Mill, Middletown, Ohio, on Absenteeism; W. D. Stearns, of the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa., on Standardization of occupations and rates of pay; by Hon. Royal Meeker, of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, on Methods of comparing cost of living in various cities as the basis for setting wage rates, to which reference has been made; by William Blackman, Director of Labor of the United States Emergency Fleet Corporation, and Charles T.

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170 MONTHLY BEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOE STATISTICS.

Clayton, Assistant Director General of the United States Employ- ment Service, on Destructive labor recruiting; and by Morris L. Cooke, of the general manager's office, United States Emergency Fleet Corporation, on the present labor situation.

In speaking on Absenteeism S. R. Rectanus pointed out the great problem of "the men who work nearly every day, the men whoso output is needed, who can work and should work, but who don't work," suggesting that statistics show that every day about 10 per cent of the men who should be on duty are missing, the principal excuse given for their laying off being that they do not feel like working. It is important to show these men by education, by advertising, and by example why they should work continuously. Bonus schemes, the keeping of records of individual workers, and attendance contests were suggested as incentives to work.

W. D. Stearns made a plea for standardization of occupations and rates of pay as a general policy, which is of immediate urgency in our one aim to win the War. It is very difficult, he suggested, for two industrial managers, even if the products are similar, to talk intelli- gently regarding occupations or rates of pay because they do not have a common nomenclature, different words often being used for the same occupation, and what one manager might consider a first- class operator would be considered a third-class operator in another concern. And even if standard names were used for standard jobs and each job were classified according to the skill required for that job, there would still exist the inconsistencies regarding rates of pay in different plants. The work of standardizing occupations and rates of pay, in the opinion of the speaker, should proceed along four lines: (1) Determining stañdard occupations, carefully defining them, listing them, and giving them standard names; (2) Dividing all employees into classes based upon their relative value to the industry, the measure of this value or service, among other things, being based upon the degree of mechanical skill, supervising ability, initiative and judgment, physical strength and endurance, or willingness to do disagreeable work; (3) Determining what class of man is needed for each occupation, the selection to be based upon the nature of the work to be performed; (4) Determining rates of pay for the various classes, the rate of pay for the highest class and for the lowest class being fiêd by the labor market in the specific locality and the other rates being distributed between these two limits.

The general plan being thus presented, the remainder of the paper was confined to a description of how the scheme had been adapted to the specific problems in the plant of the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. at East Pittsburgh.

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MONTHLY BEVIEW OF THE BUBEATJ OF LABOR STATISTICS. 171

In reviewing the operations of the Shipbuilding Wage Adjustment Board, whose decisions have appeared in recent issues of the Monthly Review,1 William Blackman described the evils attending the "stealing" of men by one shipyard from another, offering higher wages as an inducement, and emphasized the necessity of recruiting all labor through one agency - the Federal Employment Service. The Assistant Director General of the United States Employment Service, Charles T. Clayton, followed with a paper in which he analyzed examples of destructive labor recruiting in order to point out the present and future effects of such conditions on industries necessary to the prosecution of the War. "Stealing" men, it was stated, leads to an enormous loss of time, an immense waste in spoiled material, reduction of output, huge waste of public funds, and labor unrest. The remedy suggested is to recruit all labor through the Federal Em- ployment Service, to establish common wage scales in competitive districts, and to develop man power that is intensely trained, involv- ing the hiring of employment managers. The activities and program of the Federal Employment Service were briefly stated.

The presence of an employment department in each industrial establishment would greatly facilitate the development of a national labor policy, according to Morris Cooke, who discussed the present labor situation. Responsibility for the conditioas that now exist in the industrial world was placed squarely upon the management and the men who toil. Publicity with regard to the work performed by indi- viduals and by groups so that the slacker is driven out was urged as second only to job analysis. Employers must learn the " technique of paying high wages and getting returns for them/' and the workers must realize that their responsibility lies in greater production.

The evening session on Thursday was devoted to further discussion of the subject of destructive labor recruiting, which, of course, involves the important problem of labor turnover. Commissioner Meeker, of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, was called upon first to report on labor turnover. He called attention to the study of labor turnover which he was about to undertake with the object of making known the best methods of stabilizing the labor force and thereby reducing the turnover. The very important bearing of labor turnover on the prosecution of the War and the desirability of handling the problem in an intelligent manner by keeping proper and adequato records of the man hours, or at least the man days, worked by establishments was strongly emphasized. Several questions in the schedule were taken up in detail and reasons given for requesting the information asked.

* March, 1918, p. 67; April, 1918, p. 182; May, 1918, p 127.

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172 MONTHLY BEVIEW OP THE BTJBEÀU OF LÀBOB STATISTICS.

The idea of centralizing all employment activities in the Federal Employment Service and the abolishment of private agencies was quite generally approved by speakers at this session. However, the policy of some concerns in employing workers who apply directly at the plant was not discouraged. The evening's discussion tended to clear up some misunderstandings as to the purpose and plans of the Federal Employment Service in its efforts to reduce labor turnover.

During the session provision was made for the appointment of a committee to draft a definition and method of computing percentages of labor turnover. Mr. Roy W. Kelly, of the vocational bureau of Harvard University, was later chosen chairman of this committee, the other members of which were E. H. Fish, of the Norton Grinding Co., Worcester, Mass.; W. C. Maston, of the Eastman J£odak Co., Rochester, N. Y. ,' W. I. Kitson, of the Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. Y. ; Hugh Fullerton, of H. Black & Co., Cleveland, Ohio; S. R Rec- tanus, of the American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio; Roy S. Hubbell; and Hon. Royal Meeker, Commissioner of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. The report, which was later adopted, is as follows:

STANDARD DEFINITION OF LABOR TURNOVER AND METHOD OF COMPUTING THS PERCENTAGE OF LABOR TURNOVER.

Labor turnover for any period consist« of the number of separations from service during that period. Separations include all quits, discharges, and lay offs for any reason whatsoever. The percentage of labor turnover for any period considered is the ratio of the total

number of separations during the period to the average number of employees on the force report during that period. The force report gives the number of men actually working each day as shown by attendance records.

It is recommended that the percentage turnover be computed for each week. All turnover percentages for a week or for any other period should always be reduced to a yearly basis and be reported in terms of percentages per annum. To compute the percentage of labor turnover for any period, find the total separa-

tions for the period considered and divide by the average of the number actually working each day throughout the period. Then multiply by the proper factor to reduce to a yearly basis. Example:

Method of computing percentage oj labor turnover for one week. Total number of separations during week £00

Daily force reports (workers actually on the job): Monday 1,020 Wednesday 1,070 Friday 1,010 Tuesday 1,065 Thursday..... 1,035 Saturday 990 Average for week - . . 1, 037

300 Percentage labor turnover, j-q^X 52 =1,504 per cent.

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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 173

Method of computing percentage of labor turnover for one year.

(Assuming that records of daily attendance are averaged for each month.) Total number of separations during the year 5, 020

Average number working each month as determined from the force reports or daily attendance records:

May 2,040 August 1,980 November.. 2,280 Februar}''... 2,170 June 2,100 September... 2,200 December... 2,240 March 2,230 July 2,000 October 2,220 January 2,250 April 2.400 Average for year 2, 176

5,020 Percentage labor turnover, 2~It6==231 cent* In case the number employed by a plant or a department of a plant decreases

because it is the deliberate policy of the plant management to reduce permanently its working force, this fact should be explicitly stated and the reasons for the reduction in force given.

Miss Helen Bacon, director of the mayor's Americanization committee of Cleveland, in speaking on the general subject of dilution and special training, at the Friday morning session, intro- duced a phase of the employment problem that had not previously been mentioned, namely, the question of how best to manage the foreign-born working element which is so large a part of our industrial system and which may become more pronounced as a result of the War. She contended that industry should do all it can to Americanize the foreign workman, for " it is up to us to make these men just as Amer- ican as we can, else we are going to have a great many of our Indus- tries practically foreign." She emphasized the point that Americani- zation must not only seek to give the foreigner an opportunity to learn American wa}rs, ideals, and purposes so as to become a loyal citizen, but that it must also recognize his own national characteristics and individual habits and endeavor to develop a training that will not antagonize, but will show him that this country is superior to hisown and that we would like to have him remain with us. The part that employers may take in Americanizing foreigners was touched upon, the result being achieved by offering opportunities for free legal advice, part-time instruction, and good library facilities - in other words, by making it as easy as possible for the foreign workman to learn English a}». d become familiar with American methods of work.

One of the great problems with which industry has to deal is how to get maximum production and steady attendance in factories where Negroes are employed, and at the same time preserve the proper spirit between the white and the black workers. Some suggestions along this line were offered by Eugene Kinkle Jones, executivo secretary of the National League on Urban Conditions among Negroes.

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174 MONTHLY KK VIEW OF THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS.

In view of the increased employment of women in occupations formerly open only to men the question of standards for women employees becomes of marked significance in any discussion of labor problems. Hugh Fullerton, of H. Black & Co., Cleveland, in his paper at the Friday morning session, approached the subject from four angles - standards of employment, of work, of health and sanitation, and of wages - pointing out in the first instance that there should be a woman interviewer in the employment department of every establishment employing women, that medical examination prior to employment should be required, that no female under 18 years of age should be in industry, and that every woman employee should have a proper introduction to her work. He advised putting women in the charge of women foremen, and suggested that 48 hours are enough for women to work in a week. To preserve health, women should not be placed in work for which they are not fitted; rest periods and lunch-room facilities should be arranged. As to wages, the piece-rate system, with the same pay for women as for mon, was advised; some drawbacks to paying the same weekly wages to women as to men were suggested.

"Selecting workmen" was the general topic under discussion at the session on Friday afternoon. Mark Jones, of the Edison Co., East Orange, N. J., spoke on trade tests, referring at length to the methods adopted and the difficulties encountered by the committee on classification of personnel in the Army, appointed by the Sec- retary of War to classify and record on suitable cards every man in the military service according to the particular talent he may possess, his trade, experience, education, vocational assignment with the Army, personal history, etc., so as to facilitate the selecting of men required by the Government for a specified piece of work. In other words, the work of the committee is a National job analysis on a huge scale. Fitting the man to the job, it was stated, involves some skill on the part of the interviewer, who, in talking with the man, should consider his personal desires, his personality, his trade knowledge, and his skill, the importance of each depending entirely upon the job to be filled. A great deal depends upon the judgment of the interviewer. Some test questions to be used by interviewers were suggested.

A brief discussion on the general subject of job analysis was led by H. G. Kobick, of the Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, who told how jobs had been analyzed in that establishment. The discussion brought out some of the benefits of job analysis, among which are : (1 ) the employment department is thus able to secure an authentic list of the duties and responsibilities of each job, somewhat simplifying its work, and (2) wages and salary schedules are more easily and

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MONTHLY EE VIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOE STATISTICS. 175

more completely modified. One speaker outlined the Rochester plan of handling the employment problem through a central organization of manufacturers of war supplies formed for the purpose of so conducting the plants as to produce the maximum output required by the War Department without drawing labor needed in other establishments or in other communities. This phase of the employment problem was discussed at some length.

The banquet was held Friday evening, May 10. The speeches on this occasion centered about the general subject, "A National labor policy." Prof. Ordway Tead, of Columbia University, briefly reviewed the accomplishments of the Government in its labor policy during the War. Meyer Bloomfield, head of the industrial service section of the United States Emergency Fleet Corporation, referred to the great advance that has been made in recent years in the science of handling men and to the development of the new and extremely important profession of the employment manager. He suggested two questions for consideration, without attempting to answer them:

1. If you are a common denominator between management and men will it always be the case that the management alone shall pay your salary? * * * If your service is of as great importance and value to the masses of workers as it is to the management, is it too fanciful an idea to suggest that perhaps the workers themselves through some form or another may choose to look upon you or some representative of your profession as one of their allies and associates quite as they have the lawyer or the physician or any other specialist whose services are open to all who seek that service?

2. If employment is a semipublic or a public function essentially, what is to be tne public's and the Government's ultimate relation with the men who follow the prin- ciples and the technique of this very vital industrial service?

Hon. W. B. Wilson, Secretary of the United States Department of Labor, called attention to the necessity of a definite labor program in order that production at home might be adequate to support the men at the front and outlined what the Government has accomplished in establishing and successfully carrying out "such a program. The first step necessary was to combat enemy propaganda, chief of which was the attempt to create the idea that this is a capitalists' war and that the destruction of excessive profits could be effected by reducing production through strikes, sabotage, or other means. It was essential to bring the people to a correct attitude of mind toward industrial questions in order that they should realize 1 'that even in normal times, if we had no war, labor and capital have a mutual interest, not an identical mterest, * * * in securing the largest possible production with a given amount oí labor, having due regard for the health, the safety, and the property, and for the enjoyment of the workers themselves."

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176 MONTHLY BEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOB STATISTICS.

If we produce nothing, there can be nothing to divide. If you produce a large amount, there is just that much more to divide. And the interests of the employer and the employee only diverge when it comes to the point of the distribution of that which has been produced; and if they are wise business men, instead of resorting to strikes and lockouts, and thereby limiting production, they will sit down around the council table and work the problem out on as nearly a correct mathematical basis as the circumstances surrounding the industry will permit.

Having provided the methods for meeting the propaganda of tho enemy, continued the Secretary, the Government turned its attention to the adjustment of labor disputes. The plan for the establishment of labor adjustment boards was not successful because of minor contentions, and the President, in January, authorized the Department of Labor to work out a labor policy. This led to the appointment of the National War Labor Board,1 which has since worked out a method of labor adjustment that is imposed only when workmen and their employers are unable to come to a mutually satisfactory agreement. The hope was expressed that the efficiency of this board might be perfected by adopting the plan of writing into all contracts the requirement that the employer shall abide by the decisions of the board.

The Secretary referred briefly to the necessity of reducing labor turnover; the great need for employment managers, with their study of the most important element in industry - the human element; the establishment of machinery for mobilizing labor and supplying industry with workers when and where needed in order to avoid the destructive competition among employers anxious to get workers from whatever source possible.

With that kind of competition there can be no proper labör program carried out, and we are rapidly remedying that kind of a situation. There is a sympathetic consideration of the problem going on with representatives of the War Department, the Navy Department, the Shipping Board, and the Department of Labor. I do not think it is going to be very long now before there will be written in the contract provisions that the contractor on the part of the Government will not go out inde- pendent of other agencies, advertising for labor or sending out his private agents to secure it ; but that when labor is secured for the private employer doing work for the Government, or if the Government does its own work, then when labor is secured for them it will be secured through one central agency having a sufficient number of efficient branches in all parts of the United States.

At the morning session on May 11 the delegates went on record in favor of forming a permanent association to be known as the National Association of Employment Managers, by adopting, after some amend- ment, the report of the organization committee stating the objects of such association, defining the conditions of membership, suggesting > See Monthly Review for April, 1918, pp. 108 to 105, for an account of the organisation of this board.

For furl her information see also Monthly Review for May, pp. 54 to 58; and this issue, pp. 54 to 57.

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the dues to be assessed, and specifying, the officers to be elected and the method of election.

Following the adoption of this report, Victor F. Gannon, secretary of the Employers' Association of Chicago, spoke very briefly on the utilization of men past the prime of life. He stated that in Chicago 15,210 such men have been placed by the association in positions where they are partly or wholly supporting themselves and those dependent upon them, and that 97 per cent have made good. He added that 94 per cent of the men sent out to positions are put to work and that " employers in the city of Chicago alone have paid in the last 10 months better than $3,700,000 in salaries to the men who thought their possibilities in the commercial world at an end."

Owing to the delay in receiving copies of several of the addresses made at the conference, it is not possible to give a complete summary at this time. However, the proceedings in full will be made available in bulletin form by the bureau as soon as practicable after receipt of all the papers.

INDUSTRIAL SERVICE CONFERENCE, MILWAUKEE.

The Industrial Service Conference held at Milwaukee April 25-27, under the auspices of the Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, was very successful both from the standpoint of attendance and from the character of the addresses presented. The conference was called for the purpose of bringing together manufacturers, superintendents, employment managers, safety engineers, physicians, and o then, inter- erested in social work to discuss the more vital labor and social problems which are now confronting the industrial world.

The addresses and discussions covered a wide range of subjects, such as hours of labor and production, reduction of labor turnover, physical examination of employees, factory hygiene, and safety. The United States Commissioner of Labor Statistics gave an address oa the subject of factory hygiene.

TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT OF FARM LABOR.

The following tabulation taken from the March, 1918, number of the Monthly Crop Report of the United States Bureau of Crop Estimates shows, by States, what percentage of the total hired farm labor of each State is hired by the month with board included ; by the month without board; by the day, except extra harvest labor, with board and without board ; by the day, extra harvest labor, with board

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178 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

and without board. In the last two columns is shown what percentage of all hired labor of the State is hired with board and without board, respectively. The figures are estimates based upon reports from crop reporters of the Bureau of Crop Estimates.

By day, ex- Extra Percentage By month. cept extra harvest of ali labor, harvest labor. labor. hired- State and division.

With ̂îi1" With V™1- With ̂'h- With ̂"h- b09rd- board. ,bottrd- Ä. b08rd- Crd. b"ard- board.

Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per et- . Per ct. Per ct. Per c.t. Maine 31 14 25 12 10 8 66 34 Now Hampshire 35 12 18 19 9 7 62 38 Vermont 52 14 13 6 9 6 74 26 Massachusetts. 47 10 6 20 7 10 60 40 Rhode Island 30 20 45 5 30 70 Connecticut 38 17 10 20 6 9 51 46 New York 40 20 11 13 9 7 00 40 New Jersey 30 20 10 23 6 11 46 54 Pennsylvania 40 14 20 9 11 6 71 29

North Atlantic 39.3 | 16.5 14.2 13.7 9.0 7.3 62.5 37.5 Delaware 45 10 17 15 8 5 70 ?,') Maryland 43 3 24 15 9 3 70 24 Virginia 27 12 25 19 10 7 62 38 West Virginia v 23 12 28 15 15 7 C6 34 North Carolina 30 14 23 16 11 6 04 36 South Carolina 39 21 10 17 4 9 53 47 Georgia 37 22 14 13 8 6 59 41 Florida 25 15 8 38 5 9 38 62

South Atlantic 33.7 17.2 17.4 16.6 8.3 6.8 59.4 40. 6 Ohio 38 15~| 19 ñ 12 5 ¡59 31 Indiana 40 19 14 10 10 7 61 36 Illinois 50 14 IS 10 10 4 72 28 Michigan 40 15 20 8 13 4 73 27 Wisconsin 55 13 14 6 9 3 78 22

North Central east of Mississippi River. 44.8 15.1 15.5 9.2 10.8 4.6 71.1 2¡L9 Minnesota 56 5 16 2 19 2 91 9 Iowa 65 10 9 3 10 3 84 lö Missouri 4114 16 It) 13 6 70 :30 North Dakota 51 3 15 4 26 1 92 « South Dakota 55 3 14 2 24 2 93 7 Nebraska 62 10 11 3 12 2 85 lõ Kansas. 45 12 15 5 19 4 79 21

North Central west of Mississippi River. 52.7 9.4 j 13.8 4.8 15.0 3.4 82.4 17.6 Kentucky 28 ¡8~¡ ¡8 18 ÏÔ 8 56 44 Tennessee 24 16 1 ¿1 22 9 8 54 46 Alabama 32 21 ¡ 17 1» 6 6 54 46 Mississippi 31 14 i 13 22 11 9 55 45 Louisiana 16 21 j 14 29 8 12 38 62 Texas 31 18 11 21 11 8 53 47 Oklahoma 32 9 ! 19 11 20 9 71 29 Arkansas 32 15 j 12 23 8 10 52 48

South Central 29.0 17.0 t 14.8 21.0 9.7 8.5 53.5 46.5 Montam ~ 57 T ¡ 14 3~ 22 1 93 7 Wvoming 75 2 ! 11 1 § 2 95 5 Colorado 40 10 ; » 7 17 K) 73 27 Ne v Mexico 55 11 ; 14 11 4 5 73 27 Arizona » 13 2» 20 M 7 60 40 Utah 25 10 12 22 21 10 58 42 Ne a Ja 80 29 80 20 Idaho 47 6 21 3 22 1 90 10 Washington 44 12 18 8 14 4 76 21 Orcííon 38 9 11 8 26 8 75 25 California.. Ž1 n 11 28 17 12 49 51

FarWestern 37.4 9.5 13.7 14.9 16.9 7.6 68.0 32.0 United States 36.1 ïsTô 15.3 | 15.7 105 Õ 6L9 ŠŠTI

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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OJP LABOR STATISTICS. 179

WORK OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND OF PROVINCIAL EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN CANADA.

Data axe presented in the following table showing the operations of the public employment offices for the month of April, 1918, and in cases where figures are available, for the corresponding month in 1917. Figures are given from 172 public employment offices in 36 States and the District of Columbia - Federal employment offices in 28 States and the District of Columbia, Federal-State employment offices in 9 States, a Federal-State-county-municipal employment office in one State, a Federal-Stato-municipal employment office in one State, Federal-municipal employment offices in 2 States, State employment offices in 14 States, State-county-municipal employment offices in one State, State-municipal employment offices in 2 States, . municipal employment offices in 5 States, and a municipal-private employment office in 1 State. Figures from 2 Canadian employment offices are also given.

OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, APRIL, 1917 AND 1918. UNITED STATES.

Parsons applying for Applica- j^wffnr Persons p««imn<i tioiis from em- referred to fjjed

ßtatC'CiÄkiUdal 0mP,0yerS' I»' Renewals. P<>SÌtÌOnS'

Apr., Apr., Anr., Apr„ Apr., Apr., Apr,, Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. At. A RAMA.

Birmingham (Fed.) 385 10,115' »1,188 (*) .. *36 -691 Mobilo (Fed.) 36 450¡ »279 (?) 139 139 Total 1,075 740 CALIFORNIA..

Fresno (Sta.) 710 1,281 672 (») 1,315 1,17S Los Anpoles (FecL-Sta.- Mun.) 3,422 4,677 6,97# 8,846 2,377 3,030 (*) (a) 6,135 7,781 5,478 6,700 Oakland (Sta.) 979 2,300 1,261 5,061 562 1,405 582 (*) 1,280 3,206 L 007 2,728 Sacramento (Sta.) 406 730 988 3,925 498 1,331 282 (*) , 803 1,736 282 1,294 San Francisco (Fed.)*.. 15311,184 5S2 31,327 » 1, 276 12,944 (») (») 582 20,407 295 17,119 San Francisco {Sta.)... 2,192 4,017 4,394 8,817 2,334 2,514 1,508 («) 3,928 7,471 2,741 6,108 San Jose (Sta.) 386 479 319 (*) 365 191 Total 12,788 42,281 9,803 35,375 COLORADO.

Colorado Springs (Sta.). (*) 039 750 «39 1 631 » 597 (*) (*) (») 547 588 547 Denver (Fed.) 8 98 28 85ÕJ » 75 n,5C0 (*)(*) 10 875 6 645 Denver No. 1 (Sta.).... (») 763 673 763 * 530 » 778 (>) i«) («) 412 493 412 Denver No. 2 (Sta.).... (*) 706 «66 706 » 548 1 631 (*) <*) <*) 456 431 456 Pueblo (Sta.) <•) 704 480 704 »490 »616 (*) (*) <*) 589 470 589 Total 10 2,879 1,988 2,W9 CONNECTICUT.

Bridgeport (Fed.-Sta.). (»)<■) 745 1,088 » 972 »1,086 {») (*) i (*) P) m m Hertford (Sta.) (*) m 1,385 1,451 »1,537 11,571 («) («) ' (») (*) ; 1,«1 1,159 Now Haven (SfaL) (*) <*) 980 970 »1,211 »1,021 W (») ' 0 (") ; 88Ô 843 Norwich (Sta.) (*) (*) 268 333 » 28G » 395 (*) (») (*) (*) 3tó 327

^Yaterbury (Sta.) («) <•) 19q 388 »169 »43? («5 (») (•) (*) 113 243 Total , ! / («) . (») 2,331 3,463 »Number applying for work* 1 Not reported ûgufes ôqnaá totals for district.

5 2 115411




OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, APRIL, 1917 AND 1918-Continued. UNITED STATES- Continued.

Persons applying for

Ä - recorred to State, city, and kind of emPloy®rs- pioyers. Now regis- T>fìnflWfti~ Alonewais- positions.

office. trations. T>fìnflWfti~ Alonewais-

Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington (Fed.) 48 471 56 5,221 1 203 4,709 (*) (*) 80 5,702 63 5,234

FLORIDA. Jacksonville (Fed.) («) 17 («) 1,050 f») »477 (') (») (*) 452 (*) 361 Miami (FedJ (2) 1 (*) 67 (*) >68 (») («) (*) 68 (*) 68 Pensacola (Fed.) 1 60 1 5 (*) 2 (2) Tampa (Fed.) 6 750 »721 (*) 721 637

Total (2) 1,243 (a) "1,066 GEORGIA.

Atlanta (Fcd.-Sta.) 139 2,348 »741 («) 688 688 Macon (Fed.) 24 489 *70 (*) 22 Z¿ Savannah (Fed.) (*) 6 (*) 2ivt («) *46 (*) (=) (») 28 (») 11

Total (*) 738 (') ~72I IDAHO.

Moscow (Fed.) 12 25 13 250 »17 »28 (*) (*) 16 28 12 28 ILLINOIS.

Alton (Fed.) 19 384 >70 («) 70 38 Aurora (Fed.) 105 350 1 367 (*) 246 190 Bloomin gton( Fed.-Sta.) 235 277 »223 (*) 202 132 Chicago (Fed.) 619 2,179 3,370 3,989 »2,777 »16,609 (*) (») 2,575 14.455 2,375 13,338 Chicago (Sta.) 5,535 4, 9S4 14,327 16,474 14,69o1 8. 164 1,306 8.271 15,138 15,864 12,189 13.097 Danville (Fod.-Sta.) 279 853 » 338 (*) 326 316 Decatur (Fed.-Sta.) 142 272 » 157 (*) 135 Ill East St. Louis (Fcd.- Sta.) 379 83S 854 1,310 353 418 394 602 727 1,002 701 972 Galestyirg (Fed.) 106 1,100 »285 (*) 152 130 Joliet (Fed.) 96 401 »263 (*) 225 159 Peoria (Fed.-Sta.) 996 1,070 1,423 1,728 172 215 906 1.143 1,049 1,358 1,044 1.357 Quincy (Fed.) 19 202 »81 («) 19 11 Rockford (Fed.-Sta.)... 780 880 1,181 1,427 649 863 264 338 858 1,053 80* 999 Rock Island-Moline (Fed.-Sta.) 619 1,268 1,282 4,721 522 1,209 317 1,472 377 2,629 648 *,381 Springfield (Fed.-Sta.). 565 706 675 1,281 202 258 427 616 594 827 553 713

Total 21,318 38,563 18, 3» S 33.944 INDIANA.

Evansvillc (Sta.) 192 179 357 763 » 591 (') (») (*) 409 606 357 603 Fort Wayne (Sta.) 429 740 620 1,201 112 («) 462 («) 717 1,062 574 1,062 Indianapolis (Fed.).... 191 141 86S 1,016 » 7S3 »1,231 (*) (=) 586 1,111 522 1,011 Indianapolis (Sta.) 1,430 1,342 1,430 1,369 1,366 1,275 64 67 (») 1,308 (*) 1,240 Terre Haute (Sta.) 151 125 409 561 »376 428 (*) 75 356 503 352 493

Total 2,068 4,590 1,805 4,409 IOWA.

Cedar Rapids (Fed.) 49 174 »169 (') 135 105 Davenport (Fed.-Sta.) 286 941 504 79 51 1 29) Dos Moines (Fed.-Sta.). 68 321 357 793 111 »713 19 (*) 113 585 77 Ï92 Mason Cit v (Fed.) 73 429 »169 (*) 15S «5 Ottumwa (Fed.) 93 204 »128 («) 105 52 Sioux City (Fed.) 226 332 »326 (*) 248 202 Waterloo (Fed.) 250 413 »472 (*) 329 270

Total 113 2,071 77 1.296

»Number applying for work. 1 Not reported.

[1542}




OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, APRIL, 1917 AND 1918- Continued. UNITED STATES- Continued.


Ä Ä ^ State, city, and kind of omPloyers- ployers. New regis- pörimsmiQ renewals. positions.

office. trations. pörimsmiQ renewals.

Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. 1917 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918.

KANSAS. Dodge City (Fed.) 8 12 *9 (*) ....... 8 8 Hutchinson (Fed.) 106 970 1 156 (2) 73 65 Topeka (Fed.-Sta.) 143 52 165 101 185 140 10 6 156 53 141 49 Wichita (Fed.) 64 181 *488 (*) 181 165

Total I 156 315 141 287 KENTUCKY. I

I ouisville (Sta.) 261 130 261 106 *343 *124 (*) (2) 261 106 261 106 Louisville (Mun.-Priv.). (*) 259j C39 586 340 134 546 266 511 302 206 182 Total 1 772 408 467 288 LOUISIANA.

New Orleans (Fed.- Sta.) CO 191 469 4,510 1 480 571 (*) (*) 489 3,322 111 3,218 MAINE.

Tortland (Fed.) 5 220 * 47 (») 8 (*) MARYLAND.

| I

Baltimore (Fed.) 67 489 177 2,764 1 259,1 7,900¡ («) (*) 109 5,289 109 3,611 MASSACHUSETTS.

Boston (Fed.) (») 1,292 («) 9,526 («) »12,379 («) («) (t) 4,115 (*) 3,487 Poston (Sta.) 2,323 2,158 2,614 2,551 * 1,356*1,643 (8) (») »3,495 ' 3,718 ' 1,552 1,628 Springfield (Sta.) 1,139 982 1,428 1,237 * 466 * 445 («) («) 3 1560 3 1 464 1,030 850 Worcester (Sta.) 1,110 1,157 1,465 1,521 * 700 * 615 (») (») 3 1,6013 1,430 806 762 Total 6,656 10,727 3,388 6,727 MICHIGAN.

Battle Creek (Sta.) 114 230 ICO 725 * 119 520 (») 77 114 597 114 597 Bay City (Sta.) 69 48 126 148 * 89 141 (*) 18 70 159 70 148 Detroit (Fed.) 54 1,739 392 4,479 * 356 * 2,303 (») (») 356 2,064 356 1,931 Detroit (Sta.) 826 2,400 7,977 6,210 (*)■ 6,003 (*) 150 (») 6,210 7,751 ,153 Flint (Sta.) 948 238 948 329 * 948 307 (») 61 948 279 948 266 Grand Rapids (Sta.)... 574 774 980 1,680 * 978 1,299 (*) 321 943 1,604 943 1,505 Jackson (Sta.) 516 643 941 1,114 * 939 685 (*) 187 926 845 918 774 Kalamazoo (Sta.) 294 195 396 623 * 410 560 (») 66 394 COI 394 492 I ansing (Sta.) 62 104 328 601 * 171 486 (») 76 171 560 171 .560 Muskegon (Sta.) 99 51 271 365 * 121 236 (») 100 114 289 103 267 Saginaw (Sta.) 138 164 728 590 * 619 370 (*) 82 619 427 619 427

Total 4,655 13,635 12,387 13,120 MINNESOTA.

Puluth (Sta.) («) (*) («) 1,855 (2) (») (») (») (*) 1,069 942 1,051 Minneapolis (Fed.) 49 168 55 705 * 229 * 418 (») (*) 38 133 3S 131 Minneapolis (Sta.) (») 1.971 (*) 2,745 (*) (») (») 2.340 (») 2,321 2,071 1,88-1 St. Paul (Sta.) (») (*) (») 797 (2) (>) (*) (») (») 727 1,285

Total 38 4,250 4,336 3,783 MISSISSIPPI.

Gulfport (Fed.) 9 577 * 51 * 156 («) (2) 99 79 * N umber apply ing for work. 1 N ot reported. * N umbers of offers of positions.

[1543]



182 MONTHLY BE VIEW OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, APRIL, 19X7 'AND 1018- Continued. UNITED STATES- Continued.

Persons apptying for Applica- askeTfor

^ ' Persons Vn^r,nna tions from referred to S State, city, and kind of omP °yers* ployers. New regis- ïï Renewals. , positions.

o¿Qce. trat i oas. ïï Renewals. ,

Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918.

MISSOURI. Kansas City (Fed.-Sta.) 1,157 1,651 2,108 5,131 977 1 3,587 1.033 (') 2,010 3,160 1,794 3 030 Sikeston (Fed.) («) 135' (*) ...... («) ....... (S) '73 St. Joseph (Sta.) (3) (2) 1,27G 1, 515.1 1,067 1 1,021 (2) (») 1,065 1,020 1,065 1 020 St. Louis (Fed.-Sta.)... 415 416 1,115 5, 063¡ 397 1 3,073 8 («) 405 2.967 393 2 934 St. Charles (Fed.) 7 j 9| 1 12 (2) '12' 2 934 12

Total I I 3,480 7,159¡ 3,252 7^074 MONTANA. I

I Butte (Mun.) (2) (2) 3G0¡ 653¡ 1 520 1 618 (2) (2) 400 («) 350 523 NEBRASKA. j I I

Lincoln (Fed.-Sta.) 3571 395' 1 399 (*) 399'.. . 376 Omaha (Fcd.-Sta.-Ca-

!

j Mun.) 1,010 1,322: 1,098 2,576,1 1,545U,926 (*) (*) 1,371 1,539| 1,237 1,451 Total I 1,371 1,938; 1,237 1,S27 NEW JERSEY.

Camden (Fed.) 232 1,158 1 1,472 (*) 779.. .. 679 Jersey City (Fed.-Sta.). (2) 103 (2) 1,096 (2) 1 941 (2) (2) (s) 577] (2) 42i Newark (Fed.-Sta.).... (2) 2,491- (2) 12,727 (») 12,040 (*) (2) (*) 8,556 (*) 7,370 Orange (Fed.-Sta.) (2) 412 (2) 806 (2) 255 (2) (2) (2) 386¡ (2) (*) 7,370 3M

Total ¡ i (2) 10,298, (2) 8, S24 NEW YORK. I I

728 939 1,028 1, 243 605 475 309 323 1,041 1,079! 597 708 ï'501 228 2,291 2,920 1,972,1 1,529 (2) (2) 2,568 1,506! 1,750 1,359 Buffalo (Sta.) 1,493 1,905 2,397 4,814 1,875 2,501 157 164 2,566 3,461 1 727 2 057 New York City (Sta.).. 1,935 3,119; 2,507 4,703 1,489 2,310 1,761 1,168 2,702 4,156 1 098 2 532 New York City (Mun.). 2,663 2,03H 3,051 2,160 2,307 1,247 2,342 1,797 3,885 2,700 2 189 1 741 Rochester (Sta.) 1,874 2,0661 2,616 3,476 977 1,378 571 703 2,192 2,428 1 325 1 245 Syracuse (Sta.) 1,536 1,7G3| 2,336 2,082 865 1,087 274 341 1,672 1,769 1¡231 1,293 Total 1 16,626 17,099 10,517 11,540

NORTH DAKOTA. j Fargo (Fed.) 453; 654 1 775 (2) 480 471

OHIO. Akron (Sta.-Mun.) (2) (*) 2,542 3,446 766 1,140 1,509 2,095 1,945 2,746 1,710 2,312 Athens (Sta.-Mun.) («) 57 28 46 52 ....... 17 (*) 707 483 231 655 4 «4 Chilliootne (Sta.-Mun.) (*) 596 363 299 . 53S ¿03 Cincinnati (Sta.-Mun.). (2) (2) 2,697 4,064

1,645 1,448

2,717 2,945 2,264

. 3,186 i,662 2,730 Cieve.and (Fed.) 19 264 21 1,582 1 153 1 816 (*) (2) 99 4SI 35 208 Cleve.ond (Sta.-Mun.).. (2) (*) 8,10511,158 2,655 3,463 8,655 8,324 7,080 9,318 5,943 7,907 Columbus (Sta. -Mun.) . (2) (*) 3,137 4,771 717 1,430 2,f>03 3,357 2,709 4,162 2,330 3,134 Po* ton (Sta.-Mun.). . . . (2) (*) 1,589 3,164 772 1,840 1,112 1,535 1,31S 2,588 1,115 2,317 Hanu tori (Sta. -Mun.) (*) 417 188 37 ....... 214....... 17S Lima (Steu-Mun.) (*) 587 296 165 ....... 341 'm Man-; lo'd (Sta.-Mun.) (*) 1,170 419 169 577 423 Marietta (Sta.-Mun.) (2) 241 156 103 241 . v 10Õ Marion (Sta.-Mun.) («) 639 466 371 619 . .r02 Portsmouth (Sta.-Mun.) (*) 980 50S 311 690 1 Sandusky (Sta.-Mun.) (*) 228 1581 67 183 122

1 Number applying for work. * Not reported.

[1544]



MONTHLY BEVIEW OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 183

OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, APRIL, »17 AND 1918-Continued TOTTED STATU- Continued.

Persons applying for - Ä'to Positions

State, cityjjpd kind of emPtoyer»' pioyers. New regis- t>o L positions. office. trations. •

Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Anr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., 1917. 191g, 1U7. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918

omo - concluded. Surin *3eld (Sta.-Mun.) O) 475 288 431 £00 325 SteubenviHeCSta-Mun.) M 777 362 363 622 488 Ti Tin (Sta.-Mun.) 0) 411 309 117 311 254 To'fldo (Sta.-Mun.) (i) 0) 3,219 5,048 1,132 1,456 3,289 4,144 2,853 4,673 2, 415 4,066 Washington C. H. (Sta.- Mun.) (*) 126 80...... 56 98 75 Youngstown(Sta.-Mun) (») fl) 1,520 2,359 735 860 986 1,859 1,402 2,289 1,267 1,786 Zanos ville (Sta.-Mun.) (i) 254 244 156 313, 220

Total 19,679 35, 347¡ 16,477 29,337 OKLAHOMA.

Enid (Fed.) 10 23 * 70 O) 30 28 Enid (Sta.) 1561 109 1561 173 *134 *143 (») 0) 129 124 129 117 Muskogee (Fed.) 10. 22 2 65 Q) 40 36 Muskogee (Sta.) 250 322^ 262 303 i 383 * 445 0) (i) 262 446 262 336 Oklahoma City (Fed.) 40 80 '477 0) 75 04 Oklahoma (Sta.), 253 218 449 015 «451 2 477 0) 0) 447 457 40* 405 Tulsa (Fod.) 25 54 '439 0) 90 SO Tulsa (Sta.) 742 603 1,312 1,182*1,194 « 770 (>) 0) 1,194 666 1,194 034

Total 2,032 1,928 1,939 1,700 OREGON.

Portland (Fed.-Mun.).. 1,118 2,357 2,534 10,445 » 898 5,100 0) 272 0) 5,896 2,130 5,760 PENNSYLVANIA.

Altoona (Sta.) (0 231 164 3,166 37*1,393 19 (i) 29 1,111 24 1,067 Erie (Sta.) 171 895 161 53 189 156 Harrisburg (Sta.) (}) 217 366 1,953 276 400 111 108 299 676 2G9 656 Johnstown (Sta.) p) 59 145 1,131 71 297 13 1 70 237 58 224 New Castle (Sta.) .45 221 8 32 0) 28 28 New Kensington (Sta.) 60 189 187 0) 195 195 Philadelphia (Fed.).... 198 395

829 10, 682 »1,6501*15,399

0) (») 1,099 14,769 1,033 14,491 Philadelphia (Sta.) (}) 1,109 1,009 8,977 643 8,746 476 200 767 6,695 655 6,410 Pittsburgh (Fed.) 70 95 957 5,060 2 047 * S34 (') (l) 230 757 212 459

Pittsburgh (Sta.) (*) 465 1,436 5,995 584 3,720 161 205 636 2,995 553 2,829 Scrauton (Sta.) 44 224 99 4 43 43 Williamsport (Sta.) 23 632 183 7 167 36 York (Sta.) 79 409 Ö77 15 136 119

Total 3,130 27,998 2,804 26,713 RHODE ISLAND.

Providence (Fed.) 51 4,529 *1,749 0) 1,374 1,003 Providonce (Sta.) 243 208 364 308 302 322 146 63 (») 308 364 308 Total I (i) 1,682 364¡ 1,311

SOUTH CAROLINA. Charleston (Fed.) 0) K (*) 418 <}) *406 0) (*) (») 334 (') 334

TEXAS. Dallas (Mira.) »1 82 m 1,4» «27» « 177 9 7 479 183 407 168 Ft. Worth (Mim.) 159 262 343 484*1,193 0) 69 (i) 214 341 204 338 G al v os too (Fed.) 8 19 16 251 91 »V» (l) (*) 45 143 26 36

Total I J. 738) «67 637 C42 'g- - I . I i , . J. . . == ======i===r . ■ -■ i Not reported. « Includes 58 transients. 'Number applying for work. * Tnrindes 963 unwritten registrations. •Includes 172 transients.

5 2 * [1545]




OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, APRIL, 1917 AND 1918- Concluded. UNITED STATES- Concluded.


t ions from ^ State, city, and kind of «»Pêrs. plêrs. New regis- Remw_,. "en®»»18- V™*0™-

onice. trations. Remw_,. "en®»»18-

Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., Apr., 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918.

VIRGINIA. Richmond (Mun.) 246 178 378 204 451 234 (») 0) 468 252 194 91

WASHINGTON. Bellingham(Fed.-Mun.) 212 117 444 480 228; 163: 0) (») 272 212 232 138 Everett (Fed.) 16 177 j 220 (») 12 2 Everett (Mun.) (*) (i) I (>) 362 (i) ' (») | (l) (i) (i) 279 360 232 North Yakima (Fed.).. 473 4771 935 870 *1,107*1, .090 (») (») 845 817 755 788 Seattle (Fed.) 214 501! 434 22,603 «1,381 *11, S0l: (») (») 237 9,464 215 8,106 Seattle (Mun.) 4,259 6,450! 6,829 11, 334* (i) (*) I (») (*) 6,936 11,392 6,344 10,076 Spokane (Fed.)...

160 135: 25(5 m' *418*1,303! 0) 0) 231 439 228 415 Spokane (Mun.)

2,016 2,192:2,968 2,446¡ (*) I (») ! (») (») 2,942 2,410 2,869 2,395 Tacoma (Fed.-Mun.) 655' 1,426 '*2,866 (») 1,268 1,173 Walla Walla (Fed.). ... 183 262; 261 2911 *493; *272! (») (>) 213 251 155 225 Wenatchee (Fed.) ... 183 217¡ | * 182| (») 166 152

Total 1 1 1 .'j 11,676 26,710 11,158 23,702 "WISCONSIN. J I j La Crosse (Sta.-Mun.).. 185 134 223 221 =283: * 172¡ 0) (*) 182 134 109 84 Milwaukee (Sta. -Co.- I

Mun.) 2,284 2,303 3,906 4,992 3,196 3,28l! (>) 0) 3,389 3,450 2,435 2,197 Oshkosh (Sta.-Mun.)... 199 184 249 284 * 215 * 163¡ (») (*) 149 127 97 122 Superior (Sta.-Mun.)... 329 313 681 788 639j 696, (») (») 640 739 177 701

Total I ' ¡ ! 4,360 4,450 2,818 3,104 "WYOMING. I ili

Cheyenne (Fed.) 27 188¡ * 22l' ! (») ¡ 234 83 Grand total |......j j |7.....|113,228 279,895 109, 863 j242, 974

CANADA.

QUEBEC. j '

Montreal (Prov.) 349 * 223! 987 557 360 277 (i) (») 556 434 461 360 Quelle (Prov.) 0) 44; 247 178 *175 '-119 0) (») (') 105 120 83

Total j 556|

539 581 443

1 Not reported. * Number applying for work.

EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED INEUSTRIES IN APRIL, 1918.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics received and tabulated reports concerning the volume of employment in April, 1918, frotn representative establishments in 13 industries. Comparing the figures of April of this year with those of identical establishments for April, 1917, it appears that in 6 industries there was an increase in the number of people employed and in 7 a decrease. Men's ready-made clothing shows an increase of 4 per cent while woolen and cigar manufacturing show increases of 3.8 per cent and 3.5 per cent,

[1546]



MONTHLY BEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 185 *

Silk, boots and shoes, and automobile manufacturing show decreases of 9 per cent, 6.5 per cent, and 6.4 per cent, respectively.

All of the 13 industries show an increase in the total amount of pay roll for April, 1918, as compared with April, 1917. The most important of these - 47.9 per cent and 44.4 per cent - are shown in woolen, and car building and repairing. Six show increases ranging from 25.2 per cent to 30.7 per cent, while the remaining 5 range from 3.1 per cent to 22.6 per cent.

COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN APRIL, 1917, AND APRIL, 1918.

Estab- Number on pay Per Amount of pay lish- roll in- cent roll fo- ments Period of In- _____________ Per

« report- of crease cent Industry. « ing for pay (+)or ofin- April, roll. April. April, de- April April, crease, both 1917. 1918. crease 1917. 1918. years. (-).

Automobiles 50 lweek.. 125,407 117,352 -6.4 2,761,526 2,846,438 3.1 Bootsand shoes 71 ...do.... 67,103 62,710 -6.5 913,540 1,034,408 13.2 Cm building and repairing. 45 J month. 50,977 52,168 +2.3 1,692,431 2,444,123 44.4 Cibare Cm building and repairing. ........ 66 J lweek.. 21 025 21 770 +3.5 236¡308 295,894 25.2 Cotton finishing 16 ...do.... 14,131 13,763 -2.6 193,235 241,886 25.2 Cotton manufacturing

51 ...do.... 50,317 48,779 -3.1 541,528 695,960 28.5 Cotton Hosiery ^d ̂ derwear.... 57 51 ...do.... 50,317 30 532 30 48,779 325 -0.7 311,817 407,444 30.7

Iron and steel 100 è month. 188 116 193,603 +2.9 7,576,941 9,871,427 30.3 Iron Lather and steel 38 è lweek.. 19,435 18¡5fi4 -4.5 286,327 342,356 19.6 Men's ready-made ' clothing. 37 ...do.... 24,477 25,451 +4.0 362, 876 Men's Paner ready-made ' T. 52 ...do.... 25,131 25,154 +0.1 372,650 481,314 29.2 fut Paner 37 2 weeks. 15 171 13,801 -9.0 347,021 379,247 9.3 Woolen." nalili

50 lweek.. 48,764 50,598 +3.8 626,970 927,104 47.9

In the year's interval between April; 1917, and April, 1918, the per capita earnings, as distinguished from wage rates, have increased as follows:

Per cent Automobiles 10 Boots and shoes 21 Car building and repairing - 41 Cigars 21 Cotton finishing 29 Cotton manufacturing 33 Hosiery and underwear - 32 Iron and steel 27 Leather - 25 Men's ready-made clothing 18 Paper 29 Silk 20 Woolen 43

These percentages have been computed from the foregoing table. The chief factor entering into this change in per capita earnings is the increase in wage rates which has taken place in the year; the oiher factor to be considered is the regularity of employment. Changes in wage rates have been reported from month to month in

11547]




the Monthly Review. No information is available as to regularity of employment.

The table below shows the number of persons actually working on the last full day of the reported pay period in April, 1917, and April, 1918. The number of establishments reporting on this question is small and this fact should be taken into consideration when studying these figures. COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS ON LAST FULL

DAY'S OPERATION IN APRIL, 1917, AND APRIL, 1918.

Number actually work-

Industry. rôrttaf £££ riodÂpri.. both years. ^ ^

1917 1918

Automobiles 28 1 week 78,878 69,533 -11.0 Boots and shoes 21 ...do 12,424 11,180 - i0. 0 Car building and repairing 44 4 month... 44,056 44,663 4- 1.4 Cigars 20 1 week 5,319 4,765 -10.1 Cotton finishing 12 ...do 10,002 9,668 - 3.3 Cotton manufacturing 33 ...do 23,940 22,661 - 5. 3 Hosiery and underwear 18 ...do 12,441 11,933 - 4.1 Iron and steel 77 j month... 141,741 145,432 + 2. Leather 22 1 week .... 12, 317 13, 051 + 5. 7 Men's ready-made clothing 5 ...do 3,595 4,413 +22. s Paper 15 ...do 6,054 6,206 + 2.5 Silk 25 2 weeks... 11,165 10,215 -8.5 Woolen 38 I week..... 37,018 38,601 + 4.0

The figures in the following table show that in only one industry - automobile manufacturing - were there more persons on the pay roll in April, 1918, than in March, 1918; in 12 industries there was a decrease in the number of persons on the pay roll. The largest decreases - 4.4 per cent and 3.7 per cent - are shown in cotton finishing and leather manufacturing, respectively.

Of the 13 industries reporting, 9 show increases and 4 decreases in the total amount of pay roll in April, 1918, as compared with March, 1918. In woolen, cotton finishing, cotton manufacturing, and silk, increases of 8.1 per cent, 3.7 per cent, 3.6 per cent, and 2.9 per cent, respectively, are shown.

Boots and shoes, men's ready-made clothing and leather manufacturing show decreases of 3.7 per cent, 3.5 per cent, and 2.6 per cent, respectively.

Í1548J



MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 187

COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN MARCH, 1918, AND APRIL, 1918.

Estab- Number on pay Amount oí pay lish- rol1 in- Per ro11 Per ments cent of cent of

Tnrînof »-TT report- Period of increase increase Tnrînof industry. »-TT pay^y. (+)or (+)or March March, April, decrease March, April, decrease and 1918. 1918. (-). 1918. 1918. (-). April.

Automobiles 49 lweek.. 116,037 116,258 +0.2 «2,766,820 $2,823,064 +2.0 Boots and shoes 70 ...do 64,006 61,885 -3.3 1,061,258 1,021,926 -3.7 Car building and repairing.. 45 i month 54,163 52,420 -3.2 2,456,986 2,444,123 -0.5 Cigars 66 lweek.. 22,699 22,263 -1.9 304,791 307,107 +0.8 Cotton finishing 16 ...do 14,392 13,763 -4.4 233,365 241,886 +3.7 Cotton manufacturing. 53 ...do 50r485 49,448 -2. 1 679,734 704,296 +3.6 Hosiery and undorwear . . . . 53 ...do 28,751 28,747 (») 375,429 381,808 +1.7 Iron and steel 100 è month 184,924 184,198 -a 4 9,576,020 9,584,556 +0.1 Leather 37 lweek.. 18,360 17,675 -3.7 333,710 325,192 -2.6 Men's ready-made clothing. 37 ...do 25,563 25,451 -0.4 460,851 444,746 -3.5 Paper 51 ...do 24,331 24,214 -0.5 460,606 466,870 +1.4 Silk 37 2 weeks. 13,891 13,741 -1.1 367,059 377,825 +2.9 Woolen 50 lweek.. 50,692 50,450 -0.5 853,695 922,780 +8.1

1 Less than one-half of 1 per cent decrease.

A comparatively small number of establishments reported as to the number of persons working on the last full day of the reported pay periods. The following table gives in comparable form the figures for March and April, 1918. The small number of establishments represented should be noted when using these figures. COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS ON LAST FULL

DAY'S OPERATION IN MARCH, 1918, AND APRIL, 1918.

Number actually work- Err- p , oTr£»Äd£ riodL-

Per cant of Industry. reporting

p , riodL- and April. crease ( ).

March, 1918. April, 1918.

Automobiles 29 lweek.... 72,806 71,569 -1.7 Boots and shoes 21 ...do 11,720 11,311 -3.5 Car building and repairing 45 J month... 47,695 44,938 -5.8 Cigars 23 lweek.... 5,752 5,253 -8.7 Cotton finishing 11 ...do 9,810 9,198 -6.2 Cotton manufacturing 33 ...do 23,155 22,515 -2.8 Hosiery and underwear 18 ...do 11,408 11,203 - l.S Iron and steel 77 J month... 143,458 141,967 -1. 0 Leather 20 lweek.... 13,372 12,831 -4.1 Men's ready-made clothing 6 ...do 4,405 4,430 +0. > Paper. 15 ...do....... 6,055 6,200 +2.4 Silk 24 2 weeks... 10,054 9,969 -0.9 "Woolen . 40 lweek.... 39,243 38,874 -1. :

CHANGES IN WAGE RATES.

In each of the 13 industries, there were establishments reporting increases in wage rates and in one - cigar manufacturing - a decrease. A number of firms did not answer the inquiry relating to wage rate changes, but in such cases it is probably safe to assume that no changes were made.

11549}



188 MONTHLY BEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LÀBOB STATISTICS.

Automobiles: One plant reported an increase of 25 per cent, affecting 15 per cent of the employees. An increase of 10 per cent in the wages of the foundry skilled labor force, which equaled approximately 8 per cent of the factory force, was granted by one establishment. Eighty per cent of all employees in another plant received increases ranging from 7 per cent to 8.5 per cent, and about 90 per cent of the force in another establishment received an increase of approximately 10 per cent. The average productive hourly rate in one plant was increased 0.0067 cent. Another plant reported an increase, but gave no data.

Boots and shoes: One establishment reported an increase of 15 per cent, but failed to state the number affected. One plant granted increases of 14 per cent and 10 per cent, affecting 12J per cent and 76 J per cent of the employees, respectively. Six plants gave a 10 per cent increase - four to all of the employees; one, to 81.2 per cent of the force; and one, to 80 per cent of the force. One firm gave a few increases, and another establishment reported an increase, but made no statement as to the amount of the increase or number aff ected*

Car building and repairing: An increase of 10 per cent was reported by one plant, affecting 38 per cent of the force.

Cigars: Reports from two factories show. an increase - 7£ per cent, in one, and 5 per cent in the other - affecting the entire force in each. One establishment reported a general decrease of 4 per cent.

Cotton finishing: One establishment reported an increase of 30 per cent, but did not state the number affected. Eight plants granted an increase of 10 per cent, this affecting the entire force in three plants and 95 per cent of the employees in five plants.

Cotton manufacturing: An increase of 20 per cent was granted to all employees by one firm. One establishment reported an increase of 12£ per cent, affecting each operator, while the entire force in another plant received an increase of Hi per cent. • All employees in one establishment received increases ranging from 10 per cent ta 13 per cent. Thirteen plants gave a 10 per cent increase - twelve to the whole force, and one to about half òf the employees. An addi- tional bonus of 8$ per cent to all "full-time" workers was granted by one mill, while in another mill the bonus was raised from 20 per cent to 25 per cent.

Hosiery and underwear: Two firins gave 75 per cent of the employees an increase, the increase being 20 per cent in one, and from 10 per cent to 20 per cent in the second. Seven establishments granted a 10 per cent increase, this affecting the entire force in six mills, and approximately all the employees in one mill; one mill reported an increase of about 10 per cent, but made no statement aa

11550]




to the number of employees affected. An increase of 8 J per cent to the entire force was reported by one concern, and an increase of 5 per cent to all except the office force was granted by another.

Iron and steel: The entire force in three plants received an increase of 15 per cent. One firm increased the 40 per cent bonus to 55 per cent, which affected the entire force except the commissary em- pio}' ees. An increase of 10 per cent was reported by five establishments, affecting the whole force in two plants, all laborers and mechanical men in one, 70 per cent of the force in another, and 44 per cent of the employees in the fifth plant. An increase of 50 cents per day, amounting to about 15 per cent, was granted in one plant to all the men having a daily or weekly rate, which affected about 60 per cent of the employees. Another plant reported an increase of 25 cents per day to the entire force. All the employees but the salaried men in one establishment received an 8 per cent increase.

Leather: An ¿urease of approximately 15 per cent, affecting about 50 per cent of the entire force, was granted by one establishment. Two plants reported an increase of 10 per cent, which affected all the employees in one plant and 70 per cent of the force in the other, while a third plant gave an increase to the entire force of approximately 10 per cent. About 40 per cent of the employees in one establishment received an increase of approximately 7 per cent. All the employees in three establishments received an increase of 5 per cent, while another plant granted an increase of 5 per cent and a 5 per cent bonus for all "full-time" workers, to 60 per cfcnt of the men. Another plant reported an increase, but failed to state the amount of increase or number affected.

Men's ready-made clothing: An increase of 10 per cent, affecting almost the entire force, was granted by one finn, and an increase of about 10 per cent was reported by another, which gave no information as to the number affected.

Paper: An increase of approximately 20 per cent, affecting every employee, was reported by one establishment, and half of the force in another plant received a 15 per cent increase. One plant granted an increase of 10 per cent and another firm gave an 8 per cent increase, but neither gave the number affected. An average 5'- per cent increase was received by 70 per cent of the force in one establishment. Two firms granted an increase of 5 per cent, affecting the whole force in one plant, while the other gave no infonnation as to the number receiving the increase. An increase of approximately 3 per cent to 50 per cent of the force was reported by one plant. The firemen, engineers, coal passers, and a few firemen's helpers, equaling about 9 i per cent of the force in another plant, received an increase of 2 per cent. One establishment reported an increase of 20 cents

60991°- 18 13 [15511



190 MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUBEAU OF LABOE STATISTICS.

per day for mea and 10 cents per day for women; while another plant granted an increase of 1 cent to 2} cents per hour to all on the force. A wage increase was reported by one other plant, but no further data were given.

Silk: Two mills reported a 15 per cent increase, this affecting the entire force in one plant and 25 per cent of the employees in the other; while another mill reported a bonus of 15 per cent.. Four mills granted an increase of 10 per cent to all employees. The whole force in one concern received an increase of 7 per cent, and another establishment reported an increase of approximately 7 per cent, affecting practically the whole force.

Woolen: It is of significance to note that more than 96 per cent of the mills reporting in the woolen industry granted increases during the pay-roll period March 15 to April 15, 1918. One establishment reported an increase of 14} per cent, but failed to state the number affected. The wages of all the employees in 46 mills were increased 10 per cent. The entire force in one establishment received increases ranging from 8 per cent to 10 per cent; while another mill gave a general increase of 8 per cent.

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