Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor

EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENTSource: Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 15, No. 5 (NOVEMBER, 1922), pp. 157-172Published by: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of LaborStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41829038 .

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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT.

Employment in Selected Industries in September, 1922.

THE concerning Bureau of

the Labor

volume Statistics

of employment received and

in September, tabulated reports

1922, concerning the volume of employment in September, 1922, from 2,664 representative establishments in 42 manufacturing

industries, covering 1,354,162 employees, who received $40,794,816 in wages.

Comparing the figures for September, 1922, with those for identical establishments for August, 1922, it appears that in 31 of the 42 industries there were increases in the number of employees, while in 1 1 there were decreases. The greatest increase, 15.8 per cent, appears in car building and repairing. Cotton finishing shows an increase of 11.3 per cent and woolen of 11 per cent. The greatest decreases appear in agricultural implements, 4.4 per cent; lumber, millwork, 3.7 per cent; and hosiery and knit goods, 3.2 per cent.

Twenty-nine of the 42 industries show increases in the total amounts of pay roll for September, 1922, as compared with August, 1922, and the remaining 13 show decreases. The greatest increase, 20.6 per cent, appears in car building and repairing. Cotton finishing and woolen snow increases of 15.6 per cent and 11.4 per cent, respec- tively. The greatest decreases appear in agricultural implements, 9.1 per cent; automobiles, 5.7 per cent; and chewing and smoking tobacco, 5 per cent.

COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1922.

Est&h- Number on pay _ Amount of pay ^ Est&h- ighT roll m- on pay Per _ rolliu- pay Per ^

„ cent cent of in- of in- Industry. in? for' °^f

and?' August' temSěr orde* A"«084' Septem- orde- 1922. Soo crease 1922. ber, 1922. crease temper. <->• <">•

Agricultural implements.... 37 lweek... 14,510 13,870 -4.4 1356,641 1324,326 -9.1 Automobiles 97 ...do 161,356 162,111 +.5 5,213,465 4,916,096 -5.7 Automobile tires 33 ...do 30,311 29,920 -1.3 854,574 856,988 +.3 Boots and shoes 116 ...do 74,632 75,273 +.9 1,668,495 1,685,2 88 +1.0 Brick 137 ...do 12,460 12,262 -1.6 278,979 277,844 -.4 Carriages and wagons 16 ...do 1,758 1,723 -2.0 40,207 38,824 -3.4 Carpets 18 ...do 13,748 13,850 +.7 335,705 355,596 +5.9 Car building and repairing... 67 Î month. 46,763 54,148 +15.8 2,554,081 3,079,649 +20.6 Chemicals 37 1 week.. . 11, 729 12,054 +2.8 271,743 279,159 +2.7 Clothing, men's 102 ...do 37,132 37,143 0) 1,014,467 997,694 -1.7 Clothing, women's 88 ...do 10,298 10,332 +.3 319,467 317,748 -.5 Cotton finishing 19 ...do 12,249 13,639 +11.3 244,837 283,070 +15.6 Cotton manufacturing 121 ...do 85,408 89,965 +5.3 1,276,728 1,389,565 +8.8 Electrical machinery , appar- atus and supplies , 63 ...do 52,975 54,163 +2.2 1,254,959 1,269,775 +1.2 Fertilizers 15 ...do 2,037 2,021 -.8 38,569 39,820 +3.2 Flour 31 ...do 5,051 5,476 + 8.4 128,882 136,041 +5.6 Foundry and machine shops. 157 ...do 67,267 74,043 +10.1 1,775,209 1,944,241 +9.5

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158 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.

COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1922- Concluded.

Estab- Number on pay _ Amount of pay ^ lish- roll in- _ Per roll in- ^ Per ments of e?nt report- Penod r > • j of # of in- ofin-

Industry. Tndn«?trv ine for r Penod > • j of # crease crease Tndn«?trv Industry. ^ngtor ine for payrolL P (+) (+) ftSf August, t rr P or de- August, Septem- or de- ggp. 1922. 1922. crease 1922. ber, 1922. crease

tember. )•

Furniture 76 lweek... 16,308 16,504 +1.2 $369,169 1372,991 +1.0 Glass 56 ...do 15,652 15,762 +.7 325,793 330,789 +1.5 Hardware 15 ...do 12,566 12,676 +.9 260,561 274,663 +5.4 Hosiery and knit goods 100 ...do 43,278 41,881 -3.2 691,412 657,647 -4.9 Iron and steel 126 § month. . 167, 837 164,731 -1.9 8» 235, 114 8,858,008 +7.6 Leather 71 lweek... 23,432 23,958 +2.2 524,964 531,233 +1.2 Lumber, millwork 72 ...do 10,998 10,595 -3.7 266,652 261,537 -1.9 Lumber, sawmills 150 ...do 50,895 50,008 -1.7 859,157 849,961 -1.1 Millinery and lace goods 17 ...do 2,638 2,768 +4.9 57,978 62,378 + 7.6 Paper boxes 47 ...do 9,751 10,017 +2.7 196,093 205,463 + 4.8 Paper and pulp 88 ...do 33,035 33,254 +.7 788>754 793,373 +.6 Petroleum 26 2 weeks.. 40,114 40,010 -.3 2,657,963 . 2,710,280 +2.0 Pianos 11 lweek... 3,670 3,792 +3.3 98,966 101,290 +2.3 Pottery 13 ...do 5,404 5,465 +1.1 149,863 146,542 -2.2 Printing, book and job 77 ...do 14,543 14>926 +2.6 478,768 510,133 +6.6 Printing, newspapers 75 ...do 20,252 20,423 +.8 698,041 717,685 + 2.8 Shipbuilding, steel ? 17 ...do 11,245 11,770 +4.7 291,455 300,033 + 2.9 Shirts and collars 71 ...do 20,869 20,852 -.1 295,268 288,053 -2.4 Silk 109 2 weeks.. 33,550 33,558 0) 1,246,481 1,231,458 -1.2 Slaughtering and meat pack- ing 72 lweek... 80,722 82,290 +1.9 1,733,724 1,837,290 +6.0 Stamped ware 10 ...do 4>213 4,374 +3.8 81,003 83.043 +2.5 Stoves 16 ...do 3,694 4>040 +9.4 91,717 97,032 +5.8 Tobacco, chewing and smok- ing 6 ...do 1,229 1,302 +5.9 21,183 20,121 -5.0 Tobacco, cigars and cigar- ettes 98 ...do 25,077 25,625 + 2.2 439,807 455,573 +3.6 "Woolen 91 ...do 37,482 41,588 +11.0 813,506 906,616 +11.4 1 Increase of less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

Comparative data covering identical establishments in 13 manu- facturing industries for September, 1921, and September, 1922, appear in the following table. The number of employees increased in 1922 as compared with 1921 in 7 of the 13 industries and decreased in the 6 remaining. Car building and repairing and iron and steel each increased 25 per cent in 1922 as compared with 1921, while automobiles increased 24.3 per cent and leather 22.5 per cent. De- creases ranging from 16.7 per cent to 14.3 per cent appear in cotton manufacturing, silk, woolen, and men's clothing.

The amount paid in wages in September, 1922, was greater than that paid in September, 1921, in 5 of the 13 industries, and less in the remaining 8. Iron and steel shows the huge increase of 74 per cent. Car building and repairing increased 30.7 per cent and auto- mobiles 27.5 per cent. The greatest decreases appear in men's clothing, silk, and cotton manufacturing, being 21.9, 20.7, and 18.5 per cent, respectively.

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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 159

COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS' IN SEPTEMBER, 1921 AND 1922.

Estab- ! Number on Amount of pay roll lish- I pay roll in- Per in- per ments ; cent cent report- PprinH of in- i of in-

Industry. ^ of pay tem- ro11' pay

teX temper ' teX ternir «dt b^fh Ta ÍÂ ' c^e mF' mf' years.

Automobiles 47 1 week...' 103,439 128,611 +24.3 $3,249,315 $4,143,552 +27.5 Boots and shoes 79 ...do I 61,272 62,549 + 2.1 1,429,224 1,422,102 -.5 Car building and repairing. 53 è month..!

34,499 43,125 + 25.0 1,946,339 2,544,668 +30.7

Clothing, men's 45 1 week.. J 31,116 26,666 -14.3 983,242 767,829 -21.9 Cotton finishing 17 ...do | 13,336 12,790 -4.1 292,693 267,979 -8.4 Cotton manufacturing 55 ...do 59,536 49,616 -16.7 1,004,785 819,095 -18.5 Hosiery and knit goods.... 63 ...do 28,687 29,364 + 2.4 472,672 463,806 -1.9 Iron and steel 109 è month.. 107,758 134,707 + 25.0 4,122,567 7,172,260 +74.0 Leather 32 lweek... 12,641 15,487 +22.5 282,758 337,697 +19.4 Paper and pulp 54 ...do 22,810 25,639 +12.4 535,847 601,803 +12.3 Silk 43 2 weeks.. 16,395 13,834 -15.6 679,628 538,740 -20.7 Tobacco, cigars and cigar- ¡ ettes 53 -lweek...! 16,946 16,520 -2.5 322,118 304,754 - 5.4 Woolen 22 ...do ! 23,563 20,131 -14.6 505,801 468,553 -7.4

COMPARISON OF PER CAPITA EARNINGS IN SEPTEMBER, 1922, WITH THOSE IN AUGUST, 1922.

Per cent of in- Per cent of in- crease ( + ) or crease ( + ) or decrease (- ) decrease ( - )

Industry. in September, Industry. in September, 1922, as com- 1922, as com- pared with pared with August, 1922. August, 1922.

Iron and steel +9.6 Paper and pulp . . -0.1 Carpets +5.1 Furniture - .2 Hardware +4.5 Foundry and machine shops - .5 Fertilizers +4.1 Women's clothing - .9 Car building and repairing +4.1 Leather -1.0 Slaughtering and meat packing.... +4.0 Pianos -1.0 Cotton finisning +3.8 Electrical machinery, apparatus Printing, book and job +3.8 and supplies -1.1 Cotton manufacturing +3.3 Silk -1.2 Millinery and lace goods +2.5 Stamped ware- -1.2 Petroleum +2.2 Carriages and wagons -1.5 Paper boxes +2. 0 Men 's clothing -1.7 Printing, newspapers +1.9 Shipbuilding, steel.- -1.7 Lumber, millwork +1. 8 Hosiery and knit goods -1. 8 Automobile tires +1. 6 Shirts and collars -2. 4 Tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes +1.4 Flour -2.7 Bricks +1.2 Pottery -3.3 Glass +.9 Stoves -3.3 Lumber, sawmills +.7 Agricultural implements -4.9 Woolen +.5 Automobiles -6.1 Boots and shoes +.1 Tobacco, chewing and smoking. . . . - 10. 4 Chemicals 0) » Decrease of less than one-tenth or l per cent.

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160 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.

Wage changes made between August 15 and September 15, 1922, were reported by various establishments in 36 of the industries included in this report and are presented in the following tables:

WAGE CHANGES REPORTED AS OCCURRING BETWEEN AUGUST 15 AND SEPTEMBER 1 Sr 1922.

Kr»«*. Percent Per Percent Per of in- cent of gjg of in- cent of Industry. SSb- ^ Industry. *£?

menis. <£»• 7~7 SSS.

Agricultural imple- Fertilizers - Con. 1 +14.3 24 ments 1 +13 6 1 +7 74 1 +9 50 Flour 1 +16 9 1 -10 100 1 +10 100 Automobiles 1+18 28 Foundry and machine 1 +10 5 skop 2 +20 100 1 +5 25 1 +15 100 Automobile tires 1 +10 6 1 +15 20 Boots and shoes 1 +5 48 1 +14.3 6 Brick 1 +40 100 1 I +12 9 1 +28 100 1 i +10.7 13 i 1 J +20 ' M 23 3 1 +10 100 i 1 ,' +12.5 / M 23 1 1 +10 97 1 1 +14 90 1 I +10 25 1 1 +13.5 100 1 ! +10 15 1 +12 16 1 i +1j0 9 2 +10 100 I +10 6 1 +10 75 2 +10 2 1 +8 100 1 +7 98 1 +6 100 1 +6-10 100 1+5 8 l+o 5 1+17 1+5 2 1 (>) 18 1 +5 1

Carpets 1 +10 100 1 +4.6 7 Car building and re- 1 +3-5 8 pairing 1 +20 11 Furniture 1 +50 2 1 +20 8 1 +16.7 3 1 +15 2 1 +10 6 1 +10 75 1 +10 3 1 +10 25 1 +6 2 1 +8 59 1 (2) 9 1 +8 12 Glass 1 +20 19 Chemicals 1 +20 100 1 +20 2 2 +20 87 2 +15-25 100 1 +20 85 1 +10 100 1 +19 100 1 +10 98 1 +16 100 1 +10 96 1 +15.3 3 1 +10 90 1 +13.8 79 1 +10 4 1 +11.5 91 1 +7.9 17 1 +10.7 95 1 +7.6 14 1 +9.6 100 1 +7.5 21

Clothing, women's 1 -6 65 ! Hardware 1+10 85 Cotton finishing 1 . +25 100 : 1 +10 3 1 +17 100 1 +6.5 2 1 +15 90 i Hosiery and knit goods. 1 +15-18 100 Cotton manufacturing.. 10 + 25 100 1 +8.3 13 1 +25 98 Iron and steel ... 29 + 20 100 2 + 25 95 3 + 20 96 1 +21 100 1 +20 74 2 + 20 100 1 +20 4 9 1 +11 99 3 + 20 46 1 +10 100 3 +20 44 Electrical machinery, 1 +20 22 apparatus, and sup- 1 + 8 20 (<) plies 1 +20 15 1 +10-20 100 1 +15 100 t 1 / +4.5 60 1 +12.5 11 t 1 ' +20 40 1 +10 15 1 ì / +4.5 40 1+13 8 , 1 ì ' +20 60 1 +8 25 i 2 +4-20 100

1+891 2 +19.8 i 100 1 +3.5 100 i 4 +19.8 ! 80 Fertilizers 1 +25 100 } 1 +19.6 | 90 1 +18 49 1 +19.2 ¡ 100 1 +16.7 89 1 +18.7 ! 84 1 +14.3 88 i 2 +17.5 í 100 1 5 cents per hour increase. » Approximately. * 2 to 4 cents per hour increase. « N ot reported.

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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 101

WAGE CHANGES REPORTED AS OCCURRING BETWEEN AUGUST 15 AND SEPTEMBER 15, 1922- Concluded.

Nu- W J?« Num- ̂ Industry. «tab- «£«<.+> Industry. ?«»b- °^+> ^

mente ments. erease Payees ments. *ls^" eresse ployeea mente ments. affected. ments. affected. j Iron and steel- Con. 1+16 100 Paper and pulp- Con. 1 -7.3 33 1 +15.5 100 Printing, book and job. 1+11 2 , f +15.4 67 1 +7.6 5 1 ' +10 33 1 +6 12 1 +15 WO 1+5 1 1 +15 65 Printing, newspaper. .. 1+8 12 , 1 J +15 67 1 +8 3 1 ' +4 33 1 +6 13 1 +14.9 100 1 +73.5 5 1 +14.6 100 1 +1.7 6 3 +14.3 100 1 Shipbuilding, steel 1 +20 83 3 +10-14 100 I 8hirts and collars 1+10 91 1 +13 33 Silk 2 +10 100 1 +*12 100 1 +10 74 5 +10 100 i Slaughtering and meat 1 +10 54 packing 1 +8 16 1 ! +10 50 I

1 +Ô.3 4 7 ! +10 (♦) j 1 (i) 8 1 +5 40 i Stamped ware 1 +10 7 Leather 1 +15 100 ¡ 1 +8 13 1 +12.5 3 Stoves 1 +20 3 4 +1C 100 . 1 +14 2 1 ! (i) 25 1 +10 1 Lumber, millwork 1 j +20 4 Tobacco, cigars, and 1 +16.7 23 1 cigarettes... 1 +10.5 60 1 +10 22 1 +10 100 1 (') 100 1 +10 89 1 O) 75 , 1 +10 84 Lumber, sawmills 1+16 1 1+10 70 1 +10 47 ! 2 +10 8 1 +10 7 I 1 +10 («) 1 0) 96 , 1 +7.5 91 Millinery and lace 1 ; +10 67 : 1 +7 66 Paper boxes 1 ; +8 4 i 1+7 30 1 j +7 3 1+6 100 Paper and pulp 1 ! +10 (6) 1 +5 69 1 ! +10 100 ! Woolen 2 +25 100 1 ; +10 35 i 1 +10 4 1 ! +8.1 34 1+6 2 1 I +5 91 ¡

1 5 cents per hour increase. 6 25 cents per day increase. 8 Appropriately. 6 All wage earners. « Not reported. 7 Retroactive to Aug. 1.

Government Construction Contracts.

CONTINUING Monthly Labor the report

Review, on this

the subject

following in recent

table numbers

gives certain of the

CONTINUING Monthly Labor Review, the following table gives certain information relating to contracts entered into by the several

departments or independent establishments of the Government as reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics by these departments :

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162 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.

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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 163

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168 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.

Industrial Unemployment: A Study of Its Extent and Causes.

THE statistical United States

study Bureau of the

of extent

Labor and

Statistics causes

has of industrial

just issued un-

a statistical study of the extent and causes of industrial un- employment (Bulletin No. 310). The data contained in the

report are necessarily incomplete, as reliable unemployment statis- tics for a long enough time to be significant cover a very limited portion of the country, but an effort has been made to coordinate and mterpret the available information and to present it in graphic form for greater quickness and ease of understanding. The discussion relates to the manufacturing and mechanical industries, including the building and hand trades, and to transportation and mining, the fields in which unemployment is, as a rule, most acute, and deals mainly with the extent of unemployment and some of the more permanent factors involved, regarding which information is necessary before adequate remedies and preventive measures can be devised.

The principal conclusions arrived at from a comparison of the statistical data set forth are as follows:

1. Industrial wage earners in those States for which data are available lose about 10 per cent of their working time through unemployment, mainly from lack of work and exclusive of idleness due to sickness and labor disputes. On this basis, an average of at least a million and a half industrial wage earners in the United States are con- stantly unemployed, taking poor and prosperous years together.

2. Two and a half per cent of the working time of industrial wage earners appears to be lost from sickness and other disabilities, and an additional 1 per cent from labor disputes, or an average per worker from these two causes of about 10 days per year. 3. From such data as are available, it appears that partial unemployment, due to part-time operation of plants, shutdowns, time lost on account of waiting, and related causes, is responsible for a loss of about 10 per cent more of the working time of in- dustrial wage earners. There may be some overlapping here with time lost from sick- ness and labor disputes.

4. There is a fairly regular seasonal decrease in employment in the manufacturing industries as a whole in midsummer and again in midwinter. 5. The unemployment due to depressional factors was more pronounced in 1920-21

than in 1907-8 or 1914-15. The need for fuller and better data regarding employment and

unemployment, collected and published regularly by a responsible statistical body of each State and of the United States, is stressed.

Recent Employment Statistics.

California.

THE industries results of

of California an employment as of August

survey 31, of

1922, the manufacturing

conducted by industries of California as of August 31, 1922, conducted by the bureau of labor statistics of that State in cooperation with the United States Employment Service, are given in Employment Bulletin No. 6 of the California bureau. Over 800 questionnaires were distributed to large manufacturing establishments, about 65 per cent of which had made returns at the time the statistics were compiled for the bulletin.. Reports were used only for the 500 firms which had also made returns for August, 1921, and June, 1922.

The number of persons employed by these firms in August, 1922, was 105,976 as compared with 94,222 in June, 1922, and 94,361 in August, 1921. The industry showing the largest number of employees in August, 1922, was canning, drying, and preserving, the number of

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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 169

employees being 20,386 as compared with 13,593 in August, 1921, an increase of 50 per cent. The next largest number of employees was in sawmills and logging camps, 15,114 as compared witn 11,218 in August, 1921, an increase of 34.7 per cent. Tne industry showing the greatest percentage of increase m the number of employees over August, 1921, was tne manufacture of wagons and automobiles, including bodies, in which the number increased from 1,188 to 2,658, or 123.7 per cent. The largest decrease in any industry was in ship- building, including naval repairs, the number of employees falling from 14,113 in August, 1921, to 6,091 in August, 1922, or 56.8 per cent.

Minnesota.1 T^HE report for August, 1922, of the employment division of the * Industrial Commission of Minnesota shows a greater demand for

labor of all kinds, except office help. A scarcity of workers, espe- cially of the unskilled, is becoming apparent. It has been almost impossible to meet the demand for woodsmen, for whom daily orders are being received. It is thought that there may be a relief from this shortage when the harvest hands of the Northwest return to the cities. All the free employment offices supervised by the State in- dustrial commission reported an increase in activities, and according to present prospects, it is believed there will be little, if any, unemploy- ment in the vicinity for some time to come.

New Y ork. The State Labor Market.

THE July, 1922, number of the Industrial Bulletin, issued monthly * by the industrial commissioner of New York, announces that the various employment offices throughout the State report a general scarcity of skilled labor, an absorption of practically all common labor, and a demand for good farm help which exceeds the supply in all the rural sections of the State. There is a small surplus, how- ever, of common laborers in some localities where such laborers are not willing to do agricultural work.

The reports show that the problem of the floating element, " trav- eling help," which was so serious a year ago, is eliminated. Em- ployment offices are finding it difficult to induce men to leave their nome localities to take jobs in other parts of the State.

If the report that 20 per cent of the striking textile workers of Massachusetts have gone to other States is correct, New York seems to have absorbed its quota.

Certain contracts for highways and other public work were en- tered into some time previous on a basis of 30 to 35 cents an hour for common labor. The present hourly rates for such labor range from 40 to 55 cents, and it is not easy for public-work contractors to obtain help of this kind at the former rates.

The fact that 90 per cent of the 1,500 workers placed by one of the department's offices in the week ending July 29, 1922, were put at agricultural labor is an indication of the large demand for help in that field.

The department records show that the supply of domestic servants is only 44 per cent of the demand. i Letter from the .Minnesota Industrial Commission under date of Oct. 4, 1922.

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170 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.

Part-Time Employment in June, 1 922.1 A special inquiry was made by the Industrial Commission of New

York m June, 1922, to ascertain whether the amount of overtime and part-time work had increased or decreased since a similar in- quiry in December, 1921. 2 The 1922 report covers 1,395 firms with over 360,000 employees. A small percentage of employees who lost time on account ot illness or other personal reasons was included among the part-time workers. The findings of the investigation in- dicate that there was a slight increase in full-time and overtime work in manufacturing in June, 1922, compared with December, 1921, and that there was less part time at the later period. Ten per cent of the employees lost two or more days in the week covered in De- cember, 1921; in the week selected in June, 1922, the number was reduced to 8 per cent.

The metals and machinery industries, stone, clay, and glass prod- ucts, and woodworking industries, still showed the largest amount of part time employment, in the last-mentioned group approximately 25 per cent of the workers being employed less than the full week in June.

The only two large groups of industries that cut down their work- ing time were textiles and clothing, and these reductions were partly seasonal. Part-time was more marked among women than among men. The number of women on part time was especially noticeable in silk and knit goods establishments, in the latter many of the work- ers being employed four days or less a week.

In both inquiries the light and power plants showed the least amount of part-time work. In the fur, leather, and rubber goods group 84.3 per cent of the employees were on full time in June, 1922, compared with 62.8 per cent in December, 1921.

The following table summarizes the report on working time in 1,395 establishments in the State of New York for the week in June covered by the 1922 inquiry: TIME WORKED BY EMPLOYEES OF REPRESENTATIVE FACTORIES IN NEW YORK STATE DURING ONE WEEK OF JUNE, 1922.

Number of employees working. Per o worked- ^ W0Ï*'

Industry. g ! 3 Total °ver_ Ful1 5 4 days Over- Full | 5 4 days time. time. days. days, or un- time. time. days. days, or un- der. der.

Stone, clay, and glass products.. 11,116 1,533 6,651 1,866 532 534 13.8 59.8 16.8 4.8 4.8 Metals, machinery, ana convey- ances 120,64614,277 76,97619,298 5,458 4,637 11.8 63.8 16.0 4.5 3.» Wood manufactures 19,779 1,575 13,375 3,368 590 871 8.0 67.6 17.0 3.0 4.4 Furs, leather, and rubber goods.. 31,344 861 26,425 2,148 1,099 811 2.7 84.3, 6.9 3.5 2.6 Chemicals, oüs, paints, etc 14,719 2,363 9,806 1,799 404 347 16.1 66.6 12.2 2.7 2.4 Paper 6,639 2,555 2,662 841 260 321 38.5 40.1! 12.7 3.9 4.8 Printing and paper goods 23,584 2,305 18,164 1,756 532 827 9.8 77.0 7.4 2.3 3.5 Textiles 50,891 3,355 36,486 6,191 3,384 1,475 6.6 71. 7j 12.2 6.6 2.9 Clothing, millinery, laundering, I etc 47,432 2,351 35,224 5,682 2,220 1,955 4.9 74.3 12.0 4.7 4.1 Food, beverages, and tobacco.... 31,948 2,709 22,387 3,902 1,468 1,482 8.5 70. 1, 12.2 4.6 4.6 Water, light, and power 2,191 157 1,914 76 15 29 7.2 87. 4{ 3.4 .7 1.3

Total 360, 289 34, 041 250, 070 46, 927 15, 962 13, 289 9. 5 69. 4j 13. 0 4. 4 &7 1 New York. Industrial Commissioner. The Industrial Bulletin, Albany, August, 1922, pp. 200-202. * For digest of December, 1921, inquiry, see Monthly Labor Review, May, 1922, pp. 151, 152.

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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 171

Pennsylvania.1

T^HE industrial activities of Pennsylvania do not seem to have been * disrupted to any appreciable extent by the coal and rail strikes, according to the August 15 report of the State employment bureau. Steel mifls, textile plants, public utilities, and machine shops have been operating on an almost normal basis.

Throughout the State there has been a continued demand for both skilled and semiskilled mechanics. Labor shortages were also evident in building, lumbering, farming, and domestic service. Industrial disturbances seem not to have interrupted building activities except in Philadelphia. Full production in the anthracite mines was not expected until October or November. The workers involuntarily idle on September 15 numbered 74,493 - about 25,000 less than at the corresponding period of the preceding month.

A steady rise in wages, the report states, has been the outcome of the growing acuteness of the common labor shortage. It is thought that a considerable percentage of the 115,000 miners who did not go back to the mines at the time the strike was ended in the anthracite and bituminous mines have taken jobs in the steel plants and other places and do not wish to return to the mines. The following table shows the placement work done by the State bureau of employment in the first 6 months of 1922:

CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES OF PENNSYLVANIA BUREAU OF EMPLOYMENT FOR THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF 1922.

Persons Persons perSons Persons Industry and sex. ap^ng {S. sent to receiving

positions, employers- Positions- Positions.

Men. Agriculture 5, 506 2, 159 1, 845 1, 608 Building trades 10,548 5,084 5,187 4,466 Machinery and inet als 15,775 6,604 6,939 5,626 Clerical... 3,543 1,041 1,080 911 Hotel and institutions 7,279 1,887 2,206 1,783 Mine and quarry 3, 351 2, 002 1, 383 1, 264 Transportation 4,031 706 811 639 gales.. 1,995 2.026 1,118 992 Common labor 91,026 20,815 20,949 19,043 Miscellaneous 12,202 3,572 3,901 3,434

Total 155,256 45,896 45,419 39,796 Women.

Agriculture and foods 227 268 213 i 192 Clerical 4,632 790 854 i 656 Clothing

and textiles 561 281 341 j 185 Dav workers 7, 802 3, 148 3, 183 | 3, 130 Domestic service 4,194 3,871 2,564; 2,105 Hotel and institutions 4,429 1,907 1,578 j 1,356 Machine and factory 923 672 434 ¡ 366 Professional and trained 146 51 54 36 Sales - 827 220 188 163 Miscellaneous

- 1,248 457 377 j 362

Total 24,989 11,665 9,786 | 8,551 Grand total - 180, 245 57,561 ¡ 55, 205 ¡ 48, 347

i Pennsylvania. Department of Labor and Industry. Labor and Industry, Harrisburg, September, 1922, pp. 20, 21.

2 5* 15443°- 22 12 [1101]

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172 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW.

Wisconsin.

FLUCTUATIONS in employment in Wisconsin from July to August, * 1922, and also from January to August, 1922, are shown in the August, 1922, issue of the Wisconsin Labor Market, published by the industrial commission of that State. The total number of placements made by the Wisconsin employment offices in August, 1922 (5 weeks), was 13,648 as compared with 9,608 made in July, 1922 (4 weeks), and 6,013 in August, 1921 (5 weeks). In most of the industries of the State the number of employees increased from January to August, 1922, laree percentages of increase being shown in the following industries: Building construction, 170.5; iron min- ing, 109.5; automobiles, 67.4; foods, 56.4; and agriculture, 47.8. The largest decreases during this period were in the railroad repair shops (64.5 per cent) and m the logging industry (34.8 per cent). The report states, however, that there is a strong demand for work- ers in lumber camps, and it is predicted that with the coming winter some laborers now employed in other lines, such as railroad, high- way, and building construction, will shift to logging. The largest gain in volume of employment in August as compared with July was in the following manufacturing industries: Stone finishing, 64.3 per cent; textile products other than clothing and knit goods, 14.7 per cent; flour milling, 14.4 per cent; and boots and shoes, 13.5 per cent.

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