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EN

Common format for the national air pollution control programme pursuant to Article 6 of Directive (EU) 2016/2284

1. FIELD DESCRIPTIONS

All fields in this common format that are marked (M) are mandatory and those marked (O) are optional.

2 COMMON FORMAT

2.1 Title of the programme, contact information and websites

2.1.1. Title of the programme, contact information and websites (M)

Title of the programme: National air pollution control programme

Date:

Member State: Denmark

Name of competent authority responsible for drawing up the

programme: Ministry of Environment and Food

Telephone number of responsible service: +45 38 14 21 42

Email address of responsible service: MFVM@MFVM.DK

Link to website where the programme is published: www.mfvm.dk

Link(s) to website(s) on the consultation(s) on the programme: https://hoeringsportalen.dk/Hearing/Details/62696

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2.3 The national air quality and pollution policy framework

2.2.1. Policy priorities and their relationship to priorities set in other relevant policy areas

The national

emission

reduction

commitments

compared with

2005 base year

(in %) (M):

SO2 NOx NMVOC NH3 PM2.5

2020-2029 (M): 35 56 35 24 33

From 2030

(M): 59 68 37 24 55

The air quality

priorities:

national policy

priorities

related to EU

or national air

quality

objectives (incl.

limit values

and target

values, and

exposure

WHO (WHO, 2014) has assessed that air pollution is one of the largest environmental challenges today. At EU level air pollution is

estimated to cause approx. 400,000 premature deaths1 a year (EC, 2018), while the corresponding figure for Denmark is assessed at

3,200 premature deaths a year (DCE, 2018a). In addition, air pollution can cause or aggravate diseases, entailing on top of human

costs direct costs in the health-care sector, for instance in connection with hospitalisation or medical treatment of asthma etc. Also, it

entails a production and welfare loss for society further to sick days, early retirement, lost life years, or acute death. Thus, air

pollution has large human and economic costs. In Denmark, the damage costs caused by air pollution used to be estimated at some

DKK 25 billion a year (DCE, 2018a). However, this figure is higher today, since the damage costs for atmospheric pollutants have

since increased (DCE2018b).

The Directive on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC Directive2) is an EU directive with the

purpose of reducing air pollution in Europe. The aim of the directive is to reduce damage costs and other negative effects of air

pollution such as climate change and loss of biodiversity. The directive requires EU Member States to reduce emissions of five

1 Premature death is defined as ten years before expected. 2 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DA/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016L2284&from=EN

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concentration

obligations)

(M):

Reference can

also be made to

recommended

air quality

objectives by

the WHO.

atmospheric pollutants, taking the year 2005 as a base year. The five atmospheric pollutants are nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur

dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5).

To support the Member States’ work regarding the emission reduction commitments the directive requires that every four years a

programme must be prepared describing the work of the countries on reducing air pollution. The programme is partly to be a

planning tool for the countries in their work, and partly it must ensure that the development of measures to mitigate air pollution

takes place in a manner that is transparent and predictable for stakeholders and citizens.

The programme is also to contribute to the compliance with the Air Quality Directive and to ensure cohesion with planning within

other areas of relevance to air pollution, such as plans and programmes within energy, climate, industry, agriculture, and

transportation.

In this report the regulatory framework for the reduction of air pollution in Denmark is presented along with past and future

initiatives in Denmark in view of reducing air pollution. In addition, the impact of emissions of atmospheric pollutants and the

reduction of such emissions is discussed in relation to air quality and climate.

1.1. International commitments for air pollution reduction

The political framework for the international cooperation on air pollution reduction is threefold: The Air Quality Directives, the NEC

Directive, and the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention). Here, specific targets are set out

for concentrations of harmful substances in the air and the emission of atmospheric pollutants, respectively. This overall regulation is

supported by national and international legislation dealing with the source-specific mitigation of air pollution. This may be, for

instance, emission limit values for certain substances from specific types of enterprises or facilities.

1.1.1. NEC Directive

As mentioned above, Denmark is committed through the NEC Directive to reduce emissions of the atmospheric pollutants of NOx,

sulphur dioxide, ammonia, NMVOC, and fine particulate matter.

This commitment is set out as an emission reduction target with 2005 as the base year. Denmark’s commitments appear from the a

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table for the period from 2020 up to 2030 and the period after 2030, respectively.

The NEC Directive has been implemented in Danish law through the NEC Statutory Order3.

1.1.2. LRTAP Convention

Denmark is a party to the LRTAP Convention that is intended to limit air pollution in a large area consisting of the EU, Eastern

Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, USA, and Canada. The Convention has eight protocols setting requirements for emission

inventory and reduction of a large number of substances, including heavy metals and tar compounds. The most recently updated

protocol is the Gothenburg Protocol containing emission reduction commitments for those same substances that are covered by the

NEC Directive. The NEC Directive is the EU implementation of the Gothenburg Protocol, but it also has a reduction target for 2030

that is not part of the protocol.

1.1.3. Air Quality Directives

The Air Quality Directives set out targets and emission limit values for the atmospheric concentration of certain substances along

with a requirement for monitoring of air pollution. The purpose of the Air Quality Directives is to ensure that the air that we breathe

is so clean that it does not constitute a health problem. Therefore, measuring stations have been established around Denmark,

measuring air pollution continuously. The Air Quality Directives set out emission limit values for fine particulate matter and NO2

among others. The rules on air quality have been implemented by the Danish Statutory Order on air quality4. Monitoring is

conducted by Aarhus University on behalf of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency under the Ministry of Environment and

Food.

1.1.4. Source-specific regulation

The Air Quality Directives, the NEC Directive, and the LRTAP Convention are supported by extensive source-specific legislation

contributing to compliance with the emission limit values set out in the directives and the Convention. These are, for instance,

3Statutory Order no. 491 of 16/05/2018 4Statutory Order no. 1472 of 12/12/2017

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regulation of wood burning stoves, vehicles, ships, and industrial enterprises. This regulation covers both EU and national rules.

Source-specific regulation is not discussed in this report. Reference is made to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency’s

website for further information.

Relevant

climate change

and energy

policy

priorities (M):

The commitments in the air quality field interplay closely with climate objectives and regulation. Below, the Danish commitments

and efforts in the field of climate and energy are presented (government, 2018)

1.1. Danish climate efforts up to 2020

Due to our EU membership Denmark has committed to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the emissions trading scheme

(ETS) as well as outside it. ETS covers the energy sector and the most energy intensive enterprises in the EU while transportation,

agriculture, individual domestic heating, waste incineration, and other minor sources of greenhouse gases are not covered.

In connection with the distribution of burdens of the overall reduction target for the non-ETS sectors Denmark has committed to

reducing national greenhouse gas emissions from the non-ETS sectors by 20 percent in 2020 with 2005 being the base year, and to

comply with annual sub-targets on the way up to 2020.

It is expected that Denmark complies with this reduction target for all of the non-ETS greenhouse gas emissions in the period 2013-

2020 with a good margin.

Emissions from the other sectors are regulated at EU level through the ETS. Denmark does not have a separate national target for the

ETS sectors. Denmark is significantly above the EU average when it comes to reducing the ETS greenhouse gas emissions, and this

trend is believed to increase up to 2020.

Thus, in the most recent projections (April 2018) Danish ETS emissions up to 2020 are expected to decrease by approx. 44 percent

from 2005 levels, while the European average is only expected to decrease by a good 20 percent.

1.2. Danish climate efforts up to 2030

EU Heads of State and Government adopted in 2014 the general framework for the EU climate and energy policy up to 2030. The

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2030 framework has as a key element a binding target of an internal reduction of the EU greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40

percent in 2030 with 1990 as the base year.

To attain this target in a cost-effective manner the ETS sectors must reduce emissions by 43 percent in 2030 from 2005, while the

non-ETS sectors must reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent in 2030 from 2005.

Part of the 2030 framework target for the ETS sectors is an objective stating that 27 percent of the Member States’ energy

consumption must be sourced from renewable energy. The parties to the Danish Energy Agreement from June 2018 have agreed on a

financing mode exceeding this target and showing the way to attaining a renewable energy share of approx. 55 percent by 2030.

Also, with this agreement Denmark attains a renewable energy share of our power consumption of more than 100 percent, while at

least 90 percent of our district heating consumption is sourced from other energy forms that coal, oil, and gas by 2030.

As part of the concretisation of the 2030 framework for the non-ETS sectors the EU Commission has given every Member State a

national reduction target for greenhouse gas emissions for 2030 in the range of 0-40 percent with 2005 as the base year. This was

done through the so-called burden sharing agreement. The reduction targets were allocated on the basis of the countries’ GDP, and in

this connection Denmark has committed to reaching a reduction of 39 percent in 2030 in the non-ETS sectors. Under the EU burden

sharing agreement the EU Member States in their compliance with targets may use the so-called flexibility mechanisms covering

crediting of reductions of ETS emissions under the EU ETS system and crediting further to reduced emissions or higher CO2 uptake

in connection with land use (forests and agriculture).

1.3. 2050 targets

The government is working for a climate neutral society by no later than 2050 in which we do not emit more greenhouse gases that

what we take up. On the pathway to this target Denmark should be without petrol and diesel cars, with clean air in our cities, greener

agriculture, and a shipping sector, homes, and industry polluting far less than today.

The government took two major steps in this direction in 2018. In June 2018, the government gathered all the parties of the Folketing

around a new Energy Agreement. In October 2018, the government presented a climate and air proposal for an overall effort towards

both climate change and air pollution, since these two areas are closely related. This also applies to the proposed measures.

Therefore, the proposal encompasses initiatives cutting here and now emissions of greenhouse gases and improving air quality, and

measures paving the way for future reductions. Altogether, the proposal means that Denmark is well on our way to complying with

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our climate target in the EU in 2030 for the non-ETS emissions. The proposal has concrete initiatives in the short term, long-term

targets, and proposals for enhanced research efforts.

Relevant policy

priorities in

relevant policy

areas, incl.

agriculture,

industry and

transport (M):

The Government is working for a climate-neutral society by 2050, which means that Denmark will

absorb at least as much greenhouse gas as we emit. This is a highly ambitious goal. We must stop using fossil fuels in the transport

sector. All of the cars, busses and taxis in our city streets today must eventually be replaced by alternative vehicles with zero

greenhouse gas emissions.

We are taking a dual-track approach to achieving this goal by making it even more attractive to drive low-emission vehicles than at

present, and by setting a clear political goal with end dates for the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles. This sends an unequivocal

signal to the car industry that the time has come to speed up the pace of technological advances.

Climate impacts and air pollution from our agricultural production must be reduced to even lower levels.

Our best existing solutions must be adopted and implemented as far and wide as possible, and we must conduct research into new

technologies, products and agricultural methods. We need the new solutions that targeted research efforts are capable of delivering.

In households and industry, we will continue the proud Danish tradition of ambitious environmental standards and gradually reduce

environmental impacts. We are also introducing new initiatives in shipping that will contribute to a greener future. It will be easier

for ordinary Danes to choose climatefriendly solutions in their everyday lives. With a focus on good ideas and visionary initiatives,

we will enable everyone to take part in climate efforts.

The aim of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 requires that we capture and store carbon currently in

the atmosphere. Therefore, we are undertaking a targeted research effort that will enable us to capture and store considerable amounts

of atmospheric carbon.

The political priorities of the current Danish Government regarding climate and air, are described in detail here (in Danish):

https://efkm.dk/media/12350/klimaministeriet_klimaogluftudspil_digital.pdf

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List the relevant

authorities(M):

Describe the type of authority (e.g.

environmental inspectorate, regional

environment agency, municipality) (M):

Where appropriate, name of authority (e.g.

Ministry of XXX, National Agency for

XXX, Regional office for XXX):

Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air

pollution (M):

Select from the following as appropriate:

Policy making roles

Implementation roles

Enforcement roles (including where relevant inspections and permitting)

Reporting and monitoring roles

Coordinating roles

Other roles, please specify:

National

authorities (M):

Department of Ministry of Environment

and Food

Policy making role

Implementation role

Department of Ministry of Transport,

Building and Housing

Policy making role

Implementation role

Department of Ministry of Energy, Utilities

and Climate

Policy making role

Implementation role

Regional

authorities (M):

Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Implementation

Enforcement (supervision and approvals)

Reporting and monitoring

Danish Energy Agency

Implementation

Enforcement (supervision and approvals)

Reporting and monitoring

Local authorities

(M): Local Danish authorities Enforcement (supervision and approvals)

2.4 Progress made by current policies and measures (PaMs) in reducing emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of

compliance with national and Union obligations, compared to 2005

2.3.1. Progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and Union emission

reduction obligations

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Describe progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and Union emission reduction

legislation (M) (Include graphics illustrating the emission reductions per pollutant and/or per main sectors (O) ):

Efforts for clean air in Denmark have been a success especially since the mid-90s, showing declining trends for emissions of atmospheric pollutants.

For example, the number of premature deaths related to air pollution in Denmark has almost halved since 1990, and today Denmark complies with all

EU emission limit values for air quality. To a very large extent these positive results are also caused by international regulation; such regulation is of

utmost importance since approx. 75 percent of health effects caused by air pollution in Denmark can be attributed to sources outside Danish borders.

In 2016, the Environmental Economic Council found that 70-80 percent of health effects caused by air pollution in Denmark were attributable to

emissions abroad, primarily in Germany, Great Britain, Poland, and France, along with international shipping. Also, Denmark sends a similar quantity

of pollution to our neighbouring countries, primarily Sweden. However, some of the pollution is still generated locally.

The key atmospheric pollutants of importance to environment and public health in Denmark are the following:

Primary particulate matter especially from wood burning stoves and traffic (affects public health/life expectancy, etc.).

Ammonia from agriculture forming secondary particulate matter (affects public health/life expectancy and nature).

NOx (= NO and NO2) especially from traffic and power plants forming secondary particulate matter and causing pulmonary diseases (NO2)

Particulate matter

The most important parameter in relation to health effects caused by air pollution is assessed today to be fine particulate matter (PM2.5) – generally

referred to as particulate matter. Particulate matter is partly emitted directly, e.g. from combustion processes, and it is partly formed from other

substances reacting in the air. While emissions from, for instance, traffic have decreased since the 1990s, emissions in particular from small

combustion plants have fluctuated. Altogether, therefore, there has not been as clear a decline in the direct emission of particulate matter as we have

seen for other substances.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

NOx affects nature and health negatively. Emissions have declined substantially since 2005. This trend is expected to continue in the coming years

further to continuous enhancements of the transport sector regulation.

Ammonia (NH3)

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When it comes to ammonia Denmark is among those countries that have attained the highest reductions in emissions: nearly a halving since the 1990s.

Total emissions, however, are still at a level that should be reduced further, both in respect of the environment and health and in respect of our

international commitments.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur used to be a substantial challenge for health and due to rain acidification, but today it has been reduced to a level of relatively minor

importance. Further reductions are hard to get by, and they have relatively modest environmental implications, since the level is already very low.

Volatile organic compounds (VOC)

Environmental and health effects caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) depend on the specific compound. In general, toxic compounds such

as benzene and formaldehyde are regulated individually. Substantial reductions of VOCs have been attained since the mid 90s. VOCs are also emitted

from natural sources, and this is not part of the reduction target.

Figure 2.1 below shows developments in emissions to air for the five substances to be reduced further to the NEC Directive

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Figure 2.1 Developments in emissions of sulphur, NOx, NMVOC, ammonia, and particulate matter from 1990 to 2016, DCE (2018c).

The figure shows substantial reductions for four of five substances. The success is the result of implementation of international commitments, as

mentioned above, but it is also to a large extent due to previous and supplementing Danish initiatives and regulation.

Below, developments in emissions for the different atmospheric pollutants are described along with the measures that have been the primary drivers for

the developments for each single substance.

Particulate matter (PM2.5)

Airborne particulate matter consists of many different kinds of particles, each with different physical and chemical properties. Particulate matter is

typically divided into sizes, where fine particulate matter (PM2.5) refers to particles with a diameter not exceeding 2.5 micrometers. Fine particulate

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matter, which is primarily discussed below, is seen as that category of particles that has the largest negative health effects and may cause, among

others, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases as well as cancer. Also, this category is the one for which reduction targets have been set up. Based on

present knowledge about health effects of air pollution particulate matter in total is associated with more than 90 percent of all damage costs further to

air pollution.

Figure 2.1 Distribution of Danish sources of particle emissions in 2016, DCE (2018c).

A distinction is made between primary formed particles and secondary formed particles. Primary particles are emitted directly from, for instance, wood

burning stoves and the transport sector, while a large part of the particles in the air come from reactions of sulphur dioxide, ammonia, and NOx in the

atmosphere, referred to a secondary inorganic particles. These secondary formed inorganic particles make up approximately one third of the particulate

matter in cities and are included in the total inventory of the damage effect of particulate matter, in line with other types of particles. Furthermore,

particles are also formed from VOC. These are referred to as secondary organic particles. All particulate matter is regarded as equally harmful to

health. Efforts to reduce damage effects caused by particulate matter should therefore cover sources of both direct and indirect particle formation.

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Particulate matter is transported over large distances, and around 75 percent of particulate matter pollution in Denmark originates from abroad. For

Danish sources of primary particulate matter, small combustion plants (wood burning stoves, boilers, straw boilers, etc.) are the largest direct

contribution to particle pollution, while minor contributions come from road transport and other mobile sources. See Figure 2.2.

Developments in particle emissions

Figure 2.3 shows the reduction in particulate matter emissions (PM2.5) from 1990 to 2016 broken down on sources.

Figure 2.3 Developments in emissions of particulate matter from 1990 to 2016 distributed on source, DCE (2018c).

It is seen from the figure that total particle emissions have fluctuated throughout the period as a result of an increasing trend for some sectors (in

particular small combustion plants up to 2007) and a decreasing trend primarily from the transport sector. Altogether the particle emission has declined

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by approx. 22 percent since 1990. When it comes to the road transport’s direct particulate matter emissions, the introduction of particle filters in new

diesel cars, light goods vehicles, and heavy vehicles has had a major impact, since exhaust emissions have been reduced to such a degree that particles

from tyre wear, brakes, and road surfaces now constitute more than half of particulate matter emissions from road transport.

Total emissions (black line) depend largely on emissions from small combustion plants (red line), which is the dominating source. As it is difficult to

get precise data on wood firing in households, the inventory of particle emissions is subject to large uncertainty - up to 50 percent. However, in general

this uncertainty is lower when it comes to developments in emissions, than when it comes to levels of emissions.

Particle emissions from small combustion plants are presupposed to have been on a steady decrease since 2007-08 - the year in which binding emission

limits for particles from small combustion plants were introduced in Denmark. These rules led to a decrease in particle emissions along with the

replacement of old combustion plants.

In 2015-2016 a scrapping system for old wood burning stoves was implemented, causing a little more than 20,000 old wood burning stoves to be

scrapped. Of this, approx. 90 percent was replaced with new and less polluting stoves, while approx. 10 percent of the installations were closed down

completely. In addition, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency has established an information portal (wood firing portal) where citizens and

local authorities can find information and guidance about wood firing; this includes tips for correct firing and check-list for local authorities in

connection with complaints about wood fire smoke.

In the period 2008-2010 environmental zones were established in the major Danish cities (Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Aalborg, Aarhus, and Odense).

The requirements for the present environmental zones are that trucks and buses must be at least Euro 4 vehicles or have a particle filter fitted on them.

The environmental zone requirements have led to a considerable reduction of particle exhaust emissions of 16 percent and in NOx emissions of 8

percent compared with exhausts from all categories of vehicle for the most polluted street in Copenhagen (H.C. Andersens Boulevard) in 2010.

Secondary particles are not included in the above illustration, but have also seen a reduction further to a regulation of ammonia, nitrogen oxides, and

sulphur along with the establishment of technical solutions such as catalytic converters and cleaner fuels. These substances are presented in the below

sections.

Timeline of initiatives

1974 – The first Environmental Protection Act allows for the limitation of emissions from industry and power plants.

1990 – Measurement of total suspended particles

1990 – Requirements for limitation of dust emissions from power plants

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1997 – Introduction of limit values for dust emissions from waste incineration plants

2001 – Measurement of coarse particulate matter (PM10) launched

2002 – Measurement of ultrafine particulate matter launched

2002-3 – Enhanced requirements for limitation of dust emissions from waste incineration plants and power plants (EU directive)

2007 – Measurement of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) launched

2006 – Act on environmental zones

2008 – Introduction of Statutory Order on wood burning stoves, among others with requirements for particulate matter (dust) from small combustion

plants under 300 kW

2008 – Scrapping system for old wood burning boilers from 1980 (fund of DKK 20 million, leading to the scrapping of some 5,000 old boilers)

2008 – Introduction of environmental zones in Copenhagen and Frederiksberg

2009 – Introduction of environmental zone in Aalborg

2009 – Environmental and energy requirements for taxis

2010 – Introduction of environmental zones in Odense and Aarhus

2015 - Statutory Order on wood burning stoves with enhancement of particle requirements for new combustion plants for solid fuels from 10 g/kg to 5

g/kg. Scope expanded from 300 kW to 1 MW.

2015 - Particle requirements for eco-labelled stoves enhanced from 4 g/kg to 3 g/kg (by Ecolabelling Denmark)

2015 – Scrapping system for old wood burning stoves (fund of approx. DKK 45 million, leading to the scrapping of some 20,000 old stoves from

before 1990)

2017 - Statutory Order on wood burning stoves with enhancement of particle requirements for new combustion plants for solid fuels from 5 g/kg to 4

g/kg.

2017 - Particle requirements for eco-labelled stoves enhanced from 3 g/kg to 2 g/kg (by Ecolabelling Denmark)

2017 – Requirements for limitation of dust emissions from power plants based on the BAT principle

2017 – Emission limit values for dust from medium combustion plants (EU directive)

2018 - Ban on pet coke

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

NOx is the generic term for a number of nitrous gases. When it comes to air pollution the two most important ones are nitrogen monoxide (NO) and

nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These gases are released during combustion processes at high temperature as a result of a conversion of atmospheric nitrogen.

The conversion between these two nitrogen oxides is rapid which is why they are assessed together despite the fact that only NO2 is assessed to have a

direct health hazardous effect. NO in addition can be formed in the nitrification of nitrogenous fertiliser on agricultural land. NOx from agricultural

land, however, is not included in the emission reduction commitments under NEC.

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The transport sector, covering road traffic, domestic shipping, railroads, and aircrafts (take-off and landing), with a contribution of approx. 45 percent

is the primary Danish source of total NOx emissions. See Figure 4.

Figure 2.3 Distribution of Danish sources of NOx emissions in 2016, DCE (2018c).

NO2 is a respiratory irritant and may as such in particular be a problem for persons with respiratory diseases, elderly people, and children. Furthermore,

new studies indicate that NO2 may have other direct health effects. Health care professionals in Denmark are presently scrutinising this new

knowledge. Particularly along trafficked roads in the cities concentrations of NOx (i.e. NO and NO2) are elevated.

In addition to the direct effect NOx can react with ammonia in the air, forming secondary particulate matter, which is harmful to health in line with

directly emitted particulate matter.

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Finally, nitrogen from the air can deposit on surfaces resulting in a fertilising effect. Therefore, air pollution with nitrogen compounds can contribute to

overfertilisation (eutrophication), which may lead to algae growth in aquatic areas and loss of biodiversity in nutrient-poor natural habitats (such as

heathland). NO2 can also oxidise, contributing to acidification.

Developments in NOx emissions

Figure 2.5 shows the reduction in NOx emissions from 1990 to 2016 broken down on sources.

Figure 2.5 Developments in emissions of NOx from 1990 to 2016 distributed on source, DCE (2018c).

It is seen from the graph that a significant reduction has been achieved in total Danish NOx emissions from 1990 to 2016 (black line). This is in

particular due to reductions in the energy and transport sectors, further to technical solutions at power plants and in industry (blue line), but also thanks

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to requirements for catalytic converters in the transport sector up through the 1990s (purple line). In addition, in 2010 a tax on NOx emissions relating

to the combustion of fossil fuels was introduced.

In the period 2008-2010 environmental zones were established in the five largest Danish cities (Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Aalborg, Aarhus, and

Odense). The present requirements for the environmental zones are that heavy diesel vehicles (trucks and buses) must be of at least Euro 4 standard or

have a particle filter fitted on them.

International shipping also contributes with NOx to the air in Denmark. Since this is not a national source such emissions are not regulated under the

NEC Directive, but through the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, MARPOL. This Convention decides that as from

2016 new ships must reduce their NOx emissions by 80 percent in the so-called NOx Emission Control Areas (NECA areas). So far, there are only

NECA areas along the coasts of USA and Canada, but from 2021 the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the English Channel also become NECA areas.

Below the most important initiatives in this field are listed.

Timeline of initiatives

1974 – The first Environmental Protection Act allows for the limitation of emissions from industry and power plants.

1990 – Requirement for catalytic converter in all new petrol cars (2 years prior to EU requirements)

1990 – Requirements for limitation of NOx emissions from large combustion plants

1991 – NOx quotas for power plants

2001 – Air emissions guideline - with national requirements for small and medium plants

2002-3 – Enhanced requirements for limitation of NOx emissions from waste incineration plants and power plants (EU directive)

2006 – Act on environmental zones

2008 – Introduction of environmental zones in Copenhagen and Frederiksberg

2009 – Introduction of environmental zone in Aalborg

2009 – Environmental and energy requirements for taxis

2010 – Introduction of environmental zones in Odense and Aarhus

2010 – Tax on NOx emissions from incineration (NOx quota system repealed)

2012 – Conversion on vehicle taxes reducing the share of new diesel vehicles sold

2017 – Requirements for limitation of NOx emissions from power plants based on the BAT principle

2017 – Enhanced NOx requirements for medium combustion plants

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Ammonia (NH3)

Ammonia (NH3) has its predominant source in agriculture. Around half the emitted ammonia comes from the handling of livestock manure in stables

and storage facilities (approx. 47 percent), while the other half comes from agricultural land in the form of spreading of synthetic fertiliser and

livestock manure along with emissions from growing crops (approx. 46 percent). In addition, there is a minor contribution (7 percent) from stationary

combustion (in particular biomass firing in small plants), mobile combustion (in particular road transport), and waste management (in particular

composting). See Figure 2.6.

In the air ammonia can react with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from combustion processes. Here, ammonia is converted to particulate

matter in the form of, e.g., ammonium nitrate, which is harmful to human health and may be transported over long distances.

Ammonia also affects nature and the aquatic environment, since it contributes to acidification and adds nutrients to nutrient-poor habitats through the

air, entailing a risk of biodiversity loss.

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Figure 2.5 Distribution of Danish sources of ammonia emissions in 2016, DCE (2018c).

Developments in ammonia emissions

Figure 2.7 shows the reduction in ammonia emissions from 1990 to 2016 broken down on sources.

Figure 2.7 Developments in emissions of ammonia from 1990 to 2016 distributed on sources, DCE (2018c).

As it appears from the graph, total Danish emissions of ammonia decreased from 1990 to 2016 with around 40 percent. This development is primarily

due to a decrease in emissions from agricultural land (dark green line).

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Up through the 1990s focus increased on the environmental impacts caused by nitrogen losses from livestock manure. In addition, rules were

introduced regarding the storage and spreading of livestock manure, and this measure contributes significantly to keeping down emissions of ammonia

from livestock manure. These instruments have focused, among others, on a better utilisation of the nitrogen contained in livestock manure, legislation

on spreading dates and methods, rules on catch crops, etc. Some of the most important initiatives for the reduction of ammonia emissions have been a

ban on broad spreading from 2002 and a requirement for covering of slurry tanks from 1988. But also a ban on the ammonia treatment of straw (with

an exemption option), requirements for ploughing in of livestock manure on bare grounds, and enhancement of the rules on covering of slurry tanks,

such as requirements for keeping logbooks, have contributed to a reduction of ammonia emissions.

With the implementation of the Livestock Farming Act which entered in force on 1 January 20075 livestock farms with more than 15 animal units were

covered by an approval requirement, while livestock farms with more than 75 animal units must have an environmental permit. In addition, for the first

time requirements were introduced on a general reduction of ammonia emissions from stables as a supplement to the requirement for use of Best

Available Technique (BAT requirements), and deposition requirements were set out for nearby nitrogen-sensitive nature. Later, these requirements

have continued in various forms, most recently as part of the BAT requirement introduced with the amendment of the Livestock Farming Act from

20176. The deposition requirements, the BAT requirement, and the general reduction requirement for ammonia have been drivers for the propagation

of low-emission stables, fodder optimisation, and environmental technologies for the reduction of ammonia from stables.

The ammonia contribution from road transport increased in the early 1990s with the phase-in of catalytic converters. However since 2002 ammonia

emissions have again shown a decrease further to more efficient catalytic converters.

Below the most significant initiatives for reducing ammonia emissions are listed.

Timeline of initiatives

1987 – Aquatic environment plan I: Focus on pollution from manure yards, establishment of spreading dates for livestock manure, requirements for

crop rotation and nutrient management plans, as well as requirements for vegetation cover in the winter (green fields), etc.

1988 – Requirement for covering of slurry tanks (with floating cover)

1998 – Aquatic environment plan II

5 Act no. 1572 of 20 December 2006 6Act no. 204 of 28 February 2017

EN 22 EN

2001 - Ammonia action plan: Limitation of ammonia evaporation, among others, through the use of better technology etc.

Requirements for mink farms regarding slurry/manure channels.

Requirement for solid covering of solid manure.

Ban on broad spreading of slurry

Ban on ammonia treatment of straw

Enhancement of ploughing in time limits for livestock manure on bare grounds to six hours

Enhancement of rules on covering of slurry tanks, such as requirement for keeping a logbook

2004 – Aquatic environment plan III: Ceiling of total national nitrogen consumption

2007 – Act on Livestock Farming Environmental Approvals (Livestock Farming Act): Requirement that livestock farms between 15 and 75 AU need

an approval for the establishment, modification, or extension. Livestock farms exceeding 75 AU need an environmental approval for their

establishment, modification, or extension. Introduction of buffer zones in which extensions and modifications of livestock farms within a distance of

300 m from vulnerable habitats (buffer zone I) are not permitted unless the extension or the modification does not cause additional ammonia loads

from the livestock farm (Aquatic environment plan III).

For livestock farms exceeding 75 AU statutory requirements are introduced for the following:

General ammonium reduction requirements of 15 % in 2007, 20 % in 2008, and 25 % in 2009 (outdoor livestock exempt from

this requirement)

Injection of liquid manure on fallow land and grassland in buffer zones I and II (0-300 and 300-1000 m from vulnerable

habitats)

Enhancement of requirement for covering of slurry tanks

More frequent supervision of livestock farms

Requirement for solid covering of slurry tanks less than 300 m from neighbours or vulnerable habitats

Ceiling over maximum additional deposition in buffer zone II (300-1000 m from vulnerable habitats)

2011 – Requirement for injection on fallow land and grassland becomes general

2011 - Amendment of Livestock Farming Act: The general ammonia reduction requirement increases to 30 percent and is set as from January 2011.

Enhanced requirements for ammonia deposition in particularly vulnerable habitats

2012 - Nitrate action plan: Among others statutory limit of 170 kg N/ha

2015 – Agreement on food and agriculture package

2017 - Amendment of Livestock Farming Act: enhanced BAT requirements for egg laying hens

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Enhanced requirements for ammonia impact on vulnerable habitats from 2011 are continued, requirement that all solid manure is ploughed in before 4

hours.

2017 – Enhanced requirements for limitation of ammonia emissions from power plants based on the BAT principle (EU).

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Air pollution with sulphur is mainly due to the combustion of fossil fuels and certain types of biofuels containing sulphur. During combustion sulphur

oxidises into sulphur dioxide (SO2). In the atmosphere it further transforms into sulphate (SO4 -2) that is deposited either as salts or sulphuric acid

which is a major cause of acidification of precipitation polluted with sulphur. Sulphate can also react with ammonia in the air, forming secondary

particulate matter, which is harmful to health.

The largest Danish sources of SO2 emissions are manufacturing industries and the energy sector. In addition, international shipping contributes

significantly to the sulphur content in Danish air.

The emission of sulphur to the air used to be a major environmental problem in Denmark, but since the 1980s concentrations have dropped steeply

thanks to efficient national and international regulation.

Developments in sulphur emissions

Figure 2.8 shows the reduction in sulphur emissions (SO2) from 1990 to 2016 broken down on sources.

EN 24 EN

Figure 2.8 Developments in emissions of sulphur from 1990 to 2016 distributed on source, DCE (2018c).

As the graph shows emissions of sulphur have decreased by 94.2 percent in the period 1990-2016 (black line). The large reduction in emissions is

mainly due to the installation of flue gas desulphurisation at CHP plants as well as lower emission limit values for sulphur contents in liquid fuels (blue

line). Despite the huge reduction from the power plant sector this sector still accounts for 25 percent of emissions. Today, manufacturing industries are

the largest Danish source of sulphur emissions. Small combustion plants and industrial processes, however, also contribute substantially to sulphur

emissions. Since 2000 sulphur emissions have been at a substantially lower level than in the ten preceding years, and this decreasing trend continues.

Sulphur emissions decreased from 2000 to 2016 by 69 percent.

EN 25 EN

Sulphur from international shipping is not included in the commitments under the NEC Directive, which only covers national sources. However,

international shipping contributes with some 20 percent of the sulphur contents in Danish air and reductions here are therefore of relevance in respect

of air quality. Since economic savings can be made from using fuels with a high sulphur content, the control and enforcement of sulphur emissions

from ships is an important instrument in the reduction of sulphur contents in the air. For several years Denmark has undertaken extraordinary controls

of sulphur pollution from ships.

International sulphur requirements mean that ships sailing in the North and Baltic Seas as from 1 January 2015 had to reduce the sulphur contents in

their fuels from 1.0 percent to 0.1 percent, corresponding to 90 percent. Since 2015 sulphur contents in Danish air have halved, among others due to an

efficient enforcement effort for emissions from shipping.

Below the most significant initiatives for reducing sulphur emissions are listed.

Timeline of initiatives

1972 – Regulation of sulphur in oil

1974 – The first Environmental Protection Act allows for the limitation of emissions from industry and power plants.

1984 - Reduction of sulphur dioxide from power plants

1985 – Emission limit value for sulphur contents in diesel

1990 – Requirements for limitation of sulphur dioxide emissions from power plants

1997 – Introduction of limit values for sulphur dioxide emissions from waste incineration plants

2005 – Enhancement of emission limit value for sulphur contents in diesel

2005 - The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships incorporates air pollution.

2010 – Requirements for target compliance regarding limit values set out in EU directives/Geneva convention on transboundary air pollution.

2015 - Sulphur requirements under the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO): The North and Baltic Seas become sulphur emission control

areas with a requirement for a maximum sulphur content in fuels of 0.1 percent (SECA).

2017 – Requirements for limitation of sulphur dioxide emissions from power plants based on the BAT principle (EU)

Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC)

NMVOC is the abbreviation of Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds. Methane is inventoried and regulated under the climate agenda; to avoid

double regulation it is therefore not included in the inventory of atmospheric pollutants. Other VOCs from agriculture are not included in the emission

reduction commitments under NEC.

EN 26 EN

Volatile organic hydrocarbons have a large number of sources such as evaporation of petrol and windscreen wiper liquids, incomplete combustion,

releases from industrial processes, use of organic solvents, etc.

The substances may cause odour nuisances and may be toxic by themselves. In addition, they contribute to the formation of ozone, which is harmful to

the respiratory organs and plant growth. As the only VOC benzene is regulated in the EU Air Quality Directive with a limit value and a requirement for

monitoring. Benzene is carcinogenic.

Figure 2.9 shows the reduction in NMVOC emissions from 1990 to 2016 broken down on sources.

Emissions of volatile organic compounds may be divided into two main groups: incomplete combustion and evaporation. The most important sources

of VOC from combustion emissions are road transport, non-road machinery and equipment, as well as small domestic combustion plants (wood

burning stoves, boilers, etc.). Emissions from transport and machinery have been on the decrease, while emissions from small combustion plants have

been increasing. Evaporation emissions primarily come from agriculture, use of solvents, and volatile emissions (extraction, transportation, storage,

and refining of oil and gas).

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Figure 2.9 Developments in emissions of NMVOC from 1990 to 2016 distributed on source.

As it appears from the graph total emissions have decreased by 49 percent from 1990 to 2016, driven by the introduction of catalytic converters and

still stricter emission limits for road transport and other mobile sources. Emissions from the use of solvents have also decreased significantly due to

statutory regulation on substitution of solvents whenever possible. Water-based paints are an example of such substitution. In addition, recovery

facilities have been fitted at filling stations to capture petrol vapours. In the mid-1990s, in addition, petrol with a much lower content of benzene was

introduced.

Below the most significant initiatives for reducing NMVOC emissions are listed.

EN 28 EN

Timeline of initiatives

1997 – Introduction of limit values for organic substance emissions from waste incineration plants

1989 - Ban on open-field straw burning etc.

1990 - Requirement for catalytic converters in new vehicles

1994 – First statutory order on vapour recovery during the filling of vehicles (subsequent amendments in 2001, 2011, and 2016)

1995 – First statutory order on vapour recovery for storage and distribution of petrol (subsequent amendments in 2006 and 2015)

2002 – First VOC Statutory Order (with subsequent amendments in 2009, 2012, and 2015)

2005 – First VOC products Statutory Order (with subsequent amendment in 2015)

2008 – Statutory Order on wood burning stoves with emission requirements for new wood burning stoves

2017 – Requirements for limitation of TVOC emissions from power plants based on the BAT principle (EU)

Provide complete references (chapter and page) to publically available

supporting datasets (e.g. historic emission inventory reporting) (M):

National emissions of atmospheric pollutants are inventoried

annually, broken down on sectors. DCE – Danish Centre for

Environment and Energy at Aarhus University is in charge of these

inventories on behalf of the Danish Environmental Protection

Agency. The inventories can be found here:

http://envs.au.dk/videnudveksling/luft/emissioner/.

2.4.2 Progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union air

quality obligations

Describe progress made

by current PaMs in

improving air quality,

and the degree of

compliance with national

Efforts to limit emissions of atmospheric pollutants in Denmark and the rest of the EU as described above have meant a

declining trend for emissions of contaminants since the 1990s. Thanks to this, Denmark complies with all EU limit

values for air quality.

In view of securing Danish public health and complying with the requirements of the Air Quality Directive

developments in air quality are monitored continuously. This monitoring is carried out by DCE – Danish Centre for

EN 29 EN

and Union air quality

obligations by, as a

minimum, specifying the

number of air quality

zones, out of the total air

quality zones, that are

(non)compliant with EU

air quality objectives for

NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and

O3, and any other

pollutant(s) for which

there are exceedances

(M):

Environment and Energy at Aarhus University on behalf of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency that has the

overall national responsibility for the monitoring programme.

The monitoring programme results in two annual reports. One report has focus on air quality in relation to public health,

while the other has focus on environmental impacts. The programme covers the measurement of 13 contaminants.

The main conclusions from the latest monitoring report are presented below (DCE, 2018a).

For NO2 the emission limit value of the Air Quality Directive as an annual median was complied with in 2017. In

addition, the concentrations of NO2 measured at the street level stations in 2017 had decreased from the measurements in

2016. In addition, model calculations indicate that there was no exceedance of the limit value in 2017, while in 2016

there were exceedances at 6 of 98 calculated street stretches in Copenhagen.

For coarse particulate matter (PM10) the emission limit value of 40 μg/m3 as an annual median was complied with in

2017 at all measuring stations. In addition, at no measuring stations in the measuring programme the permitted number

of exceedances of the daily mean value for PM10 was exceeded (50 μg/m3 may not be exceeded more than 35 times a

year).

For fine particulate matter (PM2.5) the emission limit value of 25 μg/m3 as an annual median was complied with in

2017 at all measuring stations. The AEI value (average exposure indicator, which is defined at the mean value of fine

particulate matter in urban background locations) has decreased by around 30 percent since 2010. The target value as

stipulated in the Air Quality Directive has already been met.

For ultrafine particulate matter a general decrease has been measured since 2002 of approx. 40 percent in number of

particles with a diameter between 41 and 550 nm.

Ozone concentrations in 2017 were at the same level as in previous years. In 2017 there were no exceedances of the

target values for the protection of public health, while the long-term targets (120 μg/m3) were exceeded at three urban

background locations. The target value for ozone entered into force in 2010. The threshold for information of the

population about high ozone levels (hourly median 180 μg/m3) was not exceeded in 2017.

For VOC measurements of 17 selected VOCs in urban background in Copenhagen showed concentration levels ranging

from 0.03 μg/m3 to 0.87 μg/m3 in 2017. In Denmark the major proportion of O3 is caused by long-range transportation of

air pollution from central and southern parts of Europe.

All other measured substances are found in concentrations below the Air Quality Directive’s limit values and for

EN 30 EN

several substances (e.g. benzene, sulphur dioxide, and lead) concentrations have decreased substantially since 1990.

PAH (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons): Measurements of PAH particles are made at the most polluted street in

Copenhagen (H.C. Andersens Boulevard) and in the suburb of Hvidovre. The mean value for benzo[a]pyrene attained

0.18 ng/m3 and 0.29 ng/m3 on H.C. Andersens Boulevard and at the measuring station in Hvidovre, respectively.

Thereby, the target value of 1 ng/m3 was not exceeded in 2017.

Health effects: The model calculations of the health effects, as mentioned above, show that air pollution on average in

2015-2017 has been calculated at around 3,200 premature deaths per year and a large number of negative health effects.

Hereby, there are around 400 less premature deaths per year compared with the period 2014-2016. The reasons for this

result are generally decreasing emissions combined with low ozone concentrations in 2017 due to meteorological

conditions. Around 770 (24 %) of the premature deaths are caused by Danish sources, while the rest primarily is caused

by the remaining part of Europe. The negative health effects have decreased by around 40 percent since 1988-1990.

Calculations of health effects are subject to considerable uncertainty, among others because model calculations

underestimate particle concentrations compared with measurements; furthermore, recent studies indicate that NO2 may

have a health effect by itself, and this has not been integrated in the model calculations as yet. Health care professionals

in Denmark have in recent years had more focus on gathering more knowledge about health effects caused by ultrafine

particulate matter (PM0.1) and NO2 in view of assessing whether there is a need for a supplement to the well-established

knowledge stating that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is the most important parameter in relation to health effects.

Provide complete

references (chapter and

page) to publically

available supporting

datasets (e.g. air quality

plans, source

apportionment) (M):

The monitoring programme results in two annual reports. One report has focus on air quality in relation to public health,

while the other focuses on environmental impacts. The programme covers the measurement of 13 contaminants. The

results are available from the DCE website and can be found here.

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Maps or histograms

illustrating the current

ambient air

concentrations (for at

least NO2, PM10, PM2.5

and O3, and any other

pollutant(s) that

present(s) a problem)

and which show, for

instance, the number of

zones, out of the total air

quality zones, that are

(non)compliant in the

base year and in the

reporting year (O):

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EN 33 EN

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2.4.3 Current transboundary impact of national emission sources

Where relevant, describe the current

transboundary impact of domestic

emission sources (M):

Progress can be reported in quantitative

or qualitative terms.

If no issues were identified, then state

Air pollution is transboundary and a large part of the air pollution in Denmark comes from abroad, just as

air pollution from Danish sources is transported to our neighbouring countries and ambient waters. The

following table shows the primary receiving countries of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, reduced nitrogen

(ammonia and ammonium), and fine particulate matter, respectively, from Denmark.

Table 1 Recipients of air pollution from Danish sources (share in percent of total emissions from

EN 35 EN

that conclusion. Denmark).

Recipient SOx NOx NH3/NH4

Poland 5 - -

Russia 7 9 5

Sweden 11 12 10

North Sea 16 18 17

Denmark 18 7 27

Baltic Sea 20 14 18

Atlantic Ocean - 9 5

Others 22 31 19

Source: European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP)

As it appears from the table, Denmark itself and the waters around Denmark are the primary recipients of

sulphur and ammonia from the air deposited from Danish sources. For NOx a minor part is deposited in

Denmark while it is seen that for all three substances Sweden is the largest recipient outside Danish

borders.

2.5 Projected further evolution assuming no change to already adopted policies and measures

2.5.1 Projected emissions and emission reductions (WM scenario).

Total emissions (kt), consistent with

inventories for year x-2 or x-3 (year to be

Projected % emission reduction achieved

compared with 2005 (M):

National

emission

National emission

reduction

EN 36 EN

Pollutants

(M):

specified) (M): reduction

commitment

for 2020-2029

(%) (M):

commitment from

2030 (%) (M):

2005 b

ase

yea

r

: 2020:

2025:

2030:

2020:

2025:

2030:

SO2: 26,212 10,727 11,548 12,217 59 [60*] ± 8** 56 [60*] ± 8** 53 [60*] ± 8** 35% 59%

NOx: 188,117 78,985 68,733 58,880 58 ± 15** 63 ± 15** 69 ± 15** 56% 68%

NMVOC: 108,577 61,713 60,270 58,832 43 ± 30** 44 ± 30** 46 ± 30** 35% 37%

NH3: 88,552 72,581 72,589 72,038 18 ± 15** 18 ± 15** 19 ± 15** 24% 24%

PM2.5: 25,636 18,470 16,732 15,204 28 ± 40** 35 ± 40** 41 ± 40** 33% 55%

Outline the associated

uncertainties for the WM

projections to meet the

emission reduction

commitments for 2020,

2025 and 2030 onwards

(O):

Projections will always be subject to uncertainties in relation to activity data. To the largest possible extent the emission

projections are based on official projections of level of activity, such as the official Danish energy projections prepared

by the Danish Energy Agency

Out of the projected substances the largest uncertainty is related to particle emissions. DCE assesses that the uncertainty

for the particle emission projections attains up to ±50 percentage points. This is due to the fact that the largest Danish

source of particulate matter is wood burning for which only little solid information is available today. For the other

atmospheric pollutants DCE assesses uncertainties to be largest for NMVOC. This is due to the many substantial sources

of NMVOC emissions and the large uncertainties associated with, for instance, the inventory for small combustion plants

and solvents.

Uncertainties are also found for the future emission factors for road transport, since historical data have shown that

emission factors in the real world do not always live up to the expectations produced by statutory limit values, cf. the

diesel scandal.

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Other uncertainties include emission factors for small biomass-fired combustion plants that are not subject to continuous

measurements. The expected increase in the use of biomass for power and heat generation stresses the importance of

developing better emission factors for these facilities.

Table 2 Uncertainties associated with emission developments up to 2030.

Substance Development

2005-20301

Uncertainty2 Central estimate3

NOx -71% ± 10-25 %-points ± 15 %-points

SO2 -60% ± 3-10 %-points ± 8 %-points

NH3 -19% ± 10-25 %-points ± 15 %-points

NMVOC -47% ± 25-50 %-points ± 30 %-points

Particulate matter -55% ± 25-50 %-points ± 40 %-points

Source: DCE, 2018c

1 For NOx and NMVOC emissions from livestock and agricultural land have not been included. 2 Expressed by 95 % confidence interval, i.e. the interval of the result with a likeliness of at least 95 %. 3 The most probable estimate.

In the assessment of uncertainties a distinction is made between uncertainties for emission levels and uncertainties for

emission developments. In general the uncertainty is lower when it comes to developments in emissions, than when it

comes to levels of emissions. This is due to the fact that a major part of the uncertainty for emission levels is consistent

over a span of years and therefore it is expected to have an equally large effect in the base year as in the target year.

Thereby, it will have a smaller effect on emission developments.

In Table 5 developments in emissions as well as estimated uncertainties of the trend are shown.

The uncertainty related to 2020 will be lower than the uncertainty for 2030. DCE assesses that the uncertainty associated

with the development for both 2020 and 2030 lies within the stated intervals.

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Uncertainties associated with particulate matter projections

As mentioned above particle emissions from wood firing are associated with large uncertainties. Since there are no

central inventories of total firewood consumption, number of wood burning stoves, boilers, etc. as well as the age of

those installations, it is necessary to make a number of estimates in order to inventory particle emissions from wood

burning stoves, boilers, etc.

The assumptions behind these projections change continuously further to new knowledge. Thus, the most recent

projections from 2018 are in certain areas based on other assumptions than those used for the 2017 projections. For

example, in the most recent projections a shorter useful life for the stoves has been used than hitherto.

The changed assumption relating to useful life of wood burning stoves is decisive in the calculation of distance to the

reduction target. When a shorter useful life is used in the calculation, the number of the oldest stoves with a very high

particle emission will be relatively low in 2005 (reference base year of Denmark’s reduction target), and measures

implemented after 2005 will therefore only have limited reflection on the projections.

Data from questionnaire studies in which a large selection of wood burning stove owners are asked about the age of their

stove (Danish Energy Agency and Danish Environmental Protection Agency 2016) and information from the Danish

guild of chimney sweepers indicate that today far more old stoves are in use than what was assumed in the emission

projections for 2018.

In view of providing a more consolidated base for the assessment of the present particle emissions and the distance to the

reduction target, work is being done at the moment to qualify the present assumptions in the projections. For example, a

new questionnaire study is being conducted for the Danish Energy Agency. This work is expected to be completed

during 2019 in order that the revised base can be included in the 2020 emission inventory.

Uncertainties associated with ammonia projections

For ammonia, calculated emissions in 2020 and 2030 also rest on a number of assumptions subject to uncertainty. For

example, assumptions relating to developments of livestock production and use of synthetic fertiliser have a major

impact on calculations. Historically, livestock production has been at a relatively constant level. In its projections,

however, DCE has included an expected increase of 26 percent in the production of mink and an expected increase in the

EN 39 EN

number of dairy cattle of 9 percent. The changed assumption is partly due to an assessment of the market potential for

mink, partly to an expectation that the milk production will increase after the discontinuation of the EU milk quotas in

2015. The assumption of an increase in the number of livestock will, all other things being equal, lead to an increase in

ammonia emissions. Compared with status quo an increase in livestock production will lead to additional emissions of

1,313 tonnes in 2020 and 3,271 tonnes in 2030.

Similarly, the consumption of synthetic fertiliser in the period 1998 to 2016 was limited by suboptimal norms for how

much nitrogen was permitted per hectare. As from 2016 this reduced norm was repealed. In the projections it is assumed

that in the future agriculture will use a larger quantity of synthetic fertiliser, thus seeing a consumption increase from

approx. 200 million kg N in 2014 to 250-260 million kg in 2017 and 273 million kg in 2020. If the consumption of

synthetic fertiliser is instead assumed to stagnate at 240 million kg N a year in the period up to 2030, this will mean a

difference of 1,003 tonnes of ammonia in 2020 and 1,058 tonnes in 2030. See also Table 6 below.

If the number of livestock produced and the quantity of synthetic fertiliser used is assumed to remain at the 2016 level

(latest historical year) instead of showing an increase as assumed in the present projections, this will mean that the

distance to the reduction target is reduced to 2.3 percentage points in 2020 and that the reduction target will be more than

met in 2030 as shown in Table 6. To this should be added the effect of other implemented instruments.

Table 3 Sensitivity calculation for ammonia emissions.

2020 2030

Tonnes %-points Tonnes %-points

Effect of livestock production status quo 1,313 1.5 3,271 3.7

Effect of synthetic fertiliser consumption status

quo

1,003 1.1 1,058 1.2

Reduction 21.7 24.8

Source: IFRO (2019) and own calculations.

The sensitivity calculation in Table 6 illustrates the importance of the underlying assumptions in the projections, and

thereby what is behind the uncertainties of the expected ammonia reduction.

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Date of emission

projections (M):

Projected December 2018, with 2016 as latest historical year

Where the projected evolution demonstrates non-attainment of the emission reduction commitments under the WM scenario, section 2.6 shall outline

the additional PaMs considered in order to achieve compliance.

2.5.2 Projected impact on improving air quality (WM scenario), including the projected degree of compliance

2.5.2.1 Qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality (M)

Provide a qualitative description of the projected improvements in air quality and projected further evolution of degree of compliance (WM

scenario) with EU air quality objectives for NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3 values, and any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a problem by 2020, 2025

and 2030 (M):

Provide complete references (chapter and page) to publically available supporting datasets (e.g. air quality plans, source apportionment)

describing the projected improvements and further evolution of degree of compliance (M):

In order to investigate the impact of a reduction in emissions of atmospheric pollutants on air quality a number of model calculations have been carried

out. These calculations take their starting point in a baseline scenario reflecting that development in emissions that is expected to be the consequence of

current regulation.

For the calculation of the pollution contribution from other EU Member States the reduction commitments stipulated in the NEC Directive are used

along with the official projected emissions of those states, if these are in compliance with the reduction targets of the NEC Directive.

EN 41 EN

The projections show that the concentration of all the modelled atmospheric pollutants in the air in Denmark will decrease further up to 2030 as a

consequence of reduced emissions. On average for all of Denmark the concentrations of fine particulate matter are expected to be reduced by 9 percent

in 2020 and 20 percent in 2030 compared with 2016, while concentrations of NO2 are expected to be reduced by 11 and 25 percent in 2020 and 2030,

respectively. Figure 3.1 below shows how the projected developments of concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 are distributed over Denmark, the island of

Bornholm being excluded.

2016 2020 for basic projection 2030 for basic projection

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2016 2020 for basic projection 2030 for basic projection

Figure 3.1 Developments in concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) and NO2 in the air over Denmark (the island of Bornholm being excluded)

under the assumption of developments in emissions as provided by the baseline projections (DCE, 2019)

It appears from the figure that concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) and NO2 to a high extent depend on transboundary pollution from south and

southwest. For NO2 there is also a local effect from traffic in major cities.

In addition to negative health effects NOx and ammonia can also contribute to overfertilisation of habitats. A reduction of emissions of NOx and

ammonia, therefore, will entail an improved natural state, in particular in vulnerable habitats.

Figure 3.2 shows expected developments in nitrogen deposition distributed over the entire country. As it appears from the figure, Denmark receives a

large contribution from the south. This contribution is primarily in the form of NOx, while local sources of ammonia primarily appear in various areas

of the peninsula of Jutland.

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2016 Nitrogen deposition 2020 for basic projection 2030 for basic projection

Figure 3.2 Developments in nitrogen deposition under the assumption of developments in emissions as provided by the baseline projections (DCE,

2019)

To reflect the air pollution that the urban population is exposed to a so-called average exposure indicator can be calculated. This indicator states a 3-

year running annual mean of fine particulate matter in the urban background. In other words, the concentration in air that is not affected directly by

passing traffic. The Air Quality Directive sets out a target of a 15 percent reduction in the exposure indicator in 2020 with 2010 as the base year. The

most recent measurements from 2017 show a reduction of 30 percent since 2010, and thereby the target has already been met. Table 7 below shows the

expected developments in the exposure indicator in 2020 and 2030.

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Table 4 Developments in exposure indicator for particulate matter (PM2.5) (modelled).

Source: DCE, 2019

Table 7 shows an expected decrease in exposure in the cities of around 10 percent in the period 2016 to 2020 and of approx. 20 percent up to 2030.

Developments in urban background concentrations together with developments in emissions in traffic are behind the atmospheric pollutant

concentrations that are seen at street level.

For NO2 the street level concentration in Copenhagen is expected to decrease from 29 µg/m3 in 2016 to 24 µg/m3 in 2020 and further down to 15

µg/m3 in 2030, see Figure 3.3. The street level concentration reductions are primarily driven by reductions in emissions from traffic on the streets in

question.

City 2016 2020 Difference

2020/2016 2030

Difference

2030/2016

Copenhagen 8,1 7,3 -9% 6,5 -19%

Odense 8,6 7,7 -10% 6,7 -22%

Aarhus 8,2 7,4 -9% 6,6 -20%

Aalborg 6,9 6,3 -9% 5,7 -18%

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Figure 3.3 Developments in average NO2 concentrations in 98 streets in Copenhagen. Prepared on the basis of DCE (2019)

Further to the expected decrease particularly in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) due to reductions in Danish and foreign emissions the number of

premature deaths caused by air pollution is expected to decrease from around 3,350 in 2016 to around 3,050 in 2020 and further down to around 2,800

in 2030.

The entire report on developments in air quality up to 2020 and 2030 from DCE at Aarhus University can be found here.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2015 2020 2025 2030

Annual m

edia

n [µ

g/m

3]

EN 46 EN

2.6 Policy options considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments for 2020, and 2030, intermediate

emission levels for 2025

The information required under this section shall be reported using the 'Policies and Measures Tool' ('PaM tool') provided for that purpose

by the EEA.

2.6.1 Details concerning the PaMs considered in order to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (For further

information see the table after 2.6.1) :

Name and

brief

description

of

individual

PaM or

package of

PaMs (M):

Affected

pollutant(s),

select as

appropriate :

SO2, NOx,

NMVOC, NH3,

PM2.5, (M); BC

as a

component of

PM2.5, other

(e.g. Hg,

dioxins, GHG)

(O) please

specify:

Objectives

of

individual

PaM or

package of

PaMs*

(M):

Type(s)

of

PaM(s)ᶺ

(M):

Primary, and

where

appropriate,

additional

sector(s)

affected0†

(M):

Implementation period (M for

measures selected for

implementation):

Authorit(y

)(ies)

responsibl

e for

implement

ation (M

for

measures

selected

for

implement

ation):

Refer to

those listed

in table

2.3.2 as

appropriate

.

Details

of the

metho

dologie

s used

for

analysi

s (e.g.

specific

models

or

metho

ds,

underl

ying

data)

(M):

Quantified expected

emission reductions (for

individual PaM or for

packages of PaMs, as

appropriate) (kt, per

annum or as a range,

compared to WM

scenario) (M):

Qualitative

description

of

uncertainties

(M, where

available):

Start Finish 2020 2025 2030

Measures for transportation

Last petrol

and diesel car

sold in 2030

Stop on the sale

of fossil cars in

Impact on NOx.

PM2.5, and CO2

Efficiency

improvements

of vehicles;

Alternative

fuels for

vehicles, vessels and

Regulatory

Research

Information

Fiscal

instruments

Transport

Cross-cutting

2020

2035

Please refer to

table 2.7

N/A

CO2:

N/A

CO2:

N/A

CO2: 3-4

million

PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5:

N/A

EN 47 EN

2030

Green

transition of

private cars

Six measures

here and now

to promote

electric cars etc. + green car

committee

aircraft (including

electric);

Demand management/re

duction;

Improved transport

infrastructure;

Improved

behaviour;

Education Please refer to

table 2.7 NOx:

N/A

NOx:

N/A

NOx:

N/A

Green busses

and taxis

End to CO2

emissions and

air pollution from busses

from 2030

By 2030 all

taxis must be

zero emission

taxis

Impact on NOx.

PM2.5, and CO2

Efficiency

improvements

of vehicles, vessels and

aircraft;

Modal shift to public

transport or

non-motorised

transport;

Alternative

fuels for vehicles,

vessels and aircraft

(including

electric);

Voluntary/n

egotiated

agreements

;

Regulatory;

Research;

Transport 2019 2030 Please refer to

table 2.7 N/A CO2:

N/A

CO2:

N/A

CO2: 1.5

million

(busses)

CO2: 0.4

million tonnes

(taxis)

PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5: 360

tonnes*

(busses)

PM2.5: 65

tonnes

(taxis)

NOx:

N/A

NOx:

N/A

NOx:

13,000 tonnes

(busses)

NOx: 970

tonnes

(taxis)

EN 48 EN

Other

transport

Environmental zones up to

date

Scrapping

system diesel

cars

Enforcement

and control of NOx fraud with

trucks

Impact on NOx.

PM2.5, and CO2

Deployment of pollution

abatement

technologies on vehicles,

vessels and

aircraft;

Efficiency

improvements

of vehicles, vessels and

aircraft;

Demand management/re

duction

Improved

behaviour;

Source-based

pollution

control;

Economic

instruments

;

Fiscal

instruments

;

Voluntary/n

egotiated

agreements

;

Regulatory;

Research;

Planning;

Transport 2020 2025 Please refer to

table 2.7

N/A CO2:

N/A

CO2:

N/A

CO2:

15,000

PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5: 77

( environm

ental

zones)

PM2.5: 40

(scrappin

g)

NOx:

N/A

NOx:

N/A

NOx:

2,225

(environmental

zones)

NOx: 250 (scrappin

g)

Shipping

Continuation of control with

sulphur

pollution from

ships

International cooperation on

environment-

friendly cruise

ships

NOx, SO2, PM2.5

Efficiency

improvements

of vehicles, vessels and

aircraft;

Improved

behaviour;

Source-

based

pollution

control;

Fiscal

instruments

;

Information

;

Education;

Regulatory;

International

cooperatio

n

Transport

2019

2022

Please refer to

table 2.7

N/A

CO2:

N/A

CO2:

N/A CO2: N/A

PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5:

N/A

NOx:

N/A

NOx:

N/A

NOx:

N/A

EN 49 EN

Measures for wood firing

Maintain

particle

requirements for new wood

burning stoves

PM2.5, Black

Carbon, dioxin

etc.

Reducing

particle

emission from small

combustion

plants in Denmark, since

emission from

this source account for

some 70

percent of total Danish

emission of

particle matter.

Source-

based

pollution

control;

Regulatory;

2020 2022 Please refer to

table 2.7 N/A PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5:

N/A

Black

Carbon

: N/A

Black

Carbon

: N/A

Black

Carbon:

N/A

Dioxin:

N/A

Dioxin:

N/A

Dioxin:

N/A

Accelerated

replacement of

old wood

burning stoves

Scrapping

system for old wood burning

stoves

Replacement of

old wood

burning stoves

upon transfer of

ownership of

private homes

Stepwise phasing out of

PM2.5, Black

carbon, dioxin etc.

Same as above Economic instruments

;

Fiscal instruments

;

Information

;

Regulatory;

Voluntary/n

egotiated

agreements

;

Source-

based pollution

control;

2018 2019 Please refer to

table 2.7

N/A PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5:

N/A

PM2.5: 525

(accumul

ated effect in

2040:

9,340) (replace

ment)

PM2.5:

3,000 (phasing

out)

Black

carbon:

N/A

Black

carbon:

N/A

Black

carbon:

N/A

Dioxin:

N/A

Dioxin:

N/A

Dioxin:

N/A

EN 50 EN

old wood burning stoves

– national or

municipal

Campaigns and

nudging for correct firing

and eco-

labelled stoves

PM2.5, Black

carbon, dioxin etc.

Same as above Information

;

Education;

Research;

2017 Please refer to

table 2.7

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Financial

subsidies for technology

development

PM2.5, Black

carbon, dioxin etc.

Same as above Economic

instruments

;

Fiscal

instruments

;

Research;

2007 2017 Please refer to

table 2.7

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Measures for agriculture

Requirements for further use

of ammonia

reducing technology in

the spreading

of slurry

Updated BAT

requirements

Continued

requirements for ammonia

reduction in environmental

approvals

NH3, [CH4] Low-emission application of

fertilizer/manur

e on cropland

and grassland;

Other activities

improving

cropland

management;

Improved animal waste

management

systems;

Source-based

pollution

control;

Information

;

Regulatory;

Voluntary/n

egotiated

agreements

;

Research;

Agriculture 2018 2021 Please refer to

table 2.7

N/A NH3:

N/A

NH3:

N/A

NH3: 2,800

tonnes

depending on the

design of

the requirem

ents

EN 51 EN

Committee on ammonia

reducing

measures

NH3 Other activities improving

cropland

management;

Information

;

Education;

Research;

Planning;

Agriculture 2019 2022 Please refer to

table 2.7

N/A N/A N/A N/A Effect depends on the concrete

proposals chosen

for implementation

based on the

committee’s

recommendations

Subsidies for

ammonia and climate gas

reducing

technology in

stables

NH3, CH4 Improved

livestock management

and rearing

installations;

Improved

animal waste

management

systems;

Economic

instruments

;

Source-

based pollution

control;

Information

;

Agriculture 2018 2020 Please refer to

table 2.7

N/A N/A N/A N/A Will depend on

final design of scheme and

interest in it

Reduced

emission from

synthetic

fertilizer

NH3 Low-emission

application of

fertilizer/manure on cropland

and grassland;

Fiscal

instruments

;

Economic

instruments

;

Voluntary/n

egotiated agreements

;

Regulatory;

Agriculture 2019 2020 Please refer to

table 2.7 N/A NH3:

N/A

NH3:

N/A

NH3: 900

tons/ year

Other

measures

Precision

farming

Leaks from

biogas

N2O, NH3 Other activities improving

cropland

management;

Improved

animal waste management

systems;

Economic instruments

;

Fiscal instruments

;

Voluntary/ negotiated

agreements

;

Agriculture 2018 Please refer to

table 2.7

N/A N/A N/A N/A

EN 52 EN

Reparcelling

fund

Set-aside

organic soil

Research;

Education;

Decided and considered measures for the reduction of emissions

Measure Objective and content of measure Substance reduced Expected reduction effect in tonnes

Stop on the sale of fossil cars in 2030 Stop on the sale of fossil cars in 2030 NOx, PM2.5, CO2 CO2: 3-4 million

Green transition of private cars Target that all new cars in 2035 are zero emission cars (electric etc.) NOx, PM2.5, CO2 N/A

Six measures here and now to

promote electric cars etc. + green car

committee

Promote electric cars NOx, PM2.5, CO2 N/A (expected major effect of target in

2030)

End to CO2 emissions and air

pollution from busses from 2030

By 2025 all new busses must be green. By 2030 all busses must be green. NOx, PM2.5, CO2 CO2: 1.5 million

PM2.5: 360 tonnes*

NOx: 13,000 tonnes*

By 2030 all taxis must be zero

emission taxis.

Energy requirements for taxis are enhanced in 2019, 2022 and 2025 in

order to ensure, that no new taxis emit CO2 and air pollution from 2025.

Taxi companies using green taxis are guaranteed a license + advantages for

green taxis.

NOx, PM2.5, CO2 CO2: 0.4 million tonnes

PM2.5: 65 tonnes**:

NOx 970 tonnes*

Environmental zones up to date New environment requirements for trucks, busses, and light goods vehicles

from 2020-2025

NOx, PM2.5, CO2 PM2.5: 77

NOx: 2,225

Scrapping system diesel cars Fund of DKK 100 million for temporary increase of scrapping premium for

old diesel cars from before 2006

NOx, PM2.5, CO2 CO2: 15,000

PM2.5: 40

NOx: 250

Enforcement and control of NOx

fraud with trucks

DKK 6 million for intensified development and enforcement efforts NOx N/A

EN 53 EN

Continuation of control with sulphur

pollution from ships

DKK 12 million for enforcement of sulphur rules from 2019 to 2022

As per 1 January possible to publish the most serious violations of the

sulphur rules.

SO2 N/A

International cooperation on

environment-friendly cruise ships

DKK 10 million from 2019 to 2022 for an international cooperation

project to promote more environment-friendly cruise ship tourism in the

Baltic Sea region in cooperation with the industry, local authorities, and

tourist organisations

NOx, SO2, PM2.5 N/A

Wood firing

Measure Objective and content of measure Affected substance Expected reduction effect in tonnes

Maintain particle requirements for

new wood burning stoves

Requirements for new wood burning stoves were enhanced in 2015 and

2017

PM2.5, Black carbon,

dioxin etc.

Scrapping system for old wood

burning stoves

DKK 46 million allocated to new scrapping system for old wood burning

stoves

PM2.5, Black carbon,

dioxin etc.

Will cause approx. 15-20,000 old

stoves to be replaced with new ones

Replacement of old wood burning

stoves upon transfer of ownership of

private homes

Wood burning stoves from before 2003 scrapped or replaced upon transfer

of ownership of private homes

PM2.5, Black carbon,

dioxin etc.

PM2.5: 535 in 2030

(Accumulated effect: 9,340)

Stepwise phasing out of old wood

burning stoves – national or

municipal

Inspired by German model. Not decided. It has been chosen to focus on

phasing out upon transfer of ownership of private homes.

PM2.5, Black carbon,

dioxin etc. PM2.5: 3,000 in 2030

Campaigns and nudging for correct

firing and ecolabelled stoves

Correct firing and more ecolabelled stoves will reduce emissions PM2.5, Black carbon,

dioxin etc. N/A

Financial subsidies for technology

development

Continued subsidy for the development of wood burning stoves with lower

emissions, filters, etc. through the Environmental Technology

Development and Demonstration Programme.

PM2.5, Black carbon,

dioxin etc. N/A

Agriculture

Measure Objective and content of measure Affected substance Expected further reduction effect in

tonnes

Requirement for further use of

ammonia reducing technology in the

spreading of slurry

Improved management of livestock manure. Not decided. NH3 Approx. 2,800 tonnes depending on the

design of the requirement

Committee on ammonia reducing

measures in agriculture

To table proposals for further ammonia reducing measures. DKK 160

million allocated for committee and follow-up on its work.

NH3 Effect depends on the concrete

proposals chosen for implementation

based on the committee’s

recommendations. The committee is to

EN 54 EN

present proposals securing a catching

up with the distance to target.

Subsidies for ammonia and climate

gas reducing technology in stables

Investment subsidy scheme for slaughter pig stables with environmental

technology

NH3, CH4 Will depend on final design of scheme

and interest in it

Continued requirement for ammonia

reduction in environmental approvals

Requirement for maximum ammonia emission per m2 NH3 Driver for propagation of

environmental technology in stable and

storage

Updated BAT requirements Knowledge basis for present BAT requirements updated NH3, [CH4] Will depend on whether this update

provides a basis for an enhancement of

the requirement

Requirements for spreading of

synthetic fertiliser with high emission

Requirement that the most emitting types of synthetic fertiliser are spread

in a way limiting evaporation

NH3 930 tonnes/year

Precision farming

Leaks from biogas

Reparcelling fund

Set-aside of organic soil

Improved management in view of reducing emissions N2O, NH3 N/A

2.6.2. Impacts on air quality and the environment of individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered in order to comply with the

emission reduction commitments (M, where available)

Where available, impacts

on air quality (reference

can also be made to

recommended air quality

objectives by the WHO)

and environment:

Today, all air quality zones and emission limit values for air quality are complied with and will thereby also be in

compliance after a further reduction of atmospheric pollutants.

As a consequence of the chosen initiatives a further decrease in nitrogen deposition and emission of atmospheric pollutants

is expected. Especially, the expected reduction of direct emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and emissions of

substances contributing to the formation of secondary particulate matter in the atmosphere will mean that the number of

premature deaths will decrease further to the new initiatives.

EN 55 EN

2.6.3. Additional details concerning the measures from Annex III Part 2 to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 targeting the agricultural sector to

comply with the emission reduction commitments

Is the PaM

included in the

national air

pollution control

programme?

Yes/No (M):

If yes,

- indicate

section/page

number in

programme:

(M):

Has the PaM

been applied

exactly?

Yes/No (M):

If no, describe

the

modifications

that have been

made (M):

A. Measures to control ammonia emissions (M):

1. Member States shall establish a national advisory code of good agricultural practice

to control ammonia emissions, taking into account the UNECE Framework Code

for Good Agricultural Practice for Reducing Ammonia Emissions of 2014, covering

at least the following items :

a) nitrogen management, taking into account the whole nitrogen cycle;

b) livestock feeding strategies;

c) low-emission manure spreading techniques;

d) low-emission manure storage systems;

e) low-emission animal housing systems;

f) possibilities for limiting ammonia emissions from the use of mineral fertilisers.

No, pre-existing

measure.

2. Member States may establish a national nitrogen budget to monitor the changes in

overall losses of reactive nitrogen from agriculture, including ammonia, nitrous

oxide, ammonium, nitrates and nitrites, based on the principles set out in the

UNECE Guidance Document on Nitrogen Budgets :

No, pre-existing

measure.

3. Member States shall prohibit the use of ammonium carbonate fertilisers and may No, prohibition of Section 2.7, No. See

EN 56 EN

reduce ammonia emissions from inorganic fertilisers by using the following

approaches:

a) replacing urea-based fertilisers by ammonium nitrate-based fertilisers;

b) where urea-based fertilisers continue to be applied, using methods that have

been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 30 % compared with the

use of the reference method, as specified in the Ammonia Guidance Document;

c) promoting the replacement of inorganic fertilisers by organic fertilisers and,

where inorganic fertilisers continue to be applied, spreading them in line with

the foreseeable requirements of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to

nitrogen and phosphorus, also taking into account the existing nutrient content

in the soil and nutrients from other fertilisers.

ammonium

carbonate is a pre-

existing

requirement.

Yes (measure a and

b), ammonia

emissions from

inorganic

fertilisers are

reduced.

No, measure c is a

pre-existing

requirement

measure 3.4. description

under section

2.7, measure

3.4.

4. Member States may reduce ammonia emissions from livestock manure by using

the following approaches:

a) reducing emissions from slurry and solid manure application to arable land and

grassland, by using methods that reduce emissions by at least 30 % compared

with the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document and

on the following conditions:

i. only spreading manures and slurries in line with the foreseeable nutrient

requirement of the receiving crop or grassland with respect to nitrogen and

phosphorous, also taking into account the existing nutrient content in the soil

and the nutrients from other fertilisers;

ii. not spreading manures and slurries when the receiving land is water

saturated, flooded, frozen or snow covered;

iii. applying slurries spread to grassland using a trailing hose, trailing shoe or

a) No, pre-

existing

measure.

b) i: No. All slurry stores must have cover (natural crust). Stores established after 2007,

EN 57 EN

through shallow or deep injection;

iv. incorporating manures and slurries spread to arable land within the soil

within four hours of spreading;

b) reducing emissions from manure storage outside of animal houses, by using the

following approaches:

i. for slurry stores constructed after 1 January 2022, using low emission

storage systems or techniques which have been shown to reduce ammonia

emissions by at least 60 % compared with the reference method described in

the Ammonia Guidance Document, and for existing slurry stores at least 40

%;

ii. covering stores for solid manure;

iii. ensuring farms have sufficient manure storage capacity to spread manure

only during periods that are suitable for crop growth:

c) reducing emissions from animal housing, by using systems which have been

shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 20 % compared with the

reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document;

d) reducing emissions from manure, by using low protein feeding strategies which

have been shown to reduce ammonia emissions by at least 10 % compared with

the reference method described in the Ammonia Guidance Document.

located within 300 m from neighbouring houses or sensitive recipients (nature) must have solid cover.

ii: No, pre-

existing

measure.

iii: No, pre-

existing

measure.

c) No, pre-

existing

measure.

d) No, pre-

existing

measure.

B. Emission reduction measures to control emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (M)

1. Without prejudice to Annex II on cross-compliance of Regulation (EU) No

1306/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (1), Member States may

ban open field burning of agricultural harvest residue and waste and forest residue.

Member States shall monitor and enforce the implementation of any ban

implemented in accordance with the first subparagraph. Any exemptions to such a

ban shall be limited to preventive programmes to avoid uncontrolled wildfires, to

No, pre-existing

measure.

EN 58 EN

control pest or to protect biodiversity.

2. Member States may establish a national advisory code of good agricultural

practices for the proper management of harvest residue, on the basis of the

following approaches:

a) improvement of soil structure through incorporation of harvest residue;

b) improved techniques for incorporation of harvest residue;

c) alternative use of harvest residue;

d) improvement of the nutrient status and soil structure through incorporation of

manure as required for optimal plant growth, thereby avoiding burning of

manure (farmyard manure, deep-straw bedding).

No

C. Preventing impacts on small farms (M)

In taking the measures outlined in Sections A and B, Member States shall ensure that

impacts on small and micro farms are fully taken into account. Member States may, for

instance, exempt small and micro farms from those measures where possible and

appropriate in view of the applicable reduction commitments (M):

No, pre-existing

measure.

2.7 The policies selected for adoption by sector, including a timetable for their adoption, implementation and review and the

competent authorities responsible

Name and brief description of individual

PaM or package of PaMs (M):

Refer to those listed in table 2.6.1 as

appropriate.

Curren

tly

planne

d year

of

adoptio

n (M):

Currently planned

timetable for

implementation

(M)

Currently

planned timetable

for review (in case

different from

general update of

the national air

pollution control

programme every

Competent authorities responsible for

the individual PaM or package of PaMs

(M):

Refer to those listed in table 2.3.2 as

appropriate.

Start

year

End year

EN 59 EN

four years) (M):

Energy and environmental requirements for

taxis

2018 2019 2030 Ministry of Transport, Building, and Housing

Stop on sale of new petrol and diesel cars 2018 2030 Joint governmental committee

Stop on sale of plug-in hybrid cars 2018 2035 Joint governmental committee

Low and zero emission public busses 2018 2020 2030 Ministry of Transport, Building, and Housing

Environmental zones 2018 2020 2025 Ministry of Environment and Food

Scrapping system diesel cars 2018 Ministry of Environment and Food

NOx fraud 2018 2019 2022 Ministry of Environment and Food

Sulphur from ships 2018 2019 2022 EPA

Transfer of ownership, wood burning stoves 2019 2019 2020 Ministry of Environment and Food

Scrapping systems, wood burning stoves 2018 2019 2020 EPA

Ammonia committee 2018 2019 2022 Ministry of Environment and Food

Fund for implementation 2018 2019 2022 2020 Ministry of Environment and Food

Subsidy scheme stables 2018 2020 2024 Ministry of Environment and Food

Reconsideration of BAT requirements 2018 2021 2021 Ministry of Environment and Food

EN 60 EN

Reduced evaporation from inorganic fertiliser 2019 2020 2021 Ministry of Environment and Food

Other agricultural measures (climate) 2018 Ministry of Environment and Food

EN 61 EN

2.6.4. Explanation of the choice of selected measures and an assessment of how selected PaMs ensure coherence with plans and

programmes set up in other relevant policy areas

An explanation of the

choice made among the

measures considered

under 2.6.1 to determine

the final set of selected

measures (O)

Measures within transportation

1.1 Last petrol and diesel car sold in 2030

In 2018 the government has set a target to stop sales of new petrol and diesel cars as from 2030. From 2035 the stop also

applies to new plug-in hybrid cars. All new private cars must thereby be low emission cars from 2030, and from 2035 all

new cars must be zero emission cars. A phasing out of the traditional petrol and diesel cars will bring about cleaner air,

reduce noise nuisances, and give lower climate impacts.

The target regarding a stop on sales of new petrol and diesel cars means that in 2030 we may have more than one million

electric cars or similar green cars in Denmark.

It requires a huge effort to pave the way for cleaner cars, such as infrastructure for charging and a tax system supporting

technological developments.

Denmark will work for this development through the EU. The EU must contribute to creating the framework conditions

and also send a clear signal to the car industry that the entire EU wishes to take this green path.

Furthermore, a committee will be established to analyse measures for the large-scale propagation of green cars in

Denmark. The committee must look into ways to remove barriers, expand and convert the infrastructure for the new

types of cars, and prepare society financially for a large-scale propagation of green cars along with due regard to the

State finances. In 2020 the concrete initiatives are to be decided on based on the input from the committee.

In the short-term perspective the following six initiatives to promote green cars have been decided:

1. No registration tax on green cars below DKK 400,000 in 2019 and 2020. The phasing in of electric cars etc. in the

registration tax is postponed by one year, as also the basic allowance on the registration tax is raised for two years.

EN 62 EN

This means that the phasing in remains on 20 percent of the full registration tax in 2019 and that electric cars of a

price of up to DKK 400,000 will be exempt from registration tax in 2019 and 2020 further to the higher basic

allowance.

2. It must be faster to charge your low emission car. A fund will be set aside for rapid charging points.

3. Cheaper parking in cities for green cars. Local authorities will have freer hands for giving a discount for green cars.

4. Guarantee for parking spaces with charging point. If you live in a block of flats, your local authority must ensure a

sufficient number of parking spaces with charging options.

5. Local authorities can authorise driving in bus lanes for low emission cars.

6. Research in electric cars’ interaction with the energy system. The energy system must be prepared for a large number

of electric cars in the future.

1.2 Green busses and taxis

As part of the green transition of the vehicle fleet the environment and climate footprint of public busses and taxis must

be reduced. The aim is that public busses and taxis do not emit polluting particles and NOx as from 2030.

Green transition of public busses

This will be done in three steps:

2020: New busses must be carbon neutral.

2025: New busses in the cities must not emit air pollution or CO2

2030: No busses in the cities must emit air pollution or CO2

Petrol and diesel use must be discontinued in taxis by 2030

Taxis make many kilometres every day and they often operate in densely populated areas. It is therefore obvious that

just like public bus traffic the taxi industry must take the lead in the green transition. No later than by 2030 all taxis must

therefore be zero emission cars.

Stricter environment and energy requirements and guarantee of taxi license for green taxis

The environment and energy requirements for new taxis are enhanced in 2019, 2022, and 2025, in order that no new taxis

emit CO2 or air pollution from 2025. The turnover of the taxi fleet is expected to ensure that the green transition is fully

implemented before 2030.

EN 63 EN

In 2019 and 2020 the number of new taxi licenses is limited to 500 a year, chosen by lot. 300 of these licenses are

reserved for zero emission cars.

Advantages for green taxis

It must be easier for passengers to choose a green taxi by making it possible for the local authorities to reserve special

spaces for green taxis at stations and other similar centres of communication. In addition, the green transition of taxis will

be supported through the initiative regarding the establishment of more rapid charging points, as in the location of such

points special consideration will be given to the needs of the taxi industry.

1.3 Clean air in the major cities - environmental zones up to date

To bring about clean air for Danes and reduce particle emissions the five largest cities are given the option to introduce

environmental zones with enhanced requirements for diesel trucks, busses, and light goods vehicles. The rules will be

introduced smoothly and stepwise up to 2025.

The environmental requirements for diesel vehicles will be based on the age of the vehicle along with the current

environmental standards for vehicles, known as the “Euro norms”. When the vehicle exceeds the age limit as defined by

the date of the first registration, the vehicle may only have access to an environmental zone if a particle filter is fitted

onto it.

For heavy diesel vehicles the enhancement will take place in two steps in July 2020 and July 2022 with requirements first

corresponding to Euro 5 in environmental zones, and from July 2022 requirements corresponding to Euro 6 will come

into effect.

Diesel-driven light goods vehicles will also be covered by the rules for the first time in Denmark. For light goods

vehicles the rules will apply from July 2020 and will thereafter be enhanced in July 2022 and July 2025. First

requirements corresponding to Euro 4 will come into effect, and in 2022 requirements corresponding to Euro 5 and in

2025 requirements corresponding to Euro 6 will come into effect. Light goods vehicles onto which particle filters are

fitted will also save the annual particle filter tax.

When the proposal is fully implemented all diesel trucks, busses, and light goods vehicles in the environmental zone will

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comply with a standard corresponding to Euro 6 or have a particle filter fitted onto them.

Euro 6 has very sophisticated cleaning of the exhaust removing the major part of the pollution, including particles. The

Euro norm became mandatory for all new light goods vehicles in 2016. For trucks and busses Euro 6 became mandatory

for all new trucks and busses in 2014 further to common EU regulation.

Also, DKK 3.5 million was allocated in 2019, DKK 9.5 million in 2020, and DKK 12 million annually in 2021 and 2022

was allocated to enhance the enforcement of the environmental zone rules by a digitalisation of the scheme and an

automation of the enforcement.

An enhancement of the environmental zone requirements for heavy vehicles and light goods vehicles is expected to

reduce total NOx emissions from vehicle exhaust by 5 percent and particle pollution from exhausts by 25 percent. The

effect will be largest in the zones, but will also benefit other cities to the extent that the new vehicles drive in other cities.

1.4 Scrapping system for old diesel cars

The oldest diesel cars contribute excessively to air pollution in the cities and also have higher CO2 emissions than newer

diesel cars. A fund for a temporary increase of the scrapping premium for old diesel cars from before 2006 will therefore

be established. Owners of diesel cars from before 2006 can thereby get a scrapping premium of a total of DKK 5,000

when scrapping their car. The scheme will be in effect in 2019 and 2020.

DKK 70 million has been allocated in 2019, DKK 29 million in 2020, and DKK 1 million in 2021. In addition, DKK

29.2 million has been allocated in 2019 and 23.5 million in 2020 for the financing of derived economic consequences of

the initiative. The initiative has positive derived consequences in 2021 of DKK 0.3 million.

1.5 Prevention of NOx fraud

Today, there are strict EU environmental requirements for new vehicles. New trucks today emit a tenth of NOx compared

with the emission of older models. But unfortunately the diesel scandal for private cars and NOx fraud with regard to

trucks have meant that the air pollution has not decreased as much as expected.

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It has been revealed that some trucks have had fraudulent equipment installed, thus increasing NOx pollution. A truck

without an active NOx treatment system in the worst case scenario can pollute up to 45 times more than trucks that do

not cheat.

Targeted controls made by the Danish police have shown that around one in four trucks stopped for control has

disconnected the treatment system in order to save money on operation and maintenance.

Therefore, a project will be launched to develop and implement better methods and tools to be used in the enforcement of

the rules on trucks’ emissions of air pollution. DKK 3 million annually in 2019 and 2020 has been allocated for the

enhanced efforts against NOx fraud.

In parallel, the level of fines for fraud with the treatment system has been raised as per 1 January 2018. The level of fines

for fraud with truck NOx emissions is now DKK 15,000 for the first violation, whereas the fine used to be DKK 1,000.

In addition, the level of fines will increase in case of repeated violations, until the maximum fine of DKK 115,000 is

released upon six repeated violations.

1.6 More environment-friendly shipping at sea and in harbours

For ships initiatives are twofold. First of all, DKK 12 million has been allocated from 2019 to 2022 to continue the

efficient enforcement and control of sulphur emissions from ships in Danish waters - also to safeguard a fair competition

among shipping companies. Today, the control consists of a stationary sulphur sniffer on the Great Belt Bridge and

mobile sulphur monitoring at open sea. Along with this additional sulphur samples are taken on board the ships when in

harbour. In addition, as per 1 January 2019 new rules have entered into force making it possible to publish the most

serious violations of the sulphur rules.

Furthermore, DKK 10 million has been allocated from 2019 to 2022 for an international cooperation project to promote

more environment-friendly cruise ship tourism in the Baltic Sea region in cooperation with the industry, local authorities,

and tourist organisations.

The new international cooperation will in particular look into possible common initiatives that may be launched in the

future to promote more environment-friendly cruise ship tourism in our region.

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Measures within wood burning

2.1 Particle requirements for new wood burning stoves

It is a cornerstone of the Danish efforts to reduce particle emissions from wood firing to work for the replacement of old

installations. Old installations on average emit five times as many particles as a modern stove. In a normal year it is

assessed that approx. 15-20,000 wood burning stoves are replaced in Denmark out of the entire stock.

This development has been supported by a particle requirement in force since 2008 for all new wood burning stoves in

the Statutory Order on wood burning stoves that has been tightened regularly and today amounts to 4 g/kg wood, against

10 g/kg in 2008. Many old wood burning stoves from before 1990 are estimated to emit 20 g/kg or more.

This means that a renewal and rejuvenation is taking place of the Danish stock of wood burning stoves every time an old

wood burning stove is replaced. The Danish chimney sweepers contribute to securing an efficient enforcement of the

Danish emission limit values.

The limit value for new wood burning stoves in Denmark will continue to contribute to a decrease in total particle

emissions from wood burning stoves as the stock of wood burning stoves is replaced.

Up to 2022 the emission limit value will remain at 4 g/kg wood. From 2022 the Ecodesign Directive will secure that

requirements for new wood burning stoves are harmonised all over the EU. This means that Danish particle requirements

for new wood burning stoves will expectedly be adjusted upwards to 5 g/kg. Correspondingly, ecodesign requirements

for wood burning boilers will be introduced from 2020. These ecodesign requirements apply all over the EU, which is

expected to lead to major reductions in air pollution, since today many countries have no environmental requirements for

new wood burning boilers and wood burning stoves. This will also reduce air pollution in Denmark, since a major

proportion of particle pollution is transboundary.

2.2 Accelerated replacement of old wood burning stoves

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Scrapping system for old wood burning stoves

To accelerate the positive development of replacement of old installations a fund of DKK 46 million has been allocated

for a new temporary national scrapping system for old wood burning stoves corresponding to a previous efficient

scrapping system that expired in 2015-2016.

Owners of old wood burning stoves can apply for a reimbursement of DKK 2,215 if they scrap their old stove from

before 1994.

The system is expected to come into effect on 4 February 2019 and run according to the first come first served principle

until no later than December 2020 or when the funds are exhausted.

The system is expected to be supported by efficient communication efforts targeted at all wood burning stove owners

with focus on the environmental and economic benefits associated with the replacement of old stoves. The system is

expected to remove some 20,000 of the oldest and most polluting wood burning stoves, corresponding to a reduction of

particle emissions by 102 tonnes. At least half these 20,000 scrapped stoves are assessed to be in addition to the number

of stoves that would anyhow be scrapped in 2019 and 2020.

Scrapping of wood burning stoves upon transfer of ownership of private homes

It has been decided to introduce a system requiring that old wood burning stoves from before approx. 2003 must be

replaced in connection with transfer of ownership of a private home. The Danish transfer of ownership model is inspired

by the German model entailing stepwise phasing out of old wood burning stoves.

The system is expected to enter into force in 2020 further to a legislative amendment. The system is expected to lead to

additional replacement of some 50,000 old wood burning stoves up to 2030 compared with the development

(replacement) that would anyhow have taken place. In 2030 this will mean reduced particle emissions of 535 tonnes,

corresponding to an accumulated effect in the period 2020-2030 of 4,370 tonnes and up to 2040 to a total effect over the

entire period of 9,340 tonnes of particulate matter.

2.3 Campaigns and nudging for correct firing and ecolabelling

Many new wood burning stoves, in addition to statutory requirements, comply with the even stricter standard applying to

the Nordic Swan ecolabel. Here, the requirement was tightened most recently in 2017 to now be 2 g particles/kg wood

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(the statutory requirement being 4 g/kg). The environmental benefit from a replacement thereby is even bigger if people

acquire an ecolabelled wood burning stove with a lower emission.

The sector assesses that around half of the new wood burning stoves sold today are ecolabelled models. Danish

environmental authorities currently conduct information campaigns to have people fire correctly and to show the

advantages from choosing ecolabelled stoves (e.g. on Danish Environmental Protection Agency’s wood firing portal). Furthermore,

the Danish Environmental Protection Agency has commissioned projects and analyses clarifying how, for instance,

nudging can be used to create better conditions for wood burning stove owners to easily make the environment-friendly

choices regarding replacement of old wood burning stoves and correct firing.

2.4 Technology development - automatic air and firewood control etc.

Danish wood burning stove producers are market leaders within low emission wood burning stoves, and export

opportunities in this field are promising. A few producers have developed stove models with much lower emissions than

what is required by law. Furthermore, pellet ovens with automatic air and firewood control are gaining ground. This type

of installation has much lower emissions, and thanks to the automation the risk of firing incorrectly causing higher

emissions is reduced.

The development of an efficient particle filter also presents a major potential, and a few producers work hard on

developing an efficient filter at a competitive price.

In Denmark the development of cleaner wood burning stoves and wood firing is subsidised, among others through the

Environmental Technology Development and Demonstration Programme (MUDP). MUDP has subsidised clean air

solutions with DKK 86 million in the period 2007-2017.

Measures within agriculture

3.1 Continued ammonia requirements in environmental approval of livestock farms

Ammonia emissions from stables are regulated in environmental approvals of the establishment, expansion, or

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conversion of livestock farms. For livestock farms (all types of livestock) with a total emission of more than 750 kg of

ammonia-N requirements are made to the effect that emissions must not exceed a maximum emission corresponding to

the use of best available technique (BAT). In addition, limit values have bet set for the maximum ammonia deposition

from livestock farms on protected habitats. Requirements for ammonia reduction may be met by establishing low-

emission stables or environmental technology.

Today around half of all livestock farms are subject to an environmental approval. Since the mechanism of the legislation

is that livestock farms must have an environmental approval for expansions, conversion, or establishment a larger share

of livestock farms will over time be regulated by environmental approvals and the resulting ammonia requirements. This

means that continuously a large propagation of ammonia reducing technology will be seen.

In 2018 efforts were launched to update the knowledge base behind the establishment of permitted levels for the emission

of ammonia from different stable designs (BAT levels). The update is expected to contribute to emission reductions

applying the principles of BAT.

3.2 Committee on ammonia reducing measures

As part of the process of the climate and air proposal it was considered to set requirements for the reduction of ammonia

emissions in connection with the spreading of livestock manure. Studies showed that there is a major potential for

ammonia reduction to be gained from regulating spreading further, but also that the measure will be relatively

burdensome for agriculture, a burden it would be difficult to compensate for.

It was therefore decided to set up a committee looking further into possibilities and proposing a balanced solution liable

to contribute to the reduction of ammonia emissions without hampering the competitiveness of the industry. The

committee will be set up in early 2019 and is expected to table preliminary recommendations for initiatives in the fall of

2019 in view of a subsequent political decision. After this, initiatives must be further refined and implemented. The

initiatives presented by the committee must be able to put Denmark in a position to comply with our emission reduction

commitments.

To support the work of the committee and secure concrete follow-up on the recommendations DKK 160 million has been

allocated for, among others, pilot projects or the establishment of subsidy schemes in view of reducing ammonia

emissions from agriculture. Ammonia reductions further to this measure will depend on the design of the initiatives that

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are concretely implemented as a follow-up on the recommendations of the committee. As mentioned, however, the

initiatives are to ensure that the reduction target for ammonia is attained.

3.3 Improved stables

DKK 2.4 million has been allocated in 2019 for the establishment of an EU financed subsidy scheme under the EU

Agricultural Fund for Rural Development for investments in new slaughter pig stables promoting the propagation of

ammonia and greenhouse gas reducing technology, such as slurry acidification installations.

3.4 Reduced evaporation from inorganic fertiliser

It will be made more attractive to farmers to use those types of inorganic fertiliser that have the lowest emissions of

ammonia to the air, so that emissions of ammonia from inorganic fertiliser are reduced. This will be done by requiring

that sulphur acid ammonia and urea (both in solid and liquid form), which have a particularly high ammonia evaporation

compared with other inorganic fertilisers, will be spread in a manner reducing evaporation (injection, deep placement or

by adding urease inhibitor to a sufficient extent). These two types of fertiliser today account for some 3 percent of the

total sale of fertiliser in Denmark stated in tonnes of nitrogen, while they account for 10 percent of total emissions from

inorganic fertiliser. By setting requirements for the use of these two types of fertiliser, emissions from inorganic fertiliser

are expected to be reduced by approx. 900 tonnes a year. This measure is expected to be implemented in 2019 through an

amendment of the Statutory Order on Livestock Manure.

3.5 Other measures

Finally, a number of the measures to be launched to reduce climate gases from agriculture will potentially have a positive

impact on ammonia emissions. This applies to the efforts for promoting precision farming, establishment of a

reparcelling fund of DKK 150 million, and the set-aside scheme for organic soil. Furthermore, in 2018 the government

has allocated DKK 90 million for climate research in the agricultural field.

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Coherence of the selected

PaMs with air quality

objectives at national level

and, where appropriate,

in neighbouring Member

States (M):

Coherence of the selected

PaMs with other relevant

plans and programmes

established by virtue of

the requirements set out

in national or Union

legislation (e.g. national

energy and climate plans)

(M):

Denmark already complies with all air quality targets. The above measures for the reduction of emissions of atmospheric

pollutants will contribute to a general improvement of air quality and the aim of cleaner air for Danish citizens. At the

same time, the measures support the international climate targets and targets for more extensive use of renewable energy.

2.8 Projected combined impacts of PaMs ('With Additional Measures' - WAM) on emission reductions, air quality and the

environment and the associated uncertainties (where applicable)

As described above the basic projection is based on a so-called frozen policy approach including only already decided measures. In addition to the basic projection DCE has also prepared emission projections based on a prognosis for the expected developments in fuel consumption. Concretely, this means a phasing out of coal at power plants. In addition, an expected reduction effect from the different initiatives and their reduction of air pollution has been calculated.

The result of an expected phasing out of coal at power plants as well as other measures for the reduction of air polluting emissions can be seen in Table 12 below. However, the effect of the ammonia committee and allocated funds for this committee does not appear, since it is impossible to make any estimates before a decision on concrete measures is made. In addition, the effect up to 2030 of a target for low emission cars cannot be estimated until a decision on a model for phasing in has been made as a follow-up on the committee recommendations.

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2.8.1 Projected attainment of emission reduction commitments (WAM)

Pollutant

s (M)

Total emissions (kt), consistent with

inventories for year x-2 or x-3 , please

specify the year (M):

% emission reduction achieved

compared with 2005 (M)

National emission

reduction commitment

for 2020-2029 (%) (M):

National emission

reduction commitment

from 2030 (%) (M):

2005 b

ase

yea

r

2020

2025

2030

2020

2025

2030

SO2: 26,212 10,362 10,576 10,531 60 ± 8** 60 ± 8** 60 ± 8 ** 35% 59%

NOx: 188,117 74,196 62,348 49,483 61 ± 15** 67 ± 15** 74 ± 15** 56% 68%

NMVOC: 108,577 61,604 59,563 58,059 43 ± 30** 45 ± 30** 47 ± 30** 35% 37%

NH3: 88,552 71,619 71,525 70,955 19 ± 15* 19 ± 15* 20 ± 15* 24% 24%

PM2.5: 25,636 18,250 15,649 13,794 29 ± 40** 39 ± 40** 46 ± 40** 33% 55%

Date of emission projections (M): December 2018

*Effect of ammonia committee not included

** Uncertainty interval stated in percentage points

It appears from the table above that the reduction targets for sulphur, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds are expected to be met with already implemented and new measures in the programme, and even with a good margin. For ammonia the effect of a requirement for spreading method using high emission fertiliser is included in the calculation with an expected effect of approx. 900 tonnes/year. However, an

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effect estimate of the major part of the chosen measures is still outstanding, since it will depend on the concrete measures launched. The established ammonia committee, however, is to present proposals ensuring in conjunction with the allocated funds that the reduction target for ammonia is met.

Just as for particulate matter, the calculated distance to target for ammonia rests on a number of assumptions, including developments in

livestock production and use of synthetic fertiliser, which are subject to considerable uncertainty, cf. section 3.1 and the sensitivity analysis

presented in Table 6. A number of improvements of the emission inventory are planned to be undertaken during 2019.

For particle emissions the calculation indicates a risk of non-compliance with the target. As mentioned in section 3.1 the emission projections for

particulate matter, however, are subject to considerable uncertainty - up to 50 percentage points - due to insufficient data in relation to wood

firing. In addition, it should be noted that the measures in the transportation field are not included in the calculations shown in Table 12. Thus, it

is expected that the coming measures within transportation and wood firing will contribute substantially to a reduction of emissions in 2020 and

2030.

In recent years, Denmark has obtained unique data on the location of combustion plants through data from the Danish guild of chimney

sweepers. However, much information of importance to emissions from wood firing is still not known such as the age distribution of the wood

burning stove stock, firewood consumption etc. Due to the considerable uncertainties it is therefore difficult at the present time to estimate

whether the 2030 reduction target will be met. DCE is planning to make a number of improvements of the particle inventory during 2019.

2.8.2 Projected improvement in air quality (WAM)

Today, all air quality zones and emission limit values for air quality are complied with and will thereby also be in compliance after a further

reduction of atmospheric pollutants.

As a consequence of the chosen initiatives a further decrease in nitrogen deposition and emission of atmospheric pollutants is expected. Especially,

the expected reduction of direct emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and emissions of substances contributing to the formation of secondary

particulate matter in the atmosphere will mean that the number of premature deaths will decrease further to the new initiatives.

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Summarizing

Subject to the number of uncertainties discussed above the Ministry of Environment and Food expects that with the proposed measures under this

programme it will be possible for Denmark in the longer term perspective to meet the emission reduction commitments for all five substances

under the NEC Directive.

Due to the uncertainties associated with the projections and the ensuing risk of non-compliance with the targets, especially for ammonia and

particulate matter, the Ministry will continue to closely follow developments in emissions. In addition, in 2019 work will be done to consolidate

the assumptions behind the projections of ammonia and particulate matter.

No later than in 2020, the Ministry of Environment and Food will evaluate the effect of the chosen instruments in view of assessing the need for

any new measures ensuring that Denmark will meet our emission reduction commitments for all atmospheric pollutants under the NEC Directive.

The evaluation will take into account that the effect of measures initiated, can take place with a certain time delay. Meanwhile, it must be

emphasized that the level of detail in the Danish emission inventory is very high. Hence, minor fluctuations in activity level can have

disproportionate impact on the calculated reduction percentage in a given year. Denmark will therefore as a general rule limit stocktaking and

possible adjustments of measures to reduce emissions, to every fourth year, i.e. in connection with the preparation of the national air pollution

control programmes.

In addition, Denmark will continue its work to ensure a high international level of ambition in the field of air pollution. Three-quarters of the air

polluting substances in Denmark comes from abroad. This underlines the need for other Member States to contribute with reductions to the same

extent as Denmark. Particularly in relation to the reduction of ammonia, Denmark will prioritise a strong international commitment to ensure

both protections of the environment as well as a level playing field for the agricultural sector.

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LIST OF SOURCES

DCE, 2018a: The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Programme. Annual summery for 2017. Scientific report nr. 281

(https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR281.pdf).

DCE, 2018b: Miljøøkomoniske beregningspriser for emissioner 2.0. (Environmental economy calculation prices for emissions 2.0) (http://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Notater_2018/Miljoeoekonomiske_beregningspriser_for_emissioner_2.0.pdf).

DCE, 2018c: Fremskrivning af emissioner. SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 og sod. (Projection of emissions, SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5 and soot),

Scientific report no. 298 (https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR298.pdf). DCE, 2019: Udvikling I luftkvalitet og helbredseffekter for 2020 og 2030 i relation til Nationalt program for reduktion af luftforurening. (Developments

in air quality and health effects for 2020 and 2030 in relation to National air pollution control programme). Scientific report no. 300

(http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR300.pdf).

Danish Economic Council, 2016: Økonomi og Miljø 2016 (Economy and environment 2016). (https://dors.dk/vismandsrapporter/oekonomi-miljoe-

2016/kapitel-ii-luftforurening)

European Commission, 2018: REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/clean_air_outlook.pdf)

European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme, 2018: Transboundary air pollution by main pollutants (S, N, O3) and PM Denmark (http://emep.int/publ/reports/2018/Country_Reports/report_DK.pdf)

Government, 2018: Draft Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan - under the REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action.

IFRO, 2019: Omkostninger ved virkemidler der kan bidrage til reduktion af ammoniakemission i 2020 og 2030 (under udarbejdelse) (Costs of instruments

contributing to a reduction of ammonia emissions in 2020 and 2030, in preparation)

WHO, 2014: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/airpollution/en/