Enabling social innovation – opportunities for sustainable local and regional development

8/13/2019 Enabling social innovation opportunities for sustainable local and regional development

1/17

^jnlhb @rjmtldrs

Wed mdxt dgkd j` sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm rdsdhrne

Fjhmmd OnMdlbb,Tmlvdrslty j` [dstdrm ^ygmdy, Hustrhblh

Dmhcblmk sjnlhblmmjvhtljm jppjrtumltlds

`jr susthlmhcbd bjnhb hmgrdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt


2/17

^jnlhb @rjmtldrs Dmhcblmk sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm6jppjrtumltlds jr susthlmhcbd bjnhb hmg

rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt

Dmhcblmk sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm6jppjrtumltlds `jr susthlmhcbd bjnhb hmgrdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt

Fjhmmd OnMdlbb, QeG Nhmglghtd, Tmlvdrslty j` [dstdrm ygmdy -F.OnMdlbbAuws.dgu.hu

Hcstrhnt

Wels phpdr prjvlgds hm jvdrvldw j` h gjntjrhtd stugy teht ls dxpbjrlmk rdbhtljmselps cdtwddm sjnlhblmmjvhtljm, bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt, hmg pucbln pjblny hmg prjkrhos. Wed stugy gdslkmrdffidnts ted sjnlhb pbhstlnlty jrldmthtljm njrd tj sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm tedjry hmg prhntlnd. Wels ls gdo-jmstrhtdg, lm phrt, terjuke ted dxpbjrhtljm j` h bhmkuhkd pjbltlns teht sddis tj pjsltljm dmhcblmksjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hs h idy strhtdky `jr kdmdrhtlmk ojrd susthlmhcbd `jros j` bjnhb hmg rdkljmhbgdvdbjpodmt.

Grhwlmk jm ted wjri j` idy tedjrlsts, h typjbjky ls cdlmk gdvdbjpdg tj nehrhntdrlsd sjnlhb lmmjvh-tljm hntlvlty hnrjss terdd hspdnts - sjnlhb rdbhtljms gymholns, glvdrsd dnjmjoln hkdmts hmg prjndss-ds, hmg sjnlhb ohridt glodmsljms. Lm tels phpdr, ted typjbjky ls jutblmdg hmg gdojmstrhtdg terjukehppblnhtljm tj nhsd dxhopbds teht hrd cdlmk gdvdbjpdg hs phrt j` ted stugy. Kdmdrhtlvd wjrisejpswlte usdrs ehvd cddm edbg - dxpbjrlmk rdspjmsds tj ted typjbjky hmg sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm njmndptsojrd kdmdrhbby - hmg h glsnussljm jm dodrkdmt tedods ls prjvlgdg.

8 Njmndptuhb rhodwjri

Bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt prjkrhos nhm cd gddpby njmmdntdg tj ted pdjpbd hmg pbhnds tehthrd lophntdg cy njopbdx sjnlhb hmg dmvlrjmodmthb lssuds. Bjnhb hntjrs hmg hssdocbhkds ehvd ted

nhphnlty tj grlvd hghpthtljm tj kbjchbby glsruptlvd nehmkd (Qlid dt hb, , p.) hmg tj sehpd rdslb-ldmt hmg glvdrsd njooumltlds. Ejwdvdr, elstjrlnhb hpprjhneds tj bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmtrdffidnt h prdgjolmhmnd j` ohridt-dnjmjoln strhtdklds (OhnNhbbuo dt hb , p.) teht prlvlbdkd`jr-pdrsjmhb-khlm ojgdbs j` hntlvlty, ht ted dxpdmsd j` crjhgdr wdbbcdlmk jcfdntlvds. Wedsd hp-prjhneds mhrrjwby lmtdrprdt gdvdbjpodmt terjuke trhgltljmhb dnjmjoln krjwte phrhodtdrs hmgprjojtd njopdtltlvd hgvhmthkd hs ted prlohry njmndrm j dnjmjoln gdvdbjpodmt (Crlstjw , p.).

Njopdtltlvdmdss strhtdklds prjvlgd nbdhr pdr`jrohmnd jcfdntlvds jr lmglvlguhb ros, cut pbhnds hrdoune ojrd njopbdx. Lm d``dnt, pbhnd-chsdg njopdtltljm strhtdklds nhm ehvd slkmlnhmt bjmk-tdromdkhtlvd njmsdqudmnds jr rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt (Crlstjw ), phrtlnubhrby wedm njopdtltlvd-mdss ls sjuket terjuke bjw njst. Whx lmndmtlvds, clgglmk whrs hmg ted blid gdprlvd bjnhb hmg rdkljm-hb hutejrltlds j` rdsjurnds tj lmvdst lm ted quhblty j` pucbln sdrvlnds hmg hodmltlds, hmg j`tdm pbhndh njmtrjbblmk lmtdrdst lm ted ehmgs j` prjt-jrldmtdg sthidejbgdrs (sune hs hcsdmtdd bhmgbjrgs), htted dxpdmsd j` culbglmk bjnhb nhphnltlds.

Njopdtltlvdmdss-chsdg strhtdklds hrd lmnrdhslmkby umgdr htthni `jr njmndmtrhtlmk jm ted prjojtljmj` h pbhnds hssdts, rhtedr tehm tedlr gdvdbjpodmt9 `jr jvdr-slopbl`ylmk njopbdx lssuds `jr ted shidj` pjblny hkdmghs9 hmg `jr `hlblmk tj hnnjumt `jr bjmkdr tdro lophnts (Crlstjw , p-).Qlid dt hb mjtd, ejwdvdr, teht welbst tedrd njmtlmuds tj cd h glvdrslty j` jplmljm hcjut weht bjnhbhmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt sejubg sddi tj hneldvd, teht h crjhgdmlmk hwhrdmdss j` ted blolthtljms j`ted bjmksthmglmk dnjmjoln hmg quhmtlthtlvd `jnus lm bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt ls kdmdrht-lmk lmtdrdst lm . . . susthlmhcbd sjnlhb, nubturhb, pjbltlnhb hmg dmvlrjmodmthb glodmsljms hmg ojrdquhblthtlvd, dvdm sucfdntlvd, njmndrms hcjut . . . quhblty j` bl`d hmg wdbbcdlmk (, p.). Wedsdnjmndrms hrd slolbhr tj tejsd teht grlvd sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty.


3/17



8.8 jnlhb lmmjvhtljm hmg pucbln pjblny

Lmmjvhtljm ls h njopbdx, oune gdchtdg njmndpt lm ted bltdrhturd hmg lm prhntlnd. @jbbjwlmk ^neuo-pdtdr, lt ls umgdrstjjg tj njod `rjo wltelm ted dnjmjoln systdo, docjgylmk ted prjndss j` nrdh-tlvd gdstruntljm teht kdmdrhtds dnjmjoln gdvdbjpodmt ( Y_, p.-).

^jnlhb lmmjvhtljm ls h slolbhrby njopbdx njmndpt teht njoclmds hbb ted vhkhrlds j` lmmjvhtljmprjndssds wlte ted odssy mhturd j` sjnlhb lssuds hmg jutnjods. Lmnrdhslmkby ejwdvdr, gdmltljmhbgdchtds hnndpt teht sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm ehs twj njopjmdmts6 hggrdsslmk lssuds lm sjnlhb rdbhtljms -hbsj nhbbdg prjndss nehmkds9 hmg hggrdsslmk sjnlhb mddgs - hbsj nhbbdg jutnjods nehmkds. Lm tels,cjte ted dmgs hmg ted odhms hrd lopblnhtdg - sjnlhb lmmjvhtljms cdlmk kjjg `jr sjnldty, welbsthbsj loprjvlmk ted nhphnlty j` nltlzdms tj hnt (sdd Mlnejbbs & Ourgjni, hmg Oubkhm, ).Wedsd twj njopjmdmts hrd hbsj nehrhntdrlstln j` susthlmhcbd `jros j` bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjp-odmt - gdmdg hs pdjpbd ndmtrdg, dmvlrjmodmthbby rdspjmslcbd hmg dnjmjolnhbby glvdrsd.

Wj ghtd, ted rjbd j` pucbln pjblny ehs cddm bhrkdby mdkbdntdg lm sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm snejbhrselp(Ojjrd dt hb , p.), hmg ohtdrlhb jm ted bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt njmtdxt ls phrtlnubhrbybloltdg. Dxlstlmk wjri teht crlmks tedsd twj strhmgs tjkdtedr ls prlohrlby `jnusdg jm sjnlhb dxnbu-sljm, vjlnd lm kjvdrmhmnd hmg gdnlsljm-ohilmk, hmg sjnlhb jrkhmlslmk (`jr dxhopbd, sdd Ojubhdrtdt hb, hmg OhnNhbbuo dt hb, ), hmg ls tedrd`jrd nehrhntdrlsdg hs phrt j` ted sjnlhb rdbh-tljms njmndptuhb strhmg j` sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm tedjry (Mlnejbbs & Ourgjni , p.).

Ejwdvdr, grhwlmk jm gdvdbjpodmts lm prhntlnd, pjblny lmtdrdst lm sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm ls krjwlmk (sddOjubhdrt dt hb hmg Ourrhy, Nhubldr-Krlnd & Oubkhm ) hmg ls pjsltljmdg hs ehvlmk tedpjtdmtlhb tj wjri hs h slxte-whvd j` ojgdrm ohnrj-lmmjvhtljm lm rdspjmsd tj njopbdx lssuds.Njoodmthtjrs sukkdst teht ted nurrdmt pdrljg nhm cd blidmdg tj teht j` ted s (Qdrdz, ), wedrddnjmjoln hmg sjnlhb nrlsds hntdg hs h elmkd cdtwddm hm jbg wjrbg hmg h mdw (Ourrhy , p.).

Lm tels why rdndmt (hmg jmkjlmk) nrlsds nhm cd sddm hs nrdhtlmk jpdmlmks lm ted prdvhlblmk dnj-mjoln glsnjursd (Klcsjm-Krheho ), ohilmk why `jr h whvd j` nrdhtljm hmg lmmjvhtljm teht

ls njmndrmdg wlte (lm sjod njoclmhtljm) rdnjmkurlmk sjnlhb hmg pjbltlnhb rdbhtljms, rdgunlmkdmvlrjmodmthb lophnts, hmg njmtrlcutlmk tj culbglmk lmnbuslvd hmg rdslbldmt dnjmjolds. Lmmjvhtljmshppdhrlmk hs h rdsubt j` tels surkd j` lmtdrdst hrd sjnlhb lmmjvhtljms, cdlmk kdmdrhbby prhkohtln lm`jnus Yhggrdss sjnlhb mddgs_ hmg cdlmk grlvdm `rjo wltelm hbb sdntjrs hmg cy lmglvlguhbs Ylmnrdhsdnhphnlty tj hnt_ (Ourrhy , p.).

Wels stugy sddis tj sedg blket jm ted idy njmtrlcutljm sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm nhm ohid tjwhrgs kdmdrht-lmk ojrd susthlmhcbd `jros j` bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt, hmg ted rjbd ted pucbln sdntjr nhmpbhy lm dmhcblmk tels.

8 @jr h usd`ub glsnussljm jm elstjrlnhb hmg dodrklmk njmndptuhblshtljms j` ted rdbhtljmselps cdtwddm susthlmhclblty,

sjnlhb susthlmhclblty hmg sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm sdd6 Qhrrh 318>.

3 Wed prdvljus vd whvds hrd njmslgdrdg tj ehvd cddm grlvdm cy lmmjvhtljms lm6 8;51s-8571s - lrjm, njttjm odneh-

mlshtljm, stdho pjwdr9 8541s-85


4/17



3 Sdsdhrne prjndss

Wels phpdr ls chsdg jm rdsdhrne teht ls phrt j` h nurrdmt gjntjrhtd stugy. Wed quhblthtlvd stugy lslmguntlvd, dxpbjrhtjry hmg gdsnrlptlvd lm mhturd. Lt ehs hm lmtdmtljmhbby kdmdrhtlvd jnus, lmvjbvlmkusdrs (lm tels nhsd, pucbln sdntjr j`ndrs) lm ted rdsdhrne prjndss hmg ubtlohtdby sddilmk tj sup-pjrt tedlr wjri. Wed rdsdhrne qudstljm `jroubhtdg tj kulgd ted stugy ls6

Ejw gj pucbln pjblny hmg prjkrhos dmhcbd sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty teht njmtrlcutds tj ojrd sus-

thlmhcbd jros j` bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt:

Wed spdnln hlos j` ted stugy hrd6

tj pjsltljm sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty hs hm dnjmjoln prjndss, welbst hbsjcrjhgdmlmk ted umgdrsthmglmk j` weht njmstltutds dnjmjoln

tj jpdm up glsnussljm hcjut dmhcblmk ojrd susthlm-hcbd `jros j` bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt

tj hsslst wlte pjsltljmlmk pucbln sdntjr sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm dmhcblmkwjri ojrd d``dntlvdby wltelm h pjblny hmg prjkrhos njmtdxt

Wj hneldvd tedsd hlos h twj-sthkd ghth khtedrlmk prjndss whs gdslkmdg. Njolmk jut j` ted rststhkd, nhsd dxhopbds `rjo hrjumg ted wjrbg hrd lm gdvdbjpodmt. Wjkdtedr tedsd prjvlgd hsdmsd j`6 ted glvdrslty j` rjbds ted pucbln sdntjr nhm pbhy lm dmhcblmk sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm9 ted crdhgtej` sjnlhb hmg dmvlrjmodmthb lssuds teht sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty nhm njmtrlcutd tj9 hmg ted bdvdbsj` bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt `jnus pjsslcbd (`rjo mdlkecjurejjgs tj bhrkd rdkljms, sune hswejbd sthtds/prjvlmnds). Wed `jnus lm dhne nhsd ls jm ted sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty ltsdb`, hmg lmphrtlnubhr ted rhmkd j` hssdocbhkds lt cjte kdmdrhtds hmg rdblds upjm.

H idy njopjmdmt j` ted stugy ls ted gdvdbjpodmt j` h typjbjky. Werjuke ted typjbjky, ted lmtdm-

tljm ls tj nehrhntdrlsd sdvdrhb hspdnts j` sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty teht j`tdm rdohlm lmvlslcbd, jrhrd njm`uslmk, tj pucbln pjblny ohidrs hmg/jr prjkrho sth``. Lm d``dnt, ted typjbjky njmtrlcutds tjnrdhtlmk h bhmkuhkd pjbltlns hrjumg sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty sddilmk tj pjsltljm lt wltelm tedohlmstrdho dnjmjoln glsnjursd, hmg ojrd nbdhrby wltelm ted njmtdxt j` pucbln pjblny hmg prjkrhos.

> Gud `jr njopbdtljm cy @dcruhry 3184. Lt grhws jm dxpdrldmnd suppjrtlmk sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm, sjnlhb dmtdrprlsd hmg

sjnlhb dmtrdprdmdurselp hntlvlty jvdr ted phst twdbvd ydhrs (ojstby lm Hustrhblh), hmg tels dxpdrldmnd hbsj umgdrplms

ted lmtdrdst lm pucbln sdntjr dmhcblmk rjbds. Wed stugy culbgs jm terdd prdvljus phpdrs (OnMdlbb 311 phrtlnlphmts) wdrd njopbdtdg lm Ohy 318> hmg wdrd njmguntdg `hnd-tj-`hnd, wlte h sohbb muocdr

cdlmk vlh ^iypd. Oubtlpbd pdrspdntlvds wdrd sjuket `jr dhne, hmg tels whs hneldvdg lm 8; j` ted 3> nhsds.

4 Wed stugy hpprjhne ls chsdg jm hm lmtdrdst lm bdhrmlmk rhtedr tehm fugklmk, lm dxpdrlodmtlmk rhtedr tehm njm-

rolmk weht ls hbrdhgy imjwm (Klcsjm-Krheho 31159 Klcsjm-Krheho & Sjdbvlmi 311


5/17



Wed sthkd twj rdsdhrne hntlvltlds sjuket lmput tj ted typjbjky, hmg dxpbjrdg telmilmk hrjumg sjnlhblmmjvhtljm njmndpts ojrd kdmdrhbby. Wwj usdr krjups wdrd nejsdm jr tels hntlvlty - Hustrhblhmpucbln sdntjr j`ndrs, hmg rdslgdmts hmg dmtdrprlsd rdprdsdmthtlvds `rjo h spdnln bjnhblty. Lm hg-gltljm tj sddilmk phrtlnlphmts `ddgchni, lt whs njmslgdrdg lopjrthmt teht tedy `jumg tedlr lmvjbvd-odmt kdmdrhtlvd, hmg tedrd whs tedrd`jrd hm dopehsls jm hbsj prjvlglmk njmtdmt jm, hmg sphnd `jr,dxpbjrhtljm j` idy njmndpts teht tedy njubg pjtdmtlhbby hppby tj tedlr wjri hmg lmtdrdsts.

> Nehrhntdrlslmk sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm h bhmkuhkd pjbltlns

Werjuke ted typjbjky umgdr gdvdbjpodmt h idy jcfdntlvd ls tj nehrhntdrlsd sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlv-lty lm bhmkuhkd teht nhrrlds wdlket lm ohlmstrdho dnjmjoln glsnjursd, hmg teht njubg hsslst wltestrunturlmk dmhcblmk d``jrts lm h pucbln pjblny hmg prjkrhos njmtdxt. Wed glsnussljm cdbjw jutblmdsted grh`t typjbjky hmg hppblds lt tj ted nhsd dxhopbds.

Wed sthrtlmk pjlmt `jr ted typjbjky gdvdbjpodmt whs ted gdmltljm j` sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm glsnussdghcjvd ld. hntlvlty teht hggrdssds lssuds lm sjnlhb rdbhtljms (prjndss nehmkds) welbst hbsj hggrdss-lmk sjnlhb mddgs (jutnjod nehmkds).

Wed sjnlhb rdbhtljms (nhphnlty tj hnt) njopjmdmt j` ted gdmltljm ehs cddm nehrhntdrlsdg terjukenjmslgdrhtljm j` ted whys j` jrkhmlslmk teht njmtrlcutd tj ted hntlvlty. Pdrwdlf dt hb lgdmtl`y jurwhys j` jrkhmlslmk, pdrndlvlmk hmg fustl`ylmk sjnlhb rdbhtljms dkhblthrlhmlso, eldrhrney, lmgl-vlguhblso hmg `hthblso (, p-). Wed rst terdd j` tedsd hrd ted ohlm `jnus j` tels stugy, wlteeldrhrnelnhb hutejrlty hbsj edbplmk tj lbbustrhtd ted pucbln sdntjr dmhcblmk rjbd. Hs sukkdstdg cyWhybjr (), ojclblslmk ted terdd idy sjurnds j` sjnlhb pjwdr, welbst hbsj mhvlkhtlmk ted lmedrdmttdmsljms cdtwddm tedo, ehs pjtdmtlhb tj kdmdrhtd ojrd rjcust hpprjhneds tj dmkhklmk wlte njo-pbdx lssuds. Lmnbuglmk whys j` jrkhmlslmk njmndpts lm ted typjbjky `hnlblthtds lgdmtl`ylmk wedrdlmtdrdstlmk hssdocbhkds teht njmtrlcutd tj loprjvlmk sjnlhb rdbhtljms gymholns ohy cd lmvjbvdg.

Wed sjnlhb mddgs (sjnlhb jutnjods) njopjmdmt j` ted gdmltljm ls nehrhntdrlsdg terjuke twj hs-

pdnts wltelm ted typjbjky. Wed nejlnd j` tedsd rdffidnts hm lmtdrdst lm dxpbjrlmk mhmnlhbby ohlmthlm-hcbd rdspjmsds tj njopbdx sjnlhb hmg dmvlrjmodmthb lssuds. Wed twj hspdnts nejsdm tedrd`jrd hlotj elkeblket ted dnjmjoln hkdmts hmg prjndssds lmvjbvdg, hmg tj njmslgdr sjnlhb ohridt glodmsljmsj` ted sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty.

0 Wed lmput j` Hustrhblhm pucbln sdntjr j ndrs whs sjuket terjuke h wjrisejp hmg terjuke h sohbb muocdr j` lm-

tdrvldws. Wed spdnln jcfdntlvds j` tels rdsdhrne hntlvlty wdrd tj6 culbg nhphnlty hrjumg sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm njmndptshmg bhmkuhkd9 sddi lmput tj ted hpprjhne cdlmk gdvdbjpdg9 sehrd imjwbdgkd hmg dxpdrldmnds hojmkst pddrs9 hmg

prjvlgd njmtdmt teht ohy hsslst phrtlnlphmts wlte tedlr jwm wjri. Wed 8> phrtlnlphmts wdrd ehmg-plnidg njolmk

`rjo hbb terdd bdvdbs j` kjvdrmodmt (bjnhb, sthtd, `dgdrhb), wlte h rhmkd j` rjbd jrldmthtljms, hmg hbb ehvlmk ehg dx-

pjsurd tj dmhcblmk sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty terjuke tedlr wjri. Wed lmput j` ted sdnjmg hugldmnd krjup whs hbsj

sjuket terjuke h wjrisejp. Wed spdnln jcfdntlvds j` tels rdsdhrne hntlvlty wdrd tj6 dxpbjrd umgdrsthmglmks j`

sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm njmndpts9 culbg umgdrsthmglmk hcjut weht sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm ls, hmg ejw lt njubg cdmdt h spdnln

pbhnd9 hmg dxpbjrd phrt lnlphmts vldws jm pucbln sdntjr lmvjbvdodmt lm dmhcblmk sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty. Qhrt lnl-

phmts wdrd hkhlm ehmg-plnidg `jr tedlr lmtdrdst lm sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm, hmg njoprlsdg rdslgdmts hmg rdprdsdmthtlvds j`

bjnhb dmtdrprlsds (wlte h muocdr wdhrlmk cjte ehts) njmmdntdg tj ted Qhrrhohtth Bjnhb Kjvdrmodmt Hrdh (BKH)

lm ^ygmdy, Hustrhblh. Wed pbhnd jrldmthtljm whs nejsdm tj njmmdnt wlte ted bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt `jnus

j` ted stugy. Wels hntlvlty pehsd j` ted stugy whs njopbdtdg jm 84 Jntjcdr 318>.

; Qbdhsd mjtd teht ted sukkdstljm ls mjt teht sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty sejubg cd njoojgldg, jr teht hntlvlty teht

bdmgs ltsdb` tj tels typd j` nehrhntdrlshtljm ls sjodejw ojrd wjrtey tehm jtedr `jros. Wedrd hrd ohmy lopjrthmt

hmg sunndss`ub sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvltlds teht hrd sejrtdr tdro lm `jnus, hmg `jr welne rdsjurnds tj gdblvdr jm ted

spdnln jcfdntlvd hrd hvhlbhcbd. Ejwdvdr, lm h nblohtd j` serlmilmk pucbln rdsjurnds tedrd ls lmnrdhslmk rdnjkmltljm(`jr dxhopbd, Crhmgsdm 318>) teht sjnlhb lmmjvhtljms teht lmnjrpjrhtd h rdvdmud kdmdrhtljm ojgdb hrd ojrd blidby

tj ohlmthlm jvdr tlod, hmg wedrd tedrd ls lmtdrdst lm hmg mddg `jr h bjmkdr tdro hpprjhne tj loprjvlmk sjnlhb rdbh-

tljms hmg hggrdsslmk sjnlhb mddgs tels ls hm lopjrthmt njmslgdrhtljm.


6/17



Wed rst j` ted twj sjnlhb mddgs rdbhtdg hspdnts hppblds h glvdrsd dnjmjolds bdms. Wed GlvdrsdDnjmjolds @rhodwjri ls krjupdg hrjumg ted trhgltljmhb nhtdkjrlshtljms j` bhcjur, trhmshntljms,prjpdrty, dmtdrprlsd hmg mhmnd. Wed `jnus ls jm hbtdrmhtlvd ohridt hmg mjm-ohridt hntlvlty hstedsd hrd ted suc-sdts teht hrd j`tdm lmvlslcbd hmg/jr mjt wdbb umgdrstjjg. Dxhopbds j` hkdmts hmg

prjndssds wltelm dhne j` tedsd nhtdkjrlds, lmtdrprdtdg `jr h pucbln pjblny hmg prjkrhos njmtdxt,lmnbugd (cut hrd mjt bloltdg tj)6

Bhcjur6 sdnjmgodmts, stugdmt phrtlnlphtljm, wjri `jr wdb-`hrd, lm-ilmg, vjbumtddr, sdb`-prjvlsljmlmk

Wrhmshntljms6 dquhb phrtmdr njbbhcjrhtljms, sjnlhb prjnurdodmt, sehrdg chni-rjjo-sdrvlnds hrrhmkdodmts, bjnhb nurrdmnlds, chrtdr, ejusdejbg sehrlmk, kbdhmlmk

Qrjpdrty6 pucblnby jwmdg ehrg hssdts, pucblnby jwmdg sj`t hs-sdts (dk. ghth sdts), mjmprjt jrkhmlshtljm hssdts, njooumlty bhmgtrusts, jpdm-sjurnd lmtdbbdntuhb prjpdrty, nrdhtlvd njoojms

Dmtdrprlsd6 pucbln-sdntjr jwmdg dmtdrprlsds, sjnlhb cuslmdssds, dopbjydd jwmdg dmtdr-prlsds, njooumlty jwmdg dmtdrprlsds, njjpdrhtlvds, sjnlhb dmtdrprlsds, mjmprjts

@lmhmnd6 sjnlhb lmvdstodmt prjgunts, njooumlty cjmgs, olnrj-mhmnd, lmtdrdst `rdd bjhms, krhmts, nrjwg-`umglmk

Wed sdnjmg j` ted sjnlhb mddgs rdbhtdg hspdnts thid ted dnjmjoln bdms h stdp `urtedr cy lmnjr-pjrhtlmk ted glodmsljms j` sjnlhb ohridt hntlvlty. Wels hspdnt hsslsts wlte dxpbjrlmk ejw ohridtnjmndpts hppby tj tejsd typds j` sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm teht hrd sddilmk, jr ehvd pjtdmtlhb tj kdmdrhtd,bjmkdr tdro hmg mhmnlhbby ohlmthlmhcbd rdspjmsds tj njopbdx lssuds. neuopdtdrs vd glodm-sljms j` lmmjvhtljm hrd ted chsls `jr tels hspdnt, hmg hrd suoohrlsdg edrd hs6

. Mdw jr loprjvdg prjgunt jr sdrvlnd

. Mdw jr loprjvdg odtejg j` prjguntljm jr sdrvlnd gdblvdry

. Mdw ohridt jr mdw dmtrhmt tj hm dxlstlmk ohridt

. Mdw sjurnd j` suppby jr suppby nehlm

. Mdw ojgdb (ojrd d`nldmt jr d``dntlvd jrkhmlshtljm j` h sdntjr)

Werjuke ted hppblnhtljm j` ted typjbjky tj dhne j` ted nhsd dxhopbds, ted njmtrlcutljm j` ted sjnlhblmmjvhtljm hntlvlty tj kdmdrhtlmk ojrd susthlmhcbd `jros j` bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt ls hbsjgdsnrlcdg.

5 ^dd ettp6//www.njooumltydnjmjolds.jrk/Ejod/Idy-Lgdhs `jr h suoohry.< ^dd @jjtmjtd 0 `jr h mjtd jm wey tels jnus ehs cddm nejsdm `jr tels stugy.

81 Hs lmtdrprdtdg lmtj ted sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm njmtdxt cy Mlnejbbs & Ourgjni (3188, p88-83).

88 Wels glodmsljm ls hbsj lmtdrprdtdg hs ted bdvdb wedrd d``jrts njmndrmdg wlte systdoln lmmjvhtljm hrd `jnusdg.


7/17



>.8 Wypjbjky gdojmstrhtdg

Wed mhb tedsls wlbb lmnbugd hbb j` ted nhsd dxhopbds, nehrhntdrlsdg terjuke dhne hspdnt j` tedtypjbjky. [ltelm ted snjpd j` tels phpdr, h suoohry vdrsljm j` twj ls prjvlgdg tj gdojmstrhtd

ejw ted typjbjky njubg wjri lm prhntlnd

.

Mjrtehoptjmselrd BlcrhrldsHs h rdsubt j` slkmlnhmt rdguntljms lm bjnhb hutejrlty cugkdts lm ted TI, Mjrtehoptjmselrds Bl-crhry ^drvlnds wdrd rdvldwdg lm . Wed hpprjhne gdvdbjpdg ehs cddm hppbldg tj hbb sthtlnblcrhry sltds hnrjss ted njumty. Wed bjnhb hutejrlty njmtlmuds tj ùmg ted sdrvlnd hmg tj prjvlgdprj`dssljmhb sth`` lmtj dhne blcrhry, cut jm h rdgundg chsls hmg wlte vjbumtddrs prjvlglmk hgg-jmhmg wrhphrjumg suppjrt. Hs ht Ohy tedrd wdrd jvdr vjbumtddrs suppjrtlmk Blcrhr-lds @rldmgs krjups. Wed blcrhrlds wjri nbjsdby wlte h wlgd rhmkd j` njooumlty hmg bjnhb cuslmdssjrkhmlshtljms, hmg ejst ohmy j` tedlr hntlvltlds. Werjuke tedlr dxphmgdg rjbds hmg ted lmnrdhsdglmvjbvdodmt j njooumlty odocdrs, ted Mjrtehoptjmselrd Blcrhrlds hrd cdnjolmk trud njooumlty eucs.

Whcbd 8 Mjrtehoptjmselrd Blcrhrlds typjbjky thcbd

[hys j`jrkhmlslmk

Lmglvlguhb rdslgdmts glg mjt whmt tj bjsd tedlr bjnhb blcrhrlds, hmg bjccldg tedNjumnlb tj bjji `jr nrdhtlvd jptljms9 tedy wdrd hbsj wlbblmk tj njmtrlcutd sjod j`tedlr tlod tj iddp ted blcrhrlds jpdm. Njooumlty odocdrs, mjmprjt jrkhmlsh-tljms hmg sjod bjnhb cuslmdssds, ehvd wjridg tjkdtedr tj gdslkm hmg lopbdodmth sjbutljm teht prjvlgds jutnjods jr ted wejbd njooumlty. Pjbumtddrs hrdkhlmlmk silbbs hmg dxpdrldmnd, hmg hrd wjrilmk tjkdtedr tj lmltlhtd hmg gdblvdrbjnhb prjfdnts. Wedy mjw ehvd h strjmk vjlnd lm blcrhry gdnlsljm-ohilmk, hs tedlrlmvjbvdodmt ls ndmtrhb tj ted blcrhrlds rdohlmlmk jpdm. Wed Njumnlb whs jpdm tjbjjilmk ht hbtdrmhtlvds tj nbjslmk jr rdgunlmk ted blcrhry sdrvlnds. Lt `hnlblthtdg hprjndss teht dmkhkdg bjnhb njooumltlds lm ted gdnlsljm ohilmk, hmg whs wlbblmktj wjri wlte h ojgdb teht rdgunds lts njmtrjb hmg rdqulrds lt tj prljrltlsd rdspdnt-

ùb hmg suppjrtlvd rdbhtljmselps wlte lts njooumltlds. Lt mjw sdds h oune ojrdstrhtdkln rjbd `jr ted blcrhrlds, rdnjkmlslmk teht tedy slt ht ted edhrt j` lts rdbhtljm-selps wlte bjnhb pdjpbd.

Glvdrsddnjmjolnhkdmts /prjndssds

Bhcjur

Cy wjrilmk nbjsdby hmg rdspdntùbby wlte h wlbblmk mjm-ohridtsjurnd j` bhcjur, ted Njumnlb ehs sunnddgdg lm turmlmk h terdhttj lts sdrvlnd gdblvdry lmtj hm jppjrtumlty. H tlod chmi ojgdbls ndmtrhb tj ted hpprjhne, hmg nhrd ehs cddm thidm tj gdslkmrjbds teht njvdr h wlgd rhmkd j` vjbumtddrlmk ojtlvhtljms. Pjb-umtddrs hrd hbsj j``drdg `rdd hgubt bdhrmlmk jppjrtumltlds.

Glodmsljmj` sjnlhbohridthntlvlty

Loprjvdgsdrvlnd

Hnndss tj h muocdr j` sdrvlnds wltelm ted Njumty ehvd cddmloprjvdg, `jr dxhopbd6 blcrhrlds mjw jpdm ht ejurs teht bjnhbrdslgdmts nhm usd tedo (wddidmgs hmg h`tdr wjri ejurs)9 blcrhr-lds mjw j``dr h rhmkd j` thrkdtdg njursds hmg trhlmlmk jppjrtu-mltlds9 hmg h rhmkd j` jtedr Njumnlb sdrvlnds hrd cdlmk gdblvdrdgterjuke ted blcrhrlds (dk. njbbdntljm j` phrilmk pdrolts).

83 Hppdmglx H prjvlgds h blstlmk j` hbb ted nhsd dxhopbds phrtlnlphtlmk lm ted stugy.

8> Wj prjvlgd sjod sdmsd j` ted glvdrslty, jmd j` tejsd lmnbugdg ehs h bjnhb `jnus hmg mdw sdrvlnd glodmsljm, hmg

ted jtedr ehs h rdkljmhb `jnus hmg mdw ojgdb ohridt glodmsljm. Lm tedsd twj ted pucbln sdntjr rjbd ls vdry ndmtrhb

pbdhsd mjtd teht ted ùbb sdt lmnbugds h muocdr j` dxhopbds wedrd jtedr dmtlty/s hrd grlvlmk ted sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm

hntlvlty, hmg ted pucbln sdntjr ls pbhylmk h bdss ndmtrhb (cut dmhcblmk) rjbd.


8/17



ûsthlm-hcbd bjnhb

& rdkljmhbgdvdbjp-odmt

Gdspltd slkmlnhmtby rdgundg ùmglmk Njumnlb hmg lts bjnhb njooumltlds ehvdsunnddgdg lm mjt fust rdthlmlmk tedlr blcrhrlds, cut loprjvlmk hnndss tj tedo hmgjtedr sdrvlnds. Wed blcrhry sltds hrd cdnjolmk njooumlty eucs, hmg lmtdrhntljmscdtwddm pdjpbd hrd lmnrdhslmk. Jtedr jrkhmlshtljms lm ted hrdh hrd utlblslmk ted

blcrhry sphnds, njmtrlcutlmk tj rdvdmud kdmdrhtljm hmg hbsj nrdhtlmk jppjrtumltlds`jr njbbhcjrhtljm cdtwddm sdrvlnds hmg phrtlnlphmts hrjumg lssuds blid dopbjy-odmt hmg trhlmlmk. ^plm-j`` prjfdnts hrd dodrklmk, sune hs h rd-usd sejp teht lsrhlslmk ùmgs `jr ted blcrhrlds hmg ls prjvlmk httrhntlvd tj yjumkdr pdjpbd lm tednjooumlty. Wed blcrhrlds ojgdb ls rdfuvdmhtlmk pucbln hssdts hmg dopjwdrlmkbjnhb nltlzdms tj hnt lm ted lmtdrdsts j` tedlr njooumltlds.

IJOJ^LD

IJOJ^LD ohmhkds twj rdusd hmg dmdrky shvlmk crhmgs lm Cdbkluo, Gd Irlmkwlmidb hmg Dmdr-

kldsmjdldrs. Gd Irlmkwlmidb ls ted sejp`rjmt crhmg `jr h `dgdrhtljm j` Sd-usd Ndmtrds hnrjss

ted @bhmgdrs Sdkljm j` Cdbkluo, wej fjlmtby dsthcblsedg IJOJ^LD hs h odocdrselp-chsdg

hgvjnhny hmg njjrglmhtljm dmtlty. [lte ted suppjrt lt ls hcbd tj prjvlgd tj ted odocdrs, ted Sd-usdNdmtrds mjw ehvd h mdtwjri j` elke quhblty, wdbb gdslkmdg hmg bhlg jut sejps sdbblmk usdg

kjjgs. IJOJ^LD hmg lts odocdrs lmvdst strjmkby lm ted Gd Irlmkwlmidb crhmg hmg ted sejps

ehvd dvjbvdg `rjo cdlmk sddm hs gusty umpjpubhr sdnjmg ehmg sejps tj yjumk hmg jm-trdmg.

Njoclmdg, ted Gd Irlmkwlmidb hmg Dmdrkldsmjdldrs dmtdrprlsds ohid IJOJ^LD Durjpds

bhrkdst sjnlhb rhmnelsd.

Whcbd 3 IJOJ^LD typjbjky thcbd

[hys j`jrkhmlslmk

Lmglvlguhbs gjmhtd ltdos tj ted rd-usd ndmtrds hmg lmglvlguhbs dmkhkd wlte

ted dopbjyodmt jppjrtumltlds prjvlgdg cy ted IJOJ^LD mdtwjri. DhneSd-Tsd Ndmtrd ls lts jwm dmtlty, hmg tedy hrd hbb odocdrs j` ted IJOJ^LDmdtwjri - tels njoclmds ted strdmkte j` krhss-rjjts imjwbdgkd hmg phr-tlnlphtjry gdnlsljm-ohilmk, wlte h njjrglmhtdg hmg prj`dssljmhb hpprjhne.[jrilmk tjkdtedr jvdr ohmy ydhrs, ted @bhmgdrs Kjvdrmodmts [jri &^jnlhb Dnjmjoy hmg JPHO (whstd ohmhkdodmt) Gdphrtodmts ehvd ds-thcblsedg h rhmkd j` pjblnlds hmg prjkrhos teht dmhcbdg ted dsthcblseodmtj` ted Sd-usd Ndmtrds hs rjcust hmg susthlmhcbd dmtdrprlsds teht hsslst tedkjvdrmodmt tj gdblvdr jm lts pjblny jcfdntlvds hrjumg whstd rdguntljm hmgdopbjyodmt. IJOJ^LDs njjrglmhtlmk rjbd ls sddm hs nrltlnhb hs lt dmsurdshm d`nldmt hpprjhne tj njmtrhnt ohmhkdodmt hmg jtedr jpdrhtljmhb ohttdrs,hmg suppjrt `jr tels ls culbt lmtj ted ojgdb.

Glvdrsd dnj-mjoln hkdmts /prjndssds

Dmtdrprlsd

Cjte IJOJ^LD hmg ted lmglvlguhb Sd-usd Ndmtrds hrd ds-thcblsedg hs sjnlhb dmtdrprlsds, dmsurlmk h prlohry `jnus jmlmnrdhslmk sjnlhb hmg dmvlrjmodmthb lophnt, welne njmtlmudstj krjw hmg gdvdbjp. Werjuke nrdhtlmk gdslkmhtdg hrdhs `jrdhne j` ted Sd-usd Ndmtrds hmg rdqulrlmk ted bjnhb hutejrl-tlds lm dhne hrdh tj wjri wlte tedo ted @bhmgdrs Kjvdrmodmtehs dmhcbdg h rjcust sjnlhb dmtdrprlsd mdtwjri tj dsthcblsehmg ffijurlse.


9/17



Glodmsljm j`

sjnlhb ohridthntlvlty Mdw ojgdb

Werjuke jvdrnjolmk gdphrtodmthb slbjs, suppjrtlmk tedIJOJ^LD mdtwjri hbbjws ted kjvdrmodmt tj gdblvdr jm ltspjblny jcfdntlvds hrjumg cjte whstd hmg dopbjyodmt. Lt gd-

blvdrs hm d``dntlvd hmg d`nldmt ojgdb `jr lmnrdhslmk ted bdvdbj` rdusd, gdnrdhslmk bhmgbb hmg nrdhtlmk susthlmhcbd do-pbjyodmt jppjrtumltlds `jr pdjpbd lm ted ojst glsthmt `rjobhcjur ohridt nhtdkjry.

ûsthlmhcbd bj-nhb & rdkljmhbgdvdbjpodmt

Wed Sd-Tsd Ndmtrds hmg sejps dopbjy hrjumg pdjpbd, hmg jvdr %j` tedsd wdrd prdvljusby bjmk tdro umdopbjydg jr wlte bloltdg dgunhtljmbdvdbs. Wed ojgdb hbsj glvdrts jvdr tjms j` rdushcbd ohtdrlhb h ydhr`rjo bhmgbb, ehs . olbbljm nustjodrs, hmg h turmjvdr lm dxndss j` .olbbljm. Lgdmtl`ylmk ted pjtdmtlhb `jr h njmmdntljm cdtwddm sjnlhb hmg dm-vlrjmodmthb jutnjods ehs bdg tj ted nrdhtljm j` h susthlmhcbd ojgdb tehtgdblvdrs jm cjte sdts j` jcfdntlvds. Wels ls mjw cdlmk rdmdg ùrtedr, tj

lgdmtl`y whys tj njmtlmud tj loprjvd ted jutnjods cdlmk gdblvdrdg.

7 Kdmdrhtlvd jnusHs glsnussdg hcjvd, h kdmdrhtlvd `jnus ls ndmtrhb tj ted stugy gdslkm. Wels lmnbugds sddilmk lmputtj ted gdvdbjpodmt j` ted typjbjky `rjo pjtdmtlhb usdr krjups spdnlnhbby, tj ghtd, tels ehslmnbugdg ted nhsd dxhopbd lmtdrvldwdds, hmg ted twj krjups jutblmdg hcjvd.

Idy tedods hrlslmk `rjo tedsd `ddgchni bjjp hntlvltlds ehvd cddm lgdmtldg hmg hrd glsnussdgcdbjw. @jr ted purpjsds j` tels jvdrvldw phpdr, ted `jnus lm grhwlmk jut tedsd tedods whs jmlgdmtl`ylmk njmndpts hmg bhmkuhkd teht dltedr dmhcbd hmg/jr lmelclt phrtlnlphmts dmkhkdodmt wltesjnlhb lmmjvhtljm tedjry hmg prhntlnd. Wels lmput ls lm`jrolmk ted ùrtedr gdvdbjpodmt j` ted typjb-

jky, hmg ted tedods wlbb cd ùrtedr hmhbysdg hmg gdvdbjpdg terjuke ted tedsls.

7.8 Glsnussljm j` idy dodrkdmt tedods

Ht ted crjhg bdvdb, phrtlnlphmts lm cjte krjups lmglnhtdg teht ted stybd j` ted sdssljms whs vhbuhcbd.Ojst dopehslsdg teht tedy ehvd blttbd tlod tj sthy hcrdhst j` gdvdbjpodmts hmg telmilmk, hmg tehtgdspltd cdlmk dmkhkdg wlte sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvltlds teht tedy mg oune j` ted sjnlhb lmmjvhtljmbltdrhturd gl`nubt tj lmtdrprdt lm rdbhtljm tj tedlr wjri hmg lmtdrdsts gud tj bdmkte, gdmsdmdss hmgted jphnlty j` idy njmndptuhb culbglmk cbjnis. Wed njoclmhtljm j` crdhilmk gjwm njmndptuhbnjmtdmt, `jbbjwdg cy jppjrtumltlds tj glsnuss wlte pddrs lm rdbhtljm tj tedlr jwm dxpdrldmnds, whshpprdnlhtdg. H gdmltd hppdtltd jr kdmdrhtlvd njmndptuhb gdvdbjpodmt jppjrtumltlds whs dvlgdmtlm cjte krjups.

Cjte krjups rdspjmgdg pjsltlvdby tj ted krjumglmk j` pucbln sdntjr rjbds hrjumg sjnlhb lmmjvhtljmlm h bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt njmtdxt. Lt whs lmglnhtdg teht ted spdnlnlty j` njmtdxt teht hpbhnd-chsdg `jnus hbbjws hmg rdqulrds edbps dopehslsd ted umlqud hssdocbhkds j` hntjrs hmg rd-sjurnds jm welne oune sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty rdblds. Wed pjtdmtlhb `jr tels `jnus tj edbp glvdrthttdmtljm `rjo ted prdjnnuphtljm wlte ted jvdrby slopblstln umgdrsthmglmk j`, hmg `hlrby kdmdrlnhpprjhneds tj, snhblmk teht oune pucbln pjblny su``drs `rjo whs hbsj rhlsdg.

87 Lmput `rjo ^jnlhb @rjmtldrs njm`drdmnd phrtlnlphmts wjubg hbsj cd vdry wdbnjod.


10/17


11/17



Hs mjtdg hcjvd, ted mjtljm j` sjnlhb ohridts whs ted typjbjky dbdodmt teht prjvdg ojst hwiwhrg`jr phrtlnlphmts lm cjte krjups, cut phrtlnubhrby ted rdslgdmts hmg dmtdrprlsds krjup wlte sjoddxprdsslmk njmndrm hcjut trdmgs hrjumg njoojglnhtljm j` sjnlhb mddgs. Jur jcsdrvhtljm ls tehtted bhmkuhkd j` ohridts nhm cd hbldmhtlmk hs lt ls hssjnlhtdg wlte pjblny hmg prjkrho trdmgs teht

nhm cd umsyophtedtln tj h sjnlhb mddgs glsnjursd. Wels glstrhnts httdmtljm hwhy `rjo ted pjtdmtlhbcdyjmg-phrtlshm odrlts j` sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty. Wed bhmkuhkd pjbltlns cdlmk dxpbjrdg edrdedbpdg umphni tels wlte phrtlnlphmts6 ohridts ls lm d``dnt h sejrtehmg bhcdb `jr hbb ted njopbdxl-tlds teht umgdrplm dmnjumtdrlmk jtedrs lm jrgdr tj oddt jur bl`d mddgs (Klcsjm-Krheho, Nhodrjm& Edhby )9 tels sejrtehmg bhcdb njmndhbs hmg prlvlbdkds ndrthlm hpprjhneds tj dnjmjoln gdvdb-jpodmt, lm h slolbhr why teht ted bhmkuhkd j` prjt ehs njod tj jcsnurd ted vhrldty j` pjsslcbdsurpbus ffijws h glvdrsd dnjmjolds bdms edbps tj elkeblket.

Gdspltd sjod gl`nubtlds wlte ted njmndpt, ted glodmsljms j` sjnlhb ohridt hntlvlty wdrd usdùb lmloprjvlmk umgdrsthmglmk teht sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm jnnurs ht gl``drdmt bdvdbs wltelm h systdo. [edmhppbldg tj ted nhsd dxhopbds, tels hspdnt sejwdg ejw lmmjvhtljm nhm dxlst wltelm hmy j` ted vdohridt glodmsljms hmg teht welbst tedrd ohy cd pjtdmtlhb tj dvdmtuhbby lophnt ht h mdw ojgdb(jr systdoln nehmkd) bdvdb, teht ted hntlvlty ohy lmltlhtd terjuke hmg cd grlvdm cy h euocbdr jr

nbjsdr-tj-ejod kjhb. Wels whs njmslgdrdg lopjrthmt lm suppjrtlmk ted dodrkdmnd j` mdw sjnlhblmmjvhtljm hntlvlty hs jtedrwlsd ted snjpd j` ted thsi nhm glsnjurhkd dmkhkdodmt - hnrjss hbb sdn-tjrs hmg ht ted lmglvlguhb nltlzdm bdvdb, hmg phrtlnubhrby `jr tejsd wjrilmk bjnhbby.

Wed sjnlhb ohridts hspdnt j` ted typjbjky hbsj edbpdg tj hggrdss sjod j` ted njmùsljm hrjumgwedrd mdw ts. [elbst mdw ls hcsdmt `rjo ted suoohry gdmltljm, umphnilmk lt terjuke tedtypjbjky bjnhtds mdw jr loprjvdg ht ted bdvdb j` dhne j` ted sjnlhb ohridt glodmsljms. Wels whssddm hs hm lopjrthmt njmtrlcutljm tj ted bhmkuhkd pjbltlns hs lt edbps lmtdrprdt ted njmndpts `jrprhntlnhb usd, welbst hbsj njmmdntlmk tedo tj h ojrd ohlmstrdho dnjmjoln glsnjursd. Qhrtlnlphmtswdrd lmtdrdstdg lm ejw ted nhsd dxhopbds lbbustrhtdg teht, lm prhntlnd, lt ohy hbsj cd ted mdw jr gl`-`drdmt njoclmhtljm (crlnjbhkd d``dnt) j` ted vd glodmsljms teht `hnlblthtds hm lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty.

Hghptlvd Nynbds rhodwjriWed pucbln sdntjr j`ndrs krjup whs hbsj prjvlgdg wlte suoohry njmtdmt jm ted Hghptlvd Nynbds`rhodwjri prjpjsdg cy Ojjrd dt hb (). Wels ehs cddm lmnbugdg lm ted stugy hs lt ls njmslg-drdg pjtdmtlhbby njopbdodmthry tj ted typjbjky - hgglmk h bl`d-nynbd bhydr tj ted hkdmts hmg prjn-dssds `jnus. Qhrtlnlphmts sukkdstdg usd j` ted `rhodwjri njubg strdmktedm ted nhsd `jr rdsjurnlmksjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvltlds, phrtlnubhrby hs lt lmnbugds rdnjoodmgdg pucbln pjblny hpprjhneds `jrdhne sthkd welne njubg edbp strunturd ejw hmg wedm tj pjsltljm dmhcblmk d``jrts.

Wed dopehsls lm tels snejjb j` tejuket jm systdoln nehmkd cdlmk nehrhntdrlstln j` sjnlhb lmmjvh-tljm whs sjodweht njmùslmk tj phrtlnlphmts ejwdvdr, hs lt hppdhrdg ht jggs wlte ted sjnlhb ohr-idts glodmsljms (gl``drdmt bdvdbs) rd`drrdg tj lm ohmy gdmltljms, lmnbuglmk ted jmd usdg `jr telsstugy (sdd glsnussljm hcjvd).

[elbst ted njmtdmt prdsdmtdg whs vdry prdblolmhry lm tels rdkhrg, tedrd whs sjod njmsdmsus teht ltnjubg cd qultd pjwdrùb tj strunturd telmilmk hrjumg sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm dmhcblmk wjri terjuke njm-slgdrhtljm j` cjte bl`d nynbd sthkds hmg ted dnjmjoln hkdmts hmg prjndssds lmvjbvdg.

8; Hppdmglx C prjvlgds hm jvdrvldw j` ted njmtdmt njvdrdg - dxhopbds grhwm rjo Ojjrd dt hbs wjri hmg rjo ted

Hustrhblhm njmtdxt wdrd hbsj prjvlgdg.


12/17



Qucbln sdntjr dmhcblmk rjbdsWed twj krjups wdrd ehmg-plnidg `jr tedlr lmtdrdst lm hmg dxpjsurd tj sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm. Lt ls tedrd-`jrd mjt surprlslmk teht tedrd whs kdmdrhb strjmk suppjrt `jr pucbln sdntjr lmvjbvdodmt lm stloubht-lmk hmg strdmktedmlmk hntlvlty. Ejwdvdr, ted njmtdmt njvdrdg edbpdg tj dxphmg phrtlnlphmts umgdr-sthmglmk j` ted vhrldty j` whys tels nhm jnnur.

Werjuke dxpbjrlmk ted nhsd dxhopbds, lt whs gdojmstrhtdg teht rjbds rhmkd `rjo rdbhtlvdby slopbdhntlvltlds sune hs prjvlglmk sphnds `jr krjups tj oddt9 terjuke tj njopbdx hmg bjmk-rhmklmk hp-prjhneds sune hs bdklsbhtlvd hmg rdkubhtjry nehmkd. Ht cjte ted bjnhb prjkrho bdvdb hmg ht h ounecrjhgdr pjblny bdvdb, phrtlnlphmts strdssdg h nrunlhb rjbd `jr ted pucbln sdntjr lm `hnlblthtlmk njbbhcj-rhtljm hojmkst glvdrsd hntjrs tj nrdhtd nbhrlty hrjumg gdslrdg jutnjods. Wels whs sddm hs nrltlnhb`jr njumtdrlmk ted usd j` rdstrlntlvd gdblvdry vdelnbds (dk. jutput `jnusdg njmtrhnts) teht nhm lmelcltlmmjvhtljm. Wed mddg `jr ojrd ffidxlcbd whys j` jrkhmlslmk rdbhtljmselps teht lmvjbvd ted pucblnsdntjr whs ndmtrhb tj tels glsnussljm, hmg ted trhmshntljms strhmg j` ted glvdrsd dnjmjolds bdmswhs sddm hs ehvlmk sjod pjtdmtlhb `jr suppjrtlmk lmmjvhtljms lm tels hrdh.

Werjuke ted nhsd dxhopbds hmg ted whys j` jrkhmlslmk hspdnt j` ted typjbjky, Pdrwdlf dt hbsnbuosy sjbutljms njmndptwhs dxpbjrdg hmg glsnussdg wlte lmtdrdst. Lt hppdhrdg tj prjvlgdstrunturd hrjumg weht phrtlnlphmts hbrdhgy sdd jnnurrlmk terjuke tedlr wjri hmg lmtdrdsts, wlteh muocdr glsnusslmk dxhopbds j` njopbdx hssdocbhkds teht ehvd umgdrplmmdg sjnlhb lmmjvhtljmhntlvlty tedy ehvd cddm lmvjbvdg wlte.

Lt hbsj grdw jut h glsnussljm jm ted gl``drdmnd cdtwddm pjblny grlvdrs `jr dmhcblmk sjnlhb lmmjvh-tljm, hmg prjkrho grlvdrs. [elbst h nbdhr pjblny grlvdr whs njmslgdrdg ted cdst nhsd sndmhrlj `jrhttrhntlmk suppjrt `jr dmhcblmk sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm, lt whs hkrddg teht oune dmhcblmk wjri (phrtlnu-bhrby gurlmk ted dhrby sthkds) jnnurs ht ted prjkrho bdvdb. Ohmy j` ted pucbln sdntjr phrtlnlphmtslmglnhtdg tedy j`tdm `ddb ted mddg tj ffiy cdbjw ted rhghr tj suppjrt sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvltlds, hstedrd ohy cd mj jcvljus pjblny ejji tj htthne tedlr d``jrts tj. Lm ohmy lmsthmnds tels whs lgdmtl-

dg hs ht bdhst phrtby gud tj mhrrjwby spdnldg jcfdntlvds teht stlffid hpprjhneds wlte pjtdmtlhb tjgdblvdr hnrjss pjblny hrdhs. Wed dmsulmk pddr-tj-pddr glsnussljm sddodg tj edbp phrtlnlphmts telmij` tedlr d``jrts hs ojrd bdkltlohtd. Wed nbuosy sjbutljms njmndpt whs hbsj njmslgdrdg usd`ubedrd, hs lt elkeblkets ted lopjrthmnd j` dmnjurhklmk gl``drdmt pdrspdntlvds lmtj ted glsnussljm hmgj` wjrilmk wlte ted tdmsljms lmedrdmt lm sjnlhb pjwdr rdbhtljms h strjmk njumtdr tj ted gjolmhmtvldw teht h tjp-gjwm pjblny hpprjhne oust cd lm pbhnd prljr tj cdnjolmk lmvjbvdg.

85 . . . sunndss`ub sjbutljms tj prdsslmk sjnlhb lbbs njmslst j` nrdhtlvd hmg ffidxlcbd njoclmhtljms j tedsd gl``drdmt whys

j` jrkhmlslmk, pdrndlvlmk hmg fustl`ylmk sjnlhb rdbhtljms . . .Yhmg hrd_ weht wd ehvd njod tj nhbb nbuoslmdss . . .

(Pdrwdlf dt hb 3188, p. 8), hmg welne hrd prd`drhcbd tj dbdkhmt sjbutljms hs tedy pbhnd h prjndss j` dssdmtlhb njm-tdsthtljm ht ted edhrt j` pjblny ohilmk (p.31).

8< Hbtejuke phrt lnlphmts glg lmglnhtd teht tedy wjubg blidby mg lt gl`nubt tj khlm trhntljm uslmk tedsd spdnln wjrgs

lm h pucbln sdntjr njmtdxt (gud tj pdrndptljm lssuds).


13/17



Hrdhs j` lmtdrdst jr urtedr gdvdbjpodmtQhrtlnlphmts lgdmtldg teht tedy wjubg cd strjmkby lmtdrdstdg lm ùrtedr gdvdbjpodmts lm ted`jbbjwlmk hrdhs6

dxphmglmk ted gdthlb lmnbugdg lm nhsd dxhopbds

ùrtedr rdmdodmt j` ted typjbjky hspdnts, lmnbuglmk rdbhtljmselps cdtwddm

hggltljmhb lmtdrprdthtljm j` glvdrsd dnjmjolds njmndpts `jr ted pucbln sdntjr njmtdxt

ùrtedr gjnuodmthtljm j` dxhopbds j` usd (dk. nhsd stuglds) j` Ojjrd dt hbs ()rdnjoodmghtljms `jr pucbln pjblny dopehsls ht gl``drdmt sthkds j` ted bl`d nynbd

dxpbjrhtljm j` ejw ted typjbjky hmg bl`d nynbd rdnjoodm-ghtljms njubg pjtdmtlhbby cd usdg tjkdtedr

ùrtedr gjnuodmthtljm j` dxhopbds j` nbuosy sjbutljms lm prhntlnd

Lm hggltljm tj ted tedsls gjnuodmt, tels stugy wlbb prjgund hm lmgustry-`jnusdg (plteldr, bdss hnh-gdoln) rdpjrt teht wlbb cd glstrlcutdg tj hbb phrtlnlphmts hmg jtedr lmtdrdstdg phrtlds. Wed twj usdrkrjups hkrddg tj rdnjmvdmd tj prjvlgd lmput tj h grh`t j` tels.

4 NjmnbusljmWed ohtdrlhb prdsdmtdg lm tels phpdr prjvlgds h thstd j` ted ghth umgdrplmmlmk ted tedsls gdvdbjp-odmt hmg j` ted njmndpts teht wlbb cd dxpbjrdg ùrtedr jvdr ted njolmk ojmtes hs lt ls rdmdghmg gjnuodmtdg.

Cy lmtdmtljmhbby glrdntlmk pjblnlds hmg prjkrhos tj dmhcbd sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm hntlvlty ted pucblnsdntjr (ht hbb bdvdbs) ehs h oyrlhg j` jppjrtumltlds tj stloubhtd ojrd susthlmhcbd `jros j` bjnhb hmg

rdkljmhb gdvdbjpodmt. Ourrhy gdsnrlcds hm dodrklmk dnjmjoln bhmgsnhpd teht wlbb cd ohgd up j`sohbb umlts hmg bhrkd systdos (, p.). Ed sukkdsts teht ted rdbhtljmselp cdtwddm ndmtrds hmgpdrlpedrlds mddgs tj cd trhms`jrodg, tj nrdhtd glstrlcutdg systdos teht hrd nhphcbd j` puselmknjopbdxlty jut tj wedrd ted spdnlnlty j` njmtdxt ls cdst umgdrstjjg, hmg hwhy `rjo ndmtrhbby njm-trjbbdg systdos kdhrdg tj sthmghrglsd hmg slopbl`y. Wels ls ted tdrrltjry j` bjnhb hmg rdkljmhb.

Cut dmhcblmk sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm ls njopbdxlty pdrsjmldg. Wed lmedrdmt tdmsljms teht oust cd mhvl-khtdg hmg fukkbdg ohy cd blidmdg tj ted njopbdxltlds Bhtjur lgdmtlds lm els wjri jm rd-hssdo-cblmk ted sjnlhb. Ed hrkuds teht ted prjndss ls . . . lm bhrkd phrt h phlmùb jsnlbbhtljm cdtwddm twjjppjsltd pjbds, jmd ojrd strunturhb Ydk. pucbln sdntjr_ hmg ted jtedr ojrd prhkohtln Ydk. nlvlb sjnl-dty hntjrs_. . . (, p.). Bhtjur gdsnrlcds tels hs h `jrndg olkrhtljm cdtwddm ted sltds j` bjnhblmtdrhntljm Ydk. bjnhb njooumltlds hmg nltlzdms_ hmg kbjchb njmtdxt Ydk. pucbln sdntjr pjblnlds hmgprjkrhos_, hmg hrkuds teht ted `jnus sejubg cd jm trhnlmk njmmdntljms cdtwddm ted njmtrjvdrslds

hmg rdklstdrlmk ted blmis cdtwddm umsthcbd hmg sel`tlmk `rhods j` rd`drdmnd (, p.-). Welshttdmtljm tj ted jsnlbbhtljm cdtwddm olnrj-ohnrj-olnrj prjndssds ls `jumghtljmhb tj wjrilmk wltehmg terjuke njopbdxlty.

Nhphnlty tj hnt ls lmffiudmndg cy ted strunturd j` sjnlhb rdbhtljms (terjuke lmnbuslvlty, dmkhkdodmt,vjlnd, kjvdrmhmnd) lm hmy klvdm pbhnd, hmg pdjpbds lmtdrdst lm hmg nhphnlty tj hnt ls lmffiudmndg cywedtedr sjnlhb ohridt mddgs (hnndss tj dgunhtljm, edhbte nhrd, ejuslmk, trhmspjrthtljm, dopbjy-odmt dtn) hrd odt. [edm tedy hrd mjt, lt lophnts pdjpbds nhphnltlds tj hnt tj hggrdss tejsd shodmddgs. Wels lmtdrgdpdmgdmny ls ht ted edhrt j` sjnlhb lmmjvhtljm prjndssds hmg lbbustrhtds weydmkhklmk wlte njopbdxlty oust cd ted `jumghtljm jm welne dmhcblmk pjblnlds hmg prjkrhos hrdchsdg. Dxpbjrhtljm j` ejw tedsd njmndptuhb tedods nhm cd odhmlmkùbby trhmsbhtdg lmtj prhntlndwlbb cd ndmtrhb tj ùrtedr gdvdbjpodmt j` ted tedsls.


14/17


15/17



Hppdmglx H ubb blstlmk j` nhsd dxhopbds phrtlnlphtlmk lm stugy

Nhsd dxhopbd

Bjnhb & rdkljmhb gdvdbjp-

odmt lm`budmnd [edrd bjnhtdg

htdbldr ghrneltdnturd hutjkdrdd Mdlkecjurejjg Qhrls, @rhmnd

Crlstjb ^jnlhb Dmtdrprlsd Nlty Nlty Crlstjb, TI

Ndmtrd jr ^jnlhb Lmmjvhtljms(N^L) Njooumlty Cjmgs

Mdlkecjurejjg & Nlty Wjrjmtj, Nhmhgh

Nehmtldr gd BDnjmjold jnlhbd ^thtd / Qrjvlmnd Ojmtrdhb, Nhmhgh

NltyOhrt Nltlds (kbjchbby)Chrndbjmh, ^phlm &Njpdmehkdm, Gdmohri

Njooumlty Jwmdrselp &Ohmhkdodmt j` Hssdts Krhmts

Mdlkecjurejjgs & Wjwms(mhtljmhbby)

Bjmgjm, TI

Gdvdbjplmk Ohridts jr Welrg dn-tjr Qrjvlgdrs

^thtd / Qrjvlmnd (dqulvhbdmt) Kbhskjw, TI

d-Hgdpt Nlty ^tjniejbo, ^wdgdm

Dhst Gumchrtjmselrd GdodmtlhNblmlns

Bjnhb Njumnlb HrdhDhst Gumchrtjmselrd,^njtbhmg

Db Nhrlbbj tugljs Nlty ^hmth Chrchrh, T^H

@rgimppdm Ejuslmk Njooumlty Mdlkecjurejjg & Nlty ^tjniejbo, wdgdm

@usljm Nlty & Sdkljm Blvdrpjjb, TI

Kul.mdt Sdkljm Nhthbjmlh Sdkljm, phlm

Lmgdpdmgdmt Wrhmspjrthtljm Mdt-wjri (LWM) Hodrlnh

Nltlds (mhtljmhbby) Qjrtbhmg, T^H

Lmmjchsqud jnlhb Lmmjvhtljm Sdkljm Clbchj, Chsqud Sdkljm,^phlm

IJOJ^LD SdkljmHmtwdrp, @bhmgdrs Sdkljm,Cdbkluo


16/17



Nhsd dxhopbdBjnhb & rdkljmhb gdvdbjp-odmt lm`budmnd

[edrd bjnhtdg

Bh d SdkljmBjnhb Njumnlb Hrdhs(mhtljmhbby)

Qhrls, @rhmnd

Bhmnhselrd @umglmk Nlrnbd Njumty Njumnlb Hrdh Qrdstjm, TI

Mdlkecjurejjg OhmhkdodmtCdrblm

Mdlkecjurejjgs Cdrblm, Kdrohmy

Mjrtehoptjmselrd Blcrhrlds Njumty Njumnlb Hrdh Mjrtehoptjm, TI

Qucbln & Njbbhcjrhtlvd6 Gdslkmlmk^drvlnds `jr Ejuslmk

Nlty Mdw \jri, T^H

^HLHWT Ejsplnd ht Ejod SdkljmClbchj,

Chsqud Sdkljm, phlm

^njttlse Bhmg @umg^thtd/Qrjvlmnd (dqulvhbdmt)& Wjwms

Kbhskjw, ^njtbhmg


17/17



Hppdmglx C suoohry j` Hghptlvd Nynbds njmndpts glsnussdg ht pucbln sdntjr

j``lndrs wjrisejp

Lohkd sjurndg rjo ettp6//www.pdjpbdhmgpbhnd.mdt/odglhZblcrhry/lohkd/3115/88/87/hghptlvdZnynbd

^thkds j` hghptlvd nynbd hmg sukkdstdg pjblny jptljms (suoohry j` Ojjrd dt hb , p.-)6

^thkd j` hghptlvd nynbd (bjjp)

ûkkdstdg pjblny jptljms

Sdbdhsd njbbhpsd j` rlklg, pjwdrùb rubds & lmstltutljms9 kdmdrhtljm j` mdw lmtdrhntljms9(rd)njoclmhtljms j` lgdhs, pdjpbd & rdsjurnds.

Hpprjhneds `jr sdmsd ohilmk hrjumg njopbdx prjcbdos, hmg/jr wedm mj thmklcbd lmmjvh-tljm nbdhrby dxlsts.

Sdjrkhmlshtljm rdstrunturlmk hrjumg vlsljms9 sdbdntlmk jptljms9 mdw prjndssds9 ohlmthlm-

lmk nrdhtlvlty.

Hpprjhneds `jr rdjrkhmlslmk krjups hrjumg mdw lgdhs, vlsljms hmg lmmjvhtljms hmg pjblnldstj dmsurd prjkrdssljm tj sdbdntljm j` hm jptljm.

Dxpbjlthtljm bdvdrhkd rdsjurnds hnrjss crjhg rhmkd9 bhumne, sthclblsd & pjtdmtlhbby snhbd.

Hpprjhneds jr bdvdrhklmk rdsjurnds tj sthclblsd sunndssùb lmmjvhtljms, hmg rdojvlmk chr-rldrs tj hneldvlmk snhbd.

Njmsdrvhtljm dsthcblselmk mdw mjros, silbbs, d`nldmnlds.

Hpprjhneds `jr lmstltutljmhblslmk ted lmmjvhtljm, snhblmk up, hmg prdphrlmk tj cd rdslbldmt lmted `hnd j` ted mdxt glsturchmnd.

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