ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Progress Report
© 2014 The World Bank Group1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.org
-
acceptance of such boundaries.
Rights and Permissions
worldbank.org.
IIICONTENTS | 2015
Contents
Foreword ....................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................... ix
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
............................................................................................ 7
.......................................................... 12
CORE TOPICS
Registering agricultural land .............................................................................
.............................................................................
...............................................................................
.................................................................................. 47
Transporting agricultural goods ........................................................................
Selling agricultural goods .................................................................................. 71
TOPICS FOR INITIAL TESTING
Contracting agricultural production ................................................................ 83
.........................................................................................
..................................................................
References ..............................................................................................................
Data notes .............................................................................................................. 121
.....................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
IV ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
BOXES
.................................. 18
Box 3.2: Getting to scale in Rwanda .............................................................................................
.................................................................................. 22
............................................................ 28
....................................................................... 32
........................................................................................... 38
greater choice ...................................................................................................................
.................................................
.......................................................................
..............................................
.................................................... 73
Box 8.2: Regional integration facilitates cross-border agricultural trade ..................................
......................................................................
..................................................................................
FIGURES
................................ 1
Figure 2.1: A learning and growth process .................................................................................. 10
........................................................................................ 12
................................................................................................... 13
....................................................................................... 20
.............................................................. 20
........................... 30
......................................................................
VCONTENTS | 2015
............................................................................. 41
.............................................................................................. 42
...............................................................................................
...........................................................
............................................................
........................................................................
......................
..................................................
.......................................................................................
........................................................................ 78
......................................
..............................................................
population in half the pilot countries ............................................................................ 102
Figure 11.2: Mobile broadband usage rates across pilot countries ......................................... 103
MAPS
..............................................................................
.......................................
.......................................................................................
TABLES
........................................................................................ 8
.......................................................... 14
........................ 23
Table 4.1: Countries regulate branchless banking to different extents .....................................
................ 40
VI ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
........................................................................................................ 44
agricultural trading partner ..............................................................................................
agricultural trading partner ..............................................................................................
......................................... 87
in the 10 pilot countries ...................................................................................................
VIIFOREWORD | 2015
Foreword
At the dawn of the 21st
-
protection needs.
Enabling the Business of Agriculture
-
spanning 10 countries. While the results are pre-
FOREWORD | 2015
VIII ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
Juergen VoegeleSenior Director
World Bank
DirectorGlobal Indicators Group
World Bank Group
the regulations and policies affecting the ag-ricultural and agribusiness sectors.
-
IXEXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 2015
Executive summary
Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015 is a -
Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015
-
sector
to local and regional businesses in agriculture.
the expected population increase and chang-ing diets, call for strategic and concerted action.
-
-
-
-
-
in
-tural policies and regulations worldwide. The
Doing Business the Agribusiness Indicators
topics. The 10 countries represent a range of geographic regions in different stages of
X ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-Enabling the Business of
Agriculture
different topic areas. Six of these topics were -
and selling agricultural goods. Another three topics were chosen for initial testing: contracting
The initial data collected for topic areas pres-
without attributing
-
will conduct additional research to assess the
-pert feedback and whether the data point
for specific targeted indicators and a solid
of agriculture.
and expand the list of topics to include issues
-
-
through the Enabling the Business of Agriculture website (eba.worldbank.org).
1INTRODUCTION | 2015
Introduction
1 Global food 2
-
-
-3
4 The
-
FIGURE 1.1: The global population is expected to exceed 9 billion by 2050
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
9
3.1
6.9
9.2
0.5
2.65.3
1.7
3.12.6
0.9 1.2 1.3
1960 2010 2050
Developing countries – urban populationDeveloping countries – rural populationDeveloped countries – population
Billi
ons
Source:
INTRODUCTION | 2015
2 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
use is low.-
holds depend on agriculture for their food and
-
7
-
potential land is suitable for growing crops that
natural resources needs to be ensured across the entire agricultural production chain.
Nations need to be prepared to address this
the need to connect producers and the urban
-
-
in place.8
-
-
-
-ful agricultural growth.10 Without well-functioning
A pivotal role for smaller-scale producers
-
than 2 hectares.
3INTRODUCTION | 2015
-
-
Policies, regulations and an enabling environment
The prospect of continued growth in food -
-
11
agribusiness and supporting greater inclusion
-
Benchmarking as a way to foster change
-
12
-
13
agriculture. But literature suggests that it can
4 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
14
-
-
-
-
aspect shown to be essential in encouraging
indicators help create a consistent language
A tool for policy and regulatory analysis
Enabling the Business of Agriculture is designed
-
agriculture.
-
-
-
different topic areas and an entire network of
Enabling the Business of Agriculture breaks down the agri-
Six of these topics were selected to be studied
-
agricultural goods. Another 3 were chosen for initial testing: contracting agricultural produc-
5INTRODUCTION | 2015
Enabling the Business of Agriculture -anced regulations that foster well-functioning
--
the need for transparent regulation and good
health and the trade of safe agricultural prod-ucts. Data also are collected on the existence
to be up to date and based on science. The
help in assessing where countries are following
use to reduce the propagation of fake seed.
Enabling the Business of Agriculture
World Development Report 2008 and enables countries to be clustered into
cohorts according to their stage of agricultural
-
engaged in agriculture. This process allows for
-
the Doing Business report and the Agribusiness Indicators
of these statistics across countries and on issues
this pilot experience. Data collected in the 10 countries are presented in the last chapter on
-
trigger consultation and feedback.
6 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Notes
2 FAO 2012c.
4 Nelson et al. 2013.
al. 2012.
11 Altenburg 2007.
7BUILDING A METHODOLOGY | 2015
Building a methodology
The Enabling the Business of Agriculture -
-
whether there are regulations to facilitate con-
transporting agricultural goods or to register a
such as the procedures and cost to register a
-
How the data are collected
partner institutions. This process led to the iden-
-ness of the resulting data points. Questions re-
-
8 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
What topics and countries are covered
pilot phase (table 2.1) and 3 other topics were
to about 80 to 100 countries during the next 3
Agriculture-based countries -
Pre-transition countries -
Transition countries
Urbanizing countries
Developed countries ---
Ten countries were selected for the pilot phase -
graphic regions and stages of agricultural
The pilot data that were collected can be -
1. Measurements
TABLE 2.1: Topics covered by the project
Core topics Topics for initial testing Topic areas for year 2
Registering agricultural land
Transporting agricultural goods
Selling agricultural goods
Contracting agricultural production
Water
Gender
9BUILDING A METHODOLOGY | 2015
across countries. The data points will
aggregate indicators in the future.
-
-
-
-
the process is broken down into clear-
-
2. Descriptive data --
-
MAP 2.1: Countries covered in the pilot phase
Agriculture-based countries: Ethiopia, Nepal, Rwanda
Pre-transition countries: Mozambique, Uganda
Transition countries: Guatemala, the Philippines
Urbanizing countries: Morocco, Ukraine
Developed country: Spain
RWANDA
ETHIOPIA
MOZAMBIQUE
UGANDA
MOROCCO
SPAIN
NEPAL
UKRAINE
PHILIPPINES
GUATEMALA
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
10 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
-
-
agricultural products.
3. Referential data are data points that -
---
What are the lessons learned
This process can be seen in the work done to
-
Questionnaires addressing legal and
-
FIGURE 2.1: A learning and growth process
Jan–Jun 2013
Research and consultation on key
constraints in enabling environment for
agriculture
Jun–Oct 2013
Consultation with technical experts to
develop questionnaires
Nov 2013
Round 1 data collection in Guatemala
Dec 2013
Round 2 data collection in Morocco, Rwanda and Ukraine
Jan 2014
Refinement and review of
questionnaires
Feb–Mar 2014
Round 3 data collection in Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nepal, Philippines, Spain
and Uganda
Mar–May 2014
Data verification through follow-up and
extensive research
May–Jul 2014
Data analysis and report writing
Aug–Sep 2014
Consultations on main findings and
methodology
Oct–Dec 2014
Implementation of suggestions on report
analysis and methodology for second-year data
collection
11BUILDING A METHODOLOGY | 2015
-
light of the initial experience in collect--
being collected.
--
-
--
-tionnaires for each topic was sorted and
-
data collection in the next phase of the
12 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Annex A: A transformational framework
-
of its workforce engaged in agriculture.
differences between countries.
-
-
-
FIGURE A2.1: Country segmentation based on agriculture’s role in the national economy, 2012
Agr
icul
ture
val
ue a
dded
as
perc
ent o
f GDP
0
10
20
30 25
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Economically active in agriculture as percent of total economically active population
Urbanizing
Agriculture-based
Transition
Pre-transitionDeveloped
Sources:accounts for 2012.
13ANNEX A: A TRANSFORMATIONAL FRAMEWORK | 2015
-
stages.
- Notes
FIGURE A2.2: Agriculture and agribusiness value added as share of GDP and the ratio between them
Perc
ent
Agriculture-based Pre-transition Transition Urbanizing Developed
1:0.56 1:0.87 1:1.06 1:1.17 1:1.90
0
20
1
30
40
50
60
70
80
100
90
Rest of other sectors Agribusiness Agriculture
Source:
14 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
TABLE A2.1: Key macroeconomic data for pilot countries
Country
Agriculture value
added (% of GDP)a
EAP in agriculture
(% total EAP)b
Agriculture value
added/EAP in agriculture (US $/person)
Agriculture capital
stock/EAP in agriculture
(US $/person)c
Estimated future urban
food demand (% CAGR)d
Agriculture value
added to agribusiness
(ratio)e
Ag based (n = 26)Ethiopia
Nepal 1: 0.33
Rwanda
Pre-transition (n = 18) 1: 0.87
1: 0.40
Transition (n = 35)1: 1.02
Urbanizing (n = 27) 1: 1.17
Morocco 1: 0.83
Developed (n = 50)Spain 1: 1.28
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture
Note:
15REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015
Registering agricultural land María Heredia, a farmer in Spain’s Andalusian province of Almería, has a one-hectare greenhouse in which she grows high-end “raf” tomatoes. Her grandparents were landless peasants in the nearby province of Granada at the turn of the 20th century; they moved to Almería because of a land reform and colonization program that provided them with farmland. One of the least developed parts of Spain at the time, Almería now boasts one of the highest levels of income per capita among Andalucía’s provinces. Its smallholders have invested in their land to become market leaders in vegetable production—growing peppers, squash, tomatoes, zucchini and other vegetables in the hundreds of greenhouses they have built since the 1960s. The province ships fresh produce to markets across Europe. The land reform that allowed smallholders to register their rights to farmland is perceived to be one of the critical factors in the development of this suc-cessful agriculture-based economy.1
need secure access2 3 -4
) or for a
7). The guarantee of access or 8
-ship of natural resources that are essential to
10
World Development Report 2008:
Agriculture for Development -
-
11
Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure
-
12
13 The Rights and
16 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
to ext-
as concessions for large-scale agriculture for -
14
-
Along these Voluntary Guidelines on the
Responsible Governance of Tenure-
The
-
17 The -
registered or those whose resource rights were
18
-
-
20
What registering agricultural land data measure
registration or in recordation institutions that
or recordation institutions because these are
rights.21
1. First-time registrations of private land for individuals: These data assess whether
17REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015
registrations of freehold rights on agri-
ownership.
2. registrations of private land for individu-als:
to register a plot of agricultural land for
-
3. First-time registrations of leases of public land for individuals: These data assess whether due process is followed during
leasehold or concession basis.
4. First-time registrations of land for com-munities: These data assess whether due
-
Land registry and registered land rights:
-
-
-
-
of land rights and rights-holders. Other is-sues that are explored include how reg-
Whether neighbors and other parties
-
Whether affected parties can appeal
What the initial pilot results show
-
-
strongest legal protection of land rights. The
are allowed to register those rights.
Three scenarios—with commonalities and differences across countries
Enabling the Business of Agriculture
18 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
rights for a plot of land for which there has been
22 -
land.
right to use a plot of agricultural land that belongs to the public sector.
practices.
BOX 3.1: What is the role of a land registry—and why is it so important?
a
-
-
b
-tutions such as land registriesc or registries of deedsd
to landowners and parties to land transactions.e
be registered or recorded.
Doing Business 2012
Doing Business 2012detailed discussion on this topic.
19REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015
Scenario 1: First-time registrations of private land
-
-tions in place to process applications for these
-cided that it would be best to undertake a
past decade and has been or is in the process of being titled (box 3.2).
register the land that he or she has been using
BOX 3.2: Getting to scale in Rwanda
-
-
20 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
23
of the registration process but also the cost can
FIGURE 3.2:200 days in half of the pilot countries
1
2
2
4
0 1 2 3 4 5
<50
51–100
101–200
>200
Days
Number of countries
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
FIGURE 3.1:the majority of pilot countries
36.5
6.4
2.1
1.7
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Mozambique
Ethiopia
Morocco
Uganda
Philippines
Rwanda
Guatemala
Spain
Ukraine
Percent of property value
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
21REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015
-cation public24 also include a public hearing in
appeal the decision.
Scenario 2: First-time registrations of leases of public land for individual use
the safeguards of the process differ. While the
neighbors and other interested parties about
the process does not include consulting third parties.
Scenario 3: First-time registrations of land for communal use
-
use right.
Land rights are inheritable – but do not necessarily include the land’s natural resources
-
Registered rights to a plot of land can be inher-ited in all the pilot countries. But land rights do
rights to a plot of land can be inherited and
The spectrum of coordination among land registries, mapping agencies, and mining institutions
Land rights can be registered in one institution
areas. But not all land registries coordinate their
22 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
-
databases.
The relationship between erroneous land information and monetary compensation
BOX 3.3: The importance of delimiting land
-a -
-
region.
-tion of natural resources.
23REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015
parties that incur losses as a result of errors in
loss as a result of engaging in good faith trans-
Next steps
This chapter presented the initial results for a
TABLE 3.1: Where land registries provide compensation in the event of errors
Country
Does the law provide for compensation to parties who engage in a good
faith transaction and incur losses due to erroneous
land registry?
Ethiopia No
Guatemala No
Morocco No
No
Nepal No
Philippines Yes
Rwanda No
Spain Yes
Uganda No
Ukraine Yes
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
constraints and good practices in registering --
areas:
1. The issues of access to registered rights
--
issues that will be addressed in building registering agricultural land indicators in-
land rights.
2. -
its coordination with other institutions in -
-
countries.
24 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Notes
landless peasants.
12 FAO 2013c.
et al. 2014.
Deininger and Selod (2011).
20 FAO 2013c.21 Arruñada 2012.
possession.
where the plot of land is situated. This process
25ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015
Tsehay Farmers’ Cooperative Union is an Ethiopian farmers’ union with more than 38,000 small farmers who produce mainly barley, chickpea, teff, and spices in the Amhara region of Gondar. Farmers typically had to travel long distances to reach larger towns and cities if they wanted to access basic
required as collateral immovable assets that the small farmers rarely owned. However, some recently-adopted regulations have helped to overcome
for a Warehouse Receipts System enacted in 2003, farmers can now store their crops and use them as collateral to obtain loans from banks. Similarly, mobile and agent banking services regulation has enabled banks to offer
farmers can access through their mobile phones without having to travel to a bank branch.
-
-
-
worldwide1
2 The need is
3
-
as well.4
26 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
--
-
can offer rural reach and local knowledge. And
7
-
8
agricultural enterprises.
-
10
-
banking regulations need to be adapted to
11
data measure
and households.
1. Branchless banking. These data assess --
-
2. Nontraditional collateral. These data
use of categories of collateral that are
27ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015
-
such assets can be used as collateral.
3. Warehouse receipts. -sure the existence and scope of rules
4. Prudential regulation. These data focus
-
institutions.
What the initial pilot results show
-
-
12
-
Regulated branchless banking in all pilot countries except Morocco and Mozambique
-
13
-
-
-
14
are needed to ensure that agents are able to
-
-
bank reduces the risk of fraud and the costs
17
28 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
--
-
Rwanda and Spain allow agents to conduct
-
Spain also allow agents to open accounts for
--
BOX 4.1: Overview of the branchless banking operation
--
-a -
b
-c
d
while reducing institutional costs.e
f
g
The New Times http:.
f. Merritt 2010.g. Tobbin 2011.
29ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015
Continuing constraints on the use of nontraditional collateral
-
-
warehouse receipts. Banks tend to be hesitant
18
not allow eligible borrowers to describe their
-
-
20
collateral.21
-
TABLE 4.1: Countries regulate branchless banking to different extents
Country Agent banking Law Mobile banking Law
Consumer protection rules tailored to agent
banking activities
EthiopiaGuatemalaMorocco
NepalPhilippinesRwandaSpainUgandaUkraine
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
30 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
--
collateral laws allowing pledging future assets as
-es need working capital to process crops into
22
FIGURE 4.1: All pilot countries allow tangible movable property as collateral
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tangible movable property Leased movable assets Future assets
Share of pilot countries that allow the usage of certain asset category to secure a loan
Tangible movable property can be used in all the 10 pilot countries,while it can only be described in general terms in 4 of them
100
60 60
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
23
the countries with a secured transactions law -
Great potential for the use of warehouse receipts
24 When
-
their willingness to accept the receipts as collat-
Another is insurance against risks that
31ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015
-
to store their goods in warehouses as well as
receipts as collateral.27
operators to insure the warehouse against
a license before storing goods and issuing warehouse receipts.
-
While both paper-based and electronic receipts
28
receipts.
institutions
-
30
these institutions.31
-
32
33
place if the funding generated through retail deposits hits a certain threshold.34 Six countries
-
capital as a percentage of its risk-weighted assets.
32 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
- Six
BOX 4.2: Uganda’s new mobile money guidelines
a
b -
-
-c
-d
-
d. Ibid.
33ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015
loans.37 This process can encourage loans to
-
default risks.38
-
-
-
percentages of their loanable funds to agricul-
long run.40
their loanable funds for the agricultural sector.
Next steps
This chapter presented the initial pilot results
-
be regulated across the globe.
The next steps consist of building and deepen-ing the scope of indicators in those areas where
institutions under the data sets on prudential
will be expanded so as to be suitable for dif-
34 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-on attributes of successful warehouse receipt
indicators. On the use of nontraditional collat-
subtopic includes a data subset that the Doing Business Getting Credit-Legal Rights Indicator
Doing Business
current Getting Credit-Legal Rights indicators
Notes
10 Hoellinger 2011.
21 Nair and Kloeppinger-Todd 2004.
particular location.
28 Drew 2013.
to risk.
different criteria.
35STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015
Strengthening seed systemsA farmer in northern Rwanda’s Gagenke district, Mugawaneza has grown maize on her half hectare of farmland for more than a decade. Two years ago she persuaded other farmers in her village to consolidate their land
1 Mugawaneza and the other farmers were given improved seed2 and fertilizer as well as training in good agricultural practices. Thanks in large part to the improved maize variety, their production rose substantially—and now the farmers are able to sell more than half their harvest in the local market. Before, they only occasionally had surplus to sell after feeding their families. The improved variety also needs less rainfall and can be harvested in 90 days rather than the traditional 120 to 150 days.
-
production and resistance to plant pests and diseases.3 And its use can account for up to
4
In
-
-
36 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
FIGURE 5.1: In Ethiopia, demand for basic seed for the multiplication of hybrid maize regularly exceeds supply
Met
ric to
ns
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
52118 102
243
115
222249
313
730782
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Quantity supplied Quantity demand
Source: World Bank 2012b.
7
8 -
-
staple food crops.10
established 8 regional seed centers.
11 A
37STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015
12
What strengthening seed systems data focuses on
-
13 Data include the following:
1. The regulatory framework for seed. These -
2. Requirements for the evaluation and registration of new varieties. These data
-
-
-
3. Availability of initial seed classes. These -
es are eligible to produce breeder or pre-basic seed and foundation or basic
14
4. Seed quality control requirements. These
--
duced seed.
International and regional seed trade.
-lations and whether it adheres to inter-
What the initial pilot results show
-tinct stages.
Most countries have seed laws but many still lack seed intellectual property rights
that are clear and enforceable.
38 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
17
-ation and details the roles and responsibilities
-
18
It generates
-
standards.
-
20 that
BOX 5.1: and Guatemala
-
Plan Maroc Vert
together.a
--
b c
b. FAO 2013b.
39STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015
2001 seed decree with a new one21
ease the public sector burden during the seed
-
rieties.22
Costs and testing requirements across countries for the evaluation and registration of new varieties reduce outcomes
-
23 And the
the new crop season.
Enabling the Business of Agriculture found a -
-
-
-
40 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
TABLE 5.1:
TopicEthiopia a
(wheat)Guatemala
(maize)Morocco(wheat) (maize)
Nepal(maize)
Spain(wheat)
Uganda(maize)
Ukraine(maize)
Number of crop seasons for DUS testing
n.a. n.a. 2 n.a.b 2 2 2 3
Number of crop seasons for VCU testing
3 n.a. 2 2 2 2 2 3
Are applicant data accepted No Yesc No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
breeders are running the trials and NSCS accepts
allowing the seed enterprise to conduct the
data.
test locations. This practice contributes to a shift
-24
-
sector.
-
-
41STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015
--
-
done by public authorities
-
-
-
FIGURE 5.2: Cost for evaluation and variety release is highest in Ukraine and Uganda in percentage of income per capita
Ethiopia(wheat)
Guatemala(maize)
Morocco(wheat)
Nepal(maize)
Spain(wheat)
Uganda(maize)
Ukraine(wheat)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2.0
15.89.9
28.0
60.0
Freea Free
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
42 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
-
-
-
accredited in the future.
-ed. Accredited seed enterprises need
-
tests conducted in accordance with International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) rules. Both procedures can be done online.
-
-
FIGURE 5.3: The private sector is underrepresented on most national variety release committees
EthiopiadGuatemalaa Philippinesb Rwandac MoroccoNepal SpainUganda0
5
10
15
20
25
77 10
10
9
333 244
1166
Public sector representatives Private sector representatives
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
43STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015
and reduce the public sector burden because
-
-
Regional and international harmonization offers opportunities for faster and simpler evaluation and registration of new varieties
of seed across national borders. This process ex--
27
28
--
-
-
seed can be sold without further testing once
-
-
-
-
-
trade barriers.30
44 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-31 This
Next steps
This chapter presented the initial results for a
-
-
collectable across countries and narrowed the
next round of data collection.
-
The usefulness of the current selection of
-
TABLE 5.2: Country membership in regional and international seed
Country
Ethiopia None
Guatemala None
Morocco OECD
of Seed Regulations (2008)None
Nepal None ISTA
Philippines None ISTA
Rwanda None
Spain OECD and ISTA
Uganda OECD and ISTA
Ukraine None OECD and ISTA
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
45STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015
-
to obtain a seed producer license are considerations. Initial readings
across countries.
-
seed are additional considerations.
--
-
--
-
Initial data was gathered on seed policies. Further discussions with ex-perts on the appropriate angle to adopt will be held to further enrich
46 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Notes
2 Enabling the Business of Agriculture
tolerance and disease resistance.
Science Center 2011.8 World Bank 2012b.
Enabling the Business of Agriculture
processes.10 Minot 2008.11 Enabling the Business of Agriculture
Science Center 2011.
through the Enabling the Business of Agriculture
or foundation seed is seed produced under the
Science Center 2011.17 Turner 2001. 18 FAO 2013d.
(2012).
27 Minot 2008.
Science Center 2011.
http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/code/
47IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015
Improving fertilizer supply A farmer in Mozambique’s Xai-Xai region, Fernanda grows maize, beans and vegetables. She produces enough to sustain her family of 5, but would like to grow surplus production to sell at the local market. Fernanda has heard from other women at her village that if she uses fertilizer she can sig-
she hears that this agricultural input is very expensive. Therefore, Fernanda has decided not to use fertilizer this season.
1 No world region has been able to boost agricultural growth and tackle hunger without increasing the use
2
-
-
-
in the future through the ongoing depletion of soil nutrients.3
-
infrastructure.4
Agribusiness Indicators
-7
48 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
What improving fertilizer supply data focus on
-
1. Domestic production and blending of fertilizer.
-
-
2. Regulatory framework for fertilizer. These -
existence of national and supranational laws and regulations.
3. Registration of fertilizer. -
-
-
The data set also highlights supranation-
4. Importing of fertilizer. -
-
Subsidies, taxes and tariffs on fertiliz-er.
---
-
8 Taxes and tariffs can be an -
-
Quality control of fertilizer. These data -
-
7. Fertilizer use and soil health. These data
look at whether soil testing facilities and --
49IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015
--
countries.
What the initial pilot results show
-
Four of the 10 pilot countries produce fer-
-
neither production nor blending facilities. All 10
Regional harmonization leads to easier registration of fertilizer
-
FIGURE 6.1: Fertilizer laws by country
Countries that have a unified lawregulating chemical fertilizers
Countries that do not have a lawregulating chemical fertilizers
Countries that have a supranationalfertilizer law in addition to the
national fertilizer law
8
1
2
Morocco
Guatemala Spain
Ethiopia Guatemala
Philippines Rwanda
Mozambique Nepal
Uganda Ukraine
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
50 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
FIGURE 6.3:
Registration issubject toa specific
time period
Registrationreguired to legally
commercializefertilizer
No registrationreguired
3 years
10 years
9
1
8
Ethiopia Guatemala
Rwanda Spain
Mozambique Nepal
Uganda Ukraine
Morocco
Philippines
Nepal Philippines Uganda
Guatemala Spain Ukraine
No specific time
5 years
Rwanda
Mozambique
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
FIGURE 6.2: Fertilizer production and blending by country
4
6
Morocco Philippines Spain Ukraine Fertilizer producing countries
Countries that mix/blend fertilizerdomestically
Guatemala Morocco Philippines
Spain
Mozambique
Ukraine
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
51IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015
-position is and when the registration expires.
-
-
(SADC).
Public sector is often involved in the procurement of fertilizer
So it is no
10
-
-
-
Fertilizer prices are the highest in African pilot countries
52 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
BOX 6.1: Harmonizing fertilizer registration and trade for lower cost and greater choice
-
-
MAP B6.1.1: Regional organizations with pilot countries as members
CACU+P
EU
CIS
SADC
EAC
ASEAN
Source:
53IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015
-
Programs to promote fertilizer use are becoming increasingly targeted
-
11 subsidies.12
--
13
-
-
-
14
54 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Quality controls are common, but not always effective
Countries use both labeling and inspections
include the results that can be expected when
-
Enabling the Business of Agriculture
-
--
-tainers. In the countries where open containers
-
a technical data sheet.
17 Adulteration and dilution
-
-
55IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015
FIGURE 6.4: Average fertilizer use rates by country
Ethiopia Guatemala PhilippinesUkraineMozambique MoroccoNepal SpainUganda
Kilo
gram
s pe
r hec
tare
0
80
60
40
20
100
120
140
160
52
150150
131
78
40
2423
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
18
with 3 functional laboratories and a population
-
-
-
of the countries.
Next steps
This chapter presented the initial pilot results for
health. The results presented were selected
focus areas will be narrowed down during the
56 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
be considered. Further research that would be
following 3 areas:
1. -
2.
3. -
BOX 6.2: Extending reach through a mobile soil lab in Uganda
-
--
Source:
57IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015
Notes
3 World Bank 2013b.
would not otherwise use purchased inputs (or to the
12 Minde et al. 2008.
annex 1.
59TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
Transporting agricultural goods Simalgarhi Samuha, a farmers’ group based in the village of Chainpur, in Nepal’s Chitwan district, has 22 members who grow beans, eggplant
Bharatpur, Pokhara and Kathmandu, but getting their produce to these markets is not easy. Although an all-weather road connects the village to the markets, the road can deteriorate quickly, especially in the rainy season. And because licensed commercial vehicles are in short supply in
the farmers often rely on informal public transport such as unregistered minibuses. This solution is far from ideal as the vehicles neither comply with safety rules nor keep the produce fresh until it reaches the market.
Access to essential transport infrastructure and
-
-
obtain essential inputs and get their crops to
1
-
World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development -
and exports.2
-
-
costs.3
60 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
4 In the -
nation of the trucking cartel and the restrictions
logistics costs.
Appropriate
7 Appropriate professional standards
trucking sector can facilitate trade.8
What transporting agricultural goods data measure
1. Licensing requirements to operate a trucking company. -
-
--
goods.
2. Pricing and freight allocation. These -
are set and how freight is allocated.
3. Axle-load regulation. These data focus
through weighing stations and associat-
4. Mutual recognition of standards and for-eign trucking competition. These data
61TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
focus on bilateral or regional agree-
-
well as restrictions on cross-border truck-
rights.10
Monitoring of road access, density and quality. These data record the existence
-cess (such as the share of the popula-
What the initial pilot results show
trucking sector around the world. Licensing re-
-
policies on transport and infrastructure.
License or permit is required to transport agricultural goods in most pilot countries
Making it easier to obtain licenses for transport
trade and transport.11
-
haulage (registre spécial de transporteur de marchandises pour compte d’autrui
The process of obtaining a license or other au-
-
where the process includes a hearing that re-
-
62 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
such as refrigeration for transporting perishable agricultural goods.
applications.
Little intervention in pricing and freight allocation
-
prices.12
-
-
(food grain) and coffee.13
and Transport publishes past prices (based on
FIGURE 7.1:
State concession or franchise
Special license or permit
Registry or notification to a governmentagency or professional association
No special license required
1
7
1
1
Ethiopia
Rwanda
Guatemala Mozambique
Spain Uganda
Nepal
Morocco
Ukraine
Philippines
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
63TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
prices.
associations publish reference prices on their websites or in national newspapers. In nei-
there are no legal sanctions for not following
-
associations (box 7.1).
to belong to a trucking association to operate
-
Axle-load regulations are widespread
BOX 7.1: What is the role of trucking associations?
guidelines and training.
-
(Federation of Truck Transport Associations of Nepal and Federation of Nepalese National Transport -
guidelines (such as those on pricing).
-
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
64 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
FIGURE 7.2: Gross vehicle mass and axle-load limits by country
9 10.211.511.58
13.5111010
56
40 40414546
5356
Ethiopia
Guate
mala
Philip
pines
Rwand
a
Moro
cco
Nepal
Spain
Uganda
Moza
mbique
Ukraine
Tons
0
20
10
30
40
50
60
Gross vehicle mass Maximum weight per axle
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
-
14
tons. All countries except for Morocco and Nepal
Axle-load regulations are enforced through
countries sanction freight carriers for exceeding
countries. Most of the countries also take other
-
International transport agreements are in place, but limited foreign trucking competition remains
65TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
transport rights allowing foreign participation
on the International Transport of Goods under
-ate borders.
-
-tion of axle-load regulations (the Vehicle Load
Transport rights that allow trucks to pick up a
landlocked countries.17 -
-
18
-
-
-
backhauling and triangular rights) (table 7.1).
Indian trucks can operate in Nepal for 72 hours
Broad use of standard government indicators on road quality, but limited reliable data on road access and density
-
20
66 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
TABLE 7.1: Transporting goods from the country’s largest neighboring agricultural trading partner
Country
Types of transport rights granted to foreign companies
Import Backhauling Transit Triangular Cabotage
EthiopiaGuatemalaMorocco
NepalPhilippinesRwandaSpainUgandaUkraine
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
Index21 22
- resources (box 7.2).
BOX 7.2: Morocco’s national programs for improving rural roads
-
douars-
Continued next page
67TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
-
a
Data on rural population and travel time to the nearest city
b
c
Enabling the Business of Agriculture-
0 100 200 300 400
Kilometers
Rural popula onwithin 1 hour
within 2 hours
within 3 hours
within 4 hours
over 4 hours (30 %)
MAP B7.2.1: Rural population and travel time to the nearest city over 250,000 inhabitants in Morocco
Source:
Continued next page
BOX 7.2: (Continued)
68 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
BOX 7.2: (Continued)
FIGURE B7.2.1: Access of rural population to cities of over 100,000 and 250,000 inhabitants in Morocco
Perc
ent o
f rur
al p
opul
atio
n be
yond
sp
ecifi
c tra
vel t
ime
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 93
73
49
30
18
86
56
33
20
11
Travel time to cities with over 250,000 inhabitants Travel time to cities with over 100,000 inhabitants
Travel time in hours
-
terai (plain) region.
all countries use the International Roughness
trunk roads in poor condition is as high as 33
Source:a. World Bank 2006; African Development Bank 2013; Ministry of Equipment, Transport and Logistics (Ministère de l’Equipement, du Transport et de la Logistique)
c. Webb 2013.
69TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
Next steps
This chapter presents the initial results for a
constraints in trucking that can affect the
These data points will be used as a basis for
data collection (see Data notes).
1.
based on the International Roughness --
-Enabling the Business of
Agriculture is exploring the use of geo--
2. and international transport agree-
3. -
data. Another group of indicators would
-
4. --
trucking business. While the focus is pri-
-
perishable goods as well as the distinc-
international transport.
the pilot phase (including through a
to conduct research on transport prices
-
70 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Notes
Osborne and Virginia Tanase.
3 Kunaka et al. 2013.
7 World Bank 2012d. 8 World Bank 2010.
11 World Bank 2010.
13 World Bank 2012b.
17 Nathan Associates 2012.
21 The International Roughness Index is a standard scale
roughness in a single wheel path of the road surface.
71
Selling agricultural goods A farmer from Iganga, Uganda, Seruwo produces and sells maize. When harvest comes, thanks to the farmer organization he belongs to, his maize is pooled with that of his neighbors and sold at the local market. He knows he could get more for his maize across the border in Kenya, but there are several constraints to getting his maize to the neighboring market. Besides lack of proper storage to protect his grain from rain and pests, transpor-tation is expensive, and there are burdensome requirements across the
trader in the Philippines, faces similar problems; in addition, she also has to register as an exporter with 2 different government agencies, which can be costly and take more than 3 weeks.
-
and challenges. Responding to these growing
-
-
facilitation.1
2
-
-
SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
72 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-ricultural products.3
the nature of the products and the conditions
and transported.4
-
-
transparent and accessible regulations and -
-
access can be channeled through extension
-
agricultural sector.
produce.7 But foreign trade does not neces-
lie right across the border.8
-
--
10 -
-
and procedures.11 The World Bank and World
73SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
-
paperwork.12
-
regional collaboration is needed. The lack of -
-13
-
What selling agricultural goods data measure
-icies and regulations that can facilitate (or
-
BOX 8.1: A tiered approach to extension services in Rwanda
-
The case of Rwanda
-
-
-
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
74 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
(see Data notes).
1. Cross-border agricultural exports. These -
--
when trading agricultural products and whether exporter accreditation is
2. SPS regulation of agricultural trade. These
-14 when trading agricultural prod-
-
-
3. Information availability and market-ing requirements. These data focus on whether and how the fee schedules of
for processed food.
4. Government promotion of agricultur-al marketing.
-
-
Collective action to supply markets. This
-
of laws and regulations.
this report. Within the transport of agricultural
-
-
-
producers.
What the initial pilot results show
-
-
75SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
Additional procedures and documentation required for exporting agricultural products
-
as perishable agricultural products. Enhancing
cross-border agricultural exports would help
Saharan Africa.
-
procedures when exporting staple cereals to its
BOX 8.2: Regional integration facilitates cross-border agricultural trade
-a
trade procedures.
•
b also
c
• -
-
• -
d -
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.a. World Bank 2008.
76 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
TABLE 8.1:trading partner
Country
Use of customs broker
Periodic exporter accreditationPeriodic agricultural exporter
accreditationExport Import
EthiopiaGuatemalaMorocco
NepalPhilippinesRwandaSpainUgandaUkraine
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
-
17
cereals when exporting.
exporter licensing or accreditation (table 8.1). -
Compulsory, but not burdensome, SPS processes
standards is crucial for curtailing the increase
77SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
agricultural trade.18
and agricultural health.
For the regional export of staple cereals or horti-
-
in all the pilot countries except Spain (within
-
-
of Standards.
-
-
laboratories.
Phytosanitary fee schedules are publicly available in most pilot countries
-
-
78 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
20 In
21 Morocco
-
traders need to contact the inspectors based
there are laws or regulations in place that
-
food product labels.
Increasing government efforts to promote agricultural marketing
-
-
FIGURE 8.1:for staple cereals by country (% income per capita)
Ethiopia
Guate
mala
Philip
pines
Rwand
a
Moro
cco
Nepal
Spain*
Uganda
Moza
mbique
Ukraine
0
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
0.1 0.1 0.10.1 0.20.20.2 0.2 0.20.30.4 0.50.60.9
0.05 0.0
5.96.4
Cost of phytosanitary certificate Cost of phytosanitary import clearance
% in
com
e pe
r cap
ita
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
79SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
channels for reaching an intended state of
-
-
training subsidies and preferential access to
-
Legislation on farmers’ groups or organizations is available in most pilot countries
-
-
and Sub-Saharan Africa.22
linkage point between producers and agribusi-
-
lowering transaction costs.
Morocco to 10 hectares in Ethiopia. The dif-
-
-
-
80 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
regulates and registers these groups.
Next steps
This chapter presented the initial results of a -
-
1. Further research will be conducted
-
-cepted and science-based health ob-
-
2. -
---
3.
-
run and accessible. In the 10 pilot coun-
--
-
-
-
81SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
Notes
7 Wiggins and Keats 2013.8 World Bank 2012a.
13 Jaffee and Henson 2004.
22 IFAD 2014.
83CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015
Contracting agricultural productionThe town of Melka Awash is located in Ethiopia’s Oromia region, on the banks of the Awash River about 50 km south of Addis Ababa. Since 2005, the Melka Awash farmers have been organized in a cooperative union that now has more than 30,000 members who produce wheat, malt barley, teff and chickpea on individual plots averaging 2 to 3 hectares. In 2012, British beer producer Diageo plc acquired Ethiopia-based Meta Abo Breweries and decided to source its raw materials locally. Diageo-Meta signed pro-duction contracts with members of the Melka Awash Cooperative Union to procure 1,000 metric tons of malt barley. Using the seeds and fertilizers provided by Diageo-Meta, the farmers of Melka Awash now have a secure output for their malt barley production, and the brewer can count on a reliable supply of raw materials.
Guiding Principles for Responsible Contract Farming Operations
-
which establishes conditions for the production 1
-
2 In
countries.3
-
-tent supplies at a reasonable price and desired
the contracting parties and are a cornerstone of 4
-
other infrastructure needed to reach urban
84 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
-
obligations.
-
7
-
8
-
-
What the contracting agricultural production data focus on
The contracting agricultural production data -
1. Regulatory framework for contract farming.
-
whether or not there is ad hoc legislation
2. These data -
-
of products. The data differentiate be--
3. Procedural requirements for contract farming. These data show whether the
85CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015
laws and regulations establish registra--
tracting parties or for the contract itself.
4. Dispute resolution mechanisms. These data establish whether there is a spe-
-
proceedings.
What the initial pilot results show
-
-
Ad hoc contract farming laws are found in only 2 countries—Morocco and Spain
Countries tend to take 2 different approaches -
the legislation was drafted. Ad hoc laws sug-
obligations signals a perception that broader
-
in these countries. Morocco has a new law on
a contract.10 The Law of 2012 is a pillar of the Plan Maroc Vert (Green Morocco Plan)
parties and one aggregator for the produc-
11 In
-
12 On the
contracts in 200013 -
FIGURE 9.1:
Countries without a law oncontract farming
Countries with a law oncontract farming
Ethiopia Guatemala
Philippines Rwanda
Mozambique Nepal
Uganda Ukraine
Morocco Spain 2
8
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
86 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
2013.14
production contracts. The Law of 2000 focuses
and production contracts in a designated sector.
standard contracts.
-
-
-
engaging in contractual relationships. In 4
the Contracts Act of 2010 are the principal
and the Contract Act.
-
In other
-
for the production of crops.
Different regulatory solutions exist for specifying product quality, price determination, payment and delivery in contracts
parties or third parties outside the contract.
-
-
87CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015
-
-
TABLE 9.1:
Country
Default or mandatory rule exists for
the product’s Price determination Payment time
Payment place Delivery date
Delivery location
Ethiopia
Guatemala
Morocco
Nepal
Philippines
Rwanda
Spain
Uganda
Ukraine
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
88 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
of Goods Act.
-
place where the goods were located when
Few countries require contract registration
-tract or the parties to a contract create addition-al procedures along with associated costs and
-
-tractors to register with the Regional Directorate
entering into agricultural production contracts. -
dard contracts. Once a standard contract is
contracts can be registered with the registrar of
contract farming dispute mechanisms
-
-
can also guarantee balanced representation -
or restore the business relationship.
-
-
-bitration or court proceedings can take place.
-
89CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015
the General Directorate of Nutrition with the
contract for the larger sector.17
-
-
Next steps
This chapter presented the initial results of a pilot
BOX 9.1: Approval of a standard contract in Spain
-a
b -
c
d
e
f
Source:
90 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
1. --
-
-
production contract.
2.
-
-ods. While 2 case scenarios were test-
and additional case scenarios will help
BOX 9.2: Mandatory mediation in Morocco
-
a
b
c
d
Source:
b. Ibid.c. Ibid.
91CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015
Notes
2 Setboonsarng 2008.
4 Eaton and Shepherd 2001.
7 Ibid.8 Ibid.
aggregation.
agri-food contracts.
93ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS | 2015
Electrifying rural areasTesfaye, a maize producer living in a small village near the southern Ethiopian town of Finchawa, still remembers the days before his farmhouse was con-nected to the national electricity grid. Every year during harvest time, the maize had to be handled very quickly, requiring cleaning, drying, shelling and grinding by hand, using traditional techniques. The price for maize was extremely low during that time due to farmers’ cash needs and risks associated with pest infestation and other storage losses. The new elec-tricity connection allows Tesfaye to process the maize quickly after drying, thanks to a new electric-motor-driven maize milling machine that he and the other farmers of their organization recently purchased. The milling ma-chine is an easy way to preserve the maize and transform the perishable commodity into a product that can be transported long distances, stored and sold later at the market.
-
need to be processed within a few hours of
--
-
-ing industries in Sub-Saharan Africa to those in
94 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
1
What electrifying rural areas data focus on
the share of population that has access to
What the initial pilot results show
The choice of data published in this report is
-
-
-
-
Access to electricity
-
-
2
-
Electricity affordability
95ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS | 2015
FIGURE 10.1:
Ethiopia
Guate
mala
Philip
pines
Moro
cco
Nepal
Spain
Uganda
Moza
mbique
Ukraine
Perc
ent o
f rur
al e
lect
rific
atio
n
0
20
40
60
5 711
52
69 72
97 99.8 99.9
80
100
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.Note: Rwanda is excluded as no data could be obtained.
3
-
power plants based on fossil fuel.
-
across countries. A possible data point that
Doing Business
4 It
Off-grid electricity systems
96 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
extending the national grid into all corners of -
-
-
stantial proportion of the new connections.
-
-
independent power producers to generate
Next steps
This chapter presented initial pilot results on
World Bank7 8 was
-search will be undertaken to focus the scope of
and costs.
97ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS | 2015
Notes
3 World Bank 2014a.4 World Bank 2013a.
7 World Bank 2014b.
99
Connecting farmers to information
-
Question Response
Question Response
I will be planting cassava. Is there a recommended amount of fertilizer for both dry and wet seasons regardless if I conducted soil analysis?
We recommend NPK (12:24:12) application at the rate of 336 kg/ha 6 weeks after planting, followed by 16:8:24 16 weeks after planting.
Please send me information about rice seed variety NSIC RC 222. Thanks
NSIC Rc222 (also known as Tubigan 18) has an average yield of 6.1 t/ha and the maximum yield is 10 t/ha., 114 days maturity. Height is 101 cm. Intermediate to blast, bacterial leaf blight and tungro. Moderately resistant to brown plant hopper and green leafhoppers.
I have 50 kilograms of tomatoes that I would like to sell at the market in Jinja. My farm is near Bukoyo. Can somebody pick up my produce? What is the current market price of tomatoes?
We have a truck with capacity for your produce passing by your village this Friday. We will connect you with the trucker to arrange for a meeting point. The kilo price for tomatoes in Kampala is 2,836 Ugandan Shillings this week.
Question Response
CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015
100 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
one another.1
--
chains.2
3
-
-
-es.4
to recharge phones.
What the ICT data focus on
-
ICT is an -
-
and at what price.
-
1. Number of mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.
2. Number of active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. These
broadband subscriptions and dedicat-
the public Internet.
101CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015
3. Market structure of the telecommuni-cations subsector in the 10 pilot coun-tries.
-
-
countries.
4. Public sector role to support the devel-opment of ICT infrastructure. These data
-
Existing ICT-enabled market information and e-extension7 services. These data
-
What the initial pilot results show
-
-
--
reduction strategies.
-
30-second or per-second basis.
Another lesson learned is that penetration rate
-
Mobile cellular subscriptions versus country population
8
-scription. Where there is a large gap between
-
10
102 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Bank11
the pilot countries.
Highly variable mobile broadband subscriptions
Mobile broadband access can be an attrac-
the percentage of the population within reach
12
None of the pilot countries collect data on
FIGURE 11.1: Number of mobile cellular subscriptions exceeds country population in half the pilot countries
Ethiopia
Guate
mala
Philip
pines
Moro
cco
Nepal
Spain
Rwand
a
Uganda
Moza
mbique
Ukraine
Mob
ile c
ellu
lar s
ubsc
riptio
ns p
er
100
inha
bita
nts
0
80
60
40
20
100
120
137.8130.3
119.9108.4 106.5
59.649.7 45
36.222.3
140
160
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
countries.
103CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015
FIGURE 11.2: Mobile broadband usage rates across pilot countriesEth
iopia
Guate
mala
Philip
pines
Moro
cco
Rwand
a
Spain
Uganda
Moza
mbique
Ukraine
0
20
10
30
40
53.4
10.17.6 5.5 4.5 3.8 3.3 1.8 0.4
50
60
Mob
ile c
ellu
lar s
ubsc
riptio
ns p
er
100
inha
bita
nts
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
-
Telecommunications sector liberalization
-
13
-
-
Public sector’s role
-
-
in rural areas.
-
104 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
--
nications infrastructure in those areas where
ICT-enabled market information and e-extension services
-
14
-
are used to support
Next steps
be considered.
The topic could continue to be an in-
---
--
tinue to expand cooperation and ex-
105CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015
TABLE 11.1: ICT-enabled market information and e-extension services in the 10 pilot countries
CountryName of Service/
Product Description/Summary
Ethiopia Ethiopia
rural areas. The producers are able to see the price difference between different
production.
Guatemala Distance Diagnostics through Digital
Morocco ASAAR
(and several other African countries)
Esoko
De Mercados Agrícolas De
(SIMA)
Philippines b2bpricenow
Philippines International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
Philippines Agriculture Training Institute
(Continued next page)
106 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
as a cross-cutting topic into other pro-
-
-
CountryName of Service/
Product Description/Summary
Uganda Application
Uganda
Uganda Foodnet and
local target area.
Uganda Google Trader
Uganda Infotrade
Rwanda Agricultural
Centre (CICA)
Rwanda, Uganda (and several other African countries)
East Africa
Sources: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
107CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015
Notes
1 World Bank 2011b.2 Shenggen et al. 2013.
worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/07/17/
planets-population. 4 ICT4Ag 2014.
11 World Bank 2014b.
13 Ibid. 14 Karugu 2010.
109REFERENCES | 2015
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Journal of Development Economics
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The Review of Economics and Statistics
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Statistical Yearbook 2013: World Food and Agriculture.
Enabling Environments for Agribusiness and Agro-industries Development: Regional and Country Perspectives.
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World Energy Outlook 2011.
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114 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
JICA (Japan International Cooperation
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That We Talk about Secure Land
---
--
Relationship between Loan
Financial Industry Perspectives,
Biases and Bottlenecks: Time to Reform the South’s Inherited Seed Laws?
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Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. New
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Constraints to Agricultural Trade of
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-tion.pdf.
Journal of Public Policy
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Theory and Law. Free Will and Land Registry Controls,Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
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Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action
-
One Billion Rising: Law, Land and the Alleviation of Global Poverty. The Netherlands: Lieden
In Uniform Law Review
Adriano. 2012. “The Quiet Revolution in Staple Food Value Chains in Asia: Enter the Dragon, the Elephant, and the Tiger
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Private Sector Development Viewpoint, No. 307. World
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Welfare State Structures: The Case
Stifel and Minten. 2007. “Isolation and Agricultural
Economics
www.se4all.org/.
Bold. 2013. “The Market for (Fake)
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Risks of Insecure Land Tenure.
The New Times. 2012. “KCB Rwanda
World Development 31.12
NRI Bulletin
-
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pdf.
Journal of Public Policy
International Land Coalition. http://www.landcoalition.org/en/publica-
-
World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development.
World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography.
Trade and Transport Facilitation Assessment: A Practical Toolkit for Country Implementation. DC: World Bank.
doingbusiness.org/reports/global-re-
English/DB12-Chapters/Registering-
ICT in Agriculture - Connecting Smallholders to Knowledge, Networks, and Institutions, eSourcebook,
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Agro-Logistics in Central America: A Supply Chain Approach.
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-business.org/data/exploretopics/enforcing-contracts.
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Growing Africa: Unlocking the Potential of Agribusiness. DC: World Bank.
Long-run Effects of MFIs on Informal Credit Market in Bangladesh.
World Development Indicators
Enabling Trade Valuing Growth Opportunities.
Massachusetts.
and S. Esselaar. 2012. “Mobile Applications for Agriculture and Rural
121DATA NOTES | 2015
Data notesEnabling the Business of Agriculture
selling agricultural goods. Three other topics
-
Registering agricultural land explores
constraints in the regulation of a set of -
agricultural enterprises and households.
Strengthening seed systems seeks to
Improving fertilizer supply-
-
Transporting agricultural goods identi-
--
Selling agricultural goodspolicies and regulations that can facil-
Contracting agricultural production in-
-keting contracts.
Electrifying rural areasshare of population that has access to
Connecting farmers to information focus--
measurements
indicators in the future.
122 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
-
-
countries.
Registering agricultural land
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
-
-
-
process
different scenarios are explored in which a
123DATA NOTES | 2015
the registration of rights to a plot of land for which there has been no prior registration of land rights.
Assumptions about the applicant
The applicant:
Scenario 1:
Has been in possession of a plot of agricultural land.
Has used the plot without interruption
Scenario 2:
Seeks to obtain the right to use a plot of agricultural land that belongs to the public sector.
Scenario 3:
Assumptions about the property
capita.
Is 1 hectare of agricultural land.
agricultural production regions.
Type of registration process
registrations of land rights. Judicial registration
the land registration process is initiated in a
Procedures
-
Time
Cost
-
124 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Customary rights
Freehold for life with the right to pass it on through inher-
Indefeasibility is a characteristic that registra-
-
Leaseowner of a plot of land cedes the right to use
Short-term lease
Medium-term lease
Long-term lease
is a characteristic that registration
1.
2.
3. Warehouse receipt operation and
4. General prudential regulation and
institutions.
-
as well as with third parties. The data were also -
that the legislation lacks certain features or -
125DATA NOTES | 2015
on nontraditional collateral are based on “in Doing Business
Branchless banking
a percentage of its risk-weighted asset. Where
Electronic signature-
Nontraditional collateral is a pledge that is not
collateral.
Provisioning rules
loans in their portfolios. The share of a loan that
Prudential regulations -
-
Security interest -
certain preferential rights in the disposition of secured assets.
Warehouse receipts
or both.
Strengthening seed systems
1.
2.
3.
4.
International and regional seed trade.
--
-
also consulted. Questionnaires are tailored to
126 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
regulations to the extent that these were ob-
online searches. In addition to the initial con-
technical contributions on data selection and
Evaluation and registration of new varieties
Assumptions for evaluation and registration of new varieties
Seed quality control
The seed:
foundation seed.
Procedures
and technical experts. All procedures that are -
business functions are counted.
Cost
-
Basic/foundation seed has been produced -
-
Breeder/pre-basic seedthe originating or sponsor plant breeding insti-
Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) testing -
Distinctness
distinguishable in at least one character
127DATA NOTES | 2015
registration.
Uniformity
Stability
-ance process during which seed intended for
-
UPOV
-
in participating in the sessions of the Council.
Value for Cultivation and Use (UPOV) -
Variety (UPOV) is a plant grouping within a sin-
can be:
Considered as a unit with regard to
unchanged.
Variety catalog
Variety release committee
be registered and should be introduced on the
Improving fertilizer supply
1.
2.
128 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
3.
4.
7.
-
of agriculture) and agricultural input dealer
contribute to the topic area. Questionnaires -
researchers.
Assumptions about the business
The business:
Does not operate in an export
Assumptions about the imported fertilizer
trucks.
Procedures
--
not counted as procedures.
Time
--
Cost
-
-
Blendproducts.
Fertilizer form-
129DATA NOTES | 2015
Fertilizer product-
that is used for its plant nutrient content.
Fertilizer types are as follows:
essential in plant nutrition.
handling.
Transporting agricultural goods
1.
2.
3. Axle-load regulation.
4. Mutual recognition of standards and
-
-
Assumptions about the business
The business:
Operates in the largest town in the
operations.
or registration to transport such products.
pesticides.
130 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
goods across the border into the
closest agricultural trading partner.
Procedures
-
Time
Cost
Transport rights granted to foreign trucking companies
Backhauling rightsA is able to transport agricultural goods into
Cabotage rights
Transit rights
Triangular rights
Transport/import rights: A truck registered in
Freight allocation
Intermediary system (“bourse de fret”) allows
-
Queuing system (“tour de rôle”)
-ed with a transport association. Each carrier
Axle-load regulation
Axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or
surroundings.
131DATA NOTES | 2015
Axle-load
Gross vehicle mass
-
Selling agricultural goods
1. Cross-border agricultural exports.
2.
3.
4.
-
retailers of agricultural products.
Assumptions about the business
The business:
Has obtained exporter accreditation or
agriculture.
Does not operate in a special export
Assumptions about the traded goods
The traded agricultural goods:
traded staple cereal/horticultural product.
Are traded with the largest neighboring agricultural trading partner.
Are transported as a 20-foot container if there is no land border with the regional trading partner.
Procedures
-
132 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
letter of credit is not recorded.
Time
-pleted. If a procedure can be accelerated
-
Cost
-
1
issued for exported or re-exported consign-
Phytosanitary import permit --
SPS measure
--
-
spread of pests.1
Contracting agricultural productionFour data sets were designed as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
-
-
with respondents as well as with third parties. The
of certain features in the legislation and the existence of default contractual rules estab-
-
-
133DATA NOTES | 2015
Electrifying rural areas
share of population that has access to electric-
-
Connecting farmers information
1. per 100 inhabitants.
2. subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.
--
--
-
Country characteristicsGross national income per capita
Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015World Development Indicators 2014
Exchange rate
World Development Indicators 2014
134 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Note
135PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015
Pilot data tables
136 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal
REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND
First-time registrations of private land for individuals
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors Yes Yes Yes No No
of the applicant and can affected parties
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Judicial
12 10 10
208 341
0.2 2.1
First-time registrations of leases of public land for individuals
applications of state-owned land for Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
place to process applications for leases of Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Is an application for public land registration Yes Yes Yes No No
Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors and other interested parties on an
Yes No No No
of the applicant and can affected parties
Yes Yes Yes Yes
First-time registrations of land for communities
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No Yes Yes Yes n.a.
Yes Yes No Yes n.a.
Is an application for registration of land for No Yes n.a. Yes n.a.
Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors No Yes No No n.a.
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 138)
137PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015
Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine
REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND
First-time registrations of private land for individuals
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors Yes Yes Yes Yes No
of the applicant and can affected parties
Yes Yes Yes No No
Judicial Judicial
12 12 7
48 180
0.7 0.4 0.1 1.7 0.1
First-time registrations of leases of public land for individuals
applications of state-owned land for Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
place to process applications for leases of Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Is an application for public land registration Yes Yes Yes No No
Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors and other interested parties on an
No Yes No No No
of the applicant and can affected parties
No Yes Yes No No
First-time registrations of land for communities
Yes No Yes Yes No
Yes n.a. Yes Yes n.a.
Yes n.a. Yes Yes n.a.
Is an application for registration of land for Yes n.a. Yes Yes n.a.
Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors Yes n.a. Yes No n.a.
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 139)
138 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal
No Yes Yes Yes n.a.
Land registry and registered land rights
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
water.
No Yes
water.
No
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No No No Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No No No No
No Yes Yes No Yes
ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES
Branchless banking
Both Banks None None Banks
No No n.a. n.a. No
Yes No n.a. n.a. No
Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes
Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes
Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes
Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes
Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes
Yes No n.a. n.a. No
No No n.a. n.a. No
Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a.
Yes Yes No No Yes
Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes
Nontraditional collateral
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 140)
139PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015
Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine
Yes n.a. Yes No n.a.
Land registry and registered land rights
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes
water.
Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes No
Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Yes No Yes No Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES
Branchless banking
Banks Both Banks None Both
No Yes No n.a. No
No Yes No n.a. No
No Yes Yes n.a. No
No Yes Yes n.a. No
No Yes Yes n.a. No
No Yes Yes n.a. Yes
No Yes Yes n.a. No
No No Yes n.a. No
No No Yes n.a. No
No No No n.a. Yes
Yes Yes No Yes No
Yes Yes n.a. Yes n.a.
Nontraditional collateral
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 141)
140 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes No No Yes
No Yes Yes No Yes
No Yes Yes No Yes
No No No No Yes
Warehouse receipts
Yes Yes No No No
Must warehouse operators obtain a Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a.
Must the warehouse operators insure their Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a.
Both n.a. n.a. n.a.
Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a.
Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a.
Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a.
No No n.a. n.a. n.a.
Yes No n.a. n.a. n.a.
Prudential regulation
direct a certain share of their lending to the No No No No Yes
Yes No No Yes Yes
none none 4.2
12 n.a. n.a. 8 8
Yes Yes Yes No No
STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS
Regulatory framework for seed
Yes No Yes No Yes
Yes No Yes No No
None None None
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 142)
141PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015
Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes No No Yes
No Yes Yes No Yes
No Yes No Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Warehouse receipts
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Must warehouse operators obtain a No No n.a. Yes Yes
Must the warehouse operators insure their No No n.a. Yes Yes
Both n.a. Both
Yes Yes n.a. Yes Yes
Yes Yes n.a. Yes Yes
No No n.a. No Yes
No No n.a. No No
No No n.a. Yes Yes
Prudential regulation
direct a certain share of their lending to the Yes No No No No
No Yes n.a. Yes Yes
none 3737 n.a.
n.a. n.a. 20
n.a. Yes n.a. No Yes
STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS
Regulatory framework for seed
No Yes No No No
Yes No Yes No Yes
None
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 143)
142 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal
Does the current seed regulation allow No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No Yes Yes Yes
No Yes No No No
Yes No Yes Yes Yes
11a 4b 7
none none 3 2
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Procedures and cost for evaluation and registration of new varieties
8
no costc 2.0 no cost
Availability of initial seed classes
breeder/pre-basic seed of local public Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
foundation/ basic seed of local public Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes Yes No
7 4
No No No Yes
International and regional seed trade
COMESA seed Central
Technical Regulations
SADC Technical
Seed
none
none none OECD none ISTA
IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY
Domestic production and blending of fertilizer
No No Yes No No
No Yes Yes Yes No
Regulatory framework for fertilizer
Yes No No Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 144)
143PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015
Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine
Does the current seed regulation allow Yes No Yes Yes No
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No No No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
10 7
3 4 10 3
Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Procedures and cost for evaluation and registration of new varieties
n.a. 7
n.a. 28.0
Availability of initial seed classes
breeder/pre-basic seed of local public Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
foundation/ basic seed of local public Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes No Yes Yes
4
No No No No No
International and regional seed trade
none COMESA seed
seed and plant propagating
COMESA seed none
ISTA none OECD and ISTA OECD and ISTA OECD and ISTA
IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY
Domestic production and blending of fertilizer
Yes No Yes No Yes
Yes No Yes No Yes
Regulatory framework for fertilizer
Yes No No No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 145)
144 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal
No
No Yes No No No
Registration of fertilizer
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
2 4 n.a. n.a. 3
120 n.a. n.a.
323.3 n.a. n.a. 4710.0
No Yes n.a. Yes Yes
n.a. 10 n.a. 3
Yes Yes No No No
No Yes No No No
n.a. No n.a. n.a. n.a.
Importing of fertilizer
Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Yese Yes Yes Yes Yes
N.Af 8 8 4
40
Subsidies, taxes and tariffs on fertilizer
No Yes Yes No Yes
No Yes Yes No No
Quality control of fertilizer
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
the results or effects that can be expected Yes No No
Fertilizer use and soil health
Yes Yes Yes Yes
23 40 24
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 146)
145PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015
Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine
Multiple laws
No No Yes No No
Registration of fertilizer
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
3 2 1 7
202.1 no cost
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
3 3 10d 3 10
Yes No Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes No No
n.a. n.a. Yes n.a. n.a.
Importing of fertilizer
No Yes No Yes No
Yes No Yes Yes Yes
4 4 4 7
43 13 37
Subsidies, taxes and tariffs on fertilizer
Yes Yes No No No
Yes No Yes No Yes
Quality control of fertilizer
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
the results or effects that can be expected Yes Yes Yes No No
Fertilizer use and soil health
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
131 2 78
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 147)
146 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal
TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS
transport agricultural products in the
2 1 1 2 2
2 30 18 20 2
11.1 0.7 no cost 44.7 48.8
No Yes No No No
Does a single license allow operation of Yes No Yes No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes No No No
Yes Yes Yes No No
registered with trucking associations to No No No No No
Pricing and freight allocation
Yes No Yes No Yes
Do transport associations regulate or No Yes No No No
tour de rôle) used to allocate agricultural
No No No No No
bourse de fret) used to allocate No No No No No
Axle-load regulation
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Are there restrictions to truck circulation (for No Yes No No Yes
Mutual recognition of standards and foreign trucking competition (Assumption: foreign trucking company is registered in the largest neighboring trading partner)
Is there an international or bilateral
agricultural trading partner granting
Yes Yes No No No
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 148)
147PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015
Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine
TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS
transport agricultural products in the State concession
or franchiseNo license
8 1 1 1 n.a.
270 2 2 3 n.a.
1.4 0.2 n.a.
No Yes No Yes n.a.
Does a single license allow operation of Yes Yes Yes No n.a.
Yes Yes Yes Yes n.a.
Yes Yes Yes No n.a.
No No No Yes n.a.
No No Yes No n.a.
registered with trucking associations to No No No No No
Pricing and freight allocation
No No No No No
Do transport associations regulate or Yes No No No No
tour de rôle) used to allocate agricultural
No No No No No
bourse de fret) used to allocate No No No No No
Axle-load regulation
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Are there restrictions to truck circulation (for Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Mutual recognition of standards and foreign trucking competition (Assumption: foreign trucking company is registered in the largest neighboring trading partner)
Is there an international or bilateral
agricultural trading partner granting
No Yes Yes Yes No
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 149)
148 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal
Yes Yes Yes No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes No No
No Yes Yes Yes No
transport goods between 2 points within the No No No No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS
Largest neighboring agricultural trading partner
Spain South Africa India
Cross-border agricultural exports
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No Yes Yes Yes
0 0 0 0 1
3 2 3 3 4
No No
Yes No No Yes No
Yes No Yes No No
SPS regulation of agricultural trade
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
0.4 0.2 h 0.2
1 2 3 2 3
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
0.2 i 0.3
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 150)
149PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015
Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
transport goods between 2 points within the No No Yes No Yes
No No Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS
Largest neighboring agricultural trading partner
Indonesia France Russian Federation
Cross-border agricultural exports
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
0 1 0 0 2
3 4 0 3
n.a.g
Yes No n.a.g Yes No
Yes No n.a.g No No
SPS regulation of agricultural trade
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
0.1 n.a.g 0.1 0.1
3 2 n.a.g 1 1
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
0.2 no cost n.a.g 0.1 0.2
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 151)
150 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal
1 1 2 2
Both Both Both
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
labeling or packaging of processed Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Government promotion of agricultural marketing
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Collective action to supply markets
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Regulatory framework for contract farming
Is there an ad hoc legislation regulating No No Yes No No
No No n.a. No Yes
Contract LawContract Law
Yes Yes No Yes
Yes No No Yes No
Yes No No Yes No
No No No No No
No Yes No No No
Yes Yes No Yes No
costsNo No No No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No No No No
No No No No
Yes Yes No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes No No
Who is responsible for transport Yes Yes No No
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 152)
151PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015
Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine
4 3 n.a.g 1 4
Both None Both Both
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No Yes Yes Yes
labeling or packaging of processed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Government promotion of agricultural marketing
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Collective action to supply markets
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Regulatory framework for contract farming
Is there an ad hoc legislation regulating No No Yes No No
No No n.a. No No
Contract Law Sale of Goods Act
Yes No
No No No No Yes
No No No No Yes
No No No No No
No No No No No
Yes No No Yes Yes
costsNo No No No No
No Yes Yes No Yes
No No No
No No No No No
Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes No Yes
Who is responsible for transport No Yes Yes No No
n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 153)
152 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Contract duration No No No No
No Yes No No No
No No Yes No No
No No Yes No No
Must the contract be registered with a No No Yes No No
Dispute resolution mechanisms
No No Yes No No
No No Yes No No
ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS
Access to electricity
What is the share of population that 23.3 20.2
What is the share of population that 11.0 72.0
CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION
Access to ICT services
22.3 137.8
subscriptions are there (per 100 0.4 10.1 1.8
Note:
World
Development Indicators 2014
153PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015
Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine
Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes
Yes Yes No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes No No Yes
Contract duration No No No
Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No No No No No
No No No No No
Must the contract be registered with a No No No No No
Dispute resolution mechanisms
No No Yes No No
No No No No No
ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS
Access to electricity
What is the share of population that 70.2
What is the share of population that 7.0
CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION
Access to ICT services
108.4 130.3
subscriptions are there (per 100 3.8 3.3
155ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 2015
AcknowledgmentsThe Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015 report would not be possible without the exper-
-
-
note that the data published in the report and
-
The Enabling the Business of Agriculture
this report possible: the Bill and Melinda Gates
Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015
-
-
grateful to Lawrence Clarke and Niels Morel for
grateful to the local consultants who supported
156 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
Mark Cackler and Melissa Johns.
Enabling the Business of Agriculture
The Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015 -
Enabling the Business of Agriculture
Inc. designed the report and the graphs.
are listed in the pages that follow.
157ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 2015
ETHIOPIAMelaku AdmasuPIONEER HI-BRED ETHIOPIA
AGRICULTURAL INPUT SUPPLY ENTERPRISE
AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION AGENCY
Abenet AlemuETHIOPIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND SECTORAL ASSOCIATION
Fikadu AsfawFIKADU ASFAW AND ASSOCIATES LAW OFFICE
Amasalu AyanaINTEGRATED SEED SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
Abenet BekeleETHIOPIA COMMODITY EXCHANGE
Wubshet Berhanu SELF HELP AFRICA
Gebru Bonger EDEN FIELD AGRI-SEED ENTERPRISE
Messele Hagos
Beko Mohammed HassenaINTEGRATED SEED SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
Getahun HaileEDEN FIELD AGRI-SEED ENTERPRISE
Adenew HirpoMELKA AWASH COOPERATIVES
Melaku JuharETHIOPIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND SECTORAL ASSOCIATION
Dawit MelakuZEREYED GROUP TRANSIT AND FORWARDING PLC
Wondimagegnehu Negera COOPERATIVE BANK OF OROMIA
NOBLE AND TRUSTWORTHY PLC
Chris OjiewoINTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SEMI-ARID TROPICS
Tamiru SemunegusETHIOPIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND SECTORAL ASSOCIATION
Getachew ShimelsGAWT
Azage TegegneINTERNATIONAL LIVESTOCK RESEARCH INSTITUTE
GUATEMALARodolfo Alegria ToruñoCARRILLO Y ASOCIADOS
ASOCIACIÓN GREMIO QUÍMICO
Marta BaraboraASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ)
Carla CaballerosCÁMARA DEL AGRO
Marco Antonio Colindres CacerosALL LOGISTICS S.A. GUATEMALA
Julio David CastellanosFUNDEA
Ana Beatriz ClaveríaDUWEST GUATEMALA, S. A.
Alejandro Cofiño4ABOGADOS
Anabella de LeónREGISTRO GENERAL DE LA PROPIEDAD
Hector FajardoCAMARA DE TRANSPORTISTAS CENTROAMERICANOS (CATRANSCA)
María Fernanda MAYORA & MAYORA, S. C.
Manuel GaetanSYNGENTA
Giovanni GarciaATA SERVICIOS INTEGRADOS
Christian Josué Girón CarretoDOINGTRADE GUATEMALA
ASSOCIATION MAROCAINE DES MULTIPLICATEURS DE SEMENCES (AMMS)
ASSOCIATION MAROCAINE DES SEMENCES ET PLANTS
Romain BerthonLEFÈVRE PELLETIER & ASSOCIÉS
Al Faiz ChaoukiINSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE AGRICOLE (INRA)
Lhassan CharifiBANQUE POPULAIRE
Mustapha ChehharGROUPE CREDIT AGRICOLE DU MAROC
Bouchaib El HaddajFÉDÉRATION DES NEGOCIANTS EN CEREALS ET LEGUMES
Ahmed El KhabaziaCOOPÉRATIVE KHEMISSET CHAOUIA POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE
Mustapha El KhayatASSOCIATION MAROCAINE DE LA LOGISTQUE
Mostapha FarissCOOPÉRATIVE KHEMISSET CHAOUIA POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE
Kaoutar GuessousWORLDWIDE LOGISTIC SERVICES (W.L.S)
Soufi HichamZIEGLER MAROC
Abdelilah HifdiTRANSPORT FEDERATION OF THE GENERAL CONFEDERATION OF EMPLOYERS IN MOROCCO (FT CGEM)
INSTITUT AGRONOMIQUE ET VÉTÉRINAIRE HASSAN II
Amine KandilCHARAF CORPORATION
Abdelkrim MadihBANQUE POPULAIRE
Rachid MrabetINSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE AGRICOLE (INRA)
Mohammed NebrafCENTRE DE TRAVAUX AGRICOLE DE BERCHID
Bouchra OuhamaneBANQUE POPULAIRE
Abdelali RegagTAMWIL EL FELLAH
Mohamed SabikSOCIÉTÉ NATIONALE DE COMMERCIALISATION DES SEMENCES (SONACOS)
Mohamed SaïdiCONFÉDÉRATION MAROCAINE DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DU DÉVELOPPEMENT RURAL (COMADER)
Seddik SaïdiINSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE AGRICOLE (INRA)
SOCIÉTÉ NATIONALE DES TRANSPORTS ET DE LA LOGISTIQUE (SNTL)
Robert ParkinsonYARA
MOZAMBIQUEAFRICAN FERTILIZER AND AGRIBUSINESS PARTNERSHIP (AFAP)
Charles F. Gama AfonsoC. F. GAMA AFONSO, DESPACHANTE OFICIAL, LIMITADA
AGRA
AGRIFOCUS
AJ TRANSPORTES
BANCO TERRA
BCI
BIOCHEM
Rita Casimiro
A. Carvalho Neves
GREMIAGRO
Carlos HerreraGENESIS EMPRESARIAL
Manfred HillerSYNGENTA
INSTITUTO INTER-AMERICANO DE COOPERACIÓN PARA LA AGRICULTURA (IICA)
Julio Artemio Juárez MoránASOCIACIÓN DE TRANSPORTISTAS INTERNACTIONALES (ATI)
Clark McDonaldFRUTESA
Eddie MendozaFASAGUA
Christian MichelangeliCARRILLO Y ASOCIADOS
Ceslo MolinaBANRURAL
Luis MoralesBANRURAL
Baltasar MoscosoFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO)
Sofia MuñozASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ)
Carlos NatarenoOIKO CREDIT GUATEMALA
Verónica María Orantes Orellana4ABOGADOS
Raul Antonio Palma CruzATA SERVICIOS INTEGRADOS
José Maria Perdomo FajardoASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ)
Claudia PereiraMAYORA & MAYORA, S. C.
Mélida PinedaCARRILLO Y ASOCIADOS
Ana Gabriela Platero MidenceARIAS & MUÑOZ
Gloria Elena PolencoFRUTESA
Emerio PortilloASOCIACIÓN DE PRODUCTORES AGROPECUARIOS DE ESTANZUELA (ASOPRAE)
Jose A. Ramirez Maradiaga
Ricardo Santa Cruz RubiAGEXPORT
Dora SagastumeASOCIACIÓN DE MUJERES OLOPENSES (AMO)
Alfredo Salguerro VargasASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ)
Edwin Sanchez Mendez FUNDEA
Aura SonDUWEST GUATEMALA, S. A
Armando SotoDUWEST GUATEMALA, S. A
Maria Lucia SotoCONSEJO DE USUARIOS DEL TRANSPORTE INTERNATIONAL DE GUATEMALA
Erick Tobar
René VelásquezPRODUCTORA DE SEMILLAS, S.A.
Luis VenturaSYNGENTA
YARA
MOROCCOOmar AfiriZIEGLER MAROC
Anouar AlasriSYNGENTA
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MOZAMBIQUE
DENGO COMMERCIAL
EXPORT TRADING GROUP
Antonio FagildeTECNOLOGIA & CONSULTORIA AGRO-PECUARIA.LDA (TECAP)
GAPI
Pedro GonzalezOLAM
INTERNATIONAL FERTILIZER DEVELOPMENT CENTER (IFDC)
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.
Bazir LozaneLOZANE FARM
Indranil MajumdarOLAM
MATANUSKA.LDA
MOÇAMBIQUE QUIMICOS E SOLOS
José MonteiroINICIATIVA PARA TERRAS COMUNITÁRIAS
MOZAMBIQUE FERTILIZER COMPANY
MOZFOODS
OMNIA
Ujjwalkanta SenapatiOLAM
Rui SantosSOLUÇÕES RURAIS
STANDARD BANK
Rafael UaieneMICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
NEPALDurga Prasad AdhikariSEED ENTREPRENEURS’ ASSOCIATION OF NEPAL (SEAN)
AGRICULTURE INPUT COMPANY LIMITED (AICL)
Pratima BurmaGANDHI AND ASSOCIATES
Nirmal DahalLAXMI BANK
FEDERATION OF NEPALESE NATIONAL TRANSPORT ENTREPRENEURS
Nikesh GhimireLAXMI BANK
Rudra Prasad GiriPALM AGRO-TECH
Pankaj JoshiSALT TRADING CORPORATION LIMITED
Kunta KarkiPALM AGRO-TECH
Prakash KuikelLEGEND CARGO COMPANY (P) LTD
Arun Lal
Jeevan PandeyNEW YORK CARGO COMPANY (P) LTD
Pratima PandeyNEPAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH COUNCIL
Avash PanditGANDHI AND ASSOCIATES
Gandhi PanditGANDHI AND ASSOCIATES
Shikhar PanditGANDHI AND ASSOCIATES
Harihar Dev PantNIRDHAN UTTHAN BANK
Abinash Pant
Sameer Sharma
Pradeep ThapaPRIME LAW ASSOCIATES
Rajeshwor Tribedi
158 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
PHILIPPINESATLAS FERTILIZER CORPORATION
Ruperto BayucotCONFEDERATION OF TRUCKERS ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Pedro Jose BernardoKELVIN CHIA YANGON
Pamela CharRAMGO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION
Arnold DoriaDORIA LAW OFFICE
Rafael ElazeguiRAYOMAR
Jhomie P. EsquibelFPJMLP CUSTOMS BROKERAGE
EXPORT DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL
FERTILIZER INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (FIAP)
Dennis GalamDJD TRUCKING SERVICES
Jose Armando GalinatoDAMCO
Jose Antonio R. GarciaRAYOMAR
Israel GonzalesOLDREACH TRUCKING SERVICES
Rafael A. MoralesSYCIP SALAZAR HERNANDEZ & GATMAITAN
Felix C. Paraguya Jr.FPJMLP CUSTOMS BROKERAGE
Mary Ann SayocEAST-WEST SEED
Jasper Jon T. TaoDAMCO
UNIVERSAL HARVESTER, INC.
YARA
RWANDAVianney BizmanaBANQUE POPULAIRE DU RWANDA
Jean de DieuCOOPÉRATIVE TWIHANGIE
ENAS
Anthony HachezINTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.
Sekizeye John Bosco IyademaPREMIER CONSULTING GROUP LTD
Frank KarasiraFRAMEG CARGO SERVICE LTD.
Janvier MutigandaINTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.
Gerard Mutimura SakufiBANQUE POPULAIRE DU RWANDA
Geoffrey MwineGM CHAMBERS
Paula NankundaFRAMEG CARGO SERVICE LTD.
Aimable NkurangaCREDIT REFERENCE BUREAU AFRICA
ONE ACRE FUND
Gafigi Jean PaulPANNAR
Herbert RubashaFOUNTAIN LAW CHAMBERS
SEED CO
Serge MurenziINTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.
SPEDAG INTERFREIGHT
Murenzi TheodoreRWANDA LONG DISTANCE TRUCK DRIVERS UNION
TOP SERVICES LTD
Shyaka VianneyADONIA CLEARING & FORWARDING
SPAINJesús de Diego AlarcónPUBLIC CORPORATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AND COMMERCE REGISTRARS OF SPAIN
Alonso Sánchez ÁlvarezASEMTRAEX
ARPA ABOGADOS CONSULTORES
ASAJA-ALMERIA
ASOCIACIÓN COMERCIAL ESPAÑOLA DE FERTILIZANTES (ACEFER)
ASOCIACIÓN NACIONAL DE OBTENTORES VEGETALES (ANOVE)
AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA
BIOIBERICA
José Ortega CabelloAGROVEGETAL
CAJAMAR
CAJA RURAL
Antonio García CatónPLAZA FORWARDING SL
COORDINADORA DE ORGANIZACIONES DE AGRICULTORES Y GANADEROS
COMUNIDAD DE REGANTES TIERRAS DE ALMERIA
Olivier CrassousSEMILLAS DEL GUADALQUIVIR, S.L.
Jaime FitoSEMILLAS FITO
Fernando P. Méndez GonzálezPUBLIC CORPORATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AND COMMERCE REGISTRARS OF SPAIN
Guillermo Nevado González
Justo Gutierrez JerezASOCIACIÓN PROFESIONAL DE EMPRESAS PRODUCTORAS DE SEMILLAS SELECTAS (APROSE)
Begoña JiménezFEDERACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE ASOCIACIONES DE PRODUCTORES EXPORTADORES DE FRUTAS, HORTALIZAS, FLORES Y PLANTAS VIVAS (FEPEX)
LA CAIXA
Lourdes Rodríguez LópezPLAZA FORWARDING SL
MAPFRE
Ignacio Solís MartelAGROVEGETAL
Antonio Costa MéndezASEMTRAEX
Ignacio Montagud
Nicolas NoguerolesPUBLIC CORPORATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AND COMMERCE REGISTRARS OF SPAIN
Ana Morales OcañaL&D PRODUCE SL
Oscar Lanzaco PuigROCALBA
Jose Rivera
TRACASA
VICASOL
YARA
UGANDAJabber AbdulBALTON UGANDA
Sudhir BalsureSWIFT FREIGHT INTERNATIONAL (UGANDA) LTD.
Andrew BalyejusaINTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.
Sandeepani K. BhatINTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.
Ibyisintabyo ChrisUGANDA SEED TRADE ASSOCIATION
CROPLIFE UGANDA
Muduuli FredKEITH ASSOCIATES
Andrew Gita
Meg JaguayJAKANA
Claire Amanya Rukundo KakeetoCR AMANYA ADVOCATES & SOLICITORS
Brian KaggwaIMPALA LEGAL ADVOCATES AND CONSULTANTS
David Kissa KAPCHORWA COMMERCIAL FARMERS ASSOCIATION
Barnabas KiizaMAKERERE UNIVERSITY
William Kimeto K.EAST AFRICAN SEED (U) LTD.
Tony KisadhaSELF HELP AFRICA
Maliza KweraMMAKS ADVOCATES
Bosco Ochira LawinoTROPICAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL CO. LTD
Lydia LuyimaMMAKS ADVOCATES
Fiona MagonaMMAKS ADVOCATES
Richard MasagaziPEARL SEEDS LTD
Okotel MisakiSELF HELP AFRICA
Augstine MwendyaUGANDA NATIONAL FARMERS FEDERATION
Christine NangendoEAST AFRICAN SEED (U) LTD.
Issac ObongoSELF HELP AFRICA
Patrice OcungirwothHOUSING FINANCE BANK
Fred OkwareINDEPENDENT CLEARANCE AGENT
Jerome Kiracho OleleA.O. MUSINGO INV. LTD
Peter OtimodochOTIS GARDEN SEEDS
Nicolai Rodeyns NASECO.LTD
B.W. RwabwogoMUKWANO GROUP
John SsaliPRIDE MICROFINANCE LIMITED (MDI)
Seruwo SolomonBUKOOLA CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LTD
Shankar T.D.EAST AFRICAN SEED (U) LTD.
Michael TuriyoNATIONAL LOGISTICS COMPANY LIMITED
UGANDA FORUM FOR AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY SERVICES (AFAAS)
Micahel WaithakaASSOCIATION FOR STRENGTHENING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN EASTERN AND CENTRAL AFRICA
UKRAINEDmitriy AntoschenkoYUGINTERTRANS TRANSPORT FORWARDING ENTERPRISE
Alexander BorodkinVASIL KISIL & PARTNERS
Viktor BorysovCOMPANY MAIS
Vitaliy FedchukMONSANTO
Oleksiy FelivGIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL
Anastasiia FilipiukMARCHENKO DANEVYCH
Oleksandr FedorovKWS
Viacheslav GavrylianchykSYNGENTA
GRANEX
Natalia GusevaBAYER CROPSCIENCE
Svitlana GusakURKSIBANK
Oleksandr IgnatenkoURKSIBANK
Artiom KhaliavkaCREATIVE GROUP
Yaroslav KrasnopolskyiVITERA
Volodymyr LapaUKRAINIAN AGRIBUSINESS CLUB
Maksym MaksymovDNIPROPETROVSK UNION OF COOPERATIVES
Iryna MarushkoLAVRYNOVYCH & PARTNERS
Lesya MelnikCREATIVE GROUP
Mykola MelnykCOMPANY MAIS
Roman OgnevyukENGARDE LAWYERS
Maxim OleksiyukKM PARTNERS
Pavlo OliinykENGARDE LAWYERS
PRIVATBANK
Konstantin ProhorukTRANSPORTATION LOGISTICS GROUP
Julian RiesGIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL
Maxim RyabushevBAYER CROPSCIENCE
Vadym ShestakovMARCHENKO DANEVYCH
Anastasia ShytskaCREATIVE GROUP
Tatiana SmovzhSYNGENTA
Maksym SysoievMARCHENKO DANEVYCH
Viktoriya TaranKWS
Bate C. Toms
Tetyana Yaremko
Oleh ZahnitkoGIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL
Oleksandr ZakharchukINSTITUTE OF AGRARIAN ECONOMICS
Oleksandr ZhemoydaNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OF UKRAINE
Olena ZubchenkoLAVRYNOVYCH & PARTNERS