Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
ENAE 697 Overview and Introduction• Course overview!
– Goals!– Web-based content!– Syllabus!– Policies!– Project content!
• Overview of space human factors and life support!• History of humans and flight!• Brief overview of the space environment
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© 2015 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Contact Information
Dr. Dave Akin!Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility/Room [email protected] !http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Goals of ENAE 697• Learn the fundamentals of human physiology in
the context of space flight!• Learn the principles of life support system design!• Understand issues affecting the design of an
effective habitat for long-duration human space flight!
• Perform an open-ended design task for future human planetary exploration habitats and/or space vehicles
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Web-based Course Content• Data web site at http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu!
– Course information!– Syllabus!– Lecture notes!– Problems and solutions!
• Interactive web site at https://elms.umd.edu/!– Communications for team projects!– Lecture videos
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Syllabus - Major Topic Overview• History of Human Space Flight!• Human Factors!• Space Physiology!• Life Support Systems!• Extravehicular Systems!• Biomechanics!• Manual Control
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Syllabus - Human Factors• Human factors testing and analysis!• Space architecture!• Habitability!• Stowage and inventory!• Anthropometrics!• Psychosocial aspects!✓ Unit evaluation: term design project
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Syllabus - Space Physiology• Circulatory physiology!• Pulmonary and respiration!• Neurovestibular!• Musculoskeletal!• Sensorimotor!• Cellular biology!• Radiation effects!✓ Unit evaluation: research project
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Syllabus - Life Support Systems• Air revitalization and handling!• Water regeneration!• Food and waste handling!• Bioregenerative life support!• Thermal modeling and control!✓ Unit evaluation: term design project
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Syllabus - Extravehicular Systems• History of extravehicular activity!• Suit design!• Fabrication technologies!• Human augmentation!• Future EVA systems!✓ Unit evaluation: research project
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Syllabus - Biomechanics• Fundamentals of kinematics!• Fundamentals of dynamics!• Strength!• Gait and mobility!• Restraint systems!✓ Unit evaluation: analytical modeling assignment
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Syllabus - Manual Control• Human-in-the-loop control fundamentals!• Fitts’ law!• Tracking tasks!• Human-computer interaction!• Human-robot interaction!✓ Unit evaluation: computer-based lab experiment
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Grading Scheme• 15% physiology quiz!• 15% biomechanics analysis project!• 15% manual control lab project!• 15% EVA research assignment!• 40% life support/human factors term project
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Term Design Project Goals• Provide opportunity to use principles of class to
perform open-ended realistic design !• Reinforce experiences with engineering in teams,
making technical presentations!• Address a problem of real interest to NASA
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Hot Topic: Mars• Mars One - One-way trip to Mars!
– One-way trip to Mars in 2023, 20 people by 2033!– First-level downselect to 1058 applicants!
• Inspiration Mars!– Two crew on Mar flyby in 2018!– Now 2021 launch for Mars/Venus flybys!– Supported by Dennis Tito!
• The Martian!– Excellent novel by Andy Weir (strongly recommended!!)!– Astronaut has to survive alone on Mars for years
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Bioregenerative Life Support
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
SpaceX-Based Mars Base Concept
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Mars as a Second Abode for Humans
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
ENAE 697 Term Project - Spring 2015• Design a human settlement for Mars!• The goal is to support a crew of 24 people
indefinitely!• Focus will be on internal layout (habitat design/
habitability), life support system design, and accommodation of EVA support systems!
• Strong effort to minimize the requirement for supplies from Earth!
• Goal is to make Mars safely habitable for the average human lifetime
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Term Project Level 1 Requirements1. The habitat shall be capable of supporting a crew
of 24 people indefinitely !2. The habitat shall be modular in nature to allow
the loss of two independent living volumes (e.g., fire, depressurization) without significant impact on nominal crew activities!
3. The system shall minimize the amount of consumables required from Earth resupply!– Aspirational goal: ≤ 200 kg/crew/resupply (26 Earth
months)
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Term Project Level 1 Requirements4. The system shall accommodate interfaces and
support equipment for EVA and pressurized rovers !
5. The habitat shall provide radiation protection for the crew to keep the total dosage ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)!– Aspirational goal: ≤ 5 cSv/(Earth) year!
6. TBD
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Highlights of Life on Earth
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Formation of the Earth 5,000,000,000 yrs January 1
Multicellular Organisms 500,000,000 yrs November 16
Mammals 200,000,000 yrs December 12
Humans 200,000 yrs December 31 11:33 pm
Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Highlights of Human (Flight) History
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Homo Sapiens 200,000 yrs 10,000 generations
Agrarian Societies 10,000 yrs 500 generations
Writing 5,000 yrs 250 generations
First Human Flight 1500 yrs 75 generations
Balloon Flight 200 yrs 10 generations
Aircraft Flight 100 5 generations
Space Flight 40 2 generations
Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Leonardo da Vinci
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
First Human Untethered Flight• November 21, 1783!• Pilatre de Rozier
Marquis d’Arlandes!• Peak altitude ~1000 m!• Traveled 9 km
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Discoveries from Balloon Flight• Temperature drop with altitude!
– John Jeffries (1784) first publication of studies of upper atmosphere!
• Loss of consciousness/death with altitude!– First oxygen mask 1794 (used to set altitude record of
30,000 feet)!– Paul Bert (1878) published first study of effects of
altitude on humans!
• Danger!– Death of de Rozier (1785)
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Atmospheric Density with Altitude
Ref: NOAA/NASA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976, NASA TM-X-74335, 1976
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Heavier-than-Air Flight
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Discoveries from Early Aviation• Limitations of human control!• Requirements for training!• Effects of acceleration!• Disorientation and airsickness!• Effects of hypothermia and hypoxia
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Mid-Century Aviation
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Discoveries from “Golden Age” of Aviation• G-induced loss of consciousness!• Interactions of human control with aeroelasticity
and compressible flow!• Crew restraints!• Survivability of bailout at speed and altitude
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Alan Shepard and MR-7 - 5/5/61
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Discoveries from Early Space Program• Human survival in microgravity!
– Eating/drinking!– Sleeping!– Cognitive functions!
• Human performance!– Flight control!– Visual acuity!– Early extravehicular activities (EVAs)
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Apollo Lunar Missions
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Discoveries from Apollo• Landing and launch from other body!• Surface EVA operations!• Driving mobility vehicles!• Survival in higher-radiation areas!• Communications/teleoperations with time delay
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Long-Duration Space Flight
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Discoveries from Skylab/Mir/ISS• Adaptation to microgravity!• Role of exercise countermeasures!• Productivity and adaptability of humans!• Expanded boundaries for long-duration space
flight!– Longest single flight: 438 days!– Longest cumulative time: 745 days!
• Logistics and stowage!• In-space construction
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Challenges for the Future
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Future Challenges• Long-duration space flight (2-4 years for Mars)!• Extended survival and operations in partial
gravity!• Survival of solar particle events (SPEs) and galactic
cosmic rays (GCRs)!• Extended operations without resupply!• In-situ resource utilization (ISRU)!• Medical treatment, including childbirth and aging!• Psychosocial aspects of isolation and small crew
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
The Earth-Moon System
Earth
Moon
L1 L2L3
L4
L5
Note: Earth and Moon are in scale with size of orbits
Geostationary Orbit
Photograph of Earth and Moon taken by Mars Odyssey April 19, 2001 from a distance of 3,564,000 km
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In The Same Scale...
Sun
Earth-Moon
Mercury
Venus
Mars
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Still In The Same Scale
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Comparison of Basic CharacteristicsQuantity Earth Free Space Moon Mars
GravitationalAcceleration
9.8 m/s2
(1 g)– 1.545 m/s2
(.16 g)3.711 m/s2
(.38 g)
AtmosphericDensity
101,350 Pa(14.7 psi)
– – 560 Pa(.081 psi)
AtmosphericConstituents
78% N2
21% O2
– – 95% CO2
3% N2
TemperatureRange
120°F-100°F
150°F-60°F
250°F-250°F
80°F-200°F
Lengthof Day
24 hr 90 min –Infinite
28 days 24h 37m22.6s
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Closing Notes• Verify that you have access to both the
spacecraft.ssl.umd and Canvas (ELMS) web sites
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Partial Bibliography• DeHart, “Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine
(2nd edition)” Williams and Wilkins, 1996!• Nicogossian, Huntoon, and Pool, “Space
Physiology and Medicine (3rd edition)” Lea & Febiger, 1994!
• Larson and Pranke, “Human Spaceflight: Mission Analysis and Design” McGraw-Hill!
• Johnson, “Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology” Wiley & Sons, 1991
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Course Overview ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Partial Bibliography• Nicogossian, Mohler, Gazenko, and Grigoryev,
“Space Biology and Medicine” AIAA, 1994!– Volume II: Life Support and Habitability!– Volume III, Books 1&2: Humans in Spaceflight!
• Churchill, “Fundamentals of Space Life Sciences” (Volumes 1&2) Krieger Publishing, 1997!
• Stanton, Salmon, Walker, Baber, and Jenkins, “Human Factors Methods” Ashgate, 2005
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