ENB110 Report Skeleton

Cool title page

make sure it has all the required information

A Reasonable Heading Year

E f f e c t i v e E n g i n e e r i n g S o l u t i o n s

Page 1

Executive Summary

*Write an executive summary for the report. It summarises all the sections and provides a brief

introduction to the report/project. Include a summary of each major section of the report, and any

decisions made*

For example:

A model observation deck for Mount Tamborine was designed and created for Black Suit Infrastructure

Inc. A 1:100 scale model was made, that was 920 mm long, 200 mm wide and 40 mm deep, with a 20

mm high pier. The design load of the cantilevered truss was 10 kg, while a safety factor of 2 meant it

was designed to hold 20 kg, and break before 30 kg (to avoid over engineering). Effective Engineering

Solutions aimed to meet all of the design constraints with the proposed final design.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Firstly, truss types were evaluated. *types of trusses* were explored, and evaluated for their

contextual appropriateness, load types and real world applicability. The *real life bridges* were then

researched… Joints research indicated that…, and that the members were better off in … so the ….

The … truss was chosen because of … and because the …

MATERIALS TESTING

The most appropriate materials for the model construction were determined through materials testing.

Etc… etc… Glues were also considered…

FINAL DESIGN

The final design had … trusses. These had …

MODEL TESTING

At the final testing stage, the truss fulfilled all the required criteria. It was relatively light, at … In the

physical tests, the truss …. The model then gradually failed before breaking at …, successfully meeting all

the goals of the bridge. It broke near the ….

Make sure you have a table of contents so it is easy for the marker to find things and it

looks really legit. Make sure the numbers are in order and it is formatted nicely (this one

isn’t because I edited my old report)



Page 2

Table of Contents

Executive Summary 1

Table of Contents 2

List of Figures 4

List of Tables 4

Introduction 5

1. Literature Review 6

1.1 Constraints 6

1.2 *Truss Type 1* 7

1.3 Truss Type 2 8

1.4 Truss Type 3 8

1.5 Real World Trusses 9

1.8.1 ….. 9

1.8.2 …… 10

1.8.3 …….. 10

1.6 Research Summary and Conclusions 11

2. Background Research 12

2.1 Theory of Trusses 12

2.2 Joints 12

2.3 Pier 13

2.4 Material Options 14

3. Conceptual Design 15

4. Engineering Design Process 16



Page 3

4.1 Materials Testing 16

4.1.1 Compression Test 16

4.1.2 Tension Test 17

4.2 More Testing 18

4.3 Joints Testing 20

4.4 Testing Implications 21

4.5 Space Gass Analysis and Comparison 21

4.6 Calculation Implications 22

4.7 Final Design 23

4.8 Construction Process 24

4.9 Load and Failure Prediction 25

4.10 Testing Results 26

5. Team Process 27

6. Conclusion 28

7. Reference List 29

8. Appendices 30

8.1 Materials Testing Data 30

Compression Test 30

Tension Test 30

8.2 More Testing Data 30

8.3 Meeting Minutes 31

8.4 Detailed Drawings of Design 31

8.5 Signed Data from Testing Day 31

List of figures is important so marker can jump straight to important drawings and other useful things, list of tables provides quick access to important data and is profesh



Page 4

List of Figures Figure 1: … Truss (Megson, 2005) ........................................................................................................... 7

Figure 2: Quebec Bridge, over St. Lawrence River Canada ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3: G.E. Harding Bridge Patent (Mehrtens, 1900). ........................................................................ 8

Figure 4: … Truss ................................................................................................................................... 8

Figure 12: The Brisbane Story Bridge .................................................................................................... 9

Figure 14: …………. ................................................................................................................................10

Figure 16: xxxxx (Hibbeler, 2010) ..........................................................................................................12

Figure 25: Fractured … .......................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 33: ............................................................................................................................................. 19

Figure 34: Breaking Points on Materials .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

List of Tables

Table 1: Average compressive force specific material withstood ......................................................... 16

Table 2: Average tensile force specific material withstood ...................................................................18

Table 4: Space Gass Analysis and Comparison .....................................................................................21

Table 5: Minimum and Maximum Forces Required in Truss ................................................................. 22

Table 7: Comparison of breaking forces ............................................................................................... 25



Page 5

Introduction

*Write an introduction to the project. Provide an overview of objectives, Come up with a

company if you want*

Observation decks are platforms… Often, trusses are structures used in observation decks…

The model had to be a two span truss design and adhere to given design constraints. The model was

designed to withstand loads….. but fail before….The model aimed to be light to provide Black Suit

Infrastructure Inc. with an economical deck.

A literature review outlines the research undertaken to select a truss design….. Materials, beam and

joints testing combined with truss analysis calculations………….

*Always start big new sections on the next pages, gaps are okay*



Page 6

1. Literature Review

*This is where you talk about all the research you did into lots of different things…. And talk

about the parameters of the project*

1.1 Constraints

The project has theoretical and practical constraints on the design options, and dimensional

limitations.

In order to analyse the observation deck, the truss must be determinant…

Required dimensions are given for the model to fit the test rig…..

There are also practical constraints…. The design must be light…



Page 7

1.2 *Truss Type 1*

*do some research on different truss types, talking about their history, structure, advantages,

disadvantages, and their applicability to this project*

The … truss is named after the arrangement of its members, as shown in Figure 1. The arrangement is

…. Each panel has …

Because of the structure, less material is needed compared to the …

The reduced length of members means …

Additionally, the shorter members…

Generally, … causes trusses to fail suddenly…

In terms of a model bridge, a … truss is a complex bridge to build

Figure 1: … Truss (Megson, 2005)



Page 8

1.3 Truss Type 2

The … truss is famous for its … Figure 3 illustrates the… In this context, the Lenticular Pony truss is

completely unsuitable... It fails to meet a wide variety of the constraints required for this project.

1.4 Truss Type 3

The … is a …, as shown in Figure 4.

The … is a relatively …. It uses more materials than a truss design with …

The design would be simple to construct because of the… but made more difficult because of the …

Figure 3: … Truss

*Maybe do 3-5 different styles*

Figure 2: G.E. Harding Bridge Patent (Mehrtens, 1900).



Page 9

1.5 Real World Trusses

1.8.1 …..

The Story Bridge, completed in 1940……

This bridge spans a total of… The placement of the applied load on traffic bridges….. As the … truss…

(Gambaro, 2010)

Figure 4: The Brisbane Story Bridge



Page 10

Aesthetic considerations are extremely important when designing superstructures…….

1.8.2 ……

Figure 5: ………….

The structure was replaced after the floods...

1.8.3 ……..

The truss type chosen was the…… with the intention of ….. While the chosen material would have to

withstand both tensile and compressive forces….



Page 11

1.6 Research Summary and Conclusions

Discuss the summary of your research

After examining five truss option……, the ….. truss is most appropriate for the ……. The…. truss was

disregarded as …….. applied to one end. This is a disadvantage as the ……. should be under ……. so as

to not break …….. Additionally, the …….. are statically indeterminate and so unusable. Hence, the

……… trusses are the only viable options.



Page 12

2. Background Research

2.1 Theory of Trusses

*Discuss the theory of trusses, what assumptions you need to make (pin joints, blah blah)*

Trusses are rigid structures used to support bridges….They are designed using triangular

configurations of members joined at their ends

To analyse a truss, there are .. assumptions made

2.2 Joints

*Research the types of joints you could use in your truss, compare advantages/disadvantages*

but don’t research these ones

Figure 6: xxxxx (Hibbeler, 2010)



Page 13

In trusses, joints are used to connect the members…... Any statically determinate truss ……. The

number of members required………..

When a load is applied to a truss………..

There are two major styles of joints…….

….. the surface area of the…… is paramount when using ….. as

An upwards longitudinally applied force, however, is treated more effectively by using this joint...

2.3 Pier

Talk about what pier you’re going to use and why

A pier is a ….. for example bridges. The… transfers the forces …… pier. Common pier types include

………. The aesthetic appeal of the pier is important when …… Piers should ….. and there should be …..

(Comprehensive Bridge Design Manual, 1997).



Page 14

2.4 Material Options

Research a couple of different materials you could use and talk about advantages/disadvantages

MATERIAL 1

…. has even and straight grains that run …., creating …. It is generally used for ….as well as s…... ….. is

a dense and therefore ……… (Susan House, 2010).

MATERIAL 2

.. is a low density soft wood …… This results in a moderately ………. ratio. It has a ……, where the grain

…….. … is ……. but more importantly ……... This implies that …….. suitable material for

……..Furthermore, it is aesthetically ……….. hardware stores.

MATERIAL 3

….is a hardwood that …….. samples vary due to the varying growth rate of trees. It has the best …..

compared to other …… (Wengert, 2005, p. 30). It is approximately………. has the ability to absorb

moisture easily…... So, it is appropriate to dry the wood out before use.

This creates a high level of ……… when loads are applied adjacent to the grain. However, this specific

type of wood is very inconsistent.

MATERIAL 4

Do a couple more



Page 15

3. Conceptual Design

After choosing materials, truss types, etc describe your conceptual design

After examining the implications of the initial research evident in the literature review……… Following

this selection, the background information and design requirements were analysed to arrive at the

conceptual design. There were …... major features of the design….

Firstly, the initial conceptual design contained …….. which was shown during testing to increase their

……..

The second major consideration of design ….. Researched had indicated that ….

Thirdly ……

The types of joints used for the deck construction ……..

The truss design developed consists of ……., for which a typical …… is appropriate

The final consideration for the conceptual design was the …….

Combining these….. considerations established the following parameters that the final design was to

adhere to. The design was to:

Have a …..

These elements were conceptually drafted to find the optimal design that satisfies both the design

team’s requirements and the criteria laid out in the project brief.



Page 16

4. Engineering Design Process

Describe the whole design process in detail. Describe your materials testing rigs, the results, and

any interesting observations you made

4.1 Materials Testing

As a part of the design process, it was necessary to choose materials…….. which were suitable for use

in the ….. After researching different materials available for construction and visiting various hardware

shops, it was determined ……. would be tested for their …….. abilities

4.1.1 Compression Test

…. planed down to … rods. ….. The compression testing rig, shown in ….. was used for these trials. It

consisted of ………..

For these trials…. were used in combination to provide the compressive force, as the weight produced

by these items could be easily measured and increased in small increments.

Each material was tested in this rig three times…. to show consistency and provide an average result.

Table 1: Average compressive force specific material withstood

Material Average Compressive Force Withstood (N)

Material 1 nope

Material 2 333.494

Material 3 nope



Page 17

The ….. compressed out of shape under the weight applied to it………

Figure 7 shows …. This may be due …..

In the truss, the members will need to withstand the force over a period

of time……. Consequently it was decided …….

Both the …. bent out of shape ……. This was deemed to be the ….. as the truss will need to maintain its

original shape.

The …….. reacted little to the force applied on them. The mass applied was not increased past …… for

safety reasons. One of the …. samples bent out of shape at a lesser weight of ………..

4.1.2 Tension Test

The next test was a tensile test for ……. Material was obtained from the hardware and was planed

down into three …….. A …. pattern was transferred onto each piece of timber, and the pattern was cut

out using a coping saw and a Stanley knife. The …… shaped material can be seen in Error! Reference

source not found..

The testing rig…….. uses a……. to apply a …….. The …..sample was gripped by…..

Each material was tested…however, additional ….. had to be cut out, as …... In order to determine the

force the material experienced the following calculation was used……

Using the dimensions of…….

Figure 7: Fractured …



Page 18

A summary of the tensile testing results can be seen in Table 2 and the full set of data may be seen in

Appendix 6.1.2.

Table 2: Average tensile force specific material withstood

The …. snapped easily when being put into the setup, and ….

…. also split in a similar way to ….. with the split appearing ……. Instead of splitting ….., the split

occurred with the grain, causing a snap to occur perpendicular ……..

4.2 More Testing

Another important factor to consider in the construction of the bridge was the material used for the

……... Compressive and tensile testing revealed the …….. The same materials were tested as earlier.

In order to replicate the actual bridge testing as closely as possible……..

The testing rig comprised of…………..

A number of images were taken during testing to visually represent the results. Below, a series of

progressive shots for …………

Material Average……

Material 1 103.6

Material 2 Nope

Material 3 Nope

Material 4 nope



Page 19

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Hm

m w

ha

t u

nit

s d

o w

e h

ave

he

re

I wonder what this is

A nice graph

The ….. results were then tabulated and graphed. Complete data tables can be found in Appendix 8.2,

and a comparative graph has been provided overleaf.

Figure 8:

Whilst it was intially decided…..

It is evident from the above graph……….



Page 20

The ….. fractured ……. In this case, the compromise between …… meant that the ….. was more

suitable. In terms of fracture, ….. failed gradually as opposed to suddenly, and this allows it to ……..

4.3 Joints Testing

In order to effectively design a truss from the most suitable components, joint testing was necessary.

This required the use of……..

In each instance, ……… was joined to …... The three glues used were the……..The glues were only

tested in tension, as compressive testing is irrelevant………

The testing rig consisted of………

The ….. were much slower drying, and adhesion was undetectable……

The … broke at …….. The …… were far less

adhesive, perhaps for the reasons regarding the

……… mentioned earlier.

It is also imperative to consider the fashion in

which the joints fractured…. The same

phenomenon was experienced across all the

glues, leading us to believe that the……..

The most interesting case, however, was that of….. left no glue on the ………

Glue Break Mass (kg)

Tensile Force (N)

I actually had like 20

different glues so this

table was massive



Page 21

4.4 Testing Implications

Discuss material/joint selection based on your testing results

When selecting materials for the truss, factors such as…….. For all the materials, regardless of

structural property, the ability ……. A conclusion was drawn that…….

The materials have to be .. ………… seem to be the most ideal materials, due to their ……….

4.5 Space Gass Analysis and Comparison

The fun part, space gass!

In addition to hand calculations being performed to find forces in members, a secondary analysis using

the computer software, Space Gass, was produced………..

Table 3: Space Gass Analysis and Comparison

Type of Force/Member Maximum value (N) Correlation (%)

Hand Calculations Space Gass Analysis

Reaction forces …… …… ……..

Chordal (Tension) …….. ……..

…..

(Compression) ….. ……….



Page 22

Vertical (Tension) …. . .

Diagonal (Compression ……. . .

It is evident here that the values do …... The reasoning behind this has to do with …….. In the hand

calculations, …..However, in Space Gass…...

This difference in ……. is the reason for ……... Materials were chosen according to the forces in

different members. During this process the values from ……., as they are ……..

4.6 Calculation Implications

Justify your material choices and things here, with all the numbers you got from spacegass/hand

calcs

The calculations (Appendix 6.4) determined the forces in the members. The maximum forces for loads

of ….. and …… are tabulated below.

Table 4: Minimum and Maximum Forces Required in Truss

Suitable materials needed to be chosen to withstand……….



Page 23

Therefore, …..was to be used for the ….. because ……..

……. was chosen for the ……. as it is the ……… and it breaks ……

4.7 Final Design

Final design description goes here

Background information, the conceptual design, materials testing and analysis of the ….. were all

factors that led to the development of the final design of the …… The final design chosen consist of

……. that are ……... The material used for ……… is …….., while the ……. are constructed from ……..



Page 24

………. were determined to be the most effective method of joining members and joint testing

supported the use of ……..

Another important design decision was made regarding ….. Preliminary calculations showed that

…….. but the …….

The detailed drawings of the final designs can be found in Appendix 8.4.

4.8 Construction Process

Detail the construction process, how you put the thing together, really good to include lots of

pictures here

A3 schematic of the final design can be found in Appendix 8.4.



Page 25

4.9 Load and Failure Prediction

Talk about where and how your design should fail

To ensure the design held the required load and failed within the given constraint……

Table 5: Comparison of breaking forces

Hence, the failure was expected to occur in the ….. at …… kg at the ……

According to the Space Gass analysis, the deflection at ….. would be …. – fulfilling the requirement

…….



Page 26

4.10 Testing Results

After you have been to testing day, talk about how it went

The constructed model observation deck was tested until failure at the QUT Laboratories….

Before the load was applied the model was weighed and given an aesthetics grade……

A side load was then applied …….

Got straight 7’s yeahhhhhh

The fracture occurred near the………

As examined in the failure predictions…..

The model was expected to break at ….., but instead broke at……



Page 27

5. Team Process

Hopefully here you can talk about how good your team was and how well you all worked together

if that wasn’t the case, talk about why not

Group Three formed ……

The group was structured loosely initially…….

From week 7 to week 9, …... Our group had become really friendly, so meetings became less

productive. Also, these weeks were spent simply having unsystematic discussions about what type of

design to build……

To amend this…… In this way, meetings were used efficiently….

Our group built bonds over the semester by sitting together in lectures, talking at lunch and going to

see the Brisbane Broncos versus Manly Sea Eagles and Gold Coast Titans versus Bulldogs double-

header – where we observed trusses at Suncorp Stadium.

Overall, the group is happy with our work together and our report.



Page 28

6. Conclusion

Conclude the whole thing

An observation deck was designed and a model constructed…….

A conceptual design was developed by the group…… the slowest to break, fulfilling the design criteria

of a slow fracture.

The use of a ….. meaning ……… in ……., meant the strength …… had less effect on the result.

The model performed successfully under testing, meeting all the design criteria, while maintaining a

relatively light weight…..

The project was deemed to be a success, as the……..



Page 29

7. Reference List

Provide good references for all your research, make sure they are legit. I’d aim to have more than

20, but more than 50 is just ridiculous. Somewhere around 30 is good. Use the right method (QUT

APA I think>?) Have some free references anyway

Amada, S. (2001). Fracture Properties of Bamboo. The Journal Of Science Direct, Volume 32

Guise, D. (2006). The Evolution of the Warren, or Triangular Truss. IA, The Journal of The Society for

Industrial Archaeology. 32(2).

Hogan, Janet (1982). Living History of Brisbane. Spring Hill, Queensland: Boolarong Publications.

p. 109. ISBN 0-908175-41-8

Waddell, J. A. L. (1916). Bridge engineering, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York.

The appendix is where you put all your detailed raw results incase someone actually wants to look

at them. It is a good idea to include minutes of your meetings as evidence you actually did work

during the semester



Page 30

8. Appendices

8.1 Materials Testing Data

Compression Test

Tension Test

8.2 More Testing Data



Page 31

8.3 Meeting Minutes

8.4 Detailed Drawings of Design

8.5 Signed Data from Testing Day

The following data is signed, demonstrating that testing and calculations were done before testing.

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ENB110 Report Skeleton

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