1. RT2451_half title page 8/4/04 1:00 PM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY
CMY K Encyclopedia of African History
2. Jacob F. Ade Ajayi Professor Emeritus, Department of History
University of Ibadan, Nigeria David M. Anderson St. Antonys
College, University of Oxford, England Guy Arnold Writer and
lecturer, London, England A. Adu Boahen Professor Emeritus,
Department of History University of Ghana Philip L. Bonner
Department of History University of Witwatersrand, Republic of
South Africa Michael Brett Department of History School of Oriental
and African Studies, London, England Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch
Laboratoire Socits en development dans lespace et les temps
Universit de Paris VIIDenis Diderot, France John Fage Centre for
West African Studies, University of Birmingham Toyin Falola
Department of History University of Texas, Austin Richard Gray
Emeritus, University of London Mark Horton Department of
Archaeology University of Bristol, England David Kiyaga-Mulindwa
University of Makerere (Uganda) Nehemia Levtzion Department of
History Hebrew University of Jerusalem Paul E. Lovejoy Department
of History University of York, Toronto, Canada Mahmood Mamdani
Department of Anthropology Columbia University, New York Shula
Marks Professor Emeritus School of Oriental and African Studies,
London, England John Middleton Suzanne Miers Professor Emeritus,
Department of History Ohio University, Athens Malyn Newitt
Department of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies Kings College
(London, England) Bethwell A. Ogot Institute of Research and
Postgraduate Studies Maseno University College, Kenya Roland Oliver
Emeritus, University of London Jack D. Parson Department of
Political Science College of Charleston, South Carolina Neil
Parsons Department of History University of Botswana John Peel
Department of Anthropology and Sociology School of Oriental and
African Studies, London, England David W. Phillipson Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology University of Cambridge, England
Richard Rathbone Department of History School of Oriental and
African Studies, London, England Andrew Roberts Emeritus,
University of London Jan Vansina Professor Emeritus, Department of
History University of Wisconsin-Madison Joseph O. Vogel Professor
Emeritus, Department of Anthropology University of Alabama,
Tuscaloosa Tom Young Department of Political Studies School of
Oriental and African Studies, London, England BOARD OF ADVISORS
RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page ii
3. RT2451_v1 Title page 8/4/04 4:04 PM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY
CMY K Fitzroy Dearborn Kevin Shillington, Editor An Imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group New York London Encyclopedia of African
History Volume 1 AG
4. Published in 2005 by Fitzroy Dearborn Taylor & Francis
Group 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 Copyright 2005 by
Taylor & Francis Group, a Division of T&F Informa. Fitzroy
Dearborn is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. Printed
in the United States of America on acid-free paper. All rights
reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia
of African history / Kevin Shillington, editor. p. cm. Includes
bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57958-245-1 (alk.
paper) 1. AfricaHistoryEncyclopedias. I. Shillington, Kevin.
DT20.E53 2004 960.03dc22 2004016779
5. v CONTENTS List of Entries AZ vii List of Entries: Thematic
xxi Introduction xxxv The Encyclopedia 1 Contributors 1741 Index
1755 RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page v
6. RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page vi
7. vii LIST OF ENTRIES A-Z (with chronological sublistings
within nation/group categories) A Abd Allah ibn Yasin: Almoravid:
Sahara Abd al-Mumin: Almohad Empire, 11401269 Abd al-Qadir Abouh,
Muhammad Abu Madian, al-Shadhili and the Spread of Susm in the
Maghrib Abuja Accra Achebe, Chinua Adal: Ibrahim, Ahmad ibn, Conict
with Ethiopia, 15261543 Addis Ababa African Development Bank
Africanus, Leo Afrikaans and Afrikaner Nationalism, Nineteenth
Century Aghlabid Amirate of Ifriqiya (800909) Agriculture, Cash
Crops, Food Security Ahidjo, Ahmadou Aid, International, NGOs and
the State Air, Sultanate of Aja-Speaking Peoples: Aja, Fon, Ewe,
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Aja-Speaking Peoples: Dahomey,
Rise of, Seventeenth Century Akan and Asante: Farmers, Traders, and
the Emergence of Akan States Akan States: Bono, Dankyira, Wassa,
Akyem, Akwamu, Fante, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries Akan
States: Eighteenth Century Akhenaten Aksum, Kingdom of Alcohol:
Popular Culture, Colonial Control Alexandria Alexandria and Early
Christianity: Egypt Algeria: Algiers and Its Capture, 18151830
Algeria: Conquest and Resistance, 18311879 Algeria: Government and
Administration, 18301914 Algeria: Muslim Population, 18711954
Algeria: European Population, 18301954 Algeria: Arabism and
Islamism Algeria, Colonial: Islamic Ideas and Movements in Algeria:
Nationalism and Reform, 19111954 Algeria: War of Independence,
19541962 Algeria: Ben Bella, Boumdienne, Era of, 1960s and 1970s
Algeria: Bendjedid and Elections, 19781990 Algeria: International
Relations, 1962Present Algeria: Islamic Salvation Front, Military
Rule, Civil War, 1990s Algiers Allada and Slave Trade All-African
Peoples Conference, 1958 Anglo-Zulu War, 18791887 Angola,
Eighteenth Century Angola: Ambaquista, Imbangala, and Long-Distance
Trade Angola: Chokwe, Ovimbundu, Nineteenth Century Angola: Slave
Trade, Abolition of Angola: Scramble Angola: New Colonial Period:
Christianity, Missionaries, Independent Churches Angola: New
Colonial Period: Economics of Colonialism Angola: New Colonial
Period: White Immigration, Mestios, Assimilated Africans Angola:
Revolts, 1961 Angola: MPLA, FNLA, UNITA, and the War of Liberation,
19611974 Angola: Independence and Civil War, 19741976 Angola: Cold
War Politics, Civil War, 19751994 Angola: Civil War: Impact of,
Economic and Social VOLUME 1 RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page
vii
8. Angola: Peace Betrayed, 1994 to the Present Antananarivo
Anti-Slavery Movement Anti-Slavery Squadron, Decline of Export
Slave Trade, Nineteenth Century Arab and Islamic World, Africa in
Arab Bedouin: Banu Hilal, Banu Sulaym, Banu Maqil (Eleventh to
Fifteenth Centuries) Armies, Colonial: Africans in Arms, Armies:
Postcolonial Africa Art and Architecture, History of African Art,
Postcolonial Asante Kingdom: Osei Tutu and Founding of Asians: East
Africa Augustine, Catholic Church: North Africa Awolowo, Obafemi
Azikiwe, Nnamdi B Bagirmi, Wadai, and Darfur Balewa, Alhaji Sir
Abubakar Bamako Banda, Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banking and Finance
Bantu Cultivators: Kenyan Highlands Barbary Corsairs and the
Ottoman Provinces: Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli in the Seventeenth
Century Beira Corridor Bello, Alhaji (Sir) Ahmadu Benin, Empire:
Origins and Growth of City State Benin, Empire: Oba Ewuare, Trade
with the Portuguese Benin Kingdom: Nineteenth Century Benin
Kingdom: British Conquest, 1897 Benin (Republic of)/Dahomey:
Colonial Period: Survey Benin (Republic of)/Dahomey: Independence,
Coups, Politics Benin, Republic of (Dahomey): Krkou, Mathieu Benin,
Republic of (Dahomey): Democratization: National Conference and,
1990s Benue Valley Peoples: Jukun and Kwarafa Berbers: Ancient
North Africa Berlin West Africa Conference, 18841885 Bhambatha
Rebellion, 1906 Blantyre Blyden, E. W. Boer Expansion: Interior of
South Africa Boganda, Barthlemy Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of:
Origins and Rise, Fifteenth Century Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of:
Mai Idris Alooma Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of: Saifawa Dynasty:
Horses, Slaves, Warfare Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of, Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Centuries Botswana: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial
Botswana: Missionaries, Nineteenth Century Botswana: Bechuanaland
Protectorate, Founding of: 18851899 Botswana (Bechuanaland
Protectorate): Colonial Period Botswana: Independence: Economic
Development, Politics Boundaries, Colonial Bourbon, Ile de France,
Seychelles: Eighteenth Century Brazzaville British Togoland
Brussels Conference and Act, 1890 Buganda: To Nineteenth Century
Bulawayo Bunyoro Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Nineteenth Century
Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Colonial Period Burkina Faso (Upper
Volta): Independence to the Present Burundi to c.1800 Burundi:
Nineteenth Century: Precolonia Burundi: Colonial Period: German and
Belgian Burundi: Independence to 1988 Burundi: 1988 to Present
Buthelezi and Inkatha Freedom Party Byzantine Africa, 533710 C
Cabinda Cairo Cameroon: Nineteenth Century Cameroon (Kamerun):
Colonial Period: German Rule Cameroon: Colonial Period: British and
French Rule Cameroon: Rebellion, Independence, Unication, 19601961
Cameroon: Independence to the Present Cape Colony: Origins,
Settlement, Trade Cape Colony: Khoi-Dutch Wars Cape Colony: Slavery
Cape Colony: British Occupation, 18061872 Cape Liberalism,
Nineteenth Century Cape Town Cape Verde, History of Carthage
Carvajal, Luis del Mrmol Casablanca Casely Hayford, Joseph Ephraim
Central Africa, Northern: Slave Raiding Central Africa, Northern:
Central Sudanic Peoples Central Africa, Northern: Chadic Peoples
LIST OF ENTRIES AZ viii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page
viii
9. Central Africa, Northern: Islam, Pilgrimage Central Africa,
Northern: Arab Penetration, Rise of Cavalry States Central African
Republic: Nineteenth Century: Baya, Banda, and Zande Central
African Republic: Colonial Period: Occupation, Resistance, Baya
Revolt, 1928 Central African Republic: Colonial Period:
Oubangui-Chari Central African Republic: Nationalism, Independence
Central African Republic: 1980s and 1990s Cetshwayo Chad,
Nineteenth Century: Kanem/Borno (Bornu) and Wadai Chad: Colonial
Period: French Rule Chad: Independence to the Present Chad: Libya,
Aozou Strip, Civil War Civil War: Postcolonial Africa Climate and
Vegetational Change in Africa Clothing and Cultural Change Cold
War, Africa and the Collaboration as Resistance Colonial European
Administrations: Comparative Survey Colonial Federations: British
Central Africa Colonial Federations: French Equatorial Africa
Colonial Federations: French West Africa Colonial Imports versus
Indigenous Crafts Colonialism: Ideology of Empire: Supremacist,
Paternalist Colonialism, Overthrow of: Nationalism and
Anticolonialism Colonialism, Overthrow of: Northern Africa
Colonialism, Overthrow of: Sub-Saharan Africa Colonialism,
Overthrow of: Thirty Years War for Southern African Liberation
Colonialism, Overthrow of: Women and the Nationalist Struggle
Colonialism, Inheritance of: Postcolonial Africa Colonialism:
Impact on African Societies Commonwealth, Africa and the Communaute
Financire Africaine Communications Community in African Society
Comoros: Before 1800 Comoros/Mayotte: Nineteenth Century to 1975
Comoros/Mayotte: Independence to the Present Conakry Concessionary
Companies Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Nineteenth Century:
Precolonial Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: De Brazza and French
Colonization Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Colonial Period:
Moyen-Congo Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: Independence,
Revolution, 19581979 Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of:
Liberalization, Rebellion, 1980s and 1990s Congo (Kinshasa),
Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Congo
(Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Congo Free State,
18851908 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Belgian
Congo: Administration and Society, 19081960 Congo (Kinshasa),
Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Belgian Congo: Colonial Economy,
19081960 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Evolus,
Politics, Independence Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic
of/Zaire: Mobutu, Zaire, and Mobutuism Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic
Republic of/Zaire: Mineral Factor Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic
Republic of/Zaire: National Conference and Politics of Opposition,
19901996 Congo (Kinshasa): Post-Mobutu Era Corruption and the
Criminalization of the Postcolonial State Cte dIvoire (Ivory
Coast): Colonization and Resistance Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast):
Colonial Period: Administration and Economy Cte dIvoire (Ivory
Coast): Independence to the Present Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast):
Parti Dmocratique de la Cte dIvoire Coups dtat and Military Rule:
Postcolonial Africa Crop Cultivation: The Evidence Crowther,
Reverend Samuel Ajayi and the Niger Mission Currencies and Banking
Cushites: Northeastern Africa: Stone Age Origins to Iron Age D
Dahomey: Eighteenth Century Dakar Dar es Salaam Debt,
International, Development and Dependency Delta States, Nineteenth
Century Democracy: Postcolonial Development, Postcolonial: Central
Planning, Private Enterprise, Investment LIST OF ENTRIES AZ ix
RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page ix
10. Diagne, Gueye, and Politics of Senegal, 1920s and 1930s
Diamonds Diaspora: Colonial Era Diaspora: Historiographical Debates
Difaqane on the Highveld Diop, Cheikh Anta Diouf, Abdou Djibouti:
Nineteenth Century to the Present: Survey Domestication, Plant and
Animal, History of Donatist Church: North Africa Douala Drama,
Film: Postcolonial Drought, Famine, Displacement Du Bois, W. E. B.
and Pan-Africanism Dube, John Langalibalele Durban E East African
Community, the, 19671977 Eastern Africa: Regional Survey Eastern
Savanna, Political Authority in Economic Community of West African
States (ECOWAS) Education in Colonial Sub-Saharan Africa Education
in Postcolonial Sub-Saharan Africa Education, Higher, in
Postcolonial Africa Education: French West Africa Education: North
Africa (Colonial and Postcolonial) Egypt, Ancient: Chronology
Egypt, Ancient: Predynastic Egypt and Nubia: Historical Outline
Egypt, Ancient: Unication of Upper and Lower: Historical Outline
Egypt, Ancient: Old Kingdom and Its Contacts to the South:
Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Middle Kingdom, Historical
Outline Egypt, Ancient: New Kingdom and the Colonization of Nubia
Egypt: Ancient: Ptolemaic Dynasty: Historical Outline Egypt,
Ancient: Roman Conquest and Occupation: Historical Outline Egypt,
Ancient, and Africa Egypt, Ancient: Agriculture Egypt, Ancient:
Architecture Egypt, Ancient: Economy: Redistributive: Palace,
Temple Egypt, Ancient: Funeral Practices and Mummication Egypt,
Ancient: Hieroglyphics and Origins of Alphabet Egypt, Ancient:
Literacy Egypt, Ancient: Religion Egypt, Ancient: Social
Organization Egypt: Arab Conquest Egypt: Arab Empire Egypt:
Tulunids and Ikhshidids, 850969 Egypt: Fatimid Caliphate Egypt:
Fatimids, Later: 10731171 Egypt: Fatimids, Later (10731171): Army
and Administration Egypt: Fatimids, Later: World Trade Egypt:
Ayyubid Dynasty, 11691250 Egypt and Africa (10001500) Egypt: Mamluk
Dynasty: Baybars, Qalawun, Mongols, 12501300 Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty
(12501517): Literature Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Army and
Iqta System Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Plague Egypt:
Ottoman, 15171798: Historical Outline Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798:
Mamluk Beylicate (c.16001798) Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Napoleon
and the French in Egypt (17981801) Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Nubia,
Red Sea Egypt under the Ottomans, 15171798: Trade with Africa
Egypt: Muhammad Ali, 18051849: Imperial Expansion Egypt: Muhammad
Ali, 18051849: State and Economy Egypt, North Africa: Scramble
Egypt: Urabi Pasha and British Occupation, 18791882 Egypt: Cromer
Administration, 18831907: Irrigation, Agriculture, and Industry
Egypt: Salayya, Muslim Brotherhood Egypt: Nationalism, World War I
and the Wafd, 18821922 Egypt: Monarchy and Parliament, 19221939
Egypt, World War II and Egypt: Printing, Broadcasting Egypt:
Nasser: Foreign Policy: Suez Canal Crisis to Six Day War, 19521970
Egypt: Nasser: High Dam, Economic Development, 19521970 Egypt:
Sadat, Nationalism, 19701981 Egypt: Mubarak, Since 1981:
Agriculture, Industry Egypt: Mubarak, Since 1981: Politics
Egyptology, From Herodotus to the Twentieth Century Environment,
Conservation, Development: Postcolonial Africa Epidemics: Malaria,
AIDS, Other Disease: Postcolonial Africa Equatorial Guinea:
Colonial Period, Nineteenth Century LIST OF ENTRIES AZ x
RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page x
11. Equatorial Guinea: Independence to the Present Equiano,
Olaudah Eritrea: Ottoman Province to Italian Colony Eritrea: 1941
to the Present Ethiopia: Muslim States, Awash Valley: Shoa, Ifat,
Fatagar, Hadya, Dawaro, Adal, Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries
Ethiopia: Aksumite Inheritance, c.8501150 Ethiopia: Zagwe Dynasty,
11501270 Ethiopia: Solomonid Dynasty, 12701550 Ethiopia: Shoan
Plateau, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries Ethiopia, c.1550c.1700
Ethiopia: Portuguese and, SixteenthSeventeenth Centuries Ethiopia:
Eighteenth Century Ethiopia: Early Nineteenth Century Ethiopia:
Tewodros II, Era of Ethiopia: Johannes IV, Era of Ethiopia: Menelik
II, Era of Ethiopia: Italian Invasion and Occupation: 19351940
Ethiopia: Land, Agriculture, Politics, 19411974 Ethiopia: Famine,
Revolution, Mengistu Dictatorship, 19741991 Ethiopia: Civil War and
Liberation (to 1993) Ethiopia: 1991 to the Present Ethiopianism and
the Independent Church Movement Europe: Explorers, Adventurers,
Traders Europe: Industrialization and Imperialism F Farming: Stone
Age Farmers of the Savanna Farming: Tropical Forest Zones Fatimid
Empire: Maghrib, 9101057 Federations and Unions, Postcolonial Fonds
dInvestment pour le Dveloppement Economique et Social (FIDES)
Forest Peoples: Sierra Leone, Liberia and Cte dIvoire (Ivory
Coast): History of to 1800 Francophonie, Africa and the Freetown
Fulbe/Fulani/Peul: Origins Fulbe/Fulani/Peul: Cattle Pastoralism,
Migration, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Funj Sultanate,
Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries Futa Jalon to 1800 Futa Jalon:
Nineteenth Century Futa Toro Futa Toro: Early Nineteenth Century G
Gabon: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Gabon: Colonial Period:
Administration, Labor the Economy Gabon: Colonial Period: Social
Transformation Gabon: Decolonization and the Politics of
Independence, 19451967 Gabon: Bongo, Omar, and the One-Party State,
1967 to the Present Gambia, The: Nineteenth Century to Independence
Gambia, The: Independence to the Present Gambia, The: Relations
with Senegal Garamantes: Early Trans-Saharan Trade Garang, John,
and the Sudan Peoples Liberation Party (SPLA) Gender and Migration:
Southern Africa Geography, Environment in African History Ghana
Empire: Historiography of Origins Ghana, Empire of: History of
Ghana (Republic of): 18001874 Ghana (Republic of): Colonization and
Resistance, 18751901 Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Colonial
Period: Administration Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Colonial
Period: Economy Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Guggisberg
Administration, 19191927 Ghana (Republic of): Nationalism, Rise of,
and the Politics of Independence Ghana, Republic of: Social and
Economic Development: First Republic Ghana, Republic of: Coups dtt,
Second Republic, 19661972 Ghana: Achaempong Regime to the Third
Republic, 19721981 Ghana: Revolution and Fourth Republic, 1981 to
Present Globalization, Africa and Gold: Akan Goldelds: 1400 to 1800
Gold: Mining Industry of Ghana: 1800 to the Present Gold:
Production and Trade: West Africa Gore-Browne, Stewart Great Lakes
Region: Growth of Cattle Herding Great Lakes Region: Karagwe,
Nkore, and Buhaya Great Lakes Region: Kitara and the Chwezi Dynasty
Great Lakes Region: Ntusi, Kibiro, and Bigo Great Zimbabwe:
Colonial Historiography Great Zimbabwe: Origins and Rise Guinea:
Colonial Period Guinea: Decolonization, Independence Guinea: Tour,
Ahmed Sekou, Era of Guinea: 1984 to the Present Guinea-Bissau:
Nineteenth Century to 1960 Guinea-Bissau: Cabral, Amlcar, PAICG,
Independence, 19611973 Guinea-Bissau: Independence to the Present
LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xi RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xi
12. H Haile Selassie I Hailey: An African Survey Hamdallahi
Caliphate, 18181862 Harare Harris, William Wade Hausa Polities:
Origins, Rise Hausa Polities: Urbanism, Industry, and Commerce
Hausa Polities: Warfare, Nineteenth Century Health: Medicine and
Disease: Colonial Health: Medicine and Disease: Postcolonial
Herding, Farming, Origins of: Sahara and Nile Valley Historiography
of Africa Historiography of Western Africa, 1790s1860s History,
African: Sources of Horton, James Africanus Beale Houphout-Boigny,
Flix Human Rights: Postcolonial Africa Humankind: Hominids, Early,
Origins of Hundred YearsWar, 17791878 Hunting, Colonial Era
Hunting, Foraging I Ibadan Ibn Battuta, Mali Empire and Ibn
Khaldun: Civilization of the Maghrib Ibn Khaldun: History of the
Berbers Ibn Tumart, Almohad Community and Identity, Political Ife,
Oyo, Yoruba, Ancient: Kingship and Art Igbo and Igala Igboland,
Nineteenth Century Igbo-Ukwu Industrialization and Development
Ingombe Ilede Iron Age and Neolithic: West Africa Iron Age (Early)
and Development of Farming in Eastern Africa Iron Age (Early):
Farming, Equatorial Africa Iron Age (Early): Herding, Farming,
Southern Africa Iron Age (Later): Central Africa Iron Age (Later):
Central Africa: Luangwa Tradition Iron Age (Later): Central Africa:
Peoples, Forest Iron Age (Later): Central Africa: Upemba Basin Iron
Age (Later): East Africa: Cattle, Wealth, Power Iron Age (Later):
East Africa: Labor, Gender, Production Iron Age (Later): East
Africa: Societies, Evolution of Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Salt
Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Trade Iron Age (Later): Southern
Africa: Characteristics and Origins, South of Zambezi Iron Age
(Later): Southern Africa: Toutswemogala, Cattle, and Political
Power Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Leopards Kopje,
Bambandyanalo, and Mapungubwe Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa:
Highveld, Emergence of States on Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa:
Southeastern Lowveld, Emergence of States on Iron Age (Later):
Southern Africa: Ethnicity, Language, Identity Iron Age (Later):
Southern Africa: Peoples Islam in Eastern Africa J Jabavu, John
Tengo Jameson Raid, Origins of South African War: 18951899
Johannesburg Johnston, Harry H. Jonathan, Chief Joseph Leabua
Journalism, African: Colonial Era Juula/Dyula K Kabarega and
Bunyoro Kagwa, Apolo Kabala Gulemye Kakungulu and the Creation of
Uganda Kampala Kanem: Origins and Growth (SixthTenth Centuries)
Kanem: Slavery and Trans-Saharan Trade Kanem: Decline and Merge
with Borno (c.1400) Kano Kasai and Kuba: Chiefdoms and Kingdom
Kaunda, Kenneth Kazembes Eastern Lunda Kenya: Nineteenth Century:
Precolonial Kenya: East African Protectorate and the Uganda Railway
Kenya: Mekatilele and Giriama Resistance, 19001920 Kenya: World War
I, Carrier Corps Kenya: Colonial Period: Economy 1920s and 1930s
Kenya: Colonial Period: Administration, Christianity, Education,
and Protest to 1940 Kenya: Mau Mau Revolt Kenya: Nationalism,
Independence Kenya: Kenyatta, Jomo: Life and Government of Kenya:
Independence to the Present Kenya: Islam LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xii
VOLUME 2 RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xii
13. Kerma and Egyptian Nubia Khama III Khartoum Kimbangu, Simon
and Kimbanguism Kimberley, Diamond Fields and Kinshasa Kongo, Teke
(Tio), and Loango: History to 1483 Kongo Kingdom: Afonso I,
Christianity, and Kingship Kongo Kingdom, 15431568 Kongo Kingdom:
Jaga Invasion to 1665 Kongo Kingdom: Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries Kouyat, Tiemoko Garan Kruger, Paul Kumasi Kush L Labor:
Cooperative Work Labor: Decline in Traditional Forms of
Exploitation Labor, Migrant Labotsibeni Lagos Lagos Colony and Oil
Rivers Protectorate Lalibela and Ethiopian Christianity Land and
Reserves, Colonial Africa Language Classication Language, Colonial
State and Law, Islamic: Postcolonial Africa Law and the Legal
System: Postcolonial Africa Legitimate Commerce and Export Slave
Trade in the Nineteenth Century Lenshina, Alice Lesotho: Treaties
and Conict on the Highveld, 18431868 Lesotho (Basutoland):
Colonization and Cape Rule, 18681884 Lesotho (Basutoland):
Peasantry, Rise of Lesotho (Basutoland): Colonial Period Lesotho:
Independence to the Present Lesotho: Nationalism and Independence
Lewanika I, the Lozi and the BSA Company Liberia, Nineteenth
Century: Origins and Foundations Liberia: Nineteenth Century:
Politics, Society, and Economics Liberia: Firestone Liberia:
Tubman, William V. S., Life and Era of Liberia: Tolbert, William
Richard, Life and Era of Liberia: Doe, Samuel K., Life and Era of
Liberia: Civil War, ECOMOG, and the Return to Civilian Rule
Libreville Libya: Yusuf Pasha Karamanli and the Ottoman
Reoccupation, 17951835 Libya: Muhammad Al-Sanusi (c. 17871859) and
the Sanusiyya Libya: Italian Invasion and Resistance, 19111931
Libya: Italian Colonization and Administration Libya: World War II
and the Kingdom of Libya, 19421969 Libya: Gadda (Qadhdha) and
Jamahiriyya (Libyan Revolution) Libya: Oil, Politics, and OPEC
Libya: Foreign Policy under Qadda Literacy and Indigenous Scripts:
Precolonial Western Africa Literacy: Vehicle for Cultural Change
Literature, Western: Africa in Livingstone, David Loango: Slave
Trade Lom Lom Conventions, the Lozi Kingdom and the Kololo Luanda
Luba: Origins and Growth Luba: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Lubumbashi Lumumba, Patrice Lunda: Mwaant Yaav (Mwata Yamvo) and
Origins Lunda: Kingdoms, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Lunda: Titles Lusaka Luthuli, Albert John Mavumbi Luwum, Janani M
Maal-Aynayn Macaulay, Herbert Madagascar: Prehistory and
Development to c.1500 Madagascar: Malagasy Kingdoms, Evolution of
Madagascar: Merina Kingdom, Nineteenth Century Madagascar: French
Conquest, Colonization Madagascar: Colonial Period: French Rule
Madagascar: Great Rebellion, 19471948 Madagascar: Reconciliation,
Reform, and Independence, 19481960 Madagascar: Independence to 1972
Madagascar: Reform and Revolution, 19721989 Madagascar: Democracy
and Development, 1990s to the Present Al-Maghili
Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie al-Maghili Maghrib, Arab Conquest of,
650715 Maghrib: Marinids, Ziyanids, and Hafsids, 12351359 Maghrib,
European Expansion into, 12501550 Maghrib: Ottoman Conquest of
Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xiii RT2451_VOL1.qxd
8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xiii
14. Maghrib: Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli under the Deys,
Husaynids, and Qaramanlis in the Eighteenth Century Maghrib: Muslim
Brotherhoods Maghrib Unity, European Union and Mai Dunama Dibalami
Makeke, Charlotte Makhanye Makenye Kalemba Malawi: Ngoni Incursions
from the South, Nineteenth Century Malawi: Long-Distance Trade,
Nineteenth Century Malawi: Missionaries and Christianity,
Nineteenth Century Malawi: Colonization and Wars of Resistance,
18891904 Malawi (Nyasaland): Colonial Period: Land, Labor, and
Taxation Malawi (Nyasaland): Colonial Period: Chilembwe Rising,
1915 Malawi (Nyasaland): Colonial Period: Federation Malawi:
Nationalism, Independence Malawi: Independence to the Present Mali
Empire, Sundiata and Origins of Mali Empire: Economy Mali Empire:
Decline, Fifteenth Century Mali (Republic of): Economy and Society,
Nineteenth Century Mali (Republic of): Alliances and Wars Mali
(Republic of): Colonial Soudan Franais Mali, Republic of:
Nationalism, Federation, Independence Mali, Republic of: Keita,
Modibo, Life and Era of Mali, Republic of: Traor, Moussa, Life and
Era of Mali, Republic of: Politics, Economics: 1990s Mandates:
League of Nations and United Nations Mandela, Nelson Mandinka
States of Gambia Mane: Migrations, Sixteenth Century, History of
Mansa Musa, Mali Empire and Manyika of Eastern Zimbabwe Maputo
Maravi: Phiri Clan, Lundu and Undi Dynasties Maravi: Zimba
Invasions Maravi: Kalonga Masula: Empire, Trade Marrakech Martial
Races Mascarene Islands Prior to the French Massassi and the Kaarta
State Massawa, Ethiopia, and the Ottoman Empire Matthews, Z. K.
Mauritania: Colonial Period: Nineteenth Century Mauritania:
Independence and Western Sahara, 19601979 Mauritania: Domestic and
International Politics and Conict, 1980s and 1990s Mauritania:
Ethnicity, Conict, Development, 1980s and 1990s Mauritius: Slavery
and Slave Society to 1835 Mauritius: Indentured Labor and Society,
18351935 Mauritius: Nationalism, Communalism, and Independence,
19351968 Mauritius: Ramgoolam, Seewoosagur, Government of
Mauritius: 1982 to the Present Mboya, Tom J. Media as Propaganda
Medical Factor in Christian Conversion Meroe: Meroitic Culture and
Economy Metalworking: Origins of Ironworking Mfecane Military:
Colonialism, Conquest, Resistance Mining Mining, Multinationals,
and Development Missionary Enterprise: Precolonial Mogadishu
Mokhehle, Ntsu Mondlane, Eduardo Monophysitism, Coptic Church,
379640 Monrovia Morocco: Sadians Morocco: Ahmad al-Mansur and
Invasion of Songhay Morocco: Maraboutic Crisis, Founding of the
Alawite Dynasty Morocco: Mawlay Ismail and Empire of Morocco: Sidi
Muhammad and Foundations of Essawira Morocco: Mawlay Sulayman, Life
and Era of Morocco: Mawlay Abd al-Rahman, Life and Era of Morocco:
Economy and Society, Nineteenth Century Morocco: Hay, Edward and
John Drummond, British Diplomatic Protection, 18291903 Morocco:
Mawlay Hasan and the Makhzen Morocco: French and Spanish
Protectorates, 19031914 Morocco: Resistance and Collaboration, Bu
Hmara to Abdelkrim (Ibn Abd el-Krim) Morocco: Lyautey, General
Hubert, and Evolution of French Protectorate, 19121950 Morocco:
Spain in Morocco and the Sahara, 19001958 Morocco: Immigration and
Colonization, 19001950 Morocco: Nationalism, Muhammad V,
Independence, 19301961 Morocco: Hassan II, Life and Government of
Morocco: Education since Independence Morocco: Economics and Social
Change since Independence Morocco: International Relations since
Independence Moshoeshoe I and the Founding of the Basotho kingdom
Mosque, Sub-Saharan: Art and Architecture of Mozambique: Nineteenth
Century, Early LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xiv RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17
PM Page xiv
15. Mozambique: Nguni/Ngoni Incursions from the South
Mozambique: Colonial Period: Labor, Migration, Administration
Mozambique: Colonial Period: Resistance and Rebellions Mozambique:
Frelimo and the War of Liberation, 19621975 Mozambique: Machel and
the Frelimo Revolution, 19751986 Mozambique: Renamo,
Destabilization Mozambique: Chissano and, 1986 to the Present
Mphahlele, Ezekiel Msiri: Yeke Kingdom Mugabe, Robert Gabriel
Multinationals and the State Museums, History of: Postcolonial
Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta Music: Postcolonial Africa Mutapa State,
14501884 Mutesa (Kabaka) N Namibia: Nineteenth Century to 1880
Namibia (Southwest Africa): German Colonization, 18931896 Namibia
(Southwest Africa): Nama and Herero Risings Namibia (Southwest
Africa): South African Rule Namibia (Southwest Africa): League of
Nations, United Nations Mandate Namibia: SWAPO and the Freedom
Struggle Namibia: Struggle for Independence, 19701990 Namibia:
Independence to the Present Napata and Meroe Natal, Nineteenth
Century Nationalism(s): Postcolonial Africa Ndongo, Kingdom of
Ngritude Neolithic North Africa Neolithic, Pastoral: Eastern Africa
Neto, Antnio Agostinho Ngugi wa Thiongo Niger Delta and Its
Hinterland: History to Sixteenth Century Niger Delta and Its
Hinterland: Peoples and States to 1800 Niger: Nineteenth Century:
Survey Niger: French Occupation and Resistance Niger: Colonial
Period to Independence Niger: Independence to Present Nigeria:
British Colonization to 1914 Nigeria: Lugard, Administration and
Indirect Rule Nigeria: World War I Nigeria: Colonial Period:
Railways, Mining, and Market Production Nigeria: Colonial Period:
Christianity and Islam Nigeria: World War II Nigeria: Colonial
Period: Intelligentsia, Nationalism, Independence Nigeria: Colonial
Period: Federation Nigeria: Conferences, Commissions, Nigerian
Constitution: 19561960 Nigeria: Federalism, Corruption, Popular
Discontent: 19601966 Nigeria: Army Nigeria: Gowon Regime, 19661975
Nigeria: Biafran Secession and Civil War, 19671970 Nigeria: Murtala
Muhammed, Obasanjo, and Return to Civilian Rule, 19751979 Nigeria:
Second Republic, 19791983 Nigeria: Agriculture, Irrigation, Rural
Development Nigeria: Industry, Oil, Economy Nigeria: Military Rule,
19831999 Nigeria: Opposition, 1990s, to the Fourth Republic
Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Origins, Pastoralism, Migration Nilotes,
Eastern Africa: Eastern Nilotes: Ateker (Karimojong) Nilotes,
Eastern Africa: Maasai Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Southern Nilotes:
Kalenjin, Dadog, Pokot Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Western Nilotes:
Luo Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Western Nilotes: Shilluk, Nuer, Dinka,
Anyuak Njinga Mbande Nkomo, Joshua Mgabuko Nyogolo Nkrumah, Kwame
Nkumbula, Harry Mwaanga Nobadia, Makurra and Alwa Nok Culture:
Terracotta, Iron Nonqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing, 1857
North Africa, Ancient: Urbanization North Africa: Roman Occupation,
Empire Northern Africa Nubia: Relations with Egypt
(SeventhFourteenth Centuries) Nubia: Banu Kanz, Juhayna,
Arabization of the Nilotic Sudan (FourteenthEighteenth Centuries)
Nujoma, Sam Nyabingi Cult and Resistance Nyanga Hills Nyerere,
Julius O Obasanjo, Olusegun Obote, Milton Odinga, A. Oginga Oil
Olduwan and Acheulian: Early Stone Age Olympio, Sylvanus LIST OF
ENTRIES AZ xv RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xv
16. Organization of African Unity (OAU) and Pan- Africanism
Oromo: Origins, Social and Economic Organization Oromo: Migration
and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Ovimbundu States
LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xvi VOLUME 3 P Pan-African Technical
Organizations and Associations Peacekeeping: Postcolonial Africa
Peasant Production, Colonial: Cash Crops and Transport Peasant
Production, Colonial: Food, Markets: West Africa Peasant
Production, Postcolonial: Markets and Subsistence Pedi Kingdom, and
Transvaal, 18221879 Permanent Settlement, Early Phelps-Stokes
Commission 25 Plaatje, Sol T. Plantations and Labor, Colonial
Policing, Colonial Polisario and the Western Sahara Political
Elites and Patronage: Postcolonial Africa Political Identity
Political Parties and One-Party States Political Systems Population
and Demography Port Harcourt Portugal: Exploration and Trade in the
Fifteenth Century Press: Northern Africa Press: Southern Africa
Press: Tropical Africa Pretoria Production and Exchange,
Precolonial Professions, Africans in: Colonial Punt and Its
Neighbors Q Qayrawan R Rabih ibn Fadl Allah Railways Ramphele, Dr.
Mamphela Aletta Ramses II Rawlings, Jerry John Refugees Religion,
Colonial Africa: Conversion to World Religions Religion, Colonial
Africa: Independent, Millenarian/Syncretic Churches Religion,
Colonial Africa: Indigenous Religion Religion, Colonial Africa:
Islamic Orders and Movements Religion, Colonial Africa:
Missionaries Religion, Colonial Africa: Prophetic Movements
Religion, Colonial Africa: Religious Responses to Colonial Rule
Religion, History of Religion: Indigenous Beliefs: Sub-Saharan
Africa Religion: Islam, Growth of: Western Africa Religion,
Postcolonial Africa: African Theology, Indigenization Religion,
Postcolonial Africa: Independence and Churches, Mission-Linked and
Independent Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Islam Religion,
Postcolonial Africa: Neo-Pentecostalism Religion, Postcolonial
Africa: Church and State Relations Resettlement of Recaptives:
Freetown, Libreville, Liberia, Freretown, Zanzibar Resistance to
Colonialism Runion: Nineteenth Century to 1946 Runion: 1946 to the
Present Rhodes, Cecil J. Rhodes, Jameson, and the Seizure of
Rhodesia Rinderpest and Smallpox: East and Southern Africa Rock
Art, Saharan Rock Art: Eastern Africa Rock Art: Southern Africa
Rock Art: Western and Central Africa Royal Niger Company, 18861898
Rudd Concession, 1888 Rumfa, Muhammad Rural Development,
Postcolonial Rwanda: To 1800 Rwanda: Precolonial, Nineteenth
Century Rwanda: Colonial Period: German and Belgian Rule Rwanda:
Civil Unrest and Independence: 19591962 Rwanda: 19621990 Rwanda:
Genocide, 1994 Rwanda: Genocide, Aftermath of S Sahara: Peoples of
the Desert Sahara: Salt: Production, Trade Sahara: Trans-Saharan
Trade Salah al-Din/Saladin Samkange, Rev. D. T. Sanhaja So Tom and
Prncipe, to 1800 So Tom and Prncipe, 1800 to the present
Sassou-Nguesso, Denis Savimbi, Jonas RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17
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17. Schreiner, Olive Emilie Albertina Segu: Origins and Growth
of a Bamana Kingdom Sena, Tete, Portuguese and Prazos Senegal:
Nineteenth Century Senegal: Faidherbe, Louis and Expansion of
French Senegal, 18541865 Senegal: Colonial Period: Railways
Senegal: Colonial Period: Four Communes: Dakar, Saint-Louis, Gore,
and Rusque Senegal: World War I Senegal: Colonial Period:
Administration and Assimilation Senegal: Colonial Period: Economy
Senegal: World War II Senegal: Nationalism, Federation, and
Independence Senegal: Independence to the Present Senegal:
Casamance Province, Conict in Senghor, Lopold Sdar Seychelles: 1770
to 1960 Seychelles: Independence, Revolution, and Restoration of
Democracy, 1960 to Present Shaka and Zulu Kingdom, 18101840 Sierra
Leone: Origins, 17871808 Sierra Leone: Development of the Colony,
Nineteenth Century Sierra Leone: Christianity, Education, Krio
Diaspora Sierra Leone: Temne, Mende, and the Colony Sierra Leone:
Protectorate: Administration and Government Sierra Leone:
Protectorate: Economy Sierra Leone: Margai, Sir Milton:
Independence, Government of Sierra Leone: Stevens, Siaka and the
All Peoples Congress Sierra Leone: Momoh, Joseph Saidu: Regime,
19861992 Sijilmasa, Zawila: Trans-Saharan Trade Sirikwa and
Engaruka: Dairy Farming, Irrigation Slave Trade: Arms, Ivory, and
(East and Central Africa) Slave Trade: Arms, Ivory, and (Southern
Africa) Slavery in African Society Slavery, Atlantic Basin in the
Era of Slavery, Atlantic Trade: Problems of Scale Slavery: Atlantic
Trade: Transatlantic Passage Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Effects in
Africa and the Americas Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Opposition,
African Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Abolition: Philanthropy or
Economics? Slavery, Abolition of: East and West Africa Slavery:
Mediterranean, Red Sea, Indian Ocean Slavery: Trans-Saharan Trade
Slavery: East Africa: Eighteenth Century Slavery, Plantation: East
Africa and the Islands Slavery, Colonial Rule and Smuts, Jan C.
Soba and Dongola Sobukwe, Robert and the Pan-Africanist Congress
Socialism in Postcolonial Africa Soga, Tiyo Sokoto Caliphate:
Hausa, Fulani and Founding of Sokoto Caliphate, Nineteenth Century
Soldiers, African: Overseas Somalia: Pastoralism, Islam, Commerce,
Expansion: To 1800 Somalia: Nineteenth Century Somalia: Hassan,
Muhammad Abdile and Resistance to Colonial Conquest Somalia:
Independence, Conict, and Revolution Somalia: Barr, Mohamed Siad,
Life and Government of Somalia: 1990 to the Present Songhay Empire,
Gao and Origins of Songhay Empire: Sunni Ali and the Founding of
Empire Songhay Empire: Ture, Muhammad and the Askiya Dynasty
Songhay Empire: Moroccan Invasion, 1591 Soshangane, Umzila,
Gungunhane and the Gaza State South Africa: Missionaries:
Nineteenth Century South Africa: Confederation, Disarmament and the
First Anglo-Boer War, 18711881 South Africa: Gold on the
Witwatersrand, 18861899 South Africa: Peasantry, African South
African War, 18991902 South Africa: Peace, Reconstruction, Union:
19021910 South Africa: Gandhi, Indian Question South Africa:
Colored Identity South Africa: African National Congress South
Africa: Industrial and Commercial Workers Union South Africa:
Afrikaner Nationalism, Broederbond and National Party, 19021948
South Africa: World Wars I and II South Africa: Segregation,
Political Economy of South Africa: Industry, Labor, Urbanization,
19401946 South Africa: Capitalist Farming, Poor Whites, Labor South
Africa: Apartheid, 19481859 South Africa: Homelands and Bantustans
South Africa: Mining South Africa: Rural Protest and Violence:
1950s South Africa: Deance Campaign, Freedom Charter, Treason
Trials: 19521960 South Africa: Apartheid, Education and South
Africa: Sharpeville Massacre South Africa: Soweto Uprising South
Africa: Africa Policy South Africa: Antiapartheid Struggle:
Townships, the 1980s South Africa: Antiapartheid Struggle,
International LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xvii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17
PM Page xvii
18. South Africa: Transition, 19901994 South Africa: 1994 to
the Present Southern Africa: Regional Survey Southern African
Development Community Soviet Union and Africa Soyinka, Wole K.
Sports: Postcolonial Africa Stanley, Leopold II, Scramble Stone
Age, Middle: Cultures Stone Age (Later): Central and Southern
Africa Stone Age (Later): Eastern Africa Stone Age (Later): Nile
Valley Stone Age (Later): Sahara and North Africa Stone Age, Later:
Western Africa Sudan: Turco-Egyptian Period, 18201885 Sudan:
Mahdist State, 18811898 Sudan: Omdurman and Reconquest Sudan:
Condominium Period: Administration, Legacy in South Sudan:
Condominium Period: Economy Sudan: Civil War, Independence,
Military Rule, 19551964 Sudan: October Revolution, 1964 Sudan:
Nimeiri, Peace, the Economy Sudan: Cotton, Irrigation, and Oil,
1970s Sudan: Sadiq Al-Mahdi Regime, 1980s Sudan: Turabis
Revolution, Islam, Power Sudan: Civil War: 1990s Suez Canal
Swahili: Azania to 1498 Swahili, Portuguese and: 14981589 Swahili:
Mombasa, Fort Jesus, the Portuguese, 15891698 Swahili Language
Swaziland: Sobhuza I, Foundation of Ngwane Kingdom Swaziland: Swazi
Kingdom, Survival of, 18391879 Swaziland: Concessions, Annexation,
18801902 Swaziland: Colonial Period: Land, Labor, Administration
Swaziland: Kingship, Constitution, Independence Swaziland: Sobhuza
II, Life and Government of Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of T
Tanganyika (Tanzania): Early Nineteenth Century Tanganyika
(Tanzania): Ngoni Incursion from the South Tanganyika (Tanzania):
Nyamwezi and Long- Distance Trade Tanganyika (Tanzania): German
Invasion and Resistance Tanganyika (Tanzania): Maji Maji Rebellion,
19051907 Tanganyika (Tanzania): German Rule: Land, Labor, and
Economic Transformation Tanganyika (Tanzania): World War I
Tanganyika (Tanzania): Colonial Period, British: Indirect Rule
Tanganyika (Tanzania): Colonial Period, British: Economy Tanganyika
(Tanzania): African Association, 19291948 Tanganyika (Tanzania):
Nationalism, TANU, Independence Tangier Tanzania (Tanganyika):
Arusha Declaration Tanzania (Tanganyika): Chama Cha Mapinduzi
(CCM), One-Party Politics Tanzania (Tanganyika): Uganda, Relations
with Tanzania (Tanganyika): Democracy and Capitalism: 1990 to the
Present Taxation Taylor, Charles Thuku, Harry Timbuktu Tippu Tip
(Muhammed bin Hamed) Togo: German Colonial Rule Togo: Colonial
Period: Dual Mandate, 19191957 Togo: Eyadma, Gnassingb, Life and
Era of President of Togo Toivo ya Toiva, Andimba Tombalbaye, F.
Ngarta Tonga, Ila, and Cattle Torwa, Changamire Dombo, and the
Rovzi Tour, Samori (c. 18301900) and His Empire Tourism Trade
Unions: Postcolonial Trades Unionism and Nationalism Transportation
Infrastructure Transportation: Postcolonial Africa Tripoli Tuareg:
Takedda and Trans-Saharan Trade Tuareg: Traders, Raiders, and the
Empires of Mali and Songhay Tuareg: Twentieth Century Tukolor
Empire of al-Hajj Umar Tunis Tunisia: Ahmad Bey and Army Reform
Tunisia: Khayr al-Din and Constitutional and Administrative Reform,
18551878 Tunisia: French Protectorate,18781900 Tunisia: Immigration
and Colonization, 18811950 Tunisia: Nationalism, Growth of,
18811934 Tunisia: Neo-Destour and Independence, 19341956 Tunisia:
Bourguiba, Presidency of: Government and Opposition Tunisia:
Bourguiba, Presidency of: Economic and Social Change Tunisia: Ben
Ali, Liberalization Tunisia: Educational Policy and Development
Since Independence Tunisia: Modern International Relations Tutu,
Desmond LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xviii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM
Page xviii
19. U Uganda: Early Nineteenth Century Uganda: Mwanga and
Buganda, 1880s Uganda: Colonization, Resistance, Uganda Agreement,
18901900 Uganda: Colonial Period: Administration, Economy Uganda:
Colonial Period: Northern Uganda Uganda: Education Uganda: Buganda
Agreement, Political Parties, Independence Uganda: Obotes First
Regime, 19621971 Uganda: Amin Dada, Idi: Coup and Regime, 19711979
Uganda: Tanzanian Invasion, 19791980 Uganda: Obote: Second Regime,
19801985 Uganda: National Resistance Movement and the Winning of
Political Power Uganda: Reconstruction: Politics, Economics Uganda:
Conict, Regional since 1990 Union Douanire et Economique de
LAfrique Centrale (UDEAC) Upare, Usambara, Kilimanjaro Urbanization
and Site Hierarchy: West Africa: Savannah and Sahel Urbanization:
Colonial Context Urbanization, Housing and Employment Uthman dan
Fodio V Vandals and North Africa, 429533 Verwoerd, H. F. W
Wallace-Johnson, I. T. A. and Radical Politics: West Africa: 1930s
Water Supplies and Schemes Welensky, Roy Western Sahara: Nineteenth
Century to the Present White Settler Factor: Economic and Political
Wolof and Jolof Empires Women: History and Historiography World
Bank, International Monetary Fund, and Structural Adjustment World
History, Africa in World War I: Survey World War I: North and
Saharan Africa World War II: French West Africa, Equatorial Africa
World War II: North Africa World War II: Sub-Saharan Africa:
Economic Impact Y Yaound Yoruba-Speaking Peoples Yoruba States: Oyo
Yoruba States (Other Than Ife and Oyo) Yoruba States: Trade and
Conict, Nineteenth Century Yusuf ibn Tashn: Almoravid Empire:
Maghrib: 10701147 Z Zaire: Politics, Regional Zambia: Early
Nineteenth Century: Survey Zambia: Long-Distance Trade, Nineteenth
Century Zambia: Ngoni Incursion from the South Zambia (Northern
Rhodesia): British Occupation, Resistance: 1890s Zambia (Northern
Rhodesia): Colonial Period: Administration, Economy Zambia
(Northern Rhodesia): Copperbelt Zambia (Northern Rhodesia):
Mineworkers Strikes: 1935, 1940 Zambia (Northern Rhodesia):
Federation, 19531963 Zambia: Nationalism, Independence Zambia:
Religious Movements Zambia: First Republic, 19641972: Development
and Politics Zambia: Second Republic, 19731991 Zambia: 1991 to the
Present Zanzibar (City) Zanzibar: Busaidi Sultanate in East Africa
Zanzibar: Trade: Slaves, Ivory Zanzibar: Britain, Germany, Scramble
Zanzibar: Colonial Period Zanzibar: Revolution and Union (Tanzania)
Zimbabwe: Nineteenth Century, Early Zimbabwe: Incursions from the
South, Ngoni and Ndebele Zimbabwe: 1880s Zimbabwe (Southern
Rhodesia): Ndebele and Shona Risings: First Chimurenga Zimbabwe
(Southern Rhodesia): Colonial Period: Land, Tax, Administration
Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): African Political and Trades Union
Movements, 1920s and 1930s Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia):
Urbanization and Conict, 1940s Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia):
Federation Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Nationalist Politics,
1950s and 1960s Zimbabwe (Rhodesia): Unilateral Declaration of
Independence and the Smith Regime, 19641979 Zimbabwe: Second
Chimurenga, 19661979 Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, Lancaster House
and Independence, 19781980 Zimbabwe: Conict and Reconstruction,
1980s Zimbabwe: Since 1990 LIST OF ENTRIES AZ xix RT2451_VOL1.qxd
8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xix
20. RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xx
21. xxi LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC Early Prehistory Climate and
Vegetational Change Humankind: Hominids, Early: Origins of Olduwan
and Acheulian: Early Stone Age Permanent Settlement, Early Rock
Art: Eastern Africa Rock Art, Saharan Rock Art: Southern Africa
Rock Art: Western and Central Africa Stone Age (Later): Central and
Southern Africa Stone Age (Later): Eastern Africa Stone Age
(Later): Nile Valley Stone Age (Later): Sahara and North Africa
Stone Age (Later): Western Africa Stone Age, Middle: Cultures Later
Prehistory and Ancient History Akhenaten Aksum, Kingdom of
Alexandria and Early Christianity: Egypt Augustine, Catholic
Church: North Africa Berbers: Ancient North Africa Byzantine
Africa, 533710 Carthage Crop Cultivation: The Evidence
Domestication, Plant and Animal, History of Donatist Church: North
Africa Egypt, Ancient, and Africa Egypt, Ancient: Agriculture
Egypt, Ancient: Architecture Egypt, Ancient: Chronology Egypt,
Ancient: Economy: Redistributive: Palace, Temple Egypt, Ancient:
Funeral Practices and Mummication Egypt, Ancient: Hieroglyphics and
Origins of Alphabet Egypt, Ancient: Literacy Egypt, Ancient: Middle
Kingdom: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: New Kingdom and the
Colonization of Nubia Egypt, Ancient: Old Kingdom and its Contacts
to the South: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Predynastic Egypt
and Nubia: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Ptolemaic Dynasty:
Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Religion Egypt, Ancient: Roman
Conquest and Occupation: Historical Outline Egypt, Ancient: Social
Organization Egypt, Ancient: Unication of Upper and Lower:
Historical Outline Egyptology, from Herodotus to Twentieth Century
Farming: Stone Age Farmers of the Savanna Farming: Tropical Forest
Zones Garamantes: Early Trans-Saharan Trade Herding, Farming,
Origins of: Sahara and Nile Valley Hunting, Foraging Igbo-Ukwo Iron
Age (Early): Farming, Eastern Africa Iron Age (Early): Farming,
Equatorial Africa Iron Age (Early): Herding, Farming, Southern
Africa Iron Age and Neolithic: West Africa Kerma and Egyptian Nubia
Kush Meroe: Meroitic Culture and Economy Metalworking: Origins of
Ironworking Monophysitism, Coptic Church, 379640 Napata and Meroe
Neolithic North Africa Neolithic, Pastoral: Eastern Africa Nok
Culture: Terra-Cotta, Iron North Africa, Ancient: Urbanization
North Africa: Roman Occupation, Empire Punt and Its Neighbors
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22. Ramses II Soba and Dongola Urbanization and Site Hierarchy:
West Africa: Savanna and Sahel Vandals: North Africa Iron Age to
End of the Eighteenth Century: Central and Southern Africa Angola,
Eighteenth Century Cape Colony: Khoi-Dutch Wars Cape Colony:
Origins, Settlement, Trade Cape Colony: Slavery Great Zimbabwe:
Colonial Historiography Great Zimbabwe: Origins and Rise Ingombe
Ilede Iron Age (Later): Central Africa Iron Age (Later): Central
Africa: Luangwa Tradition Iron Age (Later): Central Africa:
Peoples, Forest Iron Age (Later): Central Africa: Upemba Basin Iron
Age (Later): Southern Africa: Characteristics and Origins, South of
Zambezi Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Ethnicity, Language,
Identity Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Highveld, Emergence of
States on Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Leopards Kopje,
Bambandyanalo and Mapungubwe Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa:
Peoples Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Southeastern Lowveld,
Emergence of States on Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa:
Toutswemogala, Cattle, and Political Power Kasai and Kuba:
Chiefdoms and Kingdom Kazembes Eastern Lunda Kongo Kingdom,
15431568 Kongo Kingdom: Afonso I, Christianity and Kingship Kongo
Kingdom: Jaga Invasion to 1665 Kongo Kingdom: Seventeenth and
Eighteenth Centuries Kongo, Teke (Tio) and Loango: History to 1483
Loango: Slave Trade Luba: Origins and Growth Luba: Seventeenth and
Eighteenth Centuries Lunda: Kingdoms, Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries Lunda: Mwaant Yaav (Mwata Yamvo) and Origins Lunda:
Titles Manyika of Eastern Zimbabwe Maravi: Kalonga Masula: Empire,
Trade Maravi: Phiri Clan, Lundu and Undi Dynasties Maravi: Zimba
Invasions Mutapa State, 14501884 Ndongo, Kingdom of Njinga Mbande
Nyanga Hills Ovimbundu States Rwanda: To 1800 Sena, Tete,
Portuguese, and Prazos Torwa, Changamire Dombo and the Rovzi Iron
Age to End of Eighteenth Century: Eastern and North Central Africa
Adal: Ibrahim, Ahmad ibn, Conict with Ethiopia, 15261543 Bagirmi,
Wadai and Darfur Bantu Cultivators: Kenyan Highlands Bourbon, Ile
de France, Seychelles: Eighteenth Century Buganda to the Nineteenth
Century Bunyoro Burundi to c.1800 Central Africa, Northern: Arab
Penetration, Rise of Cavalry States Central Africa, Northern:
Central Sudanic Peoples Central Africa, Northern: Chadic Peoples
Central Africa, Northern: Islam, Pilgrimage Central Africa,
Northern: Slave Raiding Comoros: Before 1800 Cushites: Northeastern
Africa: Stone Age Origins to Iron Age Eastern Savanna, Political
Authority in Ethiopia, c.1550c.1700 Ethiopia: Aksumite Inheritance,
c.8501150 Ethiopia: Eighteenth Century Ethiopia: Muslim States,
Awash Valley: Shoa, Ifat, Fatagar, Hadya, Dawaro, Adal, Ninth to
Sixteenth Centuries Ethiopia, Portuguese and, Sixteenth to
Seventeenth Centuries Ethiopia: Shoan Plateau, Fifteenth and
Sixteenth Centuries Ethiopia: Solomonid Dynasty, 1270c.1550
Ethiopia: Zagwe Dynasty, 11501270 Great Lakes Region: Cattle
Herding Great Lakes Region: Karagwe, Nkore and Buhaya Great Lakes
Region: Kitara and the Chwezi Dynasty Great Lakes Region: Ntusi,
Kibiro and Bigo Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Cattle, Wealth,
Power Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Labor, Gender, Production Iron
Age (Later): East Africa: Salt Iron Age (Later): East Africa:
Societies, Evolution of Iron Age (Later): East Africa: Trade Islam:
Eastern Africa Lalibela and Ethiopian Christianity Madagascar:
Malagasy Kingdoms, Evolution of Madagascar: Prehistory and
Development to c.1500 Mascerene Islands prior to the French LIST OF
ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page
xxii
23. Massawa, Ethiopia and the Ottoman Empire Nilotes, Eastern
Africa: Eastern Nilotes: Ateker (Karimojong) Nilotes, Eastern
Africa: Maasai Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Origins, Pastoralism,
Migration Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Southern Nilotes: Kalenjin,
Dadog, Pokot Nilotes, Eastern Africa: Western Nilotes: Luo Nilotes,
Eastern Africa: Western Nilotes: Shilluk, Nuer, Dinka, Anyuak
Oromo: Migration and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Oromo: Origins, Social and Economic Organization Sirikwa and
Engaruka: Dairy Farming, Irrigation Slavery: East Africa:
Eighteenth Century Slavery, Plantation: East Africa and the Islands
Somalia: Pastoralism, Islam, Commerce, Expansion: To 1800 Swahili:
Azania to 1498 Swahili: Mombasa, Fort Jesus, the Portuguese,
15891698 Swahili, Portuguese and: 14981589 Upare, Usambara,
Kilimanjaro Iron Age to End of Eighteenth Century: North Africa Abd
Allah ibn Yasin: Almoravid: Sahara Abd al-Mumin: Almohad Empire,
11401269 Abu Madian, al-Shadhili and the Spread of Susm in the
Maghrib Aghlabid Amirate of Ifriqiya (800909) Arab Bedouin: Banu
Hilal, Banu Sulaym, Banu Maqil (Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries)
Barbary Corsairs and the Ottoman Provinces: Algiers, Tunis, and
Tripoli in the Seventeenth Century Egypt and Africa (10001500)
Egypt: Arab Conquest Egypt: Arab Empire (640850) Egypt: Ayyubid
Dynasty, 11691250 Egypt: Fatimid Caliphate Egypt: Fatimids, Later:
10731171 Egypt: Fatimids, Later: Army and Administration Egypt:
Fatimids, Later: World Trade Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Army
and Iqta System Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Baybars, Qalawun,
Mongols, 12501300 Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Literature
Egypt: Mamluk Dynasty (12501517): Plague Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798:
Historical Outline Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Mamluk Beylicate
(c.16001798) Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Napoleon and the French in
Egypt (17981801) Egypt: Ottoman, 15171798: Nubia, Red Sea Egypt:
Ottoman, 15171798: Trade with Africa Egypt: Tulunids and
Ikhshidids, 850969 Fatimid Empire: Maghrib, 9101057 Funj Sultanate,
Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries Ibn Khaldun: Civilization of the
Maghrib Ibn Khaldun: History of the Berbers Ibn Tumart, Almohad
Community and Maghrib: Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli under the Deys
Husaynids and Karamanlis in the Eighteenth Century Maghrib: Arab
Conquest of, 650715 Maghrib: European Expansion into, 12501550
Maghrib: Marinids, Ziyanids, and Hafsids, 12351359 Maghrib: Muslim
Brotherhoods Maghrib: Ottoman Conquest of Algiers, Tripoli, and
Tunis Marrakech Morocco: Ahmad al-Mansur and Invasion of Songhay
Morocco: Maraboutic Crisis, Founding of the Alawite Dynasty
Morocco: Mawlay Ismail and Empire of Morocco: Saadians Morocco:
Sidi Muhammad and Foundations of Essawira Nobadia, Makurra and Alwa
Nubia: Banu Kanz, Juhayna, Arabization of the Nilotic Sudan Nubia:
Relations with Egypt (Seventh to Fourteenth Centuries) Qayrawan
Salah al-Din/Saladin Sahara: Peoples of the Desert Sahara: Salt:
Production, Trade Sahara: Trans-Saharan Trade Sijilmasa, Zawila:
Trans-Saharan Trade Yusuf ibn Tashn: Almoravid Empire: Maghrib:
10701147 Iron Age to End of Eighteenth Century: Western Africa
Africanus, Leo Air, Sultanate of Aja-Speaking Peoples: Aja, Fon,
Ewe, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Aja-Speaking Peoples:
Dahomey, Rise of, Seventeenth Century Akan and Asante: Farmers,
Traders, Emergence of Akan States Akan States: Bono, Dankyira,
Wassa, Akyem, Akwamu, Fante, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries
Akan States: Eighteenth Century Allada and Slave Trade LIST OF
ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxiii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page
xxiii
24. Asante Kingdom: Osei Tutu and Founding of Benin Empire: Oba
Ewuare, Trade with the Portuguese Benin Empire: Origins and Growth
of City State Benue Valley Peoples: Jukun and Kwarafa Borno
(Bornu), Sultanate of: Mai Idris Aloma Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of:
Origins and Rise, Fifteenth Century Borno (Bornu), Sultanate of:
Saifawa Dynasty: Horses, Slaves, Warfare Borno (Bornu), Sultanate
of, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Carvajal, Luis del Mrml
Dahomey: Eighteenth Century Equiano, Olaudah Forest Peoples: Sierra
Leone, Liberia, and Ivory Coast: History of to 1800
Fulbe/Fulani/Peul: Cattle Pastoralism, Migration, Seventeenth and
Eighteenth Centuries Fulbe/Fulani/Peul: Origins Futa Jalon to 1800
Futa Toro Futa Toro: Nineteenth Century Ghana, Empire:
Historiography of Origins Ghana, Empire: History of Gold: Akan
Goldelds: 1400 to 1800 Gold: Production and Trade: West Africa
Hausa Polities: Origins, Rise Hausa Polities: Urbanism, Industry,
and Commerce Hausa Polities: Warfare, Nineteenth Century Ibn
Battuta, Mali Empire and Ife, Oyo, Yoruba, Ancient: Kingship and
Art Igbo and Igala Juula/Dyula Kanem: Decline, Merge with Borno
(c.1400) Kanem: Origins and Growth (Sixth to Tenth Centuries)
Kanem: Slavery and Trans-Saharan Trade Literacy and Indigenous
Scripts: Precolonial West Africa al-Maghili Mai Dunama Dibalami
Mali Empire: Decline, Fifteenth Century Mali Empire: Economy Mali
Empire, Sundiata and Origins of Mandinka States of the Gambia Mane:
Migrations, Sixteenth Century, History of Mansa Musa, Mali Empire
and Massassi and the Kaarta State Niger Delta and its Hinterland:
History to Sixteenth Century Niger Delta and its Hinterland:
Peoples and States to 1800 Portugal: Exploration and Trade in the
Fifteenth Century Religion: Indigenous Beliefs: Sub-Saharan Africa
Religion: Islam, Growth of: Western Africa Rumfa, Muhammad So Tom
and Principe to 1800 Slavery: Trans-Saharan Trade Slavery in
African Society Sanhaja Segu: Origins and Growth of a Bamana
Kingdom Slavery, Atlantic Basin in the Era of Slavery: Atlantic
Trade: Abolition: Philanthropy or Economics? Slavery: Atlantic
Trade: Effects in Africa and the Americas Slavery: Atlantic Trade:
Opposition, African Slavery: Atlantic Trade: Transatlantic Passage
Slavery: Mediterranean, Red Sea, Indian Ocean Songhay Empire, Gao
and Origins of Songhay Empire: Moroccan Invasion, 1591 Songhay
Empire: Sonni Ali and the Founding of Empire Songhay Empire: Ture,
Muhammad and the Askiya dynasty Timbuktu Tuareg: Takedda and
Trans-Saharan Trade Tuareg: Traders, Raiders, and the Empires of
Mali and Songhay Wolof and Jolof Empire Yoruba States (Other Than
Ife and Oyo) Yoruba States: Oyo Yoruba-Speaking Peoples Beginnings
of European Imperialism Antislavery Movement Antislavery Squadron,
Decline of Export Slave Trade, Nineteenth Century Europe:
Industrialization and Imperialism Europe: Explorers, Adventurers,
Traders Legitimate Commerce, Export Slave Trade, Nineteenth Century
Livingstone, David Medical Factor in Christian Conversion
Missionary Enterprise: Precolonial Resettlement of Re-Captives:
Freetown, Libreville, Liberia, Freretown, Zanzibar Slave Trade:
Arms, Ivory, and (East and Central Africa) Slave Trade: Arms,
Ivory, and (Southern Africa) Slavery, Abolition of: East and West
Africa The Scramble Berlin West Africa Conference, 18841885
Boundaries, Colonial Brussels Conference and Act, 1890
Collaboration as Resistance LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxiv
RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxiv
25. Egypt, North Africa: Scramble Johnston, Harry H. Military:
Colonialism, Conquest, Resistance Resistance to Colonialism Era of
Colonialism Alcohol: Popular Culture, Colonial Control Armies,
Colonial: Africans in Asians: East Africa Clothing and Cultural
Change Colonial Administrations, Africans in Colonial European
Administrations: Comparative Survey Colonial Federations: British
Central Africa Colonial Federations: French Equatorial Africa
Colonial Federations: French West Africa Colonial Imports versus
Indigenous Crafts Colonialism: Ideology of Empire: Supremacist,
Paternalist Colonialism: Impact on African societies Colonialism,
Overthrow of: Nationalism and Anticolonialism Colonialism,
Overthrow of: Northern Africa Colonialism, Overthrow of:
Sub-Saharan Africa Colonialism, Overthrow of: Thirty Years War for
Southern African Liberation Colonialism, Overthrow of: Women and
the Nationalist Struggle Concessionary Companies Currencies and
Banking Diaspora: Colonial Era DuBois, W. E. B. and Pan-Africanism
Education in Colonial Sub-Saharan Africa Education: French West
Africa Education: North Africa (Colonial and Postcolonial)
Ethnicity, Tribalism: Colonial Experience Fonds dInvestment pour le
Dveloppement Economique et Social Hailey: An African Survey
Hunting, Colonial Era Journalism, African: Colonial Era Labor:
Decline in Traditional Forms of Exploitation Labor, Migrant Land
and Reserves in Colonial Africa Language, Colonial State and
Literacy: Vehicle for Cultural Change Literature, Western: Africa
in Mandates: League of Nations and United Nations Martial Races
Media as Propaganda Mining Peasant Production, Colonial: Cash Crops
and Transport Peasant Production: Food, Markets: West Africa
Phelps-Stokes Commission Plantations and Labor, Colonial Policing,
Colonial Professions, Africans in: Colonial Railways Religion,
Colonial Africa: Conversion to World Religions Religion, Colonial
Africa: Indigenous Religion Religion, Colonial Africa: Independent,
Millenarian/Syncretic Churches Religion, Colonial Africa: Islamic
Orders and Movements Religion, Colonial Africa: Missionaries
Religion, Colonial Africa: Prophetic Movements Religion, Colonial
Africa: Religious Responses to Colonial Rule Rinderpest and
Smallpox: East and Southern Africa Slavery, Colonial Rule and
Soldiers, African: Overseas Taxation Trades Unionism and
Nationalism Transport Infrastructure Urbanization: Colonial Context
Wallace-Johnson, I. T. A. and Radical Politics: West Africa: 1930s
White Settler Factor: Economic And Political World War I: North and
Saharan Africa World War I: Survey World War II: French West
Africa, Equatorial Africa World War II: North Africa World War II:
Sub-Saharan Africa: Economic Impact Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries: Histories of Modern States Abd al-Qadir Abouh, Muhammad
Achebe, Chinua Afrikaans and Afrikaner Nationalism, Nineteenth
Century Ahidjo, Ahmadou Algeria: Algiers and its Capture, 18151830
Algeria: Arabism and Islamism Algeria: Ben Bella, Boumdienne, era
of, 1960s and 1970s Algeria: Bendjedid and Elections, 19781990
Algeria, Colonial: Islamic Ideas and Movements in Algeria: Conquest
and Resistance, 18311879 Algeria: European Population, 18301954
Algeria: Government and Administration, 18301914 Algeria:
International Relations, 1962Present Algeria: Islamic Salvation
Front, Military Rule, Civil War, 1990s Algeria: Muslim Population,
18711954 Algeria: Nationalism and Reform, 19111954 LIST OF ENTRIES:
THEMATIC xxv RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxv
26. Algeria: War of Independence, 19541962 Anglo-Zulu War,
18791887 Angola: Ambaquista, Imbangala and Long-Distance Trade
Angola: Civil War: Impact of, Economic and Social Angola: Chokwe,
Ovimbundu, Nineteenth Century Angola: Cold War Politics, Civil War,
19751994 Angola: Independence and Civil War, 19741976 Angola: MPLA,
FNLA, UNITA, War of Liberation, 19611974 Angola: New Colonial
Period: Christianity, Missionaries, Independent Churches Angola:
New Colonial Period: White Immigration, Mestios, Assimilated
Africans Angola: Peace Betrayed, 1994 to the Present Angola:
Revolts, 1961 Angola: Scramble Angola: Slave Trade, Abolition of
Awolowo, Obafemi Azikiwe, Nnamdi Balewa, Alhaji Sir Abubakar Banda,
Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Bello, Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Benin Kingdom: British
Conquest, 1897 Benin Kingdom: Nineteenth Century Benin (Republic
of): Colonial Period Benin (Republic of): Democratization: National
Conference and, 1990s Benin (Republic of): Independence, Coup,
Politics Benin (Republic of): Krkou, Mathieu Bhambatha Rebellion,
1906 Blyden, E. W. Boer Expansion: Interior of South Africa
Boganda, Barthlemy Botswana: Bechuanaland Protectorate, Founding
of: 18851899 Botswana (Bechuanaland Protectorate): Colonial Period
Botswana: Independence: Economic Development, Politics Botswana:
Missionaries, Nineteenth Century Botswana: Nineteenth Century:
Precolonial British Togoland Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Colonial
Period Burkina Faso (Upper Volta): Nineteenth Century Burkina Faso
(Upper Volta): Independence to the Present Burundi: Colonial
Period: German and Belgian Burundi: Independence to 1988 Burundi:
1988 to Present Burundi: Nineteenth Century Buthelezi and Inkatha
Freedom Party Cameroon: Colonial Period: British and French Rule
Cameroon: Colonial Period: German Rule (Kamerun) Cameroon:
Independence to the Present Cameroon: Nineteenth Century Cameroon:
Rebellion, Independence, Unication, 19601961 Cape Colony: British
Occupation, 18061872 Cape Liberalism, Nineteenth Century Cape
Verde, History of Casely Hayford, J. E. Central African Republic:
Colonial Period: Oubangui- Chari Central African Republic: Colonial
Period: Occupation, Resistance, Baya Revolt, 1928 Central African
Republic: Nationalism, Independence Central African Republic: 1980s
and 1990s Central African Republic: Nineteenth Century: Gbaya,
Banda, and Azande Cetshwayo Chad: Colonial Period: French Rule
Chad: Independence to the Present Chad: Libya, Aouzou Strip, Civil
War Chad: Nineteenth Century: Kanem/Borno (Bornu) and Wadai
Comoros/Mayotte: Independence to the Present Comoros/Mayotte:
Nineteenth Century to 1975 Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of:
Colonial Period: Moyen-Congo Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of: De
Brazza and French Colonization Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of:
Independence, Revolution, 19581979 Congo (Brazzaville), Republic
of: Liberalization, Rebellion, 1980s and 1990s Congo (Brazzaville),
Republic of: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Congo (Kinshasa),
Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Belgian Congo: Administration and
Society, 19081960 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Belgian Congo: Colonial Economy, 19081960 Congo (Kinshasa),
Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Civil War, 19601965 Congo (Kinshasa),
Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Congo Free State, 18851908 Congo
(Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Evolus, Politics,
Independence Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Mineral Factor Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Mobutu, Zaire, Mobutuism Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic
of/Zaire: National Conference and Politics of Opposition, 19901996
Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire: Nineteenth Century:
Precolonial Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Post-Mobutu Era LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxvi RT2451_VOL1.qxd
8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxvi
27. Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Colonial Period: Administration
and Economy Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Colonization and Resistance
Cte dIvoire (Ivory Coast): Independence to the Present Cte dIvoire
(Ivory Coast): Parti Dmocratique de la Cte dIvoire Crowther,
Reverend Samuel Ajayi and the Niger Mission Delta States,
Nineteenth Century Diagne, Guye and Politics of Senegal, 1920s and
1930s Difaqane on the Highveld Diop, Cheikh Anta Diouf, Abdou
Djibouti: Nineteenth Century to the Present: Survey Dube, John
Langalibalele Egypt: Cromer Administration, 18831907: Irrigation,
Agriculture and Industry Egypt: Monarchy and Parliament, 19221939
Egypt: Muhammad Ali, 18051849: Imperial Expansion Egypt: Muhammad
Ali, 18051849: State and Economy Egypt: Nasser: Foreign Policy:
Suez Canal Crisis to Six Day War, 19521970 Egypt: Nasser: High Dam,
Economic Development, 19521970 Egypt: Nationalism, World War I and
the Wafd, 18821922 Egypt: Mubarak, since 1981: Agriculture,
Industry Egypt: Mubarak, since 1981: Politics Egypt: Printing,
Broadcasting Egypt: Sadat, Nationalism, 19701981 Egypt: Salayya,
Muslim Brotherhood Egypt: Urabi Pasha and British Occupation,
18791882 Egypt, World War II and Egypt, 19451952 Equatorial Guinea:
Colonial Period, Nineteenth Century Equatorial Guinea: Independence
to the Present Eritrea: 1941 to the Present Eritrea: Ottoman
Province to Italian Colony Ethiopia: Civil War and Liberation (to
1993) Ethiopia: Early Nineteenth Century Ethiopia: Famine,
Revolution, Mengistu Dictatorship, 19741991 Ethiopia: Italian
Invasion and Occupation: 19351940 Ethiopia: Johannes IV, Era of
(18681889) Ethiopia: Land, Agriculture, Politics 19411974 Ethiopia:
Menelik II, Era of Ethiopia: 1991 to the Present Ethiopia: Tewodros
II, Era of Ethiopianism and the Independent Church Movement Futa
Jalon: Nineteenth Century Gabon: Bongo, Omar, and the One-Party
State, 1967 to the Present Gabon: Colonial Period: Administration,
Labor, Economy Gabon: Colonial Period: Social Transformation Gabon:
Decolonization and the Politics of Independence, 19451967 Gabon:
Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Gambia, The: Independence to the
Present Gambia, The: Nineteenth Century to Independence Gambia,
The: Relations with Senegal Garang, John and the Sudan Peoples
Liberation Party Gender and Migration: Southern Africa Ghana
(Republic of): 18001874 Ghana, Republic of: Achaempong Regime to
Third Republic, 19721981 Ghana (Republic of): Colonization,
Resistance, 18751901 Ghana, Republic of: Coups dtat, Second
Republic, 19661972 Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Colonial
Period: Administration Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Colonial
Period: Economy Ghana (Republic of) (Gold Coast): Guggisberg
Administration, 19191927 Ghana (Republic of): Nationalism,
Independence Ghana, Republic of: Revolution and Fourth Republic,
1981 to Present Ghana, Republic of: Social and Economic
Development: First Republic Gold: Mining Industry of Ghana: 1800 to
the Present Gore-Browne, Stewart Guinea: 1984 to the Present
Guinea: Colonial Period Guinea: Decolonization, Independence
Guinea: Tour, Ahmed Sekou, Era of Guinea-Bissau: Cabral, Amlcar,
PAICG, Independence, 19611973 Guinea-Bissau: Independence to the
Present Guinea-Bissau: Nineteenth Century to 1960 Haile Selassie I
Hamdallahi Caliphate, 18181862 Harris, Prophet William Wade Health:
Medicine, Disease and Public Health: Colonial Horton, James
Africanus Beale Houphout-Boigny, Flix Hundred YearsWar, 17791878
Igboland, Nineteenth Century Jabavu, John Tengo Jameson Raid,
Origins of South African War: 18951899 LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC
xxvii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxvii
28. Jonathan, Chief Joseph Leabua Kabarega and Bunyoro Kagwa,
Apolo Kakungulu and the Creation of Uganda Kaunda, Kenneth Kenya:
Colonial Period: Administration, Christianity, Education, and
Protest to 1940 Kenya: Colonial Period: Economy 1920s and 1930s
Kenya: Independence to the Present Kenya: Islam Kenya: Kenyatta,
Jomo: Life and Government of Kenya: Mau Mau Revolt Kenya:
Mekatilele and Giriama Resistance, 19001920 Kenya: Nationalism,
Independence Kenya: Nineteenth Century: Precolonial Kenya: World
War I, Carrier Corps Khama III Khama, Seretse Kimbangu, Simon and
Kimbanguism Kimberley and Diamond Fields Kouyat, Tiemoko Garan
Kruger, Paul Labotsibeni Lagos Colony and Oil Rivers Protectorate
Lenshina, Alice Lesotho (Basutoland): Colonial Period Lesotho
(Basutoland): Colonization and Cape Rule, 18681884 Lesotho
(Basutoland): Peasantry, Rise of Lesotho: Independence to the
Present Lesotho: Nationalism and Independence Lesotho: Treaties and
Conict on the Highveld, 18431868 Lewanika I, the Lozi, and the
British South Africa Company Liberia: Civil War, ECOMOG and Return
to Civilian Rule Liberia: Doe, Samuel K., Life and Era of Liberia:
Firestone Liberia: Nineteenth Century: Politics, Society and
Economy Liberia: Origins, Foundations, Nineteenth Century Liberia:
Tolbert, William, Life and Era of Liberia: Tubman, William V. S.,
Life and Era of Libya: Foreign Policy under Gadda Libya: Gadda
(Qadhdha) and Jamahiriyya (Libyan Revolution) Libya: Italian
Colonization and Administration Libya: Italian Invasion, 19111931
Libya: Muhammad al-Sanusi (c.17901859) and the Sanusiyya Libya:
Oil, Politics and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Libya: World War II and the Kingdom of Libya, 19421969 Libya: Yusuf
Pasha Karamanli and the Ottoman Reoccupation, 17951835 Lozi Kingdom
and the Kololo Lumumba, Patrice Luthuli, Albert Luwum, Janani
Maal-Aynayn Macauley, Herbert Madagascar: Colonial Period: French
Rule Madagascar: Democracy, Development, 1990s Madagascar: French
Conquest, Colonization Madagascar: Great Rebellion, 19471948
Madagascar: Independence to 1972 Madagascar: Merina Kingdom,
Nineteenth Century Madagascar: Reconciliation, Reform, and
Independence, 19481960 Madagascar: Reform and Revolution, 19721989
Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie Makeke, Charlotte Makhanye Makenye
Kalemba Malawi: Colonization and Wars of Resistance, 18891904
Malawi: Independence to the Present Malawi: Long-Distance Trade,
Nineteenth Century Malawi: Missionaries and Christianity,
Nineteenth Century Malawi: Nationalism, Independence Malawi: Ngoni
Incursions from the South, Nineteenth Century Malawi (Nyasaland):
Colonial Period: Chilembwe Rising, 1915 Malawi (Nyasaland):
Colonial Period: Federation Malawi (Nyasaland): Colonial Period:
Land, Labor and Taxation Mali (Republic of): Alliances and Wars
Mali (Republic of): Colonial Soudan Franais Mali (Republic of):
Economy and Society, Nineteenth Century Mali, Republic of: Keita,
Modibo, Life and Era of Mali, Republic of: Nationalism, Federation,
Independence Mali, Republic of: Politics, Economics: 1990s Mali,
Republic of: Traor, Moussa, Life and Era of Mandela, Nelson
Matthews, Z. K. Mauritania: Colonial Period: Nineteenth Century
Mauritania: Domestic and International Politics and Conict, 1980s
and 1990s Mauritania: Ethnicity, Conict, Development, 1980s and
1990s Mauritania: Independence and Western Sahara, 19601979
Mauritius: Indentured Labor and Society, 18351935 Mauritius:
Nationalism, Communalism, Independence, 19351968 LIST OF ENTRIES:
THEMATIC xxviii RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxviii
29. Mauritius: 1982 to the Present Mauritius: Ramgoolam,
Seewoosagur, Government of Mauritius: Slavery and Slave Society to
1835 Mboya, Tom J. Mfecane Mokhehle, Ntsu Mondlane, Eduardo
Morocco: Economics and Social Change since Independence Morocco:
Economy and Society, Nineteenth Century Morocco: Education since
Independence Morocco: French and Spanish Protectorates, 19031914
Morocco: Hassan II, Life and Government of Mozambique: Chissano
and, 1986 to the Present Morocco: Hay, Edward and John Drummond,
British Diplomatic Protection, 18291903 Morocco: Immigration and
Colonization, 19001950 Morocco: International Relations since
Independence Morocco: Lyautey, General Hubert, and Evolution of
French Protectorate, 19121950 Morocco: Mawlay Abd al-Rahman, Life
and Era of Morocco: Mawlay Hasan and the Makhzen Morocco: Mawlay
Sulayman, Life and Era of Morocco: Nationalism, Muhammad V,
Independence, 19301961 Morocco: Resistance and Collaboration, Bu
Hmara to Abdlekrim (Ibn Abd el-Krim) Morocco: Spain in Morocco and
the Sahara, 19001958 Moshoeshoe I, Founding of the Basotho Kingdom
Mozambique: Colonial Period: Labor, Migration, Administration
Mozambique: Colonial Period: Resistance and Rebellions Mozambique:
FRELIMO and War of Liberation, 19621975 Mozambique: Machel and
FRELIMO, 19751986 Mozambique: Ngoni Incursions from the South
Mozambique: Nineteenth Century, Early Mozambique: Renamo,
Destabilization Mphahlele, Ezekiel Msiri: Yeke Kingdom Mugabe,
Robert Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta Mutesa (Kabaka) Namibia:
Independence to the Present Namibia: Nineteenth Century to 1880
Namibia (Southwest Africa): South African Rule Namibia (Southwest
Africa): German Colonization, 18831896 Namibia (Southwest Africa):
League of Nations, United Nations Mandate Namibia (Southwest
Africa): Nama and Herero Risings Namibia: Struggle for
Independence, 19701990 Namibia: SWAPO and the Freedom Struggle
Natal, Nineteenth Century Ngritude Neto, Agostinho Ngugi wa Thiongo
Niger: Colonial Period to Independence Niger: French Occupation and
Resistance Niger: Independence to Present Niger: Nineteenth
Century: Survey Nigeria: Agriculture, Irrigation, Rural Development
Nigeria: Army Nigeria: Biafran Secession and Civil War, 19671970
Nigeria: British Colonization to 1914 Nigeria: Colonial Period:
Christianity and Islam Nigeria: Colonial Period: Federation
Nigeria: Colonial Period: Intelligentsia, Nationalism, Independence
Nigeria: Colonial Period: Railways, Mining, and Market Production
Nigeria: Conferences, Commissions, Nigerian Constitution: 19561960
Nigeria: Federalism, Corruption, Popular Discontent: 19601966
Nigeria: Gowon Regime, 19661975 Nigeria: Industry, Oil, Economy
Nigeria: Military Rule, 19831999 Nigeria: Murtala Muhammed,
Obasanjo and Return to Civilian Rule, 19751979 Nigeria: Lugard,
Administration, Indirect Rule Nigeria: Opposition, 1990s, to the
Fourth Republic Nigeria: Second Republic, 19791983 Nigeria: World
War I Nigeria: World War II Nkomo, Joshua Nkrumah, Kwame Nkumbula,
Harry Mwaanga Nonqawuse and the Cattle Killing, 1857 Nyabingi Cult
and Resistance Nyerere, Julius Obasanjo, Olusegun Obote, Milton
Odinga, A. Oginga Olympio, Sylvanus Pedi Kingdom, and Transvaal,
18221879 Plaatje, Sol T. Polisario and the Western Sahara Rabih ibn
Fadl Allah, Bahr el-Ghazal, Borno Ramphele, Dr. Mamphela Aletta
Rawlings, J. J. Runion: 1946 to the Present Runion: Nineteenth
Century to 1946 Rhodes, Cecil J. Rhodes, Jameson, and Seizure of
Rhodesia Royal Niger Company, 18861898 LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC
xxix RT2451_VOL1.qxd 8/27/04 2:17 PM Page xxix
30. Rudd Concession, 1888 Rwanda: 19621990 Rwanda: Civil
Unrest, Independence, 19591962 Rwanda: Colonial Period: German and
Belgian Rule Rwanda: Genocide, Aftermath of Rwanda: Genocide, 1994
Rwanda: Precolonial, Nineteenth Century Samkange, Rev. D. T. So Tom
and Principe, 1800 to Present Sassou-Nguesso, Denis Savimbi, Jonas
Schreiner, Olive Senegal: Casamance Province, Conict in Senegal:
Colonial Period: Administration and Assimilation Senegal: Colonial
Period: Economy Senegal: Colonial Period: Four Communes: Dakar,
Saint-Louis, Gore, and Rusque Senegal: Colonial Period: Railways
Senegal: Faidherbe, Louis and Expansion of French Senegal, 18541865
Senegal: Independence to the Present Senegal: Nationalism,
Federation, Independence Senegal: Nineteenth Century, Later
Senegal: World War I Senegal: World War II Seychelles:
Independence, Revolution and Reform, 1960 to Present Seychelles:
1770 to 1960 Shaka and Zulu Kingdom, 18101840 Sierra Leone:
Christianity, Education, Krio Diaspora Sierra Leone: Development of
the Colony, Nineteenth Century Sierra Leone: Diamonds, Civil War,
1990s Sierra Leone: Margai, Sir Milton: Independence, Government of
Sierra Leone: Momoh, Joseph Saidu: Regime, 19861992 Sierra Leone:
Origins, 17871808 Sierra Leone: Protectorate: Administration and
Government Sierra Leone: Protectorate: Economy Sierra Leone:
Stevens, Siaka and the All Peoples Congress Sierra Leone: Temne,
Mende, and the Colony Smuts, Jan C. Sobukwe, Robert and the
Pan-Africanist Congress Soga, Tiyo Sokoto Caliphate: Hausa, Fulani
and Founding of Sokoto Caliphate, Nineteenth Century Somalia: Barr,
Muhammad Siad, Life and Government of Somalia: Hassan, Muhammad
Abdile, and Resistance to Colonial Conquest Somalia: Independence,
Conict, Revolution Somalia: 1990 to the Present Somalia: Nineteenth
Century Soshangane, Umzila, Gungunhane and the Gaza State South
Africa: Africa Policy South Africa: African National Congress South
Africa: Afrikaner Nationalism, Broederbond and National Party,
19021948 South Africa: Antiapartheid Struggle, International South
Africa: Antiapartheid Struggle: Townships, the 1980s South Africa:
Apartheid, 19481959 South Africa: Apartheid, Education and South
Africa: Capitalist Farming, Poor Whites, Labor South Africa:
Colored Identity South Africa: Confederation, Disarmament, First
Anglo-Boer War, 18711881 South Africa: Deance Campaign, Freedom
Charter, Treason Trials: 19521960 South Africa: Gandhi, Indian
Question South Africa: Gold on the Witwatersrand, 18861899 South
Africa: Homelands and Bantustans South Africa: Industrial And
Commercial Workers Union South Africa: Mining South Africa:
Missionaries: Nineteenth Century South Africa: 1994 to the Present
South Africa: Peace, Reconstruction, Union: 19021910 South Africa:
Peasantry, African South Africa: Rural Protest and Violence, 1950s
South Africa: Segregation, Political Economy of South Africa:
Sharpeville Massacre, 1960 South Africa: Soweto Uprising South
Africa: Transition, 19901994 South Africa: World Wars I and II
South African War, 18991902 Soyinka, Wole K. Stanley, Leopold II,
Scramble Sudan: Civil War: 1990s Sudan: Civil War, Independence,
Military Rule, 19551964 Sudan: Condominium Period: Administration,
Legacy in South Sudan: Condominium Period: Economy Sudan: Cotton,
Irrigation and Oil, 1970s Sudan: Mahdist State, 18811898 Sudan:
Nimeiri, Peace, the Economy Sudan: October Revolution, 1964 Sudan:
Omdurman and Reconquest Sudan: Sadiq Al-Mahdi Regime, 1980s Sudan:
Turabis Revolution, Islam, Power Sudan: Turco-Egyptian Period,
18201885 Suez Canal Swaziland: Colonial Period: Land, Labor,
Administration LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxx RT2451_VOL1.qxd
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31. Swaziland: Concessions, Annexation, 18801902 Swaziland:
Kingship, Constitution, Independence Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign
of Swaziland: Sobhuza I, Foundation of Ngwane Kingdom Swaziland:
Sobhuza II, Life and Government of Swaziland: Swazi Kingdom,
Survival of, 18391879 Tanganyika (Tanzania): African Association,
19291948 Tanganyika (Tanzania): Colonial Period, British: Economy
Tanganyika (Tanzania): Colonial Period, British: Indirect Rule
Tanganyika (Tanzania): Early Nineteenth Century Tanganyika
(Tanzania): German Invasion and Resistance Tanganyika (Tanzania):
German Rule: Land, Labor, and Economic Transformation Tanganyika
(Tanzania): Maji Maji Rebellion, 19051907 Tanganyika (Tanzania):
Nationalism, TANU, Independence Tanganyika (Tanzania): Ngoni
Incursion from the South Tanganyika (Tanzania): Nyamwezi and Long-
Distance Trade Tanganyika (Tanzania): World War I Tanzania
(Tanganyika): Arusha Declaration Tanzania (Tanganyika): Chama Cha
Mapinduzi, One- Party Politics Tanzania (Tanganyika): Democracy and
Capitalism: 1990 to the Present Tanzania (Tanganyika): Uganda,
Relations with Taylor, Charles Thuku, Harry Tippu Tip (Muhammed bin
Hamed) Togo: Dual Mandate Colonial Rule, 19191957 Togo: Eyadma,
Gnassingbe, Life and Era of Togo: German Colonial Rule Toivo ya
Toiva Tombalbaye, F. Ngarta Tonga, Ila, and Cattle Tour, Samori and
His Empire Tuareg: Twentieth Century Tukolor Empire of al-Hajj Umar
Tunisia: Ahmad Bey and Army Reform Tunisia: Ben Ali, Liberalization
Tunisia: Bourguiba, Presidency of: Economic and Social Change
Tunisia: Bourguiba, Presidency of: Government and Opposition
Tunisia: Educational Policy and Development since Independence
Tunisia: French Protectorate,18781900 Tunisia: Immigration and
Colonization, 18811950 Tunisia: Khayr al-Din and Constitutional and
Administrative Reform, 18551878 Tunisia: Modern International
Relations Tunisia: Nationalism, Growth of, 18811938 Tunisia:
Neo-Destour and Independence, 19341956 Tutu, Desmond Uganda: Amin
Dada, Idi: Coup and Regime, 19711979 Uganda: Buganda Agreement,
Political Parties and Independence Uganda: Colonial Period:
Administration, Economy Uganda: Colonial Period: Northern Uganda
Uganda: Colonization, Resistance, Uganda Agreement, 18901900
Uganda: Conict, Regional since 1990 Uganda: Early Nineteenth
Century Uganda: Education Uganda: Mwanga and Buganda, 1880s Uganda:
National Resistance Movement and the Winning of Political Power
Uganda: Obote: First Regime, 19621971 Uganda: Obote: Second Regime,
19801985 Uganda: Reconstruction: Politics, Economics Uganda:
Tanzanian Invasion, 19791980 Uthman dan Fodio Verwoerd, H. F.
Welensky, Roy Western Sahara: Nineteenth Century to the Present
Yoruba States: Trade and Conict, Nineteenth Century Zaire:
Politics, Regional Zambia: Early Nineteenth Century: Survey Zambia:
First Republic, 19641972 Zambia: Long-Distance Trade, Nineteenth
Century Zambia: Nationalism, Independence Zambia: Ngoni Incursion
from the South Zambia: 1991 to the Present Zambia (Northern
Rhodesia): British Occupation, Resistance: 1890s Zambia (Northern
Rhodesia): Colonial Period: Administration, Economy Zambia
(Northern Rhodesia): Copperbelt Zambia (Northern Rhodesia):
Federation, 19531963 Zambia (Northern Rhodesia): Mineworkers
Strikes: 1935, 1940 Zambia: Religious Movements Zambia: Second
Republic, 19731991 Zanzibar: Britain, Germany, Scramble Zanzibar:
Busaidi Sultanate in East Africa Zanzibar: Colonial Period
Zanzibar: Revolution and Union (Tanzania) Zanzibar: Trade: Slaves,
Ivory Zimbabwe: Conict and Reconstruction, 1980s Zimbabwe: 1880s
Zimbabwe: Incursions from the South, Ngoni and Ndebele LIST OF
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xxxi
32. Zimbabwe: Nineteenth Century, Early Zimbabwe: Since 1990
Zimbabwe (Rhodesia): Unilateral Declaration of Independence and the
Smith Regime, 19641979 Zimbabwe: Second Chimurenga, 19661979
Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): African Political and Trades Union
Movements, 1920s and 1930s Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Colonial
Period: Land, Tax, Administration Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia):
Federation Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Nationalist Politics,
1950s and 1960s Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia): Ndebele and Shona
Risings: First Chimurenga Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia):
Urbanization and Conict, 1940s Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe-Rhodesia,
Lancaster House and Independence, 19781980 Postcolonial Africa
African Development Bank Agriculture, Cash Crops, Food Security
Aid, International, Nongovernmental Organizations, and the State
All-African Peoples Conference, 1958 Arab and Islamic World, Africa
in Arms, Armies: Postcolonial Africa Art, Postcolonial Banking and
Finance Civil War: Postcolonial Africa Cold War, Africa and the
Colonialism, Inheritance of: Postcolonial Africa Commonwealth,
Africa and the Communaute Financire Africaine Communications Coups
dtat and Military Rule: Postcolonial Africa Debt, International,
Development and Dependency Democracy: Postcolonial Development,
Postcolonial: Central Planning, Private Enterprise, Investment
Diamonds Drama, Film: Postcolonial Drought, Famine, Displacement
East African Community, The, 19671977 Economic Community of West
African States Education, Higher, in Postcolonial Africa Education
in Postcolonial Sub-Saharan Africa Environment, Conservation,
Development: Postcolonial Africa Epidemics: Malaria, AIDS, Other
Disease: Postcolonial Africa Federations and Unions, Postcolonial
Francophonie, Africa and the Globalization, Africa and Health:
Medicine, Disease: Postcolonial Human Rights: Postcolonial Africa
Industrialization and Development Law, Islamic: Postcolonial Africa
Law and the Legal System: Postcolonial Africa Lom Conventions
(Africa and the European Union) Maghrib Unity, European Union and
Mining, Multinationals and Development Multinationals and the State
Museums, History of: Postcolonial Africa Music: Postcolonial Africa
Nationalism(s): Postcolonial Africa Oil Organization of African
Unity and Pan-Africanism Pan-African Technical Organizations and
Associations Peacekeeping: Postcolonial Africa Peasant Production,
Postcolonial: Markets and Subsistence Political lites and
Patronage: Postcolonial Africa Political Identity Political Parties
and One-Party States Population and Demography Press: Northern
Africa Press: Southern Africa Press: Tropical Africa Refugees
Religion, Postcolonial Africa: African Theology, Indigenization
Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Church and State Relations Religion,
Postcolonial Africa: Independence and Churches, Mission-Linked and
Independent Religion, Postcolonial Africa: Islam Religion,
Postcolonial Africa: Neo-Pentecostalism Rural Development,
Postcolonial Socialism: Postcolonial Africa Southern African
Development Community Soviet Union and Africa Sports: Postcolonial
Africa Tourism Trade Unions: Postcolonial Transportation:
Postcolonial Africa Union Douanire et Economique de LAfrique
Centrale Urbanization, Housing, and Employment Water Supplies and
Schemes World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and Structural
Adjustment Modern Cities of Historical Importance Abuja Accra Addis
Ababa Alexandria LIST OF ENTRIES: THEMATIC xxxii RT2451_VOL1.qxd
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33. Algiers Antananarivo Bamako Beira Corridor Blantyre
Brazzaville Bulawayo Cairo Cape Town Casablanca Conakry Dakar Dar
es Salaam Douala Durban Freetown Harare Ibadan Johannesburg Kampala
Kano Khartoum Kinshasa Kumasi Lagos Libreville Lom Lubumbashi
Luanda Lusaka Maputo Mogadishu Monrovia Port Harcourt Pretoria
Tangier Tripoli Tunis Yaound Zanzibar (City) Historiographical
Surveys Historiography of Africa Historiography of Western Africa,
1790s1860s Hi