ENCYCLOPEDIA of SEDIMENTS and

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Kluwer Academic Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Aim of the Series

The Kluwer Academic Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists.

These books represent one of the world's leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatologists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students.

See the back of this volume for a current list of titles in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Go to www.eseo.com to visit the "Earth Sciences Encyclopedia Online"-the online version of this Encyclopedia Series.

About the Editors

Professor Rhodes W. Fairbridge has edited more than 30 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked as a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WW II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada, Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil and New Guinea. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and is affiliated with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

Professor Michael Rampino has published more than 70 papers in professional journals including Science, Nature, and Scientific American. He has worked in such diverse fields as volcanology, planetary science, sedimentology, and climate studies, and has done field work on six continents. He is currently Associate Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at New York University and a consultant at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

Volume Editor

Gerard V. Middleton is Professor Emeritus of Geology at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

He was co-author of "Origin of Sedimentary Rocks" (Prentice-Hall), "Mechanics in the Earth and Environmental Sciences" (Cambridge), and author of "Data Analysis in the Earth Sciences using MA TLAB" (Prentice-Hall). He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and in 2003 received the Twenhofel Prize of SEPM, the Society for Sedimentary Geology.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES

ENCYCLOPEDIA of SEDIMENTS and

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS edited by

GERARD V. MIDDLETON McMaster University

with Associate Editors

MICHAEL J. CHURCH University of British Columbia

MARIO CONIGLIO University of Waterloo

LAWRENCE A. HARDIE Johns Hopkins University

FREDERICK J. LONGSTAFFE University of Western Ontario

KlUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LONDON

A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 1-4020-0872-4

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers PO Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands

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Printed on acid-free paper

Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproduced from other sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that due acknowledgement may be made in subsequent editions.

All rights reserved ~) 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Contents

List of Contributors X111 Authigenesis 27 James R. Boles

Preface XXVll

Guide to the Reader XXIX Autosuspension 30 Henry M. Pantin

Algal and Bacterial Carbonate Sediments Robert Riding Avalanche and Rock Fall 31

Michaell Bovis Allophane and Imogolite 3 Roger L. Parfitt Avulsion 34

Norman D. Smith Alluvial Fans 5 Adrian M. Harvey

Bacteria in Sediments 37

Anabranching Rivers 9 Nora Nojjke

Gerald C. Nanson and Martin R. Gibling Ball-and-Pillow (Pillow) Structure 39

Ancient Karst II Geraint Owen

Brian Jones Bar, Littoral 40

Angle of Repose 15 Brian Greenwood Paul D. Komar

Barrier Islands 43 Anhydrite and Gypsum 16 Duncan M. FitzGerald and llya V Buynevich Lawrence A. Hardie

Bauxite 48 Ankerite (in Sediments) 19 Ray L. Frost James P. Hendry

Beachrock 51 Armor 21 Eberhard Gischler Rob Ferguson

Atterberg Limits 22 Bedding and Internal Structures 53

Michael1 Bovis Franco Ricci-Lucchi and Alessandro Amorosi

Attrition (Abrasion), Fluvial 24 Bedset and Laminaset 59 Michael Church John S. Bridge

Attrition (Abrasion), Marine 25 Bentonites and Tonsteins 61 Hillert lbbeken D. Alan Spears

vi CONTENTS

Berthierine 64 Clastic (Neptunian) Dykes and Sills 136 Fred J Longstaffo A. Demoulin

Bioclasts 66 Clathrates 137 Paul Enos Miriam Kastner

Bioerosion 70 Clay Mineralogy 139 Markus Bertling Stephen Hillier

Biogenic Sedimentary Structures 71 Climatic Control of Sedimentation 142 S. George Pemberton GregH. Mack

Black Shales 83 Juergen Schieber Coal Balls 146

Andrew C. Scott

Braided Channels 85 Peter Ashmore Coastal Sedimentary Facies 149

H. Edward Clifton

Calcite Compensation Depth 88 Sherwood Wise Colloidal Properties of Sediments 157

Sandip and Devamita Chattopadhyay

Caliche - Calcrete 89 V Paul Wright Colors of Sedimentary Rocks 159

Paul Myrow

Carbonate Diagenesis and Microfabrics 91 Robin G. C. Bathurst Compaction (Consolidation) of Sediments 161

Knut BjfJrlykke

Carbonate Mineralogy and Geochemistry 93 Fred T Mackenzie Convolute Lamination 168

Gerard V Middleton

Carbonate Mud-Mounds 100 Pierre-Andre Bourque Coring Methods, Cores 168

Arnold H. Bouma

Cathodoluminescence (applied to the study of sedimentary rocks) 102 Cross-Stratification 170

Stuart D. Burley David M. Rubin

Cation Exchange 106 Cyclic Sedimentation 173 Balwant Singh Robert K. Goldhammer

Cave Sediments 109 Debris Flow 186 Brian Jones JonJ Major

Cements and Cementation 110 Dedolomitization 188 Peter A. Scholle and Dana Ulmer-Scholle Mario Coniglio

Chalk 119 Deformation of Sediments 190 Ida L. Fabricius John D. Collinson

Charcoal in Sediments 121 Deformation Structures and Growth Faults 193 Andrew C. Scott John D. Collinson

Chlorite in Sediments 123 Deltas and Estuaries 195 Stephen Hillier Janak Bhattacharya

Classification of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 127 Depositional Fabric of Mudstones 203 Gerald M. Friedman Juergen Schieber

CONTENTS vii

Desert Sedimentary Environments 207 Features Indicating Impact and Shock Metamorphism 275 Joseph P Smoot Wolf Uwe Reimold

Desiccation Structures (Mud Cracks, etc.) 212 Feldspars in Sedimentary Rocks 278

PW Geoff Tanner Sadoon Morad

Flame Structure 281 Diagenesis 214 Gerard V Middleton Kitty L. Milliken

Flaser 282 Diagenetic Structures 219 Burghard W Flemming Peter Mozley

Flocculation 284

Diffusion, Chemical 225 Morten Pejrup

Bernard P Boudreau Floodplain Sediments 285

Diffusion, Turbulent 226 Andres AsIan

Andrew J Hogg Floods and Other Catastrophic Events 287 Victor R. Baker

Dish Structure 230 Zoltcm Sylvester and Donald R. Lowe

Flow Resistance 293 Robert Millar

Dolomite Textures 231 Duncan Sibley

Fluid Escape Structures 294

Dolomites and Dolomitization 234 Zoltlm Sylvester and Donald R. Lowe

Hans G. Machel Fluid Inclusions 297

Dunes, Eolian 243 Robert H Goldstein Nicholas Lancaster

Flume 300 Earth Flows 247 Basil Gomez

RexL. Baum Forensic Sedimentology 301

Encrinites 248 Raymond C. Murray

William I Ausich Gases in Sediments 304

Eolian Transport and Deposition 249 Chris J Clayton

Cheryl McKenna Neuman Geodes 306

Erosion and Sediment Yield 254 Kitty L. Milliken

Robert F. Stallard Geophysical Properties of Sediments

Evaporites 257 (Acoustical, Electrical, Radioactive) 308

Lawrence A. Hardie and Tim K. Lowenstein Anthony L. Endres

Extraterrestrial Material in Sediments 263 Geothermic Characteristics of Sediments and

Christian Koeber! Sedimentary Rocks 314

Daniel F. Merriam

Fabric, Porosity, and Permeability 265 Glacial Sediments: Processes, Environments and Facies 316 Gerard V Middleton Michael J Hambrey and Neil F. Glasser

Facies Models 268 Glaucony and Verdine 331 Harold G. Reading Alessandro Amorosi

Fan Delta 272 Grading, Graded Bedding 333 George Postma Richard N Hiscott

viii

Grain Flow Charles S. Campbell

Grain Settling Paul D. Komar

Grain Size and Shape Michael J. Church

Grain Threshold Paul D. Komar

Gravity-Driven Mass Flows Richard M Iverson

Gutters and Gutter Casts Paul Myrow

Heavy Mineral Shadows Rick Cheel

Heavy Minerals Andrew C. Morton

Hindered Settling JonJ. Major

Humic Substances in Sediments Laura J. Crossey

Hummocky and Swaley Cross-Stratification Rick Cheel

Hydrocarbons in Sediments Martin Fowler

Hydroxides and Oxyhydroxide Minerals Helge Stanjek

Illite Group Clay Minerals JanSrodon

Imbrication and Flow-Oriented Clasts Cyril Galvin

Impregnation Scott F Lamoureux

Iron-Manganese Nodules Stephen E. Calvert

Ironstones and Iron Formations Bruce M Simonson

Isotopic Methods in Sedimentology Fred J. Longstajje

CONTENTS

335 Kaolin Group Minerals 398 Rossman F Giese, Jr.

Kerogen . 400 336 Raphael A. J. Wust and R. Marc Bustzn

Lacustrine Sedimentation 404 338 Robert Gilbert

Laterites 408

345 Yves Tardy

Lepispheres 411 Sherwood W Wise, Jr.

347 Liquefaction and Fluidization 412 Charles S. Campbell

353 Load Structures 413 John R. L. Allen

355 Lunar Sediments 415 Abhijit Basu

356 Magadiite 417 Robin W Renaut

358 Magnetic Properties of Sediments 418 Mark J. Dekkers

361 Mass Movement 424 Michael J. Bovis

362 Maturation, Organic 425 R. Marc Bustin and Raphael A.J. Wust

364 Maturity: Textural and Compositional 429 Raymond V Ingersoll

366 Meandering Channels 430 Edward J. Hickin

369 Melange; Melange 434 John WF Waldron

371 Micritization 436 Ian G. MacIntyre and R. Pamela Reid

374 Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures 439 Nora Nojjke

376 Milankovitch Cycles 441 Linda Hinnov

379 Mixed Siliciclastic and Carbonate Sedimentation 443 Robert K. Goldhammer

385 Mixed-Layer Clays 447 JanSrodon

Mixing Models Bernard P Boudreau

Mudrocks Paul E. Potter

Neomorphism and Recrystallization J. A. D. Dickson

Nepheloid Layer, Sediment L Nicholas M cCave

Neritic Carbonate Depositional Environments NoelP James

Numerical Models and Simulation of Sediment Transport and Deposition

Rudy L. Slingerland

Oceanic Sediments Robert G. Douglas

Offshore Sands Serge Berne

Oil Sands Daryl M. Wightman

Oolite and Coated Grains Fredrick D. Siewers

Ophicalcites Denis Lavoie

Paleocurrent Analysis Andrew D. Mia!!

Parting Lineations and Current Crescents Rick Cheel

Peat Barry G. Wt:zrner

Petrophysics of Sand and Sandstone Robert Ehrlich

Phosphorites Craig R. Glenn and Robert E. Garrison

Physics of Sediment Transport: The Contributions of R.A. Bagnold

Colin R. Thorne

Pillar Structure Zoltcm Sylvester and Donald R. Lowe

Placers, Fluvial W K. Fletcher

CONTENTS

450 Placers, Marine David S. Cronan

451 Planar and Parallel Lamination John S. Bridge

460 Porewaters in Sediments Jeffi'ey S. HanoI'

462 Pressure Solution Franl;ois Renard and Dag Dysthe

464 Provenance

475

481

492

499

502

506

509

512

514

516

519

Abhijit Basu

Pseudonodules Geraint Owen

Quartz, Detrital Harvey Blatt

Red Beds Peter Turner

Reefs Wolfgang Kiessling

Relict and Palimpsest Sediments Donald J. P Swifi

Relief Peels Robert W Dalrymple

Resin and Amber in Sediments Ken B. Anderson

Ripple, Ripple Mark, Ripple Structure JacoH Baas

Rivers and Alluvial Fans Gerald C. Nanson and Martin R. Gibling

Sabkha, Salt Flat, Salina Lawrence A. Hardie

Salt Marshes Daniel F. Belknap

Sands, Gravels, and their Lithified Equivalents Andrew D. Miall

527 Sapropel Stephen E. Calvert

529 Scour, Scour Marks John R. L. Allen

530 Seawater: Temporal Changes in the Major Solutes H Wayne Nesbitt

ix

532

534

537

542

544

549

552

555

557

560

561

563

565

568

584

586

588

592

594

596

x CONTENTS

Sediment Fluxes and Rates of Sedimentation 600 Henry Clifton Sorby (1826-1908) 649 James P M Syvitski Gerard V Middleton

William H. Twenhofel (1875-1957) 650 Sediment Transport by Tides 606 Robert H Dott. JI~ Robert W Dalrymple and Kyungsik Choi Johan August Udden (1859-1932) 651

Earle F McBride Sediment Transport by Unidirectional Water Flows 609 T. Wayland Vaughan (1870-1952) 652 John S. Bridge Ellis L. Yochelson

Johannes Walther (1860-1937) 653 Sediment Transport by Waves 619 Eugen and lIse Seibold Brian Greenwood

Sediments Produced by Impact 653 Sedimentary Geology 626 Christian Koeberl Gerard V Middleton

Septarian Concretions 657 Sedimentary Structures as Way-up Indicators 627 Mark W Hounslow Robert H Dott. JI~

Silcrete 659 Sedimentology, History 628 Ml Angeles Bustillo Gerard V Middleton

635 Siliceous Sediments 660 Sedimentology: History in Japan L. Paul Knauth Hakuyu Okada

Sedimentology-Organizations, Meetings, Publications 637 Slide and Slump Structures 666

Gail M Ashley Ole J. Martinsen

Sedimentologists: Slope Sediments 668

Ralph Alger Bagnold (1896-1990) 638 Richard N Hiscott

Colin R. Thorne 674 Joseph Barrell (1869-1919) 638 Slurry

Robert H. Dott, Jr. JonJ. Major

Robin G.c. Bathurst (1920-) 639 Gerard V Middleton Smectite Group 675 Lucien Ca yeux (1864-1944) 640 Stephen P Altaner Albert V Carozzi Carl Wilhelm Correns (1893-1980) 641 Solution Breccias 677 Karl Hans "Wedepohl Derek Ford Robert Louis Folk (1925-) 642 Earle F. McBride Speleothems 678 Grove Karl Gilbert (1843-1918) 642 Derek Ford Rudy Slingerland Amadeus William Grabau (1870-1946) 643 Spiculites and Spongolites 681 Markes E. Johnson Paul R. Gammon Amanz Gressly (1814-1865) 644 Gerard V Middleton Stains for Carbonate Minerals 683 William Christian Krumbein (1902-1979) 644 J.A.D. Dickson Daniel F. Merriam Paul Dimitri Krynine (1902-1964) 645 Statistical Analysis of Sediments and Gerard V Middleton Sedimentary Rocks 684 Philip Henry Kuenen (1902-1976) 646 Daniel F. Merriam Gerard V Middleton John Murray (1841-1914) and the Storm Deposits 686

Challenger Expedition 647 Paul Myrow Gerard V Middleton Francis J. Pettijohn (1904-1999) 648 Stromatactis 687 Paul E. Potter Pierre-Andre Bourque Rudolf Richter (1881-1957) and the

Senckenberg Laboratory 648 Stromatolites 688 S. George Pemberton Brian R. Pratt

CONTENTS xi

Stylolites 690 Tool Marks 747 L. Bruce Railsback Gerard V Middleton

Submarine Fans and Channels 692 Toxicity of Sediments 748 Gerard V Middleton G. Allen Burton, JI~ and Peter F Landrum

Substrate-Controlled Ichnofacies 698 S. George Pemberton Tracers for Sediment Movement 752

Marwan A. Hassan Sulfide Minerals in Sediments 701 Richard T Wilkin Tufas and Travertines 753

Surface Forms 703 Martyn H Pedley

John B. Southard Tsunami Deposits 755

Surface Textures 712 Andrew Moore

W Brian Whalley Turbidites 757

Swash and Backwash, Swash Marks 717 Ben C. Kneller Michael G. Hughes

Upwelling 761 Syneresis 718 Graham Shimmield PW Geoff Tanner

Talc 721 Varves 764

Richard H April Robert Gilbert

Taphonomy: Sedimentological Implications of Vermiculite 766

Fossil Preservation 723 Prakash B. Malla

Carlton E. Brett Weathering, Soils, and Paleosols 770

Tectonic Control of Sedimentation 729 Gregory 1 Retallack GregH Mack

X-ray Radiography 777 Tidal Flats 734 Arnold H Bouma Burghard W Flemming

Tidal Inlets and Deltas 737 Zeolites in Sedimentary Rocks 779

Duncan M FitzGerald and llya V Buynevich Richard L. Hay

Tides and Tidal Rhythmites 741 Index of Authors Cited 781 Erik P Kvale

Subject Index 805 Tills and Tillites 744 John Menzies

Contributors

John R.L. Allen Research Institute for Sedimentology University of Reading P.O. Box 227 Whiteknights, Reading Berkshire RG6 6AB England, UK e-mail: j.r.l.allen(Cl?reading.ac.uk

Load Structures Scour, Scour Marks

Stephen P. Altaner Department of Geology, 1301 W. Green St University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA e-mail: altaner@uiuc.edu

Alessandro Amorosi Department di Scienze della Terra Universita di Bologna Via Zamboni 67 Bologna 40127 Italy e-mail: amorosi@geomin.unibo.it

Smectite Group

Bedding and Internal Structures Glaucony and verdine

Ken B. Anderson Chemistry Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA e-mail: kbanderson@anl.gov

Richard April Department of Geology Colgate University Hamilton NY 13346 USA e-mail: Rapril@mail.colgate.edu

Resin and Amber in Sediments

Gail M. Ashley Department of Geological Sciences Rutgers University 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8066 USA e-mail: gmashley@rci.rutgers.edu

Sedimentology - Organizations, Meetings, Publications

Peter Z. Ashmore Department of Geography University of Victoria PO Box 3050, Stn CSC Victoria BC V8W 3P5 Canada e-mail: pashmore@julian.uwo.ca

Andres AsIan Department of Physical and Env. Sciences Mesa State College Grand Junction CO 81501-7682 USA e-mail: aaslan@mesastate.edu

Braided Channels

Floodplain Sediments

William 1. Ausich Department of Geological Sciences Ohio State University, 155 S. Oval Columbus OH 43210-1398 USA e-mail: ausich.l@osu.edu

Jaco H. Baas Department of Earth Sci. University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT England, UK e-mail: j.baas@earth.leeds.ac.uk

Encrinites

Talc Ripple, Ripple Mark, Ripple Structure

xiv CONTRIBUTORS

Victor R. Baker Department Hydrology & Water Resources University of Arizona bldg II, North Campus Drive Tucson AZ 85721-0011 USA

Janok Bhattacharya Department of Geosciences University of Texas at Dallas P.O. Box 830688 Dallas TX 75083-0688 USA

e-mail: baker@hwr.arizona.edu e-mail: janokb@utdallas.edu Floods and Other Catastrophic Events

Abhijit Basu Department of Geological Sciences Indiana University 1005 East 10th Street Bloomington IN 47405 USA

e-mail: basu@indiana.edu

Robin G.c. Bathurst Derwen Deq Fawr Llanfair D.C. Ruthin Denbighshire, LLl5 2SN North Wales, UK

Provenance Lunar Sediments

Knut Bjorlykke Department of Geology, Box 1047 University of Oslo Oslo 0316 Norway e-mail: knut.bjorlykke@geologi.uio.no

Deltas and Estuaries

Compaction (Consolidation) of Sediments

Harvey Bla tt Institute of Earth Sci, Hebrew University Givat Ram Jerusalem 91904 Israel e-mail: harvey@vms.huji.ac.il

Quartz, Detrital

Carbonate Diagenesis and Microfabrics James R. Boles

Rex L. Baum Central Region Geol. Hazards U.S. Geological Survey Box 25046, M.S. 966 Denver CO 80225-0046 USA

e-mail: baum@usgs.gov

Daniel F. Belknap Department of Geological Sciences 117 Bryand Global Sciences Bldg. University of Maine Orono ME 04469-5790 USA

e-mail: belknap@maine.edu

Serge P. Berne IFREMER, DRO-GM B.P.70 Plouzane 29280 France

e-mail: Serge.Berne@ifremer.fr

Markus Bertling

EarthFlows

Salt Marshes

OffShore Sands

Geologisch-Palaeontologisches Institute u. Museum Pferdegasse 3 Muenster D-48143 Germany

e-mail: bertlin@uni-muenster.de Bioerosion

Department of Geological Sciences University California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106-9630 USA e-mail: boles@magic.ucsb.edu

Bernard P. Boudreau Department of Oceanography Dalhousie University Halifax NS B3H 4JI Canada e-mail: bpboudre@is.dal.ca

Arnold H. Bouma Department Geology/Geophysics Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA e-mail: bouma@geol.lsu.edu

P. Andre Bourque

Authigenesis

Diffitsion, Chemical Mixing Models

Coring Methods, Cores X-radiography

Department de Geologie et de Genie geologique Universite Laval Quebec PQ G I K 7P4 Canada e-mail: bourque(Cljggl.ulaval.ca

Carbonate Mud-Mounds Stromatactis

CONTRIBUTORS xv

Michael J. Bovis Department of Geography University of British Columbia 1984 West Mall Vancouver BC V6T IZ2 Canada e-mail: mbovis@geog.ubc.ca

Carleton E. Brett Department of Geology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0013 USA e-mail: brettce(Cljemail.uc.edu

Atterberg Limits Avalanch and Rockfall

Mass Movement

Taphonomy: Sedimentological Implications of Fossil Preservation

John S. Bridge Department Geol. Sci., SUNY P.O. Box 6000 Binghamton NY 13902-6000 USA e-mail: jbridge@binghamton.edu

Bedset and Laminaset Planar and Parallel Lamination

Sediment Transport by Unidirectional Water flows

Stuart D. Burley Subsurface Technology, BG Group 100 Thames Valley Park Reading RG6 IPT England, UK e-mail: stuart.burley@bg-group.com

G. Allen Burton, J r Department Biological Sciences Wright State University Dayton OH 45435 USA e-mail: allen.burton@wright.edu

M. Angeles Bustillo Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Dpto de Geologia Jose Gutierrez Abascal no. 2 Madrid 28006 Spain e-mail: abustillo@mncn.csic.es

Robert M. Bustin

Cathodoluminescence

Toxicity of Sediments

Silcrete

Department Earth and Ocean Sciences, University British Colmnbia 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T IZ4 Canada e-mail: bustin@unixg.ubc.ca

Kerogen Maturation, Organic

Ilya V. Buynevich Geology and Geophysics Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA e-mail: ibuynevich@whoi.edu

Stephen E. Calvert

Barrier Islands Tidal Inlets and Deltas

Department of Oceanography, 1461-6270 University Blvd. University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T IZ4 Canada e-mail: calvert@eos.ubc.ca

Charles S. Campbell

Iron-Manganese Nodules Sapropel

Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089-1453 USA e-mail: campbell@rfc.usc.edu

Albert V. Carozzi

Grain Flow Liquefaction and Fluidization

Department of Geology, University Illinois 245 Natural History Bldg. 1301 W Green Urbana IL 61801-2999 USA Present address: 7530 Lead Mine Road, #304 Raleigh, NC 27615-4897 USA

Devamitta Chattopadhyay ARCADIS

Sedimentologists: Lucien Cayeux

6397 Emerald Parkway, Suite 150 Dublin, OH 43016 USA e-mail: dchattopadhyay@arcadis-us.co

Colloidal Properties of Sediments

Sandip Chattopadhyay Battelle Memorial Institute Environmental Restoration Department 505 King Avenue Columbus Ohio 43230 USA e-mail: chattopadhyays@battelle.org

Richard J. Cheel Dept of Geological Sciences Brock University St Catherines ON L2S 3Al Canada

Colloidal Properties of Sediments

e-mail: rcheel@craton.geol.brocku.ca Heavy Mineral Shadows

Hummocky and Swaley Cross-Stratification Parting Lineation and Current Crescents

xvi CONTRIBUTORS

Kyungsik Choi Department of Geological Sciences and Geological

Engineering Queen's University Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada

Michael J. Church Department of Geography University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T IZ2 Canada e-mail: mchurch@geog.ubc.ca

Chris J. Clayton 16 Latimer Road Teddington TWII 8QA England, UK

Sediment Transport by Tides

Grain Size and Shape Attrition, Fluvial

Robert W. Dalrymple Department of Geological Sci. Queens University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada e-mail: dalrymple@geol.queensu.ca

Mark J. Dekkers Paleomagnetic Laboratory Budapestlaan 17 Utrecht 3584 CD The Netherlands e-mail: dekkers@geo.uu.nl

A. Demoulin

Relief Peels Sediment Movement by Tides

Magnetic Properties of Sediments

Departement de Geographie physique Universite de Liege

e-mail: geochem@c-clayton.u-net.com Allee du 6 Aout, Sart Tilman Gases in Sediments Liege B 4000

H. Edward Clifton 1933 Fallen Leaf Lane Los Altos CA 94024 USA e-mail: eclifton(Cl?earthlink.net

Coastal Sedimentary Facies

John D. Collinson I Winchester Drive Westlands Newcastle-undor-Lyme Staffs ST5 3JH United Kingdom e-mail: johncollinson@c-j-c.demon.co.uk

Deformation of Sediments Deformation Structures and Growth Faults

Mario Coniglio Department of Earth Sciences University of Waterloo Waterloo ON N2L 3G I Canada e-mail: coniglio@sciborg.uwaterloo.ca

David S. Cronan T.H. Huxley School of Environment Imperial College London SW7 2BP England, UK e-mail: d.cronan@ic.ac.uk

Laura J. Crossey Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA e-mail: lcrossey@unm.edu

Dedolomitization

Placers, Marine

Humic Substances in Sediments

Belgium e-mail: ademoulin@nlg.ac.be

Clastic (Neptunian) Dykes and Sills

J.A.D. Dickson Department of Earth Sci., University of Cambridge Downing St Cambridge CB2 3EQ England, UK e-mail: jaddl@esc.cam.ac.uk

Neomorphism and Recrystallization Stainsfor Carbonate Minerals

Robert H. Dott Geol. & Geophysics, University Wisconsin 1215 W. Dayton St Madison WI 53706-1692 USA e-mail: rdott@geology.wisc.edu

Sedimentologists: Joseph Barrell Sedimentologists: William H 1ivenhofel

Sedimentary Structures as Way-up Indicators

Robert G. Douglas Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089-0740 USA e-mail: rdouglas@usc.edu

Dag Dysthe Center for Advanced Study 78 Drammersveien N-0271 Oslo Norway e-mail: d.k.dysthe@fys.uio.no

Oceanic Sediments

Pressure Solution

CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Robert Ehrlich Energy and Geoscience Institute University of Utah 423 Wakara Way Ste 300 Salt Lake City UT 84108-3537 USA

William K. Fletcher Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences 6339 Stores Rd University British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T lZ4 Canada

e-mail: bobehrlich@attbi.com e-mail: fletcher@unixg.ubc.ca Placers, Fluvial Petrophysics of Sand and Sandstones

Anthony L. Endres Department of Earth Sciences University of Waterloo Waterloo ON N2L 3G I Canada

e-mail: tendres@cgrnserc.uwaterloo.ca Geophysical Properties of Sediments

Paul Enos Department of Geology, 120 Lindley Hall University of Kansas, 1475 Jayhawk Drive Lawrence KS 66045 (785) 864-2744 e-mail: enos@falcon.cc.ukans.edu

Ida L. Fabricius IGG, DTU b204. Technical University of Denmark Lyngby OK 2800 Denmark

e-mail: iggill(Cljpop.dtu.dk

Rob Ferguson Department of Geography, Winter St Sheffield University Sheffield S 10 2TN England, UK

e-mail: R.Ferguson@sheffield.ac. uk

Duncan M. Fitzgerald Department Earth Sciences, Boston University 675 Commonwealth Ave Boston MA 02215-2530 USA

e-mail: dunc@bu.edu

Bioclasts

Chalk

Armor

Barrier Islands Tidal Inlets and Deltas

Burghard W. Flemming Senckenberg Institute Schleusenstrasse 39A Wilhemshaven 26382 Germany

e-mail: bw.flemming@sam.terramare.de

Derek Ford School of Geography & Geology McMaster University, 1280 Main W Hamilton ON L8S 4Ml Canada e-mail: dford@mcmasteLca

Martin Fowler Geological Survey of Canada 3303-33rd St NW Calgary Alberta T2L 2A 7 Canada e-mail: MFowler@NRCan.gc.ca

Solution Breccias Speleothems

Hydrocarbons in Sediments Gerald M. Friedman Brooklyn College, Rensselaer Center P.O. Box 746 Troy NY 12181 USA e-mail: gmfriedman@juno.com

Classification of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Ray L. Frost Centre for Instrumental and Developmental Chemistry School of Physical Sciences P.O. Box 2434 GPO Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia e-mail: Lfrost@qut.edu.au

Cyril Galvin Coastal Engineer P.O. Box 623 Springfield VA 22150 USA e-mail: galvincoastal@juno.com

Bauxite

Imbrication and Flow- Oriented Clasts

Paul R. Gammon Department of Geology and Geophysics Adelaide University Adelaide 5005 Australia e-mail: paul.gammon@adelaide.edu.au

Robert E. Garrison Department of Ocean Sciences Earth and Marine Sciences Bldg University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA

Spiculites and Spongolites

Flaser e-mail: regarris@cats.ucsc.edu Tidal Flats Phosphorites

xviii CONTRIBUTORS

Martin R. Gibling Department of Earth Sciences Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 Canada e-mail: mgibling@is.dal.ca

Rossman F. Giese Department of Geology, SUNY 711 Natural Sci. Complex Buffalo NY 14260 USA e-mail: glgclay@acsu.buffalo.edu

Robert Gilbert Department of Geography Queens University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada e-mail: gilbert@lake.geog.queensu.ca

Anabranching Rivers Rivers and Alluvial Fans

Kaolin Group Minerals

Lacustrine Sedimentation Varves

Eberhard Gischler Geologisch-Palaeontologishes Institut Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitaet Senckenberglage 32-34 Frankfurt am Main D-60054 Germany

e-mail: gischler(Cl?em.uni-frankfurt.de

Neil F. Glasser Centre for Glaciology University of Wales Aberystwyth Wales SY23 3DB United Kingdom

e-mail: mjh@aber.ac.uk

Beachrock

Glacial Sediments: Processes, Environments and Facies

Craig R. Glenn Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI 96822 USA e-mail: glenn@soest.hawaii.edu

Robert K. Goldhammer Department of Geological Sciences University of Texas Austin TX 78712-1101 USA e-mail: goldhrk@mail.utexas.edu

Phosphorites

Robert H. Goldstein Department of Geology, University of Kansas 120 Lindley Hall Lawrence KS 66045-7613 USA e-mail: gold@ukans.edu

Basil Gomez Geomorphology Laboratory Indiana State University 455 N 6th St Terre Haute IN 47809-000 I USA e-mail: bgomez@indstate.edu

Brian Greenwood Environmental Sci., University Toronto 1265 Military Trail Scarborough ON MIC IA4 Canada e-mail: greenw@scar.utoronto.ca

Fluid Inclusions

Flume

BaT; Littoral Sediment Transport by Waves

Michael J. Hambrey Centre for Glaciology University of Wales Aberystwyth Wales SY23 3DB United Kingdom e-mail: mjh@aber.ac.uk

Glacial Sediments: Processes, Environments and Facies

Jeffrey S. Hanor Department of Geology and Geophysics Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA e-mail: hanor@unixl.sncc.lsu.edu

Porewaters in Sediments Lawrence A. Hardie Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA e-mail: hardie@ekman.eps.jhu.edu

Anhydrite and Gypsum Evaporites

Sabkha, Salt Flat, Saline Adrian M. Harvey Department of Geography University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BX England, u.K. e-mail: amharvey@liverpool.ac.uk

Marwan Hassan Department of Geography University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T IZ2 Canada

Alluvial Fan

Cyclic Sedimentation e-mail: mhassan@geog.ubc.ca Mixed Siliciclastic and Carbonate Sedimentation 7J'acers for Sediment Movement

CONTRIBUTORS xix

Richard L. Hay 4320 N Alvernon Way Tucson AZ 85718-6180 USA e-mail: rhay@dakotacom.net

Zeolites in Sedimentary Rocks

James P. Hendry School of Earth and Environmental Sci. University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Bldg. Burnaby Rd., Portsmouth POI 3QL England (UK)

e-mail: jim.hendry@port.ac.uk

E.J. Hickin Department of Earth Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A IS6 Canada e-mail: hickin@sfu.ca

Ankerite

Meandering Channels

Stephen Hillier Macauley Land Use Research Institute Craigie buckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH Scotland, UK e-mail: S.Hillier(Cl?macauley.ac.uk

Linda A. Hinnov Department of Earth & Planetary Sci. Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA e-mail: hinnov@jhu.edu

Richard N. Hiscott Department of Earth Sciences Memorial University of Newfoundland St John's NF AlB 3X5 Canada e-mail: rhiscott@sparky2.esd.mun.ca

Chlorite in Sediments Clay Mineralogy

Milankovitch Cycles

Grading, Graded Bedding Slope Sediments

Andrew J. Hogg Centre for Environmental & Geophysical Flows School of Mathematics, University Walk Bristol BS8 I TW England, UK e-mail: A.J.Hogg@bristol.ac.uk

Diffusion, Turbulent

Mark W. Hounslow Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Paleomagnetism Lancaster Environmental Centre, Geography Department Lancaster University Bailrigg, Lancaster LAI 4YW England, UK e-mail: m.hounslow@lancaster.ac.uk

Septarian Concretions

Michael G. Hughes Div. of Geology and Geophysics Edgeworth David Bldg. (F05) University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia e-mail: michaelh@mai1.usyd.edu.au

Swash and Backwash, Swash Marks

Hillert Ibbeken Instut fiir Geologie Frei U niversitiit Berlin Berlin D 12249 Germany e-mail: Hillert.Ibbeker@t-online.de

Attrition (Abrasion), Marine

Raymond V. Ingersoll Department of Earth and Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1567 USA e-mail: ringer@ess.ucla.edu

Maturity: Textural and Compositional

Richard M. Iverson US Geological Survey 5400 MacArthur Blvd. Vancouver W A 98661 USA e-mail: riverson@usgs.gov

Gravity-Driven Mass Flows

Noel P. James Department of Geological Sciences Queens University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada e-mail: james@geo1.queensu.ca

Neritic Carbonate Depositional Environments

Markes E. Johnson Department of Geosciences, Williams College 947 Main St Williamstown MA 01267-2606 USA e-mail: markes.e.johnson@williams.edu

Sedimentologists: Amadeus William Grabau

Brian Jones Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E3 Canada e-mail: brian.jones@ualberta.ca

Ancient Karst Cave Sediments

xx CONTRIBUTORS

Miriam Kastner Geoscience Research Division Scripps Institute of Oceanography La Jolla CA 92093-0220 USA e-mail: mkastner(Cljucsd.edu

Wolfgang Kiessling Museum fUr Naturkunde HU Berlin Invalidenstrasse 43 10115 Berlin Germany

Clathrates

e-mail: wolfgang.kiessling@museum.hu-berlin.de

Paul L. Knauth Department of Geology, Box 871404 Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287-1404 USA e-mail: Knauth@asu.edu

Reefs

Siliceous Sediments

Ben C. Kneller Institute for Crustal Studies, Girvetz Hall University of California Sanata Barbara CA 9310 I USA e-mail: ben@crustal.ucsb.edu

Christian Koeberl Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14 Vienna A-1090 Austria e-mail: christian.koeberl@univie.ac.at

Turbidites

Extraterrestrial Material in Sediments Sediments Produced by Impact

Paul D. Komar College of Oceanography Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA e-mail: pkomar@oce.orst.edu

Erik P. Kvale Indiana Geol. Survey/Department Geol. Sci. Indiana University, 611 N. Walnut Grove Bloomington IN 47405 USA

Angle of Repose Grain Settling

Grain Threshold

Scott F. Lamoureux Department of Geography, EVEX Lab Queens University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada e-mail: lamoureux@lake.geog.queensu.ca

Nicholas Lancaster Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno NV 89512-1095 USA e-mail: nick@dri.edu

Denis Lavoie Centre Geoscientifique de Quebec Commission Geologique du Canada 880 Chemin Ste-Foy, P.O. Box 7500 Quebec G 1 V 4C7 Canada e-mail: delavoie@nrcan.gc.ca

Frederick J. Longstaffe Department of Earth Sciences University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada e-mail: flongsta@julian.uwo.ca

Impregnation

Dunes, Eolian

Ophicalcites

Berthierine Isotopic Methods in Sedimentology

Donald R. Lowe Department of Geol./Environmental Sci. Stanford University, Bldg 320 Stanford CA 94305-2115 USA e-mail: lowe@pangea.stanford.edu

Tim K. Lowenstein Department of Geological Sciences State University of New York Binghamton NY 13901 USA e-mail: lowenst@binghamton.edu

Dish Structure Fluid Escape Structures

Pillar Structure

Evaporites

e-mail: kvalee@indiana.edu Tides and Tidal Rhythmites Hans G. Machel

Peter F. Landrum Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory NOAA Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA

Toxicity of Sediments

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E3 Canada e-mail: hans.machel@ualberta.ca

Dolomites and Dolomitization

CONTRIBUTORS xxi

Ian G. MacIntyre Nat!. Museum of Natural History MRC 125 Smithsonian Institution Washington DC 20560 USA e-mail: macintyre.ian(Cl?nmnh.si.edu

Greg H. Mack Geological Sciences Department 3AB, P.O. Box 30001 Las Cruces NM 88003-8001 USA e-mail: gmack@nmsu.edu

Micritization

Climatic Control 0/ Sedimentation Tectonic Control a/Sedimentation

Fred T. Mackenzie Department of Oceanography University of Hawaii 1000 Pope Road Honolulu HI 96822 USA e-mail: fredm@soest.hawaii.edu

Carbonate Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Jon J. Major USGS Cascades Volcano Obs. 5400 Macarthur Blvd Vancouver W A 98661-7049 USA e-mail: jjmajor@usgs.gov

Prakash B. Malia

Debris Flow Hindered Settling

Slurry

Manager, Paper research & Application Lab. P.O. Box 1056, 520 Kaolin Road Thiele Kaolin Company Sandersville GA 31082 USA e-mail: prakash.malla@thielekaolin.com

Ole J. Martinsen Norsk Hydro Research Centre Bergen N-5020 Norway e-mail: ole.martinsen@hydro.com

Earle F. McBride Department of Geological Sciences University of Texas Austin TX 78713-7909 USA e-mail: efmcbride@mai!.utexas.edu

vermiculite

Slide and Slump Structures

Sedimentologists: Robert L Folk Sedimentologists: Johan August Udden

Nicholas I. McCave Department of Earth Sciences, Downing St University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3EQ England, UK e-mail: mccave@esc.cam.ac.uk

Nepheloid Layel; Sediment

Cheryl Z. McKenna-Neuman Department of Geography Trent University 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough ON K9J 7B8 Canada e-mail: cmckneuman@trentu.ca

Eolian Transport and Deposition

Daniel F. Merriam Kansas Geo!. Survey University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66047 USA e-mail: dmerriam@kgs.ukans.edu

Geothermic Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentologists: William C. Krumbein

Statistics Analysis a/Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

John Merzies Department of Earth Sciences Brock University St. Catherine's, ON L2S 3Al Canada e-mail: jmenzies@spartan.ac.brocku.ca

Andrew D. Miall Department of Geology University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3Bl Canada e-mail: miall@quartz.geology.utoronto.ca

Tills and Tillites

Sands, Gravels and their Lithified Equivalents Paleocurrent Analysis

Gerard V. Middleton School of Geography and Geology McMaster University 1280 Main St West Hamilton ON L8S 4K1 Canada e-mail: middleto@mcmasteLca

Convolute Lamination Fabric, Porosity, Permeability

Flame Structure Sedimentary Geology

Sedimentology: History Sedimentologists: Robin G. C. Bathurst

Sedimentologists: Amanz Gressly Sedimentologists: Paul D. Krynine

Sedimentologists: Philip H Kuenen Sedimentologists: John Murray and the Challenger Expedition

Sedimentologists: Henry Clifton Sorby Submarine Fans and Channels

Tool Marks

xxii CONTRIBUTORS

Ro bert Millar Department of Civil Engineering, 2324 Main Mall University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T IZ4 Canada e-mail: millar@civil.ubc.ca

Flow Resistance

Kitty L. Milliken Department of Geological Sciences University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA e-mail: kittym(Cl?mail.utexas.edu

Andrew Moore Disaster Control Research Center Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Aramaki, Aoba 06, Sendai 980-8579 Japan

Diagenesis Geodes

e-mail: moore@tsumani2.civil.tohoku.ac.jp

Sadoon Morad Institute of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala S 752 36 Sweden e-mail: sadoon.morad@geo.uu.se

Tsunami Deposits

Feldspars in Sedimentary Rocks

Andrew C. Morton HM Research Associa tes 100 Main Street Woodhouse Eaves Leics LEl2 8RZ England, UK e-mail: a.c.morton@heavyminerals.fsnet.co.uk

Heavy Minerals

Peter Mozley Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences New Mexico Tech Socorro NM 87801 USA e-mail: mozley@nmt.edu

Raymond C. Murray 106 Ironwood Place Missoula Montana 59803 USA e-mail: rcm@selway.umt.edu

Paul M. Myrow Department of Geology Colorado College Colorado Springs CO 80903 USA e-mail: pmyrow@cc.colorado.edu

Diagenetic Structures

Forensic Sedimentology

Colors of Sedimentary Rocks Gutter and Gutter Casts

Storm Deposits

Gerald C. Nanson School of Geosciences University of Wollongong W ollongong NSW 2522 Australia e-mail: gerald_nanson@uow.edu.au

H. Wayne Nesbitt Department of Earth Sci. University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada e-mail: hwn@uwo.ca

Anabranching Rivers Rivers and Alluvial Fans

Seawater: Temporal Changes in the Major Solutes

Nora Noffke Department of Ocean, Earth, Atmospheric Sciences Old Dominion University 4600 Elkhorn Ave Norfolk VA 23529 USA e-mail: nnoffke@odu.edu

Bacteria in Sediments Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures

Hakuyu Okada Oyo Corporation Kyushu Office 2-21-36 Ijiri, Minami-ku Fukuoka 811-1302 Japan

e-mail: hokada@bb.mbn.or.jp Sedimentology: History in Japan

Geraint Owen Department of Geography University of Wales, Swansea Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP Wales, UK e-mail: g.owen@swansea.ac.uk

Ball-and-Pillow (Pillow) Structure Pseudo nodules

Henry M. Pantin School of Earth Sciences University of Leeds Leeds LS5 9JT England, UK

e-mail: h.m.pantin@earth.leeds.ac.uk

Roger L. Parfitt Landcare Research PB 11052 Palmerston North New Zealand e-mail: ParfittR@landcare.cri.nz

Autosuspension

Allophane and Imogolite

CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

H. Martyn Pedley Research Institute of Environmental Science University of Hull Cottingham Rd. Hull East Yorkshire England, UK

e-mail: H.M.Pedley@geo.hull.ac.uk Tufas and Travertines

Morten Pejrup Institute of Geography, University of Copenhagen Oster V oldgade 10 Copenhagen K DK-1350 Denmark

e-mail: mp@geogr.ku.dk

George S. Pemberton Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E3 Canada

e-mail: gpembert@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca

Flocculation

Biogenic Sedimentary Structures Sedimentologists: Rudolf Richterand the Senckenberg Laboratory

Substrate-Controlled Ichnofacies George Postma Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sci. Utecht University, P.O. Box 80.021 Utrecht 3508 TA The Netherlands

R. Pamela Reid RSMAS-MGG University of Miami 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149 USA

Wolf Uwe Reimold Department of Geology University of Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, P.O. Wits 2000 Johannesburg South Africa

e-mail: 065wur@cosmos.wits.ac.za

Micritization

Features indicating Impact and Shock Metamorphism

Fran<;ois Renard LGIT Universite Joseph Fourier BP 53 Grenoble 38041 France

e-mail: Francois.Renard@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr

Robin W. Renaut

Pressure Solution

Department of Geological Sci., 114 Science Place University of Saskatchewan e-mail: gpostma@geo.uu.nl

Paul E. Potter Geosciencias/UFRGS Campus Do Vale Sala 302B Porto Allegre 91509-900 Brazil

Fan Delta Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2 Canada

Brian R. Pratt

Mudrocks Sedimentologists: Francis J. Pettijohn

Department of Geol. Sci., 114 Science Place University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2 Canada

e-mail: robin.renaut@sask.usask.ca

Gregory J. Retallack Department of Geological Sciences University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1272 USA

e-mail: gregr@darkwing.uoregon.edu

Magadiite

Weathering, Soils, and Paleosols

e-mail: brian.pratt@usask.ca Stromatolites Franco Ricci Lucchi

Bruce Railsback Department of Geology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602-2501 USA

e-mail: rlsbk@gly.uga.edu

Harold G. Reading Department of Earth Sciences University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX 1 3PR United Kingdom

Stylolites

Instituto di Geologia, Universita di Bologna Via Zamboni 67 40127 Bologna Italy

e-mail: riccil@geomin.unibo.it Bedding and Internal Structures

Robert Riding Department of Earth Scences, Cardiff University Park Place, P.O. Box 914 Cardiff CFlO 3YE Wales, UK e-mail: riding(Cl;cardiffac.uk

Facies Models Algal and Bacterial Carbonate Sediments

xxiv CONTRIBUTORS

David M. Rubin USGS Pacific Science Center University of California 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA e-mail: drubin(ajusgs.gov

Juergen Schieber Department of Geology University of Texas Arlington Box 19049 Arlington TX 76019-0049 USA e-mail: schieber@uta.edu

Peter A. Scholle

Cross- Stratification

Black Shales Depositional Fabric of Mudstones

New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 801 Leroy Place Socorro, NM 87801 USA e-mail: pscholle@gis.nmt.edu

Cements and Cementation

Andrew C. Scott Department of Geology Royal Holloway College, University London Egham Surrey TW20 OEX England, UK e-mail: scott@g1.rhu1.ac.uk

E. Seibold Richard Wagner Strasse 56 Freiburg 0-7106 Germany e-mail: Seibold-Freiburg@t-online.de

Charcoal in Sediments Coal Balls

Sedimentologists: Johannes Walther

I. Seibold Richard Wagner Strasse 56 Freiburg D-7106 Germany e-mail: Seibold-Freiburg@t-online.de

Sedimentologists: Johannes Walther

Graham Shimmield Dunstaffhage Marine Lab. P.O. Box 3 Oban Argyll PA34 4AD Scotland, UK e-mail: gbs@dm1.ac.uk

Duncan F. Sibley Center for Integrative Studies Michigan State University 100 North Kedzie Lab East Lansing MI 48824 USA e-mail: sibley@pilot.msu.edu

Upwelling

Dolomite Textures

Fredrick O. Siewers Department of Geography and Geology Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA e-mail: fred.siewers@wku.edu

Oolite and Coated Grains

Bruce M. Simonson Department of Geology Carnegie Bldg, Oberlin College 52 West Lorain St Oberlin OH 44074-1044 USA e-mail: bruce.simonson@oberlin.edu

Ironstones and Iron Formations

Balwant Singh Department of Agricultural Chemistry & Soil Science University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia e-mail: b.singh@acss.usyd.edu.au

Rudy L. Slingerland 303 Deike Bldg Pennsylvania State University 262 East Hamilton Ave University Park PA 16801 USA e-mail: sling@ustar.geosc.psu.edu

Cation Exchange

Numerical Models and Simulation Sedimentologists: Grove Karl Gilbert

Norman O. Smith Department of Geosciences, U. Nebraska 214 Bessey Hall Lincoln NE 68588-0340 USA e-mail: nsmith3@un1.edu

Joseph P. Smoot U.S. Geological Survey National Center MS 955 Reston VA 20192 USA e-mail: jpsmoot@usgs.gov

Avulsion

Desert Sedimentary Environments

John B. Southard EAPS, Bldg. 54-1026, Massachsetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA e-mail: southard@mit.edu

D.A. Spears Environmental and Geological Sciences Dainton Bldg., University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF England, UK e-mail: d.a.spears@sheffield.ac.uk

Surface Forms

Bentonites and Tonsteins

CONTRIBUTORS xxv

Jan Srodon Institute of Geol. Sciences, PAN Senacka I Krakow 31-002 Poland e-mail: ndsrodon@cyf-kr.edu.pl

Robert F. Stallard

Illite Group Clay Minerals Mixed-Layer Clays

US Geological Survey, Campus Box 458 3215 Marine St, Room EI46 Boulder CO 80303-1066 USA e-mail: stallard@colorado.edu

Helge Stanjek Lehrstuhl fUr Bodenkunde Technische Universitat Miinchen 85350 Freising Germany e-mail: stanjek@wzm.tum.de

Erosion and Sediment Yield

Yves Tardy Institute National Poly technique de Toulouse Montegeard Nailloux 31560 France

Colin R. Thorne Department of Geography University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD England, UK e-mail: Colin.Thorne@nottingham.ac.uk

Laterites

Physics of Sediment Transport: The Contributions of R.A. Bagnold

Sedimentologists: Reginald A. Bagnold

B.R. Turner School of Earth Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham England, UK e-mail: p.turner@bham.ac.uk

RedBeds

Hydroxides and Oxyhydroxide Minerals Dana Ulmer-Scholle

Donald J.P. Swift Department of Oceanography Old Dominion University Norfolk VA 23529-0276 USA e-mail: dswift@odu.edu

Zoltan Sylvester

Relict and Palimpset Sediments

Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc. P.O. Box 481 Houston, TX 77001-0481 USA e-mail: zoltan.sylvester@shell.com

James P. Syvitski

Dish Structure Fluid Escape Structures

Pillar Structure

Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado, Campus Box 450 1560 30th St Boulder CO 80309-0450 USA e-mail: syvitski@stripe.colorado.edu

Sediment Fluxes and Rates of Sedimentation

P.W. Geoff Tanner Div. of Earth Sci., Gregory Bldg. University of Glasgow, Lilybank Gardens Glasgow GI2 8QQ Scotland, UK e-mail: G.Tanner@earthsci.gla.ac.uk

Structures (Mudcracks, etc.) Syneresis

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 80 I Leroy Place Socorro, NM 87801 USA e-mail: dulmer(Cl?nmt.edu

Cements and Cementation

John W. Waldron Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sci. University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E3 Canada e-mail: john.waldron@ualberta.ca

Karl Hans Wedepohl Geochemische Institut U niversitat Gottingen Goldschmidtstrasse I D-37077 Gottingen Germany

Melange; Melange

e-mail: Hans.Wedepohl@geo.uni-goettingen.de Sedimentologists: Carl Wilhelm Correns

Barry G. Warner Wetland Research Centre University of Waterloo Waterloo ON N2L 3GI Canada e-mail: bwarner@watservl.uwaterloo.ca

Brian W. Whalley School of Geosciences The Queen's College Belfast BT7 INN Northern Ireland e-mail: B.Whalley@Queens-Belfast.ac.uk

Peat

SUljace Textures

xxvi CONTRIBUTORS

Daryl M. Wightman AEC East 3900 42l-7th Avenue SW Calgary AB T2P 4K9 Canada e-mail: DaryIWightman@aec.ca

Rick T. Wilkin

Oil Sands

U.S. EPA, Natl. Risk Management Res. Lab P.O. Box 1198 Ada OK 74820 USA e-mail: wilkin.rick@epa.gov

Sulfide minerals in Sediments

Sherwood W. Wise Department of Geol. Sci. 4100, Florida State University 100 Antarctic Circle Tallahassee FL 32306-4100 USA e-mail: wise@gly.fsu.edu

Calcite Compensation Depth Lepisphere

V. Paul Wright Dept of Earth Sciences Cardiff University Cardiff Wales CFI 3YE UK e-mail: WrightVP(Cl;cardiff.ac.uk

Raphael A.J. Wust Department Earth and Ocean Sciences University of British Columbia 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T lZ4 Canada e-mail: rwuest@interchange.ubc.ca

Ellis L. Y ochelson

Caliche - Calcrete

Kerogen Maturation, Organic

Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Nat. History

Smithsonian Institution, 10th St & Constitution Ave NW Washington DC 20560-0121 USA e-mail: yochelson.ellis@NMNH.SI.edu

Sedimentologists: T Wayland Vaughan

Preface

The study of natural sediments and sedimentary rocks has been called sedimentology. This encyclopedia is a thorough revision of the original Encyclopedia oj Sedimentology, published by Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross in 1978: The field has advanced so fast, however, that all the articles in the present volume are new, and this is recognized by a new title.

The present encyclopedia interprets sedimentology, both more narrowly and more broadly than is often the case (see Sedimentary Geology-an entry in this encyclopedia-for further discussion). More narrowly, because the encyclopedia contains relatively little information about stratigraphy, the science concerned with stratified rocks. Stratigraphy and sedimentology overlap, particularly in the area of facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy. In general, however, stratigraphic topics have been reserved for full treatment in a companion Encyclopedia of Stratigraphy, which is now in preparation. More broadly, this encyclopedia includes topics that some sedimentologists tend to exclude, for examples: the mineralogy of clays and other minerals common in sediments; geochemistry of sediments (sediments are included in the Encyclopedia oj Geochemistry); some features of sediments interesting to the general public but somewhat neglected by sedimentologists (e.g., clathrates, coal balls, geodes, resin and amber, speleothems, toxicity of sediments); contributions of engineering studies to sediment transport and soil mechanics; studies on the geophysical and petrophysical properties of sediments; and studies by physicists on granular matter.

Three other disciplines that are represented by separate encyclopedias also have overlapping interests in sediments: hydrology and hydrogeology (represented by Encyclopedia oj Hydrology and Water Resources); geomorphology (represented by Encyclopedia oJ Geomorphology and Lanforms, and also by Encyclopedia of Coastal Science); and environmental studies (represented by Encyclopedia oJEnvironmental Science).

A final word about the selection of topics: there is always a subjective element in the choice of topics, but if the reader does not see an entry for the particular topic that interests him, then he or she should look in the index. The topic may be covered (perhaps in more than one article) under a different name. The editors have tried to make the coverage comprehensive, but we are aware of some partial omissions: unfortunately, willing contributors cannot always be found for all the topics that might be suggested.

Encyclopedias are not generally places to look for extended acknowledgments. This is a tradition dating back to the days when contributors were anonymous, or only identified by their initials (and imagine the space that would be taken up by acknowledgments from every author: the Academy Awards would pale by comparison!). On behalf of all the editors and contributors, therefore, we extend thanks to those colleagues who have assisted us by providing data, figures, critical reviews, and sustaining personal and financial encouragement. Thank you all-we hope you realize that your generosity is not forgotten, even if your contribution remains anonymous.

Guide to the Reader

This encyclopedia is devoted to the science of sediments and sedimentary rocks, a science generally called sedimentology. It does not address those broader aspects of stratified rocks concerned with the naming of rocks units, their correlation from one place to another, and their dating in geological time. Those aspects belong to stratigraphy, the subject of another encyclopedia in this series.

Sediments and sedimentary rocks can be approached from three main points-of-view:

1. Like other rocks, they have a mineral and chemical composition, physical properties, and structures and textures, all of which need description and interpretation in order that we may understand their origin. These are the geochemical, mineralogical, petrological and petrophysical (geophysical) aspects of sediments and sedimentary rocks.

2. Sediments are first laid down in sedimentary environments. The (primary) aspects of sedimentary rocks that were formed at the time of deposition (particularly, but not exclusively, their structures), are generally called their sedi­mentary facies. Facies analysis is concerned with using primary aspects of sediments to determine the environment in which they were deposited: and, in a complementary way, with understanding how modern sedimentary envir­onments control, or are determined by, the characteristics of the sediments deposited in them. Sediments interact with many other aspects of the environment, including their biology.

3. Many sedimentologists try to understand the basic physical, chemical and biological processes that form sediments, transport and deposit them, and later convert them into sedimentary rocks. Such studies may be carried out in the laboratory, in the field (particularly by studying processes active in modern environments), and by theoretical and numerical analysis and simulation.

For those readers not already familiar with sedimentology, Table I indicates the major introductory articles in each of these three categories (there is, of course, some overlap in the approaches used in most of the articles). Besides these there are also introductory articles on Sedimentary Geology; Sedimentology-Organizations, Meetings, Publications; Sedimentology-History; and Sedimentologists (brief bio­graphic sketches).

Table 1 Major articles, classified by methodology: starred topics are general introductions

Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Petrology *Bedding and Internal Structures Biogenic Sedimentary Structures Carbonate Mineralogy and Geochemistry Cements and Cementation 'Classification of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 'Clay Mineralogy Compaction (Consolidation) of Sediments 'Diagenesis Diagenetic Structures Dolomites and Dolomitization Evaporites *Fabric, Porosity, and Permeability Geophysical Properties of Sediments Grain Size and Shape Ironstones and Iron Formations Isotopic Methods in Sedimentology Magnetic Properties of Sediments * Mudrocks Offshore Sands 'Paleocurrent Analysis Phosphorites Provenance *Sands, Gravels and their Lithified Equivalents Siliceous Sediments Surface Forms Surface Textures Weathering, Soils, and Paleosols

Sedimentary Environments and Facies *Climatic Control of Sedimentation 'Coastal Sedimentary Facies Cyclic Sedimentation Deltas and Estuaries 'Desert Sedimentary Environments *Erosion and Sediment Yield 'Facies Models Floods and Other Catastrophic Events *Glacial Sediments: Processes, Environments and Facies 'Lacustrine Sedimentation 'Neritic Carbonate Depositional Environments *Oceanic Sediments 'Rivers and Alluvial Fans Slope Sediments Submarine Fan and Channels

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Table 1 Continued

*Taphonomy: Sedimentological Implications of Fossil Preservation

*Tectonic Controls of Sedimentation Tidal Flats Tidal Inlets and Deltas Turbidites Upwelling

Sedimentary Processes Debris Flow Eolian Transport and Deposition Features Indicating Impact and Shock Metamorphism Grain Settling Grain Threshold Gravity-Driven Mass Flows Numerical Models and Simulation of Sediment

Transport and Deposition Sediment Fluxes and Rates of Sedimentation Sediment Transport by Tides Sediment Transport by Unidirectional Water Flows Sediment Transport by Waves

GUIDE TO THE READER

A good approach for readers unfamiliar with the subject is to begin with a general article, then follow the cross­references listed at the end of the article to find related topics. For example, one might begin to learn something about Sands, Gravels and their Lithified Equivalents, go on to Bedding and Internal Structures, then Paleocurrent Analysis, then Cross-Stratification, or some other specific topic.

A reader with more knowledge, might begin searching for a specific topic, for example, concretions. As it happens, there is no article with that name, but reference to Diagenesis, or Diagenetic Structures (or to the Index) would soon lead to articles that describe concretions of various types. If the reader needs more than he can find in the encyclopedia, most articles give copious bibliographic references, to both general texts and research articles.