29
End Show Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis 12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
| Date post: | 26-Mar-2015 |
| Category: |
Documents |
| Upload: | katelyn-cobb |
| View: | 215 times |
| Download: | 3 times |
End Show
Slide 1 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 2 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins.
Genetic messages can be ______________ by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA.
RNA contains coded information for making_________________________.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 3 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Structure of RNA
The Structure of RNA
RNA consists of a long chain of ______________.
Each nucleotide is made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 4 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Structure of RNA
There are three main differences between RNA and DNA:
• The sugar in RNA is _________________ instead of deoxyribose.
• RNA is generally ________________-stranded.
• RNA contains ______________ in place of thymine.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 5 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Types of RNA
Types of RNA
There are three main types of RNA:
• _______________________ RNA
• _______________________ RNA
• _______________________RNA
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 6 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling _______________________into proteins.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 7 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Types of RNA
Ribosomes are made up of ________________ and _____________________ RNA (rRNA).
Ribosome
Ribosomal RNA
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 8 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Types of RNA
During protein construction, _______________ RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome.
Amino acid
Transfer RNA
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 9 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Transcription
Transcription
RNA molecules are ________________ by copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA. This process is called __________________________________.
Transcription requires the enzyme RNA ___________________________.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 10 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Transcription
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and _________________ the DNA strands.
RNA polymerase then uses one strand of __________________ as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 11 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Transcription
RNA polymerase binds only to regions of DNA known as__________________________.
Promoters are signals in DNA that indicate to the _________________________ where to bind to make RNA.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 12 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Transcription
RNA
RNA polymerase
DNA
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 13 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
RNA Editing
RNA Editing
The DNA of eukaryotic genes contains sequences of nucleotides, called _________________, that are not involved in coding for proteins.
The DNA sequences that code for proteins are called _________________________.
When RNA molecules are formed, introns and exons are ____________________ from DNA.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 14 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
RNA Editing
The introns are _____ out of RNA molecules.
The exons are the __________________ together to form mRNA.
Exon IntronDNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Cap Tail
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 15 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Genetic Code
The Genetic Code
The genetic code is the “language” of mRNA ____________________________.
The code is written using ___________ “letters” (the bases: A, U, C, and G).
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 16 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Genetic Code
A _________________ consists of three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 17 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Genetic Code
Each codon specifies a particular amino acid that is to be placed on the __________________chain.
Some amino acids can be __________________ by more than one codon.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 18 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Genetic Code
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 19 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Genetic Code
There is one codon_______________that can either specify the amino acid methionine or serve as a ______________codon for protein synthesis.
There are three _______________codons that do not code for any amino acid. These “stop” codons signify the end of a polypeptide.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 20 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
Translation
Translation is the ________________ of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein).
Translation takes place on _____________.
During translation, the cell uses information from _________________ RNA to produce proteins.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 21 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
Nucleus
mRNA
Messenger RNA is transcribed in the ____________, and then enters the ________________ where it attaches to a ribosome.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 22 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
Translation begins when an mRNA molecule __________________ to a ribosome.
As each ________________ of the mRNA molecule moves through the ___________________, the proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by tRNA.
In the ribosome, the amino acid is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 23 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
Each ____________ molecule carries only one kind of amino acid.
In addition to an amino acid, each tRNA molecule has three __________________ bases.
These bases, called the ___________________are complementary to one mRNA codon.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 24 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
LysinetRNAPhenylalanine
Methionine
Ribosome
mRNAStart codon
The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 25 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
Protein Synthesis
tRNA
Ribosome
mRNA
Lysine
Translation direction
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 26 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon.
Polypeptide
Ribosome
tRNA
mRNA
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 27 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Roles of RNA and DNA
The Roles of RNA and DNA
The cell uses the DNA “____________________” to prepare RNA “_______________________The DNA stays in the nucleus.
The RNA molecules go to the protein ______________________sites in the cytoplasm—the ribosomes.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 28 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Genes and Proteins
Genes and Proteins
Genes contain ____________________ for assembling proteins.
Many proteins are enzymes, which _______________________and regulate chemical reactions.
Proteins are each specifically _______________ to build or operate a component of a living cell.
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 29 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Genes and Proteins
The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a ______________ for mRNA.
The codons of mRNA specify the __________________of amino acids in a protein.
CodonCodon Codon
Codon Codon Codon
mRNA
Alanine Arginine Leucine
Amino acids within a polypeptide
Single strand of DNA
