endnotes...endnotes 1 P Forster, famer Victoria, personal communication February 2012. 2...

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FOUNDATION PAPER | TWO Land and Biodiversity victoria: the science, our private Land hoLders, incentives and connectivity | endnotes

endnotes

1 P Forster, famer Victoria, personal communication February 2012.

2 Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 2010, Science Policy People, State of the Environment Reporting 2013, Victoria, State of Victoria, produced in accordance with section 17 of the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability Act 2003 (the Act). The three papers are – Climate change, Biodiversity and Water.

3 http://www.cbd.int/images/publications/gbo3/figures/table2.png

4 See Many publics. Participation inventiveness and change 2012 at www.ces.vic.gov.au for an indication of the regional concern about biodiversity, and note the contents of the blog also contained on the website.

5 ECOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF AUSTRALIAN GRASSY WOODLAND AND SHRUBLAND ECOSYSTEMS TO AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION: LESSONS FROM LONG-TERM, MULTI-SPECIES, MULTI-BIOME STUDIES Andrew Young and Linda Broadhurst in Land use intensification: effects on agriculture, biodiversity and ecological processes/edited by David Lindenmayer, Saul Cunningham and Andrew Young, CSIRO 2012.

6 IBID.

7 At an international level business has involved itself through the financial sector’s commitment to the Natural Capital Declaration at Rio+20. The declaration commits the financial community to ‘acknowledge and affirm the importance of natural capital in maintaining a sustainable global economy’ found at www.naturalcapitaldeclaration.org/

8 Foundation Paper One Climate Change. Victoria: the science, our people and our state of play, Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability 2012

9 Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability, 2008, State of the Environment 2008, State of Victoria

10 See the State of the Environment 2008, report section 4.2 Land and Biodiversity.

11 Report on Australia’s Future Tax System 2010.

12 ABS found at www.anra.gov.au/topics/land/landuse/vic/index.html#diff

13 Communication to CfES from Land Victoria 2013.

14 The VAGO report is titled Effectiveness of compliance activities: Department of Primary Industry and Resources and Sustainability and Environment and can be found at http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_and_publications/latest_reports/2012-13/20121024-compliance-dpi-dse.aspx

15 These cascading impacts are also elaborated in the work of W Steffen, A Burbridge, L Hughes, R Kitching, D Lindenmayer, W Musgrave, M Stafford Smith and P Werner, 2009, A strategic assessment of the vulnerability of Australia’s biodiversity to climate change: summary for policy makers, summary of a report to the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, commissioned by the Commonwealth of Australia.

16 Raphael K. Didham, Lisa H. Denmead and Elizabeth L. Deakin, in Land use intensification: effects on agriculture, biodiversity and ecological processes/edited by David Lindenmayer, Saul Cunningham and Andrew Young, CSIRO 2012. Riches To Rags: The Ecological Consequences of Land Use Intensification in New Zealand.

17 See the very recent work of Rural Economy and Land Use Programme, 2012, Enhancing the environment through payment for ecosystem services. Does payment for ecosystem services offer a new opportunity for natural resource management and how can it work in practice? found at www.relu.ac.uk/news/policyandpracticenotes.htm and note the collection of case studies cited by TEEB. 2013, The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity for water and wetlands, found at http://www.teebweb.org/wetlands/

18 David Pannell, 2011, ‘Policy perspectives on changing land management’ in D Pannell and F Vanclay, eds., 2011, Changing land management. Adoption of new practices by rural landholders, CSIRO publishing, discussing the range and level of sophistication of policy mechanisms which includes ‘informed inaction’ and policy incentives, negative incentives, extension, technology change and research.

19 For an ongoing discussion about the changes to the rural demographic see any of the work of Neil Barr, and for instance, Neil Barr, 2008, ‘The social landscapes of rural Victoria’, in C Pettit, W Cartwright, I Bishop, K Lowell, D Pullar and D Duncan, eds., Landscape analysis and visualisation. Spatial models for natural resource management and planning, Springer Link Text. And see N Barr, 2005, Understanding Rural Victoria, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Melbourne, for a discussion of rural landscapes and the extent of the change in demographics and management techniques.

20 See Ian Lunt’s Ecological Research Site, 2011, ‘Precious regeneration or woody weeds?’ found at http://ianluntresearch.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/precious-regeneration-or-woody-weeds/ and L Geddes, ID Lunt, L Smallbone and JW Morgan, 2011, ‘Old field colonization by native trees and shrubs following land use change: could this be Victoria’s largest example of landscape recovery?’ in Ecological Management and Restoration, in press, and Australian Government, 2010, Landscape Logic: Fact sheet for managers and policy makers #8, ‘Measuring Long Term Change in Native Tree Cover’.

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21 See Australia State of the Environment 2011, Commonwealth of Australia found at www.environment.gov.au › SoE

22 DSE Victorian Milestone 2 Report for NLWRA Biodiversity Assessment 2008 found at www.nlwra.gov.au/library/scripts/objectifyMedia.aspx?file=pdf/104/23.pdf

23 See the Museum of Victoria website for reports of ‘bush blitzes’ conducted in the past three years – www.museumvictoria.com.au

24 See World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2012, Picking up the pace – accelerating public policies for positive outcomes. A WBCSD analysis of company case studies on biodiversity and ecosystems regulation, input to the 11th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, found at www.wbcsd.org

25 Todd Bendor, 2009, ‘A dynamic analysis of the wetland mitigation process and its effects on no net loss policy’ in Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 89, Issues 1–2, 30 January 2009, Pages 17–27.

26 Robert P. Brooks, Denice Heller Wardrop, Charles Andrew Cole, Deborah A. Campbell, 2005, ‘Are we purveyors of wetland homogeneity?: A model of degradation and restoration to improve wetland mitigation performance’ Ecological Engineering, Volume 24, Issue 4, 5 April 2005, Pages 331–340.

27 Commonwealth of Australia, Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 Environmental Offsets Policy, October 2012

28 Victorian Government, 2002, Victoria’s Native Vegetation Management: A Framework for Action, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, p. 5.

29 Gary D Libecap, 2009, ‘The tragedy of the commons: property rights and markets as solutions to resource and environmental problems’, in Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Special Issue: Property Rights vol 53:1, 129-144.

30 Jedidiah Brewer and Gary D Libecap, 2009, ‘Property rights and the public trust doctrine in environmental protection and natural resource conservation’, in, Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Special Issue: Property Rights vol 53:1, 1-17.

31 Marsden Jacob, 2010, Review of the Environmental Stewardship Program. A report prepared for DSEWPaC found at www.marsdenjacob.com.au and www.nrm.gov.au/resources/publications/stewardship/pubs/esp-review.pdf- Key Finding Number 6.

32 Marsden Jacob, 2010, Review of the Environmental Stewardship Program. A report prepared for DSEWPaC found at www.marsdenjacob.com.au and www.nrm.gov.au/resources/publications/stewardship/pubs/esp-review.pdf – Key Finding Number 5.

33 Ibid

34 David J Pannell, 2008, ‘Public benefits, private benefits, and policy intervention for land-use change for environmental benefits’, Land Economics 84(2): 225-240.

35 G Arturo Sanchez-Azofeira, Alexander Pfaff, Juan Andres Robalino and Judson P Boomhower, 2007, ‘Costa Rica’s Payment for Environmental Services Program: Intention, Implementation and Impact’, in Conservation Biology Vol 21 No 5 2007.

36 Ronald Coase, 1960, ‘The problem of social costs’ in Journal of law and economics vol 3: 1-44.

37 Carl Dahlman, 1979, ‘The problem of externalities’ in Journal of law and economics vol 22: 141-162.

38 G Arturo Sanchez-Azofeira, Alexander Pfaff, Juan Andres Robalino and Judson P Boomhower, 2007, ‘Costa Rica’s Payment for Environmental Services Program: Intention, Implementation and Impact’, in Conservation Biology Vol 21 No 5 2007.

39 David J Pannell, 2008, Public: private benefits framework version 3, INFFER Working Paper 0805, University of Western Australia.

40 For an early examination of the role of biolinks in biodiversity conservation also see M Soule, B Mackey, H Recher, J Williams, J Woiharski, D Driscoll, W W Dennison and M Jones, 2004, ‘The role of connectivity in Australian conservation’, in Pacific Conservation Biology, 10: 266-279.

41 At the commonwealth level see the community input and interest in the discussion around the Draft National Wildlife Corridors Plan 2012 found at www.environment.gov.au › ... › Wildlife corridors. At the state level see Victorian Environmental Assessment Council, 2011, Remnant Native Vegetation Investigation Report and also VEAC 2012, Yellingbo Investigation Draft Proposals Paper both found at www.veac.vic.gov.au at page 15. Note the work which is being done across Victoria in relation to Habitat 141 and the Great Eastern Range Biolink which extends from Queensland through NSW and into now, into Victoria. See Karen Alexander, 2012, ‘Lessons learnt from the ground up’ in Park Watch for a brief commentary about community interest in meetings associated with the Great Eastern Ranges Biolinks project in Victoria. Details of the GER can be found at www.centralvicbiolinks.org.au and also at www.greateasterranges.org.au where a regular community newsletter is being produced.

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42 David Lindenmayer, Saul Cunningham and Andrew Young, 2012, Perspectives on land use intensification and biodiversity conservation, David Lindenmayer, Saul Cunningham and Andrew Young, 2012, eds., Land use intensification: effects on agriculture, biodiversity and ecological processes.

43 Note the comment in the VEAC Yellingbo report (see note above) that “Through [Horticulture for Tomorrow] the Centre for Agriculture and Business-Yarra Valley (now Agribusiness-Yarra Valley), the Department of Primary Industries, and Horticulture Australia have identified that there is currently limited understanding of industry’s impacts on the region’s natural resources. It has found that, in general, industry places a low importance on natural resource management and focuses on productivity improvements and economic outcomes”; Z Geo, 2012, ‘Increased Dependence of Humans on Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity’ at www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013113 accessed 10 September 2012. For Victorian policy context see ‘Healthy parks, healthy people: The health benefits of contact with nature in a park context’ – a review of relevant literature conducted by Deakin University (2nd edition March 2008), http://parkweb.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/313821/HPHP-deakin-literature-review.pdf accessed 10 September 2012. The key principles of the Melbourne Communiqué adopted at the 2010 International Healthy Parks Healthy People Congress can be viewed here: http://www.hphpcentral.com/congress/the-melbourne-communique accessed 10 September 2012. For the role of diversity in ecosystem services, see F Isbell et al, 2011, ‘High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services’, Nature 477, 199–202 (8 September 2011) at http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7363/full/nature10282.html accessed 10 September 2012.

44 For a very recent commentary on the issue of the identification of the ‘countless undiscovered species’ see the Yale Environment 360 interview with taxonomist Quentin Wheeler, the founding director of the International Institute for Species Exploration at the Arizona State University (28 September 2012).

45 See any of the Land Conservation Council reports, ranging from the Alps to Melbourne and the Mallee, all of which contain highly informative maps and commentary. These can be found in the State Library.

46 See ‘Cities and Biodiversity Outlook 1 Synthesis: A global assessment of the links between urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystems’ http://www.cbd.int/authorities/doc/cbo-1/CBO-revised-draft_12feb2012.docx accessed 11 September 2012.

47 VEAC, 2011, Remnant Native Vegetation Investigation Report found at www.veac.vic.gov.au

48 A Danne, 2003, ‘Voluntary environmental agreements in Australia. An analysis of statutory and non-statutory frameworks for the implementation of voluntary environmental agreements in Australia’ in 2003, EPLJ vol 20 P 287 @ 312.

49 Victorian Environmental Assessment Council, 2010 Remnant Native Vegetation Investigation Discussion Paper www.veac.vic.gov.au.

50 For the complete list of Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Action Statements see http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/plants-and-animals/native-plants-and-animals/threatened-species-and-communities/action-statements/flora-and-fauna-guarantee-act-action-statements-index-of-approved-action-statements. And for those ‘listed’ see http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/141580/201207-FFG-threatened-list.pdf

51 Pimelea spinescens subsp. Spinescens, critically endangered EPBC Act 1999.

52 Perameles gunni unnamed, endangered EPBC Act 1999.

53 Pedionomus torquatus, vulnerable EPBC Act 1999.

54 Diuris fragrantissima, dependent upon natve bees for pollination, endangered EPBC 1999.

55 Department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts, 2008, natura temperate grassland of the Victorian volcanic plain. A nationally threatened ecological community, Policy Statement 3.8 pursuant to the powers of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 found at www.environment.gov.au/au/epbc/about/exemptions.html. And see the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 action statement (number 182) for this ecological community – found at www.dse.vic.gov.au/dse/index.html under Native Plants and Animals

56 DB Lindenmayer 2007, On borrowed time: Australia’s environmental crisis and what we must do about it, CSIRO publishing, Camberwell; JCZ Woinarski, BG Mackey, H Nix and BJ Traill, 2007, The nature of Northern Australia: natural values, ecological processes and future prospects, ANU Press, Canberra; and see RT Kingsford, JEM Watson, CJ Linquist, O Venter, EL Johnston, J Atherton, M Gawel, D Keith, B Mackey, HP Possingham, B Raynor, KA Wilson, 2009, ‘Major conservation policy issues for biodiversity in Oceania’, in Conservation Biology 23, 834-840 for a commentary on the endangerment listing for invertebrate species across Australia.

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57 Stuart Whitten, David Freudenberger, Carina Wyborn, Veronic Doerr, Erice Doerr, Art Lanston, 2011, A compendium of existing and planned Australian wildlife corridor projects and initiatives, and case study analysis of operational experience, Report for DSEWPaC, where CSIRO’s submission talks about climate change and invasive species as the coming threats compounding decades of land use intensification; M Taylor and P Figgis, 2007, ‘Protected areas: buffering nature against climate change – overview and recommendations’ in Protected areas: buffering nature against climate change. Proceedings of a WWF and IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Symposium, 2007, Canberra.

58 This State of the Environment Report (2011) recorded that of Victoria’s 3140 known species of vascular plants, 1826 or 58% are included on the non-statutory Advisory List of Rare and Threatened Plants (49 being extinct), whilst only 288 are listed under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. Comparing 2007 data with 2002 data 20 bioregions had more threatened species, 4 had entered equilibrium and 4 had fewer threatened species. In respect of bird life 126 of 447 recorded species are included on the non-statutory Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna as distinct from the listing of 78 under the Flora and fauna Guarantee Act 1988. Data is also provided for fish and reptiles and it is noted that our ‘knowledge of the status of invertebrates is extremely poor. Extinction rates in our mega-diverse continent are: half of all known mammal extinctions over the last 200 years having taken place here see C Johnson 2006 Australia’s mammal extinctions: a 50,000 year history, Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK and we have lost birds, frogs and flowering plants, see ABS 2006 Measures of Australia’s Progress, Commonwealth Australia, Canberra.

59 Commonwealth SoE 2011; Victorian SOE 2008 p 245; RA and CG Mittermeir and PRE Gill, 1997, Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically wealthiest nations, ed., CEMAX, Mexico City, Mexico.; Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia 2012, land and biodiversity http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Land%20and%20biodiversity~278 accessed 13 September 2012. And see Will Steffen, Andrew A Burbidge, Lesley Hughes, Roger Kitching, David Lindenmayer, Warren Musgrave, Mark Stafford Smith and Patricia A Werner, 2009, Australia’s biodiversity and climate change. A strategic assessment of the vulnerability of Australia’s biodiversity to climate change. A report tp the Natural Resources management Ministerial Council commissioned by the Australian Government accessed at http://www.climatechange.gov.au/publications/biodiversity/~/media/publications/biodiversity/biodiversity-vulnerability-assessment-lowres.ashx on 22 September 2012.

60 The picture can be quite confusing, however, as endangered and rare status can vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The bush stone curlew (burhinus grallarius) is recorded as threatened in Victoria (under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988) but regarded as endangered under the DSE Advisory List and endangered in New South Wales (Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995) but described as vulnerable in South Australia (National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972), and management regimes change from state to state. The koala has just been classified as endangered in Canberra, Queensland and NSW but not so in Victoria. For a review of state-based threats and responses to koala protection and detail regarding corridors planted by private citizens for cassowary (Mission Beach) and koala (Gunnedah) habitats, see Williams et al, 2012 ‘Optimised whole-landscape ecological metrics for effective delivery of connectivity-focused conservation incentive payments’ Ecological Economics, Volume 81, September, Pages 48–59 and ABC Four Corners episode Koala Crunch Time http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/2012/08/16/3569231.htm accessed 10 September 2012.

61 See the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Action Statement for the phasogale at http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/103141/079_Brush-tailed_Phascogale_1997.pdf. “In New South Wales, the Brush-tailed Phascogale’s range has been halved and it is considered extinct in South Australia (T. Soderquist pers.comm.)”. And see David and Cam Beardsell, 1999, The Yarra. A Natural Treasure, Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne.

62 Latin name caladenia rosella, listed nationally as endangered see http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=5086, and for the Victorian Action Statement pursuant to the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 see http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/103240/103_twelve_caladenias_2000.pdf

63 Latin name Caladenia aff fragrantissima listed nationally as endangered see http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=64502, and for the Victorian Action Statement pursuant to the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 see http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/103240/103_twelve_caladenias_2000.pdf.

64 EPBC 1999 and FFG 1988 listed.

65 DA Saunders and BH Walker, no date, Biodiversity and agriculture, CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology, found at http://www.wentworthgroup.org/docs/Biodiversity_and_Agriculture.pdf accessed 22 September 2012.

66 K Howard, L Beesley, L Joachim and A King, 2011, Cultural conservation of freshwater turtles in Barmah-Millewa Forest, 2010-2011, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Technical report Series no 223, found at www.dse.vic.gov.au/ari

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67 K Howard, L Beesley, L Joachim and A King, 2011, Cultural conservation of freshwater turtles in Barmah-Millewa Forest, 2010-2011, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Technical report Series no 223, found at www.dse.vic.gov.au/ari

68 For a far reaching discussion of these issues see PB Thompson, 2010, The Agrarian Vision: Sustainability and Environmental Ethics, Lexington, University Press of Kentucky.

69 See Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, MEA: ecosystems and human wellbeing: a framework for assessment, World Resources Institute, Washington DC; World Bank, 2004, What is an ecosystem worth: assessing the economic value of conservation? Washington DC; World Resources Institute, 2007, Restoring nature’s capital: an action agenda to sustainable ecosytem services, World Resources Institute, Washington DC. See also P Kareiva, H Tallis, TH Ricketts, GC Daily and S Polasky, 2011, Natural capital. Theory and practice of mapping ecosystem services (Oxford, Oxford University Press) which contains essays which examine the ecosystem service provision associated with the retention of nutrients, the provision of timber, and ecosystem values in agriculture. The value of crop pollination, in an essay by C Kremon, R Winfree, S Greenleaf and N Williams, is estimated to contribute US$190 billion a year to the agricultural sector.

70 An interesting international case study considering accounting for ecosystem services is Nakivubo swamp, Uganda. It focusses on the economic value of wetland wastewater purification and nutrient retention functions (IUCN, 2003). US$2 million was saved on a water purification plant by maximising natural processes – see ‘Nakivubo swamp, Uganda: Managing natural wetlands for their ecosystem services’ http://iwlearn.net/abt_iwlearn/events/ouagadougou/readingfiles/iucn-uganda-nakivubo.pdf/view accessed 10 September 2012. Similarly, the New York City Department for Environmental Protection (NYC DEP) funds and implements a Long‐Term Watershed Protection Program, which maintains and protects the high quality source of drinking water for nine million water consumers (nearly half the state’s total population), http://www.theriverstrust.org/seminars/archive/water/WRT_WATER_PES_Guide_27-06-12_A3.pdf and http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/watershed_protection/programs.shtml accessed 11 September 2012.

71 AF Appleton, 2002, ‘How New York City used an ecosystem services strategy carried on through an Urban renewal partnership to preserve the Pristine quality of its drinking water and saved billions of dollars’, paper presented to Forest Trends, Tokyo and cited by the OECD, 2004, Handbook of Market Creation for Biodiversity. Issues in Implementation, OECD publications.

72 M Lockwood, 2012, ‘Scoping the territory: considerations for connectivity connection managers’ citing N Dudley and S Stolton, 2003, Running pure: the importance of forest protected areas to drinking water (World Bank and WWEF Alliance for Forest Conservation, Washington DC.) in GL Worboys, W Francis and M Lockwood, 2010, Connectivity conservation management. A global guide (with particular reference to mountain connectivity conservation), earthscan, London.

73 GL Worboys, RB Good and AP Spate, 2011, Caring for our Australian Alps Catchments: A Climate Change Action Strategy for the Australian Alps to Conserve the Natural Condition of the Catchments and to Help Minimise Threats to High Quality Water Yields, A Technical Report prepared for the Commonwealth Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, Canberra and Australian Alps Liaison Committee, Jindabyne.

74 Victorian Parliament, Inquiry into liveability options in outer suburban Melbourne, 2012, www.parliament.vic.gov.au p 133

75 I Pulsford, GL Worboys and G Howling, 2010, ‘Australian Alps to Atherton connectivity conservation corridor’ in GL Worboys, WL Francis, M Lockwood, eds., 2010, Connectivity conservation management a global guide (with particular reference to mountain connectivity conservation) earthscan London @ page 101.

76 P Barkham, 2010, The butterfly isles, Granta (referring throughout to the work of Dr Owen Lewis of Oxford University).

77 Canola crop pollination has been the subject of much research. See Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008. Agricultural Commodities: Small Area Data, Australia, 2005-06 (Reissue), ABS No 7125.0; R Manning and IR Wallis, 2005. ‘Seed yields in canola (Brassica napus cv. Karoo) depend on the distance of plants from honeybee apiaries’, in Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 45: 1307-1313; R Sabbahi, D Deoliveira and J Marceau, 2005. ‘Influence of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Density on the Production of Canola (Crucifera: Brassicacae)’, Journal of Economic Entomology, 98: 367-372; and by the same authors, 2006. ‘Does the Honeybee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) reduce the Blooming Period of Canola’, in Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 192: 233-237; D Somerville, 2002. ‘Honey bees on canola’, in Agnote. NSW Agriculture.

78 See the work by Sarah Maclagan and contributing author Mark Cairns, 2008, Biolinks Project Action Plan: Linking Habitats across the Western Port Catchment Central Region, found at http://www.cecinc.net.au/images/stories/CEC_Biolinks_Project_Action_Plan_2008_-_Web.pdf, accessed 22 September 2012.

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79 CSIRO site http://anic.ento.csiro.au/ants/biota_details.aspx?BiotaID=35719 provides details.

80 CS Chong, LJ Thomson and AA Hoffmann, 2011, ‘High Diversity of Ants in Australian Vineyards’, in Australian Journal of Entomology, 50, 7-21.

81 Canopy cover provides ecosystem services in cities and towns and is being deployed across a range of city scapes – for an extensive discussion of this see the Water Foundation Paper in this series (OCES 2012).

82 See http://www.millenniumassessment.org/ documents/document.354.aspx.pdf

83 For opinion over time see R Eckersley, 1995, ed., Markets, the state, and the environment: towards integration, MacMillan Education Australian P/L, Melbourne; TL Anderson and D Leal, 2000, Free market environmentalism, Westview, Boulder; G Murtough, B Aretino and A Matysek, 2002, Creating markets for ecosystem services, Productivity Commission Staff Research Paper, AustInfo, Canberra.

84 Most evidently this plays out in the international arena in the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts (SEEA) recently approved by the UN Statistical Commission and reflected in the work of the World Bank’s Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) an initiative supporting the move to natural capital accounting in places as divergent as Madagasgar, Spain and Zanzibar, about services as varied as mangroves and forests, found at www.unefi.org

85 S Maynard, D James and A Davidson, 2010, The Development of an Ecosystem Services Framework for South East Queensland Environmental Management in Environmental Management DOI 10.1007/s00267-010-9428-z, published online. See also the very recent paper by Simone Maynard prepared for the US EPA, 2012, Comparisons and Contrasts: Comparing and contrasting the US Ecosystem Services Research Program with approaches to develop information on ecosystem services in the UK National Ecosystem Assessment and the SEQ Ecosystem Services Project. Final Report, obtained by contacting the author at [email protected]

86 See https://ensym.dse.vic.gov.au/home/aboutensym accessed 22 September 2012.

87 G Hocking et al, 2009, Goulburn Broken Groundwater Model. Transient model development report (prepared for DSE/GBCMA Eco Markets, Valuing our environment) see https://ensym.dse.vic.gov.au/docs/GoulburnBroken_TransientModelReport_FINAL.pdf, accessed 28 September 2012.

88 See the World Bank’s Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) at www.unefi.org

89 The value of mangroves is discussed in some detail in the appendix of the recent report - TEEB, 2013, The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity for water and wetlands found at www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/TEEB.Waterwetlands_Report_2013.pdf

90 The implications of climate change for Australia’s biodiversity conservation protected areas, September 2012, found at http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Flagships/Climate-Adaptation-Flagship/adapt-national-reserve-system.aspx accessed 22 September 2012.

91 www.wmo,int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_966_en.html; www.unep.org/pdf/permafrost.pdf; http://climatechange.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/Turn_Down_the_heat_Why_a_4_degree_centigrade_warmer_world_must_be_avoided.pdf; www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/low-carbon-economy-index .

92 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Core Writing Team, RK Pachauri and AE Reisinger, 2007, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, Geneva, Switzerland, Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change and see the Climate Change Foundation paper in this series at www.ces.vic.gov.au .

93 J Gergis, R Neukom, S Phipps, A Gallant and D Karoly, 2012, ‘Evidence of Unusual Late 20th Century Warming from an Australasian Temperature Reconstruction Spanning the last Millennium’ in Journal Of Climate, In Press.

94 Stefan Rahmstorf, Grant Foster and Anny Cazenave, 2012, ‘Comparing climate projections to observations up to 2011’, 2012 Environment. Research. Letters. 7 044035 doi: 10.1088/1748al_9326/7/4/044035

95 IPCC Core Writing Team, RK Pachauri and AE Reisinger, 2007, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report Geneva, Switzerland, Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change.

96 E.S. Poloczanska, A.J. Hobday and A.J. Richardson (Eds) (2012). Marine Climate Change in Australia, Impacts and Adaptation Responses. 2012 Report Card. ISBN 978-0-643-10927-8

97 Recent CSIRO reports describe some habitat loss possibilities – The implications of climate change for biodiversity conservation and the National Reserve System: Final synthesis and Implications for policymakers: Climate change, biodiversity conservation and the National Reserve System (Summary) found at http://csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Flagships/Climate-Adaptation-Flagship/adapt-national-reserve-system.aspx.

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98 V. Williams, E Witkowski and K Balkwill, 2007, ‘The use of Incidence-Based Species Richness Estimators, Species Accumulation Curves and Similarity Measures to Appraise Ethnobotanical Inventories from South Africa’, in Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 2495-2513. Climate Commission, 2012, Victorian Climate Impacts and Opportunities found at http://climatecommission.gov.au/report/victorian-climate-impacts-opportunities/

99 AA Hoffmann, JS Camac, RJ Williams,W Papst, FC Jarrad and CH Wahren, 2010, ‘Phenological Changes in Six Australian Subalpine Plants in Response to Experimental Warming and Year-To-Year Variation in Journal of Ecology, 98, 927-937.

100 KL Mcdougall, JW Morgan, NG Walsh and RJ Williams, 2005, ‘Plant Invasions in Treeless Vegetation of the Australian Alps’, in Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 7, 159-171.

101 MR Kearney, NJ Briscoe, D Karoly, WP Porter, M Norgate and P Sunnucks, 2010, ‘Early Emergence in a Butterfly, Causally Linked to Anthropogenic Warming’, in Biology Letters, 6, 674-677. The status of the butterfly in Australian conservation regimes has been reported in DPA Sands and TR New, 2002, The action plan for Australian butterflies, published by the Natural Heritage Trust and found at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/action/butterfly/pubs/butterflies.pdf.

An Action Statement under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/103365/006_Butterfly_Community_No-1_1991.pdf) has been prepared for ‘Butterfly Colony number 1’ at Mount Piper between Tallarook and Mount William where the only known colony of small and large ant blues are known to co-exist. As an illustration of the layers of complexity which promote biodiversity the comment is made ‘the main food plants on which these butterflies lay their eggs are tree lichens, rock lichens and fungi. An ant (Iridomyrmex sp. aff. nitidus) that has an interdependent relationship with the ant-blue butterflies, also feeds on the lichens and fungi’.

102 Janice Wormworth and Cagan Sekercioglu, 2012, Winged Sentinels. Birds and climate change, Cambridge University Press.

103 KJ Hennessy and AB Pittock, 1995, ‘Greenhouse Warming and Threshold Temperature Events in Victoria, Australia’ in International Journal of Climatology, 15, 591-612.

104 The impact of climate change and the role of biotechnology in addressing these issues is explored in Julie Glover, Hilary Johnson, Jacqueline Lizzio, Varsha Wesley, Paul Hattersley and Catherine Knight, 2008, Australia’s crops and pastures in a changing climate – can biotechnology help? Bureau of Rural Science, Commonwealth of Australia, found at http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/929588/climate-change-and-biotechnology.pdf accessed 20 September 2012, CSIRO’s Sustainable Agriculture Flagship is working on these issues, found at http://www.csiro.au/en/Organisation-Structure/Flagships/Sustainable-Agriculture-Flagship/SAF-overview.aspx#a1. And see also the Climate Change Foundation Paper in this series at www.ces.vic.gov.au.

105 See the most recent report from CSIRO, NCCARF and the Commonwealth Government Fisheries Research and Development Corporation on the winners and losers in the marine environment, Marine Climate Change. Impacts and Adaptation Report Card Australia 2012 found at http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/index.php/2012/home/ accessed on 22 September 2012.

106 One example of the complexity of the potential impacts can be found in the impacts on British Isles butterfly species, migratory and otherwise (see P Barkham, 2010, The Butterfly Isles, Granta). Butterflies may, initially, quite enjoy milder temperatures, but climate change has already generated an attractive habitat for a predatory parasitic fly which is killing the caterpillar stage of the Small Tortoiseshell butterfly prompting an estimated 45% drop in population numbers (@ p 42); low moisture is impacting the nutritional levels of nettles, a basic foodstuff (@ p 43); and some butterflies, like the Black Hairstreak may simply not want to relocate to accommodate changes in temperatures (@ p 333). The pace of change is simply too great. Butterflies are arriving a month earlier than was the case in 1980 and they are dying off a month earlier too, potentially impacting other species with which their life cycles intersect (@ p 273).

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107 Neil Comrie, 2012, Bushfires Royal Commission Implementation Monitor Final Report, found at http://www.bushfiresmonitor.vic.gov.au/resources/24a8a8cf-e374-40fe-af91-7685dd7fe965/bushfiresroyalcommissionfullreport.pdf and accessed on 22 September 2012. Amongst the observations made about the role of controlled burning the Monitor had this to say –

‘The State’s commitment to the VBRC’s annual rolling target of burning five % of public land has been managed within tight funding and resource allocations (recommendation 56). The State, while not meeting the planned burning targets for 2011-12, has introduced a number of initiatives to improve the performance and delivery of the planned burning program. The Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) is embarking on a planned burning reform program which will consider a number of options to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of planning, capability and delivery to facilitate achieving the annual rolling target of 390,000 hectares per annum (recommendations 56 and 57). The BRCIM questions the rolling target as the most effective way to increase the level of planned burning across the State as working towards a pre-determined target may diminish the State’s ability to focus on risk reduction in high risk areas. The BRCIM advocates that the State reconsider the planned burning rolling target of five % as the primary outcome as part of the planned burning reform program. It is considered that the most important objective of the planned burning program must be to address public safety risks in line with the VBRC’s intentions’.

108 JL Kohen, 1995. Aboriginal Environmental Impacts, Marrickville, UNSW Press.

109 For details of planned burns go to www.dse.vic.gov.au/fire-and-other-emergencies/planned-burning-an-introduction/burns-today-current-status/burns-this-season

110 SC Banks, EJ Knight, L McBurney, D Blair and DB Lindenmayer, 2011, ‘The Effects of Wildfire on Mortality and Resources for an Arboreal Marsupial: Resilience to Fire Events but Susceptibility to Fire Regime Change’, in Plos One, 6.

111 SC Banks, EJ Knight, L McBurney, D Blair and DB Lindenmayer, 2011, ‘The Effects of Wildfire on Mortality and Resources for an Arboreal Marsupial: Resilience to Fire Events but Susceptibility to Fire Regime Change’, in Plos One, 6.

112 JS Cohn, ID Lunt, KA Ross and RA Bradstock, 2011, ‘How Do Slow-Growing, Fire-Sensitive Conifers Survive in Flammable Eucalypt Woodlands?’ in Journal of Vegetation Science 22, 425-435.

113 BH Walker and D. Salt, 2006, Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World, Washington DC, Island Press.

114 This is not an isolated example but rather a helpfully explicit one.

115 Lucas C, Hennessy K, Mills G, Bathols J (2007) Bushfire weather in Southeast Australia: Recent trends and projected climate change impacts. Bushfire CRC/CSIRO

116 Raphael, K, Didham R, Denmead, Lisa H, and Elizabeth L Deakin, 2012, ‘Riches to Rags. The Ecological Consequences of Land Use Intensification in New Zealand’ in D. Lindenmeyer, S. Cunningham and A Young, eds, 2012, Land use intensification: Effects on Agriculture, Biodiversity and Ecological Processes, CSIRO.

117 Michael Clarke, 2010, Clarification of expert opinion in correspondence to VBRC.

118 Ackland, A, Salkin, O, Blackett, A, Friend, G Fogarty, L 2010 Future Fire Management Project. Defining and evaluating alternative fire management options to achieve improved outcomes for community protection, biodiversity and ecosystem services. Otway Pilot Study – Interim Report, DSE.

119 Don A. Driscoll, David B. Lindenmayer, Andrew F. Bennett, Michael Bode, Ross A. Bradstock, Geoffrey J. Cary, Michael F. Clarke, Nick Dexter, Rod Fensham, Gordon Friend, Malcolm Gill, Stewart James, Geoff Kay, David A. Keith, Christopher MacGregor, Jeremy Russell-Smith, David Salt, James E.M. Watson, Richard J. Williams, Alan York (2010) Fire management for biodiversity conservation: Key research questions and our capacity to answer them. Biological Conservation, 143, 1928-1939.

120 MA Nash and AA Hoffmann, 2012, ‘Effective Invertebrate Pest Management in Dryland Cropping in Southern Australia: The Challenge of Marginality’ in Crop Protection, 43: 289-304.

121 See Neil Comrie, 2012, Bushfires Royal Commission Implementation Monitor Final report July 2012. found at http://www.bushfiresmonitor.vic.gov.au/resources/24a8a8cf-e374-40fe-af91-7685dd7fe965/bushfiresroyalcommissionfullreport.pdf and accessed on 22 September 2012.

122 Victorian State of the Environment Report 2008, www.ces.vic.gov.au; Commonwealth State of the Environment Report 2011; and see these issues canvassed extensively and supported by a vast reference list, C Nellemann, M MacDevette, T Manders, B Eickhout, B Svihus, AG Prins and BP Kaltenborn, eds., 2009. The environmental food crisis – The environment’s role in averting future food crises, a UNEP rapid response assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal, found at www.grida.no and accessed on 25 September 2012, noting in particular the chapter titled ‘Impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems from conventional expansion of food production’.

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123 http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/102319/Native_Vegetation_Management_-_A_Framework_for_Action.pdf and the recent review of the Framework, released by DSE in September 2012 can be found at http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/145528/Future-directions-Consultation-Paper-September-2012.pdf.

124 D Tilman et al, 2002, ‘Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices’, in Science 418 (6898): 671-677.

125 P. Selman, 2008, ‘What Do We Mean By Sustainable Landscape?’ in Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy 4, 23-28; and see the recent CSIRO publication Land use intensification, CSIRO Publishing; and for one specific example of this see the work necessary in respect of the regent honeyeater due to the loss of its habitat, the box ironbark forests http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/regent-honeyeater.html accessed on 22 September 2012.

126 See CSIRO publication noted above. In international contexts see C Echeverría, A Newton, L Nahuelhual, D Coomes and JM Rey-Benayas, 2012, ‘How Landscapes Change: Integration of Spatial Patterns and Human Processes in Temperate Landscapes of Southern Chile’ in Applied Geography, 32, 822-831. Echeverría et al., 2012

127 The question of the environmental impacts of agriculture has been a subject of much scholarship over time. See J Pretty 2008, ‘Agricultural sustainability: concepts principles and evidence’ in 2008 Phil Trans R Soc B, 363, pp 447-465 and see a recent study regarding the issue of indicator selection in determining impacts – I Acosta-Alba and H M G van der Werf, 2011, ‘The use of reference values in indicator-based methods for the environmental assessment of agricultural systems’ in 2011 Sustainability vol 3: 424-442 found at www.mdpi.com/journal/sustsinability

128 IBID.

129 Land use intensification: effects on agriculture, biodiversity and ecological processes/edited by David Lindenmayer, Saul Cunningham and Andrew Young, McIntyre, CSIRO 2012.

130 I Lunt and J Morgan, 1999, ‘Vegetation Changes after 10 Years of Grazing Exclusion and Intermittent Burning in a Themeda Triandra (Poaceae) Grassland Reserve In South-Eastern Australia’, in Australian Journal of Botany 47.

131 D Ludwig, BH Walker and CS Holling, 2002, ‘Models and Metaphors of Sustainability, Stability, and Resilience’, in LH Gunderson and L Pritchard, eds., 2002, Resilience and Behaviour of Large Scale Systems. Washington: Island Press.

132 MA Nash and AA Hoffmann, 2012, ‘Effective Invertebrate Pest Management in Dryland Cropping in Southern Australia: The Challenge of Marginality’ in Crop Protection, 43: 289-304.

133 For Victorian government public information about salinity see DPI’s site at http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/farming-management/soil-water/salinityaccessed on 25 September 2012.

134 Soil acidity publications, WA Department of Agriculture found at http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_92428.html accessed on 22 September 2012.

135 One extreme solution, used by Greening Australia and University of Melbourne in grassland revegetation efforts, is the scalping of topsoil prior to revegetation but this is expensive to effect and could not possibly be used across widespread terrain.

136 M Dunlop et al, 2012, The implications of climate change for biodiversity conservation and the National Reserve System: Final synthesis, CSIRO found at http://www.csiro.au/nationalreservesystem accessed on 5 March 2013.

137 Found at http://www.landscapefutures.com.au/publications.html accessed on 5 March 2013.

138 VEAC, 2010 Remnant Native Vegetation Investigation Discussion Paper, www.veac.vic.gov.au

139 EG Lebrun, RM Plowes and LE Gilbert, 2012, ‘Imported Fire Ants Near the Edge of their Range: Disturbance and Moisture Determine Prevalence and Impact of an Invasive Social Insect, in Journal of Animal Ecology, 81, 884-895.

140 See for instance the presentation by Tim Low of the Invasive Species Council, Risk of new crops: what should we do? Found on www.invasives.org.au (accessed on 25 September 2012) and the work of CSIRO entomologists at www.csiro.au/ento.

141 MA Nash, AA Hoffmann and LJ Thomson, 2010, ‘Identifying Signature of Chemical Applications on Indigenous and Invasive Nontarget Arthropod Communities in Vineyards’ in Ecological Applications, 20, 1693-1703.

142 For examples see http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2011/report/biodiversity/3-9-invasive-species-and-pathogens.html#s3-9.

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143 SJ Cork and D Shelton 2000, ‘The nature and value of Australia’s ecosystem services: framework for sustainable environmental services’ in Sustainable environmental solutions for industry and government, Proceedings of the 3rd Queensland Environment Conference, Institution of Engineers, Australian and Qld Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Brisbane.

144 Discussed at http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2011/04/06/315301_on-farm.html, toolkit available at www.vicblackberrytaskforce.com.au accessed 22 September2012.

145 http://wimmera.landcarevic.net.au/hindmarsh/activities/project-hindmarsh-landcare-weekend accessed 22 September 2012.

146 For instance in respect of the Grey Crowned Babbler (Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Action Statement at http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/103167/034_Grey-crowned_Babbler_1992.pdf, accessed 22 September 2012) and the Regent Honeyeater work at http://regenthoneyeater.org.au/index.php accessed on 22 September 2012.

147 See D. J. Pannell, G. R. Marshall, N. Barr, A. Curtis, F. Vanclay and R. Wilkinson, 2006 ‘Understanding and promoting adoption of conservation practices by rural landholders’ in Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46(1431) 1407–1424 fund at http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EA05037 for passing references to the uptake of landcare by farming families. The program speaks for itself.

148 At www.vago.vic.gov.au, www.edovic.org.au

149 We discuss the extent of the change required in the water foundation paper and the comments in that paper are equally applicable here.

150 VEAC Red Gum National Park Reference www.veac.vic.gov.au

151 L. Gibson and TR New, 2007, ‘Problems In Studying Populations of the Golden Sun Moth Synemon Plana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), in South Eastern Australia’, in Journal of Insect Conservation 11, 309-313; D. Gilmore, Koehler, S., O’Dwyer, C. & Moore, W. 2008. ‘Golden Sun Moth Synemon Plana (Lepidoptera: Castniidae): Results of a Broad Survey of Populations around Melbourne’ in The Victorian Naturalist, 125, 39-46.

152 AL Yen, 2011, ‘Melbourne’s terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity: losses, gains and the new perspective’ in The Victorian Naturalist, 128, 201-208.

153 Department of Primary Industries, 2012, Discussion paper. Towards a stand-alone Invasive Species Management Act 2012 found at http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/protecting-victoria-pest-animals-weeds/legislation,-policy-and-permits/new-invasive-species-legislation/discussion-paper-invasive-species-management-bill/foreword.

154 See L Godden and J Peel, 2010, Environmental law. Scientific, policy and regulatory dimensions, OUP, chapter 4 for a discussion of the regulatory terrain.

155 DJ Fiorino, 2006, The new environmental regulation, MIT Press @ page 222

156 Acts relevant to pest species (for instance)include the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994, Fisheries Act, 1995, Livestock Diseases Control Act 1994 and the recent Plant Biosecurity Act 2010 and these associated pieces of legislation – Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006, Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Control of Use) Act 1992 and the Drugs, Poison and Controlled Substances Act 1981, Biological Control Act 1986, Environment Protection Act 1970, Firearms Act 1996, Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, Impounding of Livestock Act 1994, Land Act 1958, Local Government Act 1989, Marine Act 1988, National Parks Act 1975, Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004, Parks Victoria Act 1988, Planning and Environment Act 1987, Port Management Act 1995, Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986, Road Management Act 2004, Road Safety Act 1986, Sale of Land Act 1962, Wildlife Act 1975.

157 See the City of Greater Bendigo and Campaspe Shires Biolink Study 2009 for an illustration of differing priorities across proximate territorial scales. Also note, as one further example: Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment Management Authority commissioned a report Assessing the Effectiveness of Local Planning Scheme Controls in Protecting Native Vegetation in the Port Phillip and Westernport Region in 2008, which explored the issue of complexity and suggested that better data capture, training, integration and coordination was necessary notwithstanding the ‘pioneering’ status of consecutive Victorian governments in working to arrest habitat loss. See http://www.ppwcma.vic.gov.au/Resources/PublicationDocuments/54/PPWCMA%20Budge%20report_combined_FINAL.pdf accessed on 22 September 2012. The 2008 Victorian Auditor-General’s Office report, Victoria’s Planning Framework for Land Use and Development attested to the variety of planning permit management in local government settings, suggesting that much could be improved. See http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_and_publications/latest_reports/2008/20080507_land_use_and_devt.aspx accessed 22 September 2012.

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158 For example the following are all relevant – Clause 15.09, 52.17, 53, 65, 66 and sections 20(4),52,56, all of which require explanation for those working in the field. Found at www.vicroads.vic.gov.au .

159 Victorian Planning Provisions, Clause 53 found at planningschemes.dpcd.vic.gov.au/vpps/

160 Advice from VicRoads, December 2012.

161 Advice from The Department of Sustainability and Environment.

162 Found at www.ces.vic.gov.au

163 Environmental law texts provide illustrations of good and poor, formal and informal, interactions between federal, state and local legal systems in the Australian context, see Lee Godden and Jacqueline Peel, 2009, Environmental Law. Scientific, policy and regulatory dimensions, OUP, London; G Bates, 2010, Environmental Law in Australia, Lexis Nexis, Sydney.

164 VAGO, 2009, Administration of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 found at http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports__publications/reports_by_year/2009/20090401_flora_fauna.aspx; and see the recent report by the Environmental Defenders Office, 2012, A Framework for Action? Implementation and enforcement of Victoria’s native vegetation clearance controls see http://www.edovic.org.au/downloads/files/law_reform/edo_vic_monitoring_report_4-native_vegetation.pdf.

165 See M Hain and C Cocklin, 2001, ‘The effectiveness of courts in achieving the goals of environmental protection legislation’ in EPLJ 18: 3, 319 @ 322.

166 International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement, 2009, Principles of Environmental Compliance and Enforcement found at www.epa.gov/nscep/

167 Victorian Government, 2012, Future directions for native vegetation in Victoria – Review of Victoria’s native vegetation permitted clearing regulations Consultation paper, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

168 VAGO, 2012, Compliance Audit DSE and DPI, found at www.vago.vic.gov.au

169 See R Martin, 2005, ‘Trends in environmental prosecutions’ in 2 National Environmental Law Review 38; and R Baird, 2002, ‘Environmental prosecutions in Victoria – full benefit of amendments limited by prosecution structure’ in 19 EPLJ 83; and M Hain and C Cocklin, 2001, ‘The effectiveness of the courts in achieving the goals of environment protection legislation’ in 18 EPLJ 320, for a cross section of this discussion.

170 And, note the quickening interest in these issues, the UK government has established a Better Regulation Delivery Office through its Department of Business Innovation and Skills after a rather exhaustive round of reviews – the Hampton Review of 2005 and the Macrory Review of 2006 resulting in the Regulation Compliance Code 2007. Victoria has regulatory compliance guides issuing out of both the Department of Treasury and Finance and Department of Premier and Cabinet.

171 Found at Australian National Audit Office website www.anao.gov.au

172 See R Martin, 2005, ‘Trends in environmental prosecutions’ in 2 National Environmental Law Review 38; and R Baird, 2002, ‘Environmental prosecutions in Victoria – full benefit of amendments limited by prosecution structure’ in 19 EPLJ 83.

173 MW Toffel, Jodi L Short and M Oullet, 2012, ‘Reinforcing regulatory regimes: how states, civil society and codes of conduct promote adherence to global labour standards’, Harvard Business Review Working Paper no 13—45 published November 2012.

174 The Victorian Competition and Efficiency Commission released a report in 2009 , ‘A Sustainable Future for Victoria: Getting Environmental Regulation Right’ in which the Commissioner proposed a native vegetation regulator to address legislative deficiencies and conflicts, see http://www.vcec.vic.gov.au/CA256EAF001C7B21/WebObj/ASustainableFutureforVictoria-GettingEnvironmentalRegulationRight/$File/A%20Sustainable%20Future%20for%20Victoria%20-%20Getting%20Environmental%20Regulation%20Right.pdf, accessed 14 September 2012. This report, in part, built on the earlier VCEC report (2005) Regulation and Regional Victoria: Challenges and Opportunities which recommended a number of changes to native vegetation regulation that were generally supported by the Government in a response published in December 2005.

175 The Victorian Competition and Efficiency Commission (VCEC), 2009, ‘A Sustainable Future for Victoria: Getting Environmental Regulation Right’, refers to a total of 43 Acts impacting environmental management, see http://www.vcec.vic.gov.au/CA256EAF001C7B21/WebObj/ASustainableFutureforVictoria-GettingEnvironmentalRegulationRight/$File/A%20Sustainable%20Future%20for%20Victoria%20-%20Getting%20Environmental%20Regulation%20Right.pdf,

176 See the VCEC report noted above and also M Brozgul, 2012, Biodiversity Resource Management in Victoria, unpublished graduate student study (CfES). Case studies included in this work suggest that collaboration between community and government has the potential to improve biodiversity protection in Victoria.

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177 The Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) undertook an audit (Number 43) and produced Performance Information for Commonwealth Financial Assistance under the Natural Heritage Trust. The ANAO found that the Natural Heritage Trust outcomes had been significantly compromised by (a) a variation in reporting amongst states and territories, (b) the absence of baseline data, (c) the need for appropriate, quantifiable targets, and (d) significant delays in project completion. See http://www.anao.gov.au/~/media/Uploads/Documents/2000%2001_audit_report_43.pdf, accessed 14 September 2012.

178 CSIRO, NCCARF and the Commonwealth Government Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, 2012, Marine Climate Change. Impacts and Adaptation Report Card Australia 2012 found at http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/index.php/2012/home/ accessed on 22 September 2012.

179 E.S. Poloczanska, A.J. Hobday and A.J. Richardson (Eds) (2012). Marine Climate Change in Australia, Impacts and Adaptation Responses. 2012 Report Card. ISBN 978-0-643-10927-8

180 Invertebrate Ecology Services, Australian Museum, http://australianmuseum.net.au/Invertebrate-Ecology-Services.

181 This has been an issue over time, see DL Hawksworth, 1991, ‘The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation’ in Mycological Research,95: 6, 641–655; and for a recent text on the rationale for the need see MS Foster and GF Bills, 2004, Biodiversity of fungi: inventory and monitoring, Academic Press.

182 http://www.bushblitz.org.au/documents/Bush_Blitz_MR_20110329...

183 http://www.nedscorner.com.au/index.php

184 See the site for details – found at http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/conservation-and-environment/biodiversity/natureprint, accessed 22 september 2012.

185 Submissions are being made to the Future Directions for Native Vegetation Consultation Draft 2012 www.dse.vic.gov.au but these have not at this stage been published. However, it should be noted that NaturePrint extracts data from the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas (VBA) for some of its products. The VBA is informed by local knowledge.

186 http://www.ala.org.au/

187 ID Lunt, LM Winsemius, SP McDonald, JW Morgan, and RL Dehaan, 2010, ‘How widespread is woody plant encroachment in temperate Australia? Changes in woody vegetation cover in lowland woodland and coastal ecosystems in Victoria from 1989 to 2005. Journal of Biogeography, 37: 722-732.

188 http://www.tern.org.au/Newsletter-2012-Sept-LTERNMalleeDynamics-pg23530.html accessed 22 September 2012 and for a straight forward outline of the work being done see http://www.isr.qut.edu.au/eresearch/downloads/tern_poster.pdf. Further, for Victoria look at the Monash University Land Ecosystems Atmosphere Programs (LEAP) at Whroo near Shepparton found at http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ges/research/climate/whroo/ and at Wombat near Ballarat found at http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ges/research/climate/wombat/.

189 Details can be found at http://www.tern-supersites.net.au/ accessed on 22 September 2012.

190 The Report of proceedings can be found at http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-11 accessed on 8 February 2013.

191 This relates to the genes or DNA sequences with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.

192 See the following collection of articles on this reclamation effort. A Weeks, T Kelly, D Griffiths, D Heinze and I Mansergh, 2012, The genetic rescue of the mountain pygmy-possum at Mt Buller. Report to Department of Sustainability & Environment, CEASR, University of Melbourne; and A Weeks, D Heinze, T Kelly and I Mansergh, 2011, Wild translocation of mountain pygmy possums for the genetic rescue of the Mount Buller population Report to DSE Melbourne, Victoria; RD Van der Ree, M Heinze, M. McCarthy and I. Mansergh. 2009, ‘Wildlife Tunnel Enhances Population Viability’, in Ecology and Society 14 (2): 7 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art7/

193 P Mitrovski, AA Hoffmann, DA Heinze and AR Weeks, 2008, ‘Rapid Loss of Genetic Variation in an Endangered Possum’ in Biology Letters, 4, 134-138.

194 AR Weeks, CM Sgro, AG Young, R Frankham, NJ Mitchell, KA Miller, M Byrne, DJ Coates, MDB Eldridge, P Sunnucks, MF Breed, EA James and AA Hoffmann, 2011, ‘Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments: a genetic perspective’ in Evolutionary Applications, 4, 709-725.

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195 Sarah Maclagan, Mark Cairns, 2008, Biolinks Project Action Plan: Linking Habitats across the Western Port Catchment Central Region found at http://www.cecinc.net.au/images/stories/CEC_Biolinks_Project_Action_Plan_2008_-_Web.pdf, accessed 22 September 2012.

196 Note the recent work of the GBCMA on socio-ecological systems and the scholarship which has been generated in recent years includes – B Walker, A Kinzig, JM Andries and P Ryan eds., 2006, Exploring resilience in social-ecological systems. Comparative studies and theory development, Ecology and Society, Special Issue found at http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/issues/view.php?sf=22; F Berkes, J Colding, C Folke, eds., 2003, Navigating social-ecological systems. Building resilience for complexity and change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. And for a recent article about a narrowing of socio-ecological theory applications see, Örjan Bodin and Maria Tengö, ‘Disentangling intangible social–ecological systems’ in www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378012000179

197 Note the recent CSIRO Report http://www.csiro.au/Organisation-Structure/Flagships/Climate-Adaptation-Flagship/adapt-national-reserve-system.aspx

198 DA Fordham, HR Akcakaya, MB Araujo, J Elith, DA Keith, R Pearson, TD Auld, C Mellin, JW Morgan, TJ Regan, M Tozer, MJ Watts, M White, BA Wintle, C Yates and BW Brook, 2012, ‘Plant Extinction Risk under Climate Change: Are Forecast Range Shifts alone a Good Indicator of Species Vulnerability to Global Warming?’ in Global Change Biology, 18: 1357-1371.

199 G Guerin, H Wen and A Lowe, 2012, ‘Leaf Morphology Shift Linked to Climate Change’ in Biology Letters, Doi: 10.1098/Rsbl.2012.0458.

200 B. Sinervo, F Méndez-De-La-Cruz, DB Miles, B Heulin, E Bastiaans, M Villagrán-Santa Cruz, RLara-Resendiz, N Martínez-Méndez, ML Calderon-Espinosa, RN Meza-Lázaro, H Gadsden, LJ Avila, M Morando, IJ De La Riva, PV Sepulveda, CFD Rocha, N Ibarguengoytía, CA Puntriano, M Massot, V Lepetz, TA Oksanen, DG Chapple, AM Bauer, WR Branch, J Clobert and JW jnr Sites, 2010, ‘Erosion of Lizard Diversity by Climate Change and Altered Thermal Niches’ in Science, 328, 894-899.

201 For example see the following articles about Victoria: I Mansergh and B Doolan, 2012, ‘Potential impacts of climate change on alpine vegetation. The Victorian International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) and associated projects – 2004-2012: Management and policy implications of the science’, Report of DSE and Parks Victoria, Melbourne; I Mansergh, 2010, ‘North Central Victoria: Climate change and land use: Potential for third century in a timeless land’ in Proc. Roy Soc. Vict.122 (2): 161-183; I Mansergh, 2010, ‘Perceptions of weeds in changing contexts. Land-use change, landscape value change and climate change in south-eastern Australia: adaptation to change in the third century of a timeless land’ in Plant Protection Quarterly 254 (4):173-185 http://www.weedinfo.com.au/ppq_abs25/ppq_25-4-173.html; I Mansergh, 2009, ‘Weeds and landscapes under climate and land-use change – between wombats and wedgies’, 4th Biennial Victorian Weed Conference Proceedings, Weed Society of Victoria, Melbourne; I Mansergh, A Lau and R Anderson, 2008, ‘Geographic landscape visualisation in planning adaptation to climate change in Victoria, Australia’, in C Pettit, William Cartwright, I Bishop, K Lowell, D Pullar, D Duncan, eds., 2008, Landscape Analysis and Visualisation. Lecturer Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography Series, Springer, Berlin found at http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-540-69167-9?sortorder=asc&p_o=20; I Mansergh and D Cheal, 2007, ‘Protected area planning and management for eastern Australian temperate forests and woodland ecosystems under climate change – a landscape approach’ in M Taylor and P Figgis, eds., Protected areas: buffering against climate change : Proceedings of a WWF and IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Symposium, WWF Australia, Sydney.

202 Community or citizen science plays a critical role in the conservation of biodiversity. Citizen science is discussed in more detail in other CfES reports found at www.ces.vic.gov.au .

203 http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/biodiversity/what.asp.

204 In F Jiguet et al, 2010, ‘French citizens monitoring ordinary birds provide tools for conservation and ecological sciences’, found in http://vincent.devictor.free.fr/Articles/Jiguet%20et%20al_in%20press.pdf.

205 See LAO Fernandez, L Paz B., LA Mazariegos, A Cortes and F Salazar, 2010, ‘Articulating local visions to build macro-corridors: the Munchique Pinche example’, in GL Worboys, WL Francis and M Lockwood, 2010, Connectivity conservation management a global guide (with particular reference to mountain connectivity conservation), earthscan, London @ page 223; and Michael Lockwood, 2010, ‘Scoping the territory: considerations for connectivity conservation managers’, in Worboys, Francis and Lockwood (cited above) @ page 45.

206 http://www.strathbogierangescmn.com/valuable-partnership-with-euroa-arboretum/ and http://www.gbcma.vic.gov.au/

207 For one example of the discussion of socio-ecological systems thinking see LH Gunderson, SR Carpenter, C Folke, P Olsson and G Peterson, 2006, ‘Water RATS (resilience, adaptability and transformability) in lake and wetland socio-ecological systems’ in http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/issues/view.php?sf=22

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208 http://wda.org.au/index.php?option=com_attachments&task=download&id=77

209 BH Walker and D. Salt, 2006, Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems And People In A Changing World, Washington DC, Island Press.

210 D Ludwig, BH Walker and CS Holling, 2002, ‘Models and Metaphors Of Sustainability, Stability, And Resilience’, in LH Gunderson and L Pritchard, eds., Resilience and Behaviour of Large Scale Systems. Washington: Island Press.

211 For an illustration of what this natural reserve system is go to http://www.nrm.gov.au/funding/business-plan/12-13/priorities/nrs/index.html.

212 M Dunlop DW Hilbert, S Ferrier A House, A Liedloff SM Prober A Smyth TG Martin T Harwood KJ Williams C Fletcher and H Murphy, 2012, The Implications of Climate Change for Biodiversity Conservation and the National Reserve System: Final Synthesis. A report prepared for the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, and the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency. CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, Canberra.

213 There are a plethora of Australian and international examples of how governments are working with private landholders to deliver environmental outcomes. See leading Australian expert opinion at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/pubs/birds-08.pdf, http://www.fullerlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Taylor-et-al-in-press.pdf, http://aeda.edu.au/docs/2011_Watson_etal_EvaluatingThreatenedSpeciesRecoveryPlan.pdf. For case studies demonstrating the utility of these partnerships, see M Brozgul 2012 Biodiversity Resource Management in Victoria (unpublished report compiled for the Office of the Commissioner for Environmental sustainability, Victoria). In the US, the Federal Farm Bill provides incentives for private management of land leading to environmental outcomes, see http://www.defenders.org/publications/conserving_habitat_through_the_federal_farm_bill.pdf. The countryside management scheme in the UK provides similar incentives see http://www.dardni.gov.uk/ruralni/index/environment/countrysidemanagement.htm and http://www.dardni.gov.uk/ruralni/index/environment/countrysidemanagement/pubs/cmbpress/cmbpress05/restoring_arable_farming.htm. In South Africa see the work being done in the Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development project which is emblematic of other international work and which can be accessed at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:23169150~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html.

214 International Union for the Conservation of Nature – World Commission on Protected Areas 2005-2012 Strategic Plan IUCN Gland found at http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/strategicplan0512.pdf accessed 25 September 2012. and also see N Dudley and J Parish, 2005, Closing the gap, creating ecologically representative Protected Area Systems: a guide to conducting gap assessments of Protected Area Systems for the Convention on Biological Diversity, Technical Series no 24, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal.

215 C Cocklin, N Mautner, J Dibden, 2007, Public policy, private landholders: Perspectives on policy mechanisms for sustainable land management, Journal of Environmental Management 85: pp 986–998.

216 http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/conservation-and-environment/biodiversity/communities-for-nature-grant-program. And see http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/125787/CforNature_Guidelines_FA_R_WEB-final.pdf for the funding guidelines for this program.

The program is described in this way – ‘the Communities for Nature grants program seeks to:

•supportpracticalcommunityactiontodelivermeasurableenvironmentaloutcomes;

•supportcommunitygroupsandvolunteersundertakingworksofprimarilyanenvironmental nature; and

•supportcommunitieswithrelevantandtimelyinformationtoassessprioritiesatthelocallevel to determine the best returns in undertaking on-ground works’.

217 The complete list of projects which received funding in this round can be found at http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/conservation-and-environment/biodiversity/communities-for-nature-grant-program

218 See the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 Action Statement for the red tailed black cockatoo which can be found at http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/103178/037_Red-tailed_Black-Cockatoo_2006.pdf. This is a species which also attracts commonwealth protection with a National Recovery Plan (2006).

219 The list of these grants over time can be found at http://www.environment. http://www.environment.gov.au/about/programs/gvesho/funding.htmlgov.au/about/programs/gvesho/funding.html. Benefits flow to organisations like Environment Victoria, Environs Kimberley, Friends of the Earth and Friends of the Koala, Men of the Trees and the Merri Creek Management Committee Inc. and also see Caring for our Country at http://www.nrm.gov.au/funding/cag/index.html.

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220 Australia State of the Environment Report 2011 found at http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2011/report/marine-environment/references.html accessed 22 September 2012

221 ibid

222 http://www.environment.gov.au/land/publications/forestpolicy/pubs/fcf-performance.pdf and http://www.nrm.gov.au/resources/publications/stewardship/pubs/esp-review.pdf accessed on 10 September 2012, accessed 18 September 2012.

223 SoE 2008 page 252, Recommendation LBO 1 that the Victorian government prioritise investment in incentives, allocating funding for priority development and expansion of eco-markets ‘which encourage multiple environmental outcomes from improved vegetation management services’.

224 Kilter, Nature Conservancy Australia Report, page 164. http://www.bushheritage.org.au/what_we_do/conservation_partnerships. Note the sites reserved in Victoria by Bush Heritage, the John Colahan Griffin Nature Reserve, which has never been cleared, supports the Stuart Mill Spider Orchid and the Red Cross Spider Orchid (supported by DSE) and the Judith Eardley Nardoo Hills reserve is the site of the re-emergence of the greenhood orchid which was understood to be extinct, not having been seen since 1941 until it was located on the reserve.

225 Drawing an erroneous distinction between public and private lands, suggesting that those public lands which only provide us with ecosystem services are not productive, when clearly they are.

226 See the commentaries contained in Many Publics in particular the comments of members of Project Platypus in the chapter relating to the Wimmera found at www.ces.vic.gov.au

227 M Verweij and M Thompson, eds., 2011, Clumsy solutions for a complex world. Governance, politics and plural perceptions, Palgrave Macmillan, London.

228 The significance of involving stakeholders in conservation is cited as a fundamental consideration across a wide range of scholarship – World Wildlife Fund 2000 Stakeholder collaboration: Building bridges for conservation, WWF, US, Washington DC, USA and SA Moore, SF Jennings and WH Tacey, 20001, ‘Achieving sustainable natural resource management outcomes on the ground: the key elements of stakeholder involvement, in Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 8, 91-98. And see JEM Watson,MC Botrill, JC Walsh, LN Josephy and HP Possingham, 2011, Evaluating species recovery planning in Australia, Prepared on behalf of the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts by the Spatial Ecology Laboratory, UQ, Brisbane chapter 7.

229 See the site http://www.dookie.unimelb.edu.au/biolinks/

230 Amongst the factors, in no particular order, are short term input costs, impacts on profits in the medium to long term, impacts on other parts of the system, adjustment costs, risk impacts, compatibility with other technology in use, complexity, costs of the traditional practices, impacts on family life, brand loyalty, self image, the perception of the environmental credibility of the new system, and government policies which may support or detract from possibilities for change. Pannell et al (2006) found adoption occurs when an innovation will support the landholder achieving personal goals, which may include economic, social and environmental goals. Innovations in conservation have a higher probability of adoption when they have a high relative advantage (ie the innovation is perceived to be better than the idea or practice it replaces), and when they are trialable (easy to test and learn about before adoption). See D. J. Pannell, G. R. Marshall, N. Barr, A. Curtis, F. Vanclay and R. Wilkinson, 2006 ‘Understanding and promoting adoption of conservation practices by rural landholders’ in Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46(1431) 1407–1424 found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EA05037 and also see the collected essays in the work of D Pannell and F Varclay, eds., 2011, Changing land management. Adoption of new practices by rural landholders, CSIRO Publishing.

231 C Cocklin, N Mautner, J Dibden, 2007, ‘Public policy, private landholders: Perspectives on policy mechanisms for sustainable land management’, in Journal of Environmental Management 85: pp 986–998.

232 The need to specifically avoid triggering a ‘large number of unnecessary permit applications’ was a matter of concern for town planners and others in the consultations which underpinned the City of Greater Bendigo and Campaspe Shire Study, RMCG Consulting 2009, City of Greater Bendigo and Campaspe Shire. North Central Biolinks: Principles and Approaches, Final Report December 2009. For the depth of discussion about ‘lightening’ the regulatory obligations see E Papadakis and R Grnat 2003, ‘The politics of ‘Light-handed regulation’: ‘New’ environmental policy instruments in Australia in 12 Environmental Politics 27; and the work of N Gunningham, RA Kagan and D Thornton, 2003, Shades of green: business, regulation and environment, Stanford University Press.

233 The need for policy and program continuity to encourage farming families and other community member commitment was a refrain we heard across the state when we toured and listened to people in the regions. This observation is picked up in the report of that work, Many Publics. Participation, inventiveness and change found at www.ces.vic.gov.au.

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234 National targets in Australia’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010-2030 place emphasis on the role of private landholders in achieving conservation outcomes. The ten targets can be viewed here: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/strategy-2010-30/index.html, accessed 14 September 2012. For example - ‘By 2015, achieve a 25% increase in the number of Australians and public and private

organisations who participate in biodiversity conservation activities’.

235 For international commentary which has relevance across the sector see Sven Wunder, 2005, ‘Payments for environmental services: some nuts and bolts’, Occasional Paper no 42, Centre for International Forestry Research found at http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-42.pdf

236 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/30si.pdf.

237 See http://www.nrm.gov.au/resources/publications/stewardship/pubs/esp-review.pdf accessed on 10 September 2012.

238 His criticisms are made in ‘Putting a price on the rivers and rain diminishes us all’ found at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/aug/06/price-rivers-rain-greatest-privatisation?cat=commentisfree&type=article

239 S Whitten and D Shelton, 2005, ‘Market for ecosystem services in Australia: practical design and case studies’, paper for CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation and Joint Venture Agroforestry Program, found at http://www.cifor.org/pes/publications/pdf_files/Whitten-Australia.pdf

240 For a good example of the level of detail necessary to critique the system see B Kelsey Jack, C Kousky and KRE Sims, 2008, ‘Designing payments for ecosystem services: lessons from previous experience with incentive-based mechanisms’, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the U S A, 2008 July 15; 105(28): 9465–9470, published online 2008 July 9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705503104 PMCID: PMC2474507

241 See OECD, 2012, Paying for biodiversity. Enhancing the cost-effectiveness of payments for ecosystems services found at http://www.oecd.org/env/biodiversitywaterandnaturalresourcemanagement/46135424.pdf

242 Blackman A, and R. Woodward, 2010, User Financing in a National Payments for Environmental Services Program: Costa Rican Hydropower, Resources for the Future, Washington DC. A comprehensive introduction to PES can be found at http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-42.pdf. See the Ecosystem Services Blog If or recent initiatives, found at http://blog.ecosystem-services.org/ All web addresses cited above were accessed on 14 September 2012.

243 Co-chairs summary of an International Workshop convened by the OECD, World Bank, GEF, and the European Commission, together with Sweden and India, 2012, Finance Mechanisms for Biodiversity:

244 Examining Opportunities and Challenges found at http://www.oecd.org/env/biodiversitywaterandnaturalresourcemanagement/Finance%20Mechanisms%20for%20Biodiversity_Chairs%20Summary_Montreal%20Workshop.pdf

245 VCEC, 2009, A sustainable future for Victoria: getting environmental regulation right found at http://www.vcec.vic.gov.au/CA256EAF001C7B21/WebObj/ASustainableFutureforVictoria-GettingEnvironmentalRegulationRight/$File/A%20Sustainable%20Future%20for%20Victoria%20-%20Getting%20Environmental%20Regulation%20Right.pdf @ page xxviii accessed on 22 September 2012.

246 See http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/pages/dynamic/article.page.php?page_id=6524&section=home, http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/ethics-and-environmentalism-costa-ricas-lesson/, http://www.oas.org/dsd/EnvironmentalServ.htm, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21644457, see cifor draft document, found at http://www.cifor.org/pes/publications/pdf_files/Costa_Rica_paper.pdf

247 http://www.paxnatura.org/CostaRicanPESProgram.htm. Note that the programs offered in Costa Rica are ‘centralised’ compared with those across other parts of Latin America, notably Ecuador, which runs ‘decentralised’ operations (M Albans and S Wunder, nd, (post 2005), ‘Payment for environmental services at the local level: comparing two cases in Ecuador’, found at http://www.cifor.org/pes/publications/pdf_files/Ecuador_paper.pdf).

248 See http://www.theriverstrust.org/seminars/archive/water/WRT_WATER_PES_Guide_27-06-12_A3.pdf

249 See Michael Winer et al, 2012 Markets on Aboriginal Land in Cape York Peninsula: Potential and Constraints http://cyi.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/UN-Paper.pdf.

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250 Carbon Tender was a pilot program which has ended. The DSE website carries this commentary – ‘The $2.3m CarbonTender project was initiated under the 2002 Victorian Greenhouse Strategy and was an early Victorian example of a market-based mechanism used in the context of revegetation. The project used a competitive tender process to create agreed areas of local indigenous vegetation on private land. Unit prices of sequestered carbon were a key part of the assessment, but there was also a strong focus on other environmental benefits including biodiversity enhancement. The 2008-09 financial year marked five years since landowners were first approached to participate in the program. CarbonTender has resulted in 54 revegetation sites throughout Victoria with a total area of 362 hectares and an expected carbon dioxide sequestration of around 150,000 tonnes. At the end of the 2008-09 financial year, ten of the contracts had been completed. Revegetation on some sites has been very straightforward. However, most sites have been affected by adverse factors including the drought, native animal grazing and sometimes fire, resulting in the revegetation work being more difficult and costly. This has created difficulties for both landholders and DSE in ensuring the required standards are met. Nevertheless, good results have been achieved. CarbonTender has been a valuable pilot project that has generated much information on the potential availability of bio-sequestration sites in Victoria, the revegetation costs related to unit prices of carbon and management of the practical issues involved in revegetation to a high standard. This information will be put to good use in the lead up to the implementation of the national CPRS’.

For a description of ecoMarkets in Victoria see http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/117225/4397-DSE-Introduction-Bro-chure-Final.pdf

251 For a broad but useful discussion of ecomarkets by G Stoneham, M Eigenraam, C Bardsley inter alia, see http://www.feralindia.org/drupal/content/economic-incentives-foster-conservation accessed 11 September 2012.

252 Marsden Jacob, 2010, Review of the Environmental Stewardship Program. A report prepared for DSEWPaC found at www.marsdenjacob.com.au and www.nrm.gov.au/resources/publications/stewardship/pubs/esp-review.pdf and also see DSE 2009 BushTender Environmental Stewardship Report found at www.dse.vic.gov.au.

253 Programs such as the Alcoa partnership which connects with other work in the west of the state provides an example of how market mechanisms will impact and potentially deliver better outcomes around carbon offsets see http://www.iie.org/Programs/Alcoa-Foundation-Advancing-Sustainability-Research/Biochar-and-Energy-from-Trees

254 O’Connor NRM Pty Ltd for DSE, 2009, ‘BushBroker Implementation – evaluation after two years of operation’, found at www.dse.vic.gov/_data/assets/pdf-file/O

255 Interestingly the ‘habitat hectare’ assessment process which underscores the determination of criteria appears to have overcome some of difficulties. This is even though it was described as ‘ambitious’ and the caution given that it required a level of skill and local knowledge, benchmarking with careful recording and that it should be used’ thoughtfully’ by its proponents, D Parkes, G Newell and D Cheal in 2003 when they published ‘Assessing the quality of native vegetation. The habitat hectares approach’ in Ecological Management and Restoration Vol 4 Supp Feb 2003.

256 Charlie Plott, Veronika Nemes and Gary Stoneham, 2008, ‘Electronic BushBroker Exchange. Designing a combinational double auction for native vegetation offsets’ National MBI Pilot Program Round 2 Project Trial Report at www.marketbasedinstruments.gov.au/portal

257 VCEC, 2009, A sustainable future for Victoria: getting environmental regulation right found at http://www.vcec.vic.gov.au/CA256EAF001C7B21/WebObj/ASustainableFutureforVictoria-GettingEnvironmentalRegulationRight/$File/A%20Sustainable%20Future%20for%20Victoria%20-%20Getting%20Environmental%20Regulation%20Right.pdf see submission 57, p. 21 @ page 173-4.

258 Future Directions for Native Vegetation in Victoria, found in http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/145528/Future-directions-Consultation-Paper-September-2012.pdf

259 A E Roth, 2009 ‘What have we Learned from Market Design?, Harvard University and the National Bureau of Economic Research (USA)

260 http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/conservation-and-environment/biodiversity/rural-landscapes/native-vegetation-exchange-trial

261 See Bass Coast Shire 2008-2013 Sustainability Plan at http://www.basscoast.vic.gov.au/getmedia/4e9d4792-9d90-45f0-b242-b82424c3e064/BCSCESP2008Final.pdf, accessed 17 September 2012.

262 Found at http://www.maroondah.vic.gov.au/BiodiversityRate.aspx

263 See the ALGA website, Biodiversity and Vegetation Case Studies found at http://alga.asn.au/?ID=573http://alga.asn.au/?ID=573 accessed 29 September 2012

264 Found at http://www.busselton.wa.gov.au/files/biodiversity_incentives_summary.pdf accessed on 29 September 2012.

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265 Rate Rebate Scheme for Native Vegetation Protection found at http://www.hobartcity.com.au/Environment/Rate_Rebate_Scheme_for_Native_Vegetation_Protection

266 See the very recent publication T Edwards and c Ingvarson, 2012, perceptions and indis=cators of sustainability. A survey of Victorian local government, published and auspiced by the Melbourne University Sustainability Society Institute found at www.sustainable.unimelb.edu.au and see also the work of this Office – Choices, choices. Environmental and sustainability reporting in local government in Victoria, April 2011 found at www.ces.vic.gov.aus

267 In New South Wales the Environment Defenders Office has met the need for private landowners to access information about the extensive range of private incentives with a concise publication simply called A Guide to Private Conservation in NSW (2010). This publication can be found at http://www.edo.org.au/edonsw/site/pdf/pubs/100503private_conservation.pdf

268 The position for local governments is highly variable and complex. When the City of Greater Bendigo and Campaspe Shires undertook a study to identify potential sites for habitat corridors across the two municipalities in 2009 they illustrated this compellingly. The Victorian Planning Provisions govern the overall operations of councils, Municipal Strategic Statements, Vegetation Protection Overlays and Environmental Significance Overlays then attend to the finer detail of planning. Every council has a planning scheme and each scheme addresses the issues perceived to be important at the local level. Bendigo and Campaspe, notwithstanding their adjoining land masses, determined that very different biolink/biodiversity priorities operated. For Bendigo it was the protection of vegetation and for Campaspe the significant consideration was the issue of managing water. See RMCG, 2009, City of Greater Bendigo and Campaspe Shire. North Central Biolinks: Principles and Approaches, Final Report December 2009 found at www.bendigo.vic.gov.au/files/c6f3a937-6f4e-4ca0-b7e3-a0b600dd338a/North_Central_Biolinks_Principles_and_Approaches_Report.pdf

269 See www.environment.nsw.gov.au.

270 K Georgiera, S Pagiola and P Deeks, 2003, ‘Paying for the environment services of protected areas: involving the private sector’, Paper presented to the 5th IUCN World Parks Congress Sustainable Finance Stream, Durban, IUCN, Gland.

271 IUCN, 1998, Economic values for protected areas. Guidelines for protected areas managers, IUCN Gland. See the discussion of the contracting arrangement found at http://www.watershedmarkets.org/casestudies/Costa_Rica_La_Esperanza_eng.html accessed on 25 September 2012.

272 M Echavarra and P Arroyo, 2004, ‘FONAG: A water based finance mechanism for the Condor Biosphere reserve in Ecuador’, in D Harmon and GL Worboys, eds., Managing mountain protected areas: challenges and responses for the 21st century, Andromeda Editrice, Colledara.

273 GL Worboys and WL Francis, 2010, ‘Themes and lessons from global experience in connectivity conservation’ in GL Worboys et al @ page 290.

274 Kellogg Brown & Root Pty Ltd (2012) Werribee River Biolink Action Plan. Prepared for LeadWest: iv

275 LeadWest (2001) Fact Sheet: Werribee River Biolink Action Plan Project, September 2011

276 LeadWest is a regional organisation for Melbourne’s west. It is governed by a ten-member Board of Directors comprising five local government representatives (Brimbank, Maribrynong, Melton, Moonee Valley and Wyndham), four elected by the corporate members and an independent chairperson. Source: http://www.leadwest.com.au/LeadWest/About-LeadWest Accessed: 21 November 2012

277 Kellogg Brown & Root Pty Ltd (2012) Werribee River Biolink Action Plan. Prepared for LeadWest: 4-7 to 4-13

278 With the exception of the Lower Werribee River, private land owners are identified as a key stakeholder.

279 Kellogg Brown & Root Pty Ltd (2011) Werribee River Biolink Action Plan – Desktop Report. Prepared for LeadWest: 3-14

280 Department of Sustainability and Environment (2012) Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 – Threatened List. July 2012

281 Kellogg Brown & Root Pty Ltd (2012) Werribee River Biolink Action Plan. Prepared for LeadWest: 5-30

282 See Ian Lunt’s Ecological Research Site, 2011, ‘Precious regeneration or woody weeds?’ found at http://ianluntresearch.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/precious-regeneration-or-woody-weeds/.

283 G Worboys, 2010, ‘The Connectivity Conservation Imperative’ and C Chester and J Hilty, 2010, ‘Connectivity Science’ and G Anderson et al, 2010, ‘Australian Connectivity Initiative’, all collected in G Worboys, W Francis and M Lockwood, eds., 2010, Connectivity Conservation Management: A Global Guide, With Particular Reference to Mountain Connectivity Conservation, earthscan, London.

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284 JJ Tewksbury, DJ Levey, NM Haddad, S Sargent, JL Orrock, A Weldon, BJ Danielson, J Brinkerhoff, EI Damschen and P Townsend, 2002, ‘Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes’, PNAS 99 no 20 pp12923-12926. and see I Mansergh, 2012 in press, Biolinks – a changing land-use for a changing climate. In Fitzsimmons J ed. Linking Australia’s Landscapes: Lessons and opportunities from large-scale conservation, CSIRO, Melbourne; Mansergh IM, Cheal D & Fitzsimons JA, 2008, ‘Future landscapes in south-eastern Australia: the role of protected areas and biolinks in adaptation to climate change’ in Biodiversity 9 3& 4: 59-70. http://nstl1.nstl.gov.cn/pages/2008/173/00/9(3-4).pdf; I Mansergh. D Cheal and N Amos, 2005, ‘Biolinks the Journey’ Paper in Greenhouse Gamble – Conference: Sydney.

285 JA Hilty, WZ Lidiker and AA Merenlender, 2006, Corridor ecology: the science versus practice of linking landscapes for biodiversity conservation, Island Press, Washington; AB Anderson and CN Jenkins, 2006, Applying nature’s design: corridors as a strategy for biodiversity conservation, in Columbia University Press, NY; G Bennett and KJ Mulonjoy, 2006, Review of experiences with ecological networks, corridors and buffer zones, Technical Series no 23 Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal; K Crooks and M Sanjayan, eds., 2006, Connectivity conservation, Cambridge University Press NY; D Lindenmayer and J Fischer, 206, Habitat fragmentation and landscape change: an ecological and conservation synthesis, CSIRO Publishing Melbourne.

286 http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-corridors/. See B Mackey et al Ecosystem greenspots: identifying potential drought, fire and climate change micro-refuges for a discussion of appropriate biolinks planning methodologies http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/11-1479.1 accessed on 14 September 2012. For a Victorian regional perspective see I Mansergh, 2010, ‘North central Victoria – climate change and land-use: potentials for third century in a timeless land’. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 122(2): 161-183.

287 A Haslem and AF Bennett, 2011, ‘Countryside Vegetation Provides Supplementary Habitat at the Landscape Scale for Woodland Birds in Farm Mosaics’ in Biodiversity and Conservation, 20, 2225-2242.

288 See the work by Sarah Maclagan and contributing author Mark Cairns, 2008, Biolinks Project Action Plan: Linking Habitats across the Western Port Catchment Central Region found at http://www.cecinc.net.au/images/stories/CEC_Biolinks_Project_Action_Plan_2008_-_Web.pdf, accessed 22 September 2012.

289 DNRE, 2000, Restoring Our Catchments – Victoria’s Draft Native Vegetation Management Framework. Melbourne, superceded by DNRE 2002 Victoria’s Native Vegetation Management – A Frameowrk for Action.

290 A. Bennett, 1999, Linkages in the landscape. The role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation, IUCN and the World Conservation Union.

291 D Freudenberger, 1999, Guidelines for Enhancing Grassy Woodlands for the Vegetation Investment Project. CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology, Canberra.

292 Commonwealth SoE 2011.

293 S Whitten, David Freudenberger, Carina Wyborn, Veronica Doerr, Erice Doerr, Art Lanston, 2011, A compendium of existing and planned Australian wildlife corridor projects and initiatives, and case study analysis of operational experience, a report for the Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Also see B Mackey et al, 2010, An independent report to the Interstate Agency Working Group (Alps to Atherton Connectivity Conservation Working Group) convened under the Environment Heritage and Protection Council/Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/ccandger.pdf accessed 10 September 2012. For CSIRO’s perspective on the Federal ‘Draft National Wildlife Corridors Plan’ see http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-corridors/consultation/submissions/pubs/csiro.pdf, accessed on 10 September 2012.

294 See the work put together for the Cotton Community CRC found at http://www.cottoncrc.org.au/files/235c3061-be81-494f-bf49-9a...

295 See the Cotton Community CRC site for a list of all the benefits achieved by cultivating messy habitat for native species, found at http://www.cottoncrc.org.au/industry/Publications/Pests_and_Beneficials/Cotton_Insect_Pest_and_Beneficial_Guide/Sustainable_Cotton_Landscapes/Principle_4___birds__bats

296 See the work by Sarah Maclagan and contributing author Mark Cairns, 2008, Biolinks Project Action Plan: Linking Habitats across the Western Port Catchment Central Region found at http://www.cecinc.net.au/images/stories/CEC_Biolinks_Project_Action_Plan_2008_-_Web.pdf, accessed 22 September 2012.

297 See http://www.sgln.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18:on-ground-waterway-and-biodiversity-works&catid=3 and PR Bird, 1998, ‘Tree windbreaks and shelter benefits to pastures in temperate grazing systems’ in Agroforestry Systems 41: 35-54. (and other papers in that volume); PR Bird, D Bicknell, PA Bulman, SJA Burke, JF Leys, JN Parker, FJ van der Sommen and P Voller, 1992, ‘The role of shelter in Australia for protecting soils, plants and livestock’ in Agroforestry Systems18: 59-86.

298 http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/forestry/private-land-forestry/on-farm-benefits/the-benefits-of-using-indigenous-plants

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299 Note here the very recent work done in the Strathbogie Ranges by the Ruffy community who are compiling their Community Action Plan 2012. Whilst the Action Plan is not ostensibly about sustainability many of the local participants are raising this as a core or ancillary issue which should receive particular attention in the plan itself ( Janet Hagen, 2012, pers comm). The only issues which received more affirmation were a fairer rate system and the need for more cultural events. Rubbish collection, roads and medical services featured as much less important issues for the 50-60 people who attended the meeting to discuss the plan.

300 Representative of a wide cross section of sustainability scholars Graham Harris suggests that a ‘broad policy mix’ will be necessary to get to sustainable resource management outcomes (2007, Seeking sustainability in an age of complexity Cambridge University Press NY). Further, there is an ever-growing scholarship which urges interdisciplinarity as the intellectual template for getting to change in the way we understand and work with our environment (see VA Brown, JA Harris and JY Russell, 2010, Tackling wicked problems through interdisciplinary imagination, earthscan, London).

301 K Stothers, Carla Miles, K Brunt, D Robinson and M Cotter, 2007, ‘Vegetation Incentive Analysis: comparing vegetation incentive schemes within the dryland of the Goulburn Broken Catchment. Stage one report on findings to the Dryland Landscape Strategy Working group’ (accessed from GBCMA) and K Stothers, C Miles and D Rbinson, 2008, ‘Vegetation Incentive Analysis for the Goulburn Broken Dryland. Satge 2 report and recommendations’ (accessed from the GBCMA).

302 Living community and landscapes: Buloke woodlands of the Wimmera, a collaboration of bankmecu, Trust for Nature, Landcare Australia Ltd, DSE, Greening Australia and Kowree Farm Tree Group and the Grampians to Little Desert Biolink.

303 www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-corridors/consultation/index.html.

304 The example used is the Western Australian ‘dog fence’.

305 Debbie Sanders, Don Driscoll, Pia Lentini, Sam Banks, Kevin MacFarlane and Carina Wyborn, 2012, Draft National Wildlife Corridors plan – Comments, found at www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-corridors/consultation/index.html.

306 Kelly Garbach, Mark Lubell, Fabrice AJ De Clerk, 2012, ‘Payment for ecosystem services: the role of positive incentives and information sharing in stimulating adoption of silvopastoral conservation practices’, in Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment vol 156, 2012 pp 27-36 found at www.secincedirect.com/science/article/pii/SO167880912001600

307 Professor Ben Boer, Emeritus professor, Faculty of Law, University of Sydney, ‘Submission on Draft National Wildlife Corridors Plan’ found at www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/wildlife-corridors/consultation/index.html.

308 Dr Graeme Worboys provided his credentials when making this submission. He is the lead author and editor of IUCN’s 2010 Connectivity Conservation Management book, provided a background report on connectivity conservation for the 2011 Australian State of the Environment Report and sat as co-chair for the Social and institutional Working Group of the National Wildlife Corridors Advisory Group.

309 See Adrian Phillips (formerly the Chair of the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (1994-200), ‘Turning ideas on their head – the new paradigm for Protected Areas’, found at www.uvm.edu/conservationlectures/vermont.pdf

310 Law No 9.985, 18 July 2000, establishing the National System of Nature Conservation Units

311 Muska Kechika management Area Act 1998

312 Act on the Protection of Baedku Daegan Mountain System 2003

313 Law on Protected areas 1993, as amended in 1995

314 Federal Nature Conservation Act 2002

315 Royal Government of Bhutan Decree, November 1999, enabling the Bhutan Biological Conservation Complex

316 Supreme Decree No 24453, approving the General Regulation of the Forestry Law, no 1799 of 12 July 1996.

317 Armelle Guignier and Alastair Rieu-Clarke, 2012, ‘Country Report: Vietnam. Payment for Environmental Services’, in IUCN Academy of Environmental law e-journal issue 2012 (1) @ p251-259, discussing the environmental legal framework including Law on Forest Protection and Development in 2004, Law on Environmental Protection in 2005, Law on Biodiversity in 2008 and Decree no 99/2010/ND_CP of 24 September 2010 (Policy for Payment of Forest Environmental Services 2010) found at http://www.iucnael.org/en/documents/doc_download/922-ej2012-

318 Peter Shadie and Patricia Moore, IUCN The World Conservation Union, nd, Connectivity Conservation: International Experience in Planning, Establishment and Management of Biodiversity Corridors, Background Paper found at http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/070723_bci_international_report_final.pdf

319 http://www.iucn.org/news_homepage/all_news_by_theme/?11614/Connectivity-Conservation-Workshop-in-Bonn

320 This will require collaborate across jurisdictions in formal and informal ways. The Henry Review suggested the need to spread primary production tax benefits to conservation properties and develop tax incentives which promote environmental benefits, ensuring ‘targeted spending programs’ (Recommendation 60 of the ‘Henry Review’, 2010, The Report on Australia’s Future Tax System). The question of tax and subsidies is a whole other paper.

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FOUNDATION PAPER | TWO Land and Biodiversity victoria: the science, our private Land hoLders, incentives and connectivity

Design and Artwork by Lisa Minichiello www.room44.com.au

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King Parrot.

Image CfES, 2012.

Office of the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability

Level 16, 570 Bourke Street | Melbourne Victoria 3000

T +61 3 8636 2197 | F +61 3 8636 2099 | www.ces.vic.gov.au | [email protected]

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