Objectives of endocrine and reproduction block

TOPIC: MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

I. Curricular goal

The course of Medical entomology focuses on study of medically important arthropod

as regards diagnostic morphology, medical importance and control.

II. Learning objectives

By the end of the entomology course the student will be able to:

1- Detect the distribution and prevalence of arthropod.

2- Describe the diagnostic morphology of several stages of each arthropod.

3- Describe the biological habits and life cycle of studied arthropod.

4- Recognize the main pathological lesions caused by the arthropod.

5- Recognize the different pathological agents transmitted to man by the arthropod and the

mode of its transmission.

6- Solve case problem related to some infection caused by arthropod in human tissues.

7- Mention the different methods used for prevention and control.

III. Contents

A- Arachnida.

1- Scorpoinidae (Scorpion) 2- Acarina (Ticks and Mites)

B- Insecta

1- Diptera 2- Hemiptera

3- Anoplura 4- Siphoneptera

C- Crustacea

For each the following items are discussed:

a- Diagnostic morphology

Diagnostic morphological features of different stages for each arthropod.

b- Biology and life cycle

Life cycle and biology of each arthropod.

C- Pathogenesis and clinical picture

- The mechanism by which the arthropod may act by itself as a causative agent for human

disease.

- Correlation with the clinical picture of the disease.

d- Role of the arthropods as a transmitting agent for pathogens

The role of each arthropod as a vector for pathogens whether viral, bacterial,

ricketssial or parasitic as well as the method of its transmission and its effect on the host.

e- Prevention and control

Different methods for the control of arthropod are related to their biological and breeding

habits.

Control is based on their main axes namely, physical, biological and control.

Third Year Curriculum of Medical Biochemistry

Topic/Unit: Fat-Soluble VitaminsCurricular Goal #3: To introduce the students to fat-soluble vitamins and their role in human body.Learning Objectives: By the end of this instructional unit, the student will be able to:1- State general properties of fat soluble vitamins.2- Discuss the role of vitamin A in human body.3- State manifestations and causes of deficiency of vitamin A.4-Discuss the role of vitamin D in human body.5- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of vitamin D.6- Discuss the role of vitamin E in human body.7- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of vitamin E.8- Identify the role of vitamin K in the human body.9- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of vitamin K.

Topic/Unit: Water soluble vitamins Curricular Goal #10: To introduce the students to water-soluble vitamins and their role in human body.

Learning Objectives: By the end of this instructional unit, the student will be able to: 1- State general properties of water soluble vitamins.2- Discuss the role of thiamin in human body.3- State manifestations and causes of deficiency of thiamin

4-Discuss the role of riboflavin in human body.5- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of riboflavin6- Discuss the role of niacin in human body.7- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of niacin8- Identify the role of pantothenic acid in the human body.9- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of pantothenic acid10- Identify the role of pyridoxine in the human body.11- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of pyridoxine12- Discuss the role of biotin in human body.13- State manifestations and causes of deficiency of biotin14-Discuss the role of lipoic acid in human body.15- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of lipoic acid16- Discuss the role of folic acid in human body.17- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of folic acid

.

Topic/Unit: Nucleotide metabolismCurricular Goal # 8: To introduce the students with basic biochemical concepts about nucleotide metabolism.Learning Objectives: By the end of this instructional unit, the student will be able to: 1- Discuss synthesis of purine bases.2- Describe salvage pathway for purine synthesis.3- Discuss the regulation of purine synthesis.4- Discuss purine catabolism.5- Discuss abnormalities of purine metabolism.6- Describe synthesis of pyrimidine bases.7- Discuss catabolism of pyrimidine bases.8- Discuss abnormalities of pyrimidine catabolism.

Topic/Unit: HormonesCurricular Goal #9: To introduce the students to the basic mechanisms and chemistry of hormones.Learning Objectives: By the end of this instructional unit, the student will be able to:

1- Define hormone.2- Classify hormones.3- Discuss mechanism of action of hormones.4- Describe chemistry of insulin hormone.5- Discuss biosynthesis of insulin hormone.6- State functions and clinical significance of C-peptide.7- Discuss metabolism of insulin.8- Discus mechanism of action of insulin.9- Describe chemistry of glucagon hormone.10- Discuss metabolism of glucagon.11- .Discuss mechanism of action of glucagon.12- Discuss biosynthesis of thyroid hormones.13- Discuss mechanism of action of parathyroid hormone.14- Describe functions and mechanism of action of calcitriol.15- Describe structure of calcitonin.16- State functions of calcitonin.

26- Identify the structure of cobalamin27- Identify the role of cobalamin in the human body.28- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of cobalamin29- 11- Identify the structure of vitamin C30- Identify the role of vitamin C in the human body.31- Identify manifestations and causes of deficiency of vitamin C

Topic/Unit: Mineral metabolism Curricular Goal #11: To introduce the students to different minerals and their role in health and disease.

Learning Objectives: By the end of this instructional unit, the student will be able to:

1- Discuss importance of studying mineral metabolism.2- Classify mineral elements present in the body.3- Mention daily requirements, sources and plasma level of sodium.4- Discuss absorption, metabolism and excretion of sodium.5- List functions of sodium.6- Discuss effects of abnormal levels of sodium.7- Mention daily requirements, sources and plasma level of potassium.8- List functions of potassium.9- Discuss effects of abnormal levels of potassium.10- Explain sodium-potassium pump.11- Mention daily requirements, sources and plasma level of calcium.12- Discuss absorption, metabolism and excretion of calcium.13- List functions of calcium.14- Discuss effects of abnormal levels of calcium.15- Mention daily requirements, sources and plasma levels of phosphorus.16- Discuss absorption, metabolism and excretion of phosphorus.17- List functions of phosphorus.18- Discuss effects of abnormal levels of phosphorus.19- Mention daily requirements, sources and plasma level of magnesium.20- Discuss absorption, metabolism and excretion of magnesium.21- List functions of magnesium.22- Discuss effects of abnormal levels of magnesium.23- Mention daily requirements and plasma level of chlorine.24- List functions of chlorine.25- Discuss effects of abnormal levels of chlorine.26- Mention sources, metabolism and excretion of sulfur.27- List functions of sulfur.28- Discuss distribution of sulfur.29- Classify trace elements.30- Mention the criteria of essential trace element.31- Mention daily requirements, sources and plasma level of iron.32- Discuss absorption, metabolism and excretion of iron.33- List functions of iron.34- Discuss effects of abnormal levels of iron.35- Mention daily requirements, sources and plasma level of copper.36- Discuss distribution and excretion of copper.37- List functions of copper.38- Discuss effects of abnormal levels of copper.39- Mention daily requirements, sources and plasma level of zinc.40- Discuss absorption, metabolism and excretion of zinc.41- List functions of zinc.42- Discuss effects of zinc deficiency.43- Discuss iodine, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, chromium and fluorine

elements.44- Discuss possibly essential trace elements.45- Discuss non-essential trace elements.

Topic/Unit: Xenobiotics and detoxication

Curricular Goal #12: To provide the students with basic concepts of detoxication.

Learning Objectives: By the end of this instructional unit, the student will be able to:

1- State compounds which require detoxication.2- Mention phases of xenobiotic metabolism.3- State types of reactions of phase I of detoxication.4- State types of reactions of phase II of detoxication.

Endocrine Pharmacology

Rationale: Hormones & their analogues are widely used in medicine. Therefore, all medical students & graduates should have basic pharmacological knowledge on what, when & how to use these drugs with advantage for the management of different endocrine disorders. This knowledge is important to provide the appropriate care to patients at all levels of health services in the country.

Learning Objectives:By the end of the topic the student will be able to:

1. Differentiate between the pharmacokinetics of liothyronine and thyroxin

hormones.

2. Specify drugs used for treatment of hypothyroidism clarifying their side effects.

3. Identify the different agents used for management of hyperthyroidism including

their mechanisms, uses, side effects and contraindications.

4. List different agents used for treatment of thyrotoxic crisis.

5. Classify drugs used for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis illustrating their

mechanisms, uses, and side effects.

6. Classify different insulin preparations focusing on their kinetic profile and

possible combinations.

7. List therapeutic uses of insulin.

8. Discuss the side effects of insulin and how is manage them.

9. Enumerate different clinical condition requiring the adjustment of the insulin

doses.

10. Identify the different oral ant diabetic drugs explaining their mechanisms, side

effects, and contraindications.

11.Deduce the proper timing for administration of exogenous corticosteroids.

12.Clarify the differences between corticosteroid preparations.

13.List the therapeutic uses, side effects, contradictions of corticosteroids.

14.Evaluate the important precautions taken during prolonged corticosteroid

therapy.

15.List therapeutic uses and side effects of estrogen and protesterone.

16.Discuss different hormonal contraception schedules explaining their

mechanisms, side effects, and contra indication.

17. Identify two different schedules for induction of ovulation illustrating the

indication of each one.

18.Enumerate therapeutic uses and side effects of testosterone and anabolic

steroids.

19.Discuss the mechanism of action, uses and side effects of cyproterone.

20. Enumerate the different hormonal predations of pituitary gland illustrating

their therapeutic applications.

Content:1. Introduction2. Thyroid gland hormones & antithyroid drugs.

a. Control of the thyroid glandb. Disorders of the thyroid gland functionc. Drug management of hypothyroidism & Myxoedema coma.i-L-thyroxinii-Liothyronineiii-Liotrix

d. Drug management of hyperthyroidism & thyroid Crisis. i-Iodides ( Lugol’s solution, Potassium iodide).

ii-Thionamides ( Propyl thiouracil, Carbimazole,Methimazole)iii-Perchlorates ( Potassium perchlorate) . iv-Radioactive Iodine (I131, I132 ).

3.Agents that affect bone mineral homeostasis:(e.g.Parathormone,Vitamin D, Calcitonin &Diphosphonates( e.g Etidronate,Alendronate) pharmacodynamics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, preparations & dosage.

4.Insulin & Oral AntidiabeticAgents.i. Insulin: Mechanism of release, actions, insulin receptors, counter-

regulatory hormones, Types of DM, preparations of insulin, source of insulin, kinetics, therapeutic uses, Adverse effects & management, Factors affecting maintenance dose.

ii. Oral Antidiabetic Drugs: All the pharmacological properties of: b) Sulphonylureas e.g.Tolbutamide & Chlorpropamide (1st

generation), Glibenclamide &Gliclazide( 2nd generation) Glimepiride (3rd generation).

c) Biguanides: e.g. Phenformin & Metformin.d) α-Glucosidase Inhibitors:e.g. Acarbose.e) Meglitinides: e.g. Repaglinide

f) Thiazolidindions ( Glitazones ): e.g. Troglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone.

5.Corticosteroids.ii. Regulation of Adrenocortical Secretion (with special emphasis on

hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis).iii. Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, prednisolone, Dexamethasone,

Betamethasone, Aldosterone, Deoxycortone, Fludrocortisone.iv. Replacement therapy a) Acute adrenal insufficiency b) Chronic

primary adrenal insufficiency c) Chronic secondary adrenal insufficiency.

v. Anti-inflammatory & Immunosuppressant effects of corticosteroids.vi. Important therapeutic uses of corticosteroids.vii. Adverse effects of corticosteroidsviii. Precautions with corticosteroid therapy.ix. Contraindications to the use of corticosteroids for anti-inflammatory

purpose.6.Sex Hormones.

A. Female hormones:i.Estrogens: a) Estrogen receptors b) Pharmacodynamics c)Kinetics d)Therapeutic uses e) Adverse effects f)Contra-indications g)Preparations.ii.Progestogens: a) Pharmacodynamics b)Kinetics c) therapeutic uses d) Preparations.iii.Oral contraceptives: a) combined b) Minipills.iv.Ovulatory ( Fertility) Agents e.g. Clomiphene

B. Male hormones:i. Androgens: e.g. Testosterone (a) Pharmacodynamics b) Kinetics c)Therapeutic uses d) Adverse effects e)Preparations.ii. Anabolic steroids.iii. Androgen antagonists: e.g. Cyproterone

7.Pituitary Gland Hormones:Briefly pointing out the pharmacological properties of:

i. Anterior pituitary hormones:a) Growth Hormonea) ACTHb) TSHc) Gonadotrophinsd) Prolactin

ii. Posterior pituitary hormonesa) ADHb) Oxytocin.

Renal Pharmacology

Goal: - this unit orients the student with the different drugs acting on or

affecting the Kidney and urinary system to be able to utilize them in prevention

and or treatment of different diseases.

Objectives: -

At the end of this course, the students will be able to:-

1- Classify different diuretics according to their mechanisms and site of action.

2- List the different carbonic anhydrase inhibitors explaining their mechanism of

action, uses, side effects and contraindications.

3- Identify the general characteristics of high ceiling diuretics in relation to their

pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles.

4- Deduce the pharmacotherapeutic aspects of benzothiazides and their related

analogues according their site of action.

5- Evaluate the difference between the two groups of k-sparing diuretics.

6- Specify the different agents that enhance water excretion focusing on osmotic

diuretics.

7- Summarize the antidiuretics with their therapeutic potentials.

8- Recommend the agents used for prevention and /or treatment of urinary tract

infections.

9- Classify the different drugs used for the management renal colic.

10- List the nephrotoxic agents in relation to their mechanisms and how to avoid

this deleterious effect.

10. To identify drugs used in treatment of acute and chronic gouty arthritis. 11. Describe the mechanism of action of drugs used in treatment of gout. 12. Enumerate their indications, side effects, contra-indications and toxicity.

Contents:-

1- Introduction and classification of diuretics.

2- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors:-

Renal actions. Extra renal actions. Pharmacokinetics. Therapeutic uses. Side effects. Contraindications.

3- High ceiling Diuretics.

General characteristics of their renal actions.

Extra renal actions. Pharmacokinetics. Therapeutic uses. Side effects. Drugs interactions. Contraindications.

4- Benzothiazides and their analogues. Renal actions. Extra renal actions. Pharmacokinetics. Therapeutic uses. Side effects. Contraindications.

5- Potassium sparing Diuretics. Classifications. Renal actions. Pharmacokinetics. Therapeutic uses. Side effects. Contraindications.

6- Agents that enhance water excretion A} Osmotic Diuretics.

pharmacodynamic. Pharmacokinetic.

Therapeutic uses. Side effects. B} ADH antagonists.

Examples. Therapeutic uses.

7- Ant diuretics. Classification with examples and uses

8- Urinary tract Infection. Classification with examples. Specific urinary tract antiseptics. phenazopyridine.

9- Urinary Antispasmodics. Classification with examples. Therapeutic uses.

General Pharmacology

Learning objectives:

By the end of these hours, the student will be able to:

1. Recite different keratolytics, outline their indications and explain their

mechanism of action.

(II) Male genital system

Microbiology 2 nd term

Systematic Bacteriology 8hSystematic virology 4hSystematic Bacteriology : (8h)Spirochetes 1hSpirochetes 1hSpirochetes 1hRickettsiae 1hMycoplasma 1hLegionella 1h Neisseria gonorrhea 1h Chlamydia 1hSystematic virology : ( 4h)Polyoma vs & Rhobo Vs 1h.Retro viruses 1h.Retro viruses 1h.Virus & human cancer 1h.

Anatomy Curriculum Design

I Endocrine system

Goal

This unit provides the students with the core of anatomical information for the

endocrine system and how to apply this information for solving clinical problems.

Learning objectives:

By the end of this unit the student would be able to:

1-Describe the pituitary gland, its position, relations, blood supply.

2-Describe the thyroid gland, its position, relations, blood supply.

3-Describe the suprarenal gland, its position, relations, blood supply, development.

(B) Internal male genital organs

Goal

This unit provides the students with the core of anatomical information for the

internal male genital organs and how to apply this information for solving clinical

problems.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this unit the student would be able to:

1. Testis, epididymis and spermatic cord (1 hour) :

Define the testis.

Describe its normal site, size, shape & relation.

Discuss its covering.

Discuss its blood and nerve supply.

Mention its lymphatic drainage.

Discuss the relation between the abdominal mass and cancer testis.

Define the epididymis.

Describe its site, parts and structures.

Discuss its blood and nerve supply.

Mention its lymphatic drainage.

Define the spermatic cord.

Describe its beginning and termination.

Discuss its covering.

Enumerate the contents (structures) of the spermatic cord.

Discuss the definition and the etiology of varicocele.

2. Vas deferens, seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct (1 hour):

Define the vas deferens.

Describe its beginning and termination.

Discuss its course, relation, blood and nerve supply.

Mention its lymphatic drainage.

Define the seminal vesicle.

Discuss its site, relation, blood and nerve supply.

Discuss its lymphatic drainage.

Define the ejaculatory duct.

Describe its site, beginning and termination.

3. Prostate gland (1hour):

Discuss its site, size, shape and relation.

Describe the fasciae covering and related to the prostate (true and false

capsules).

Describe its anatomical and surgical lobes.

Discuss its blood, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage.

Compare between the site of enlargement of the prostate in senile prostatic

hyperplasia and cancer prostate.

Contents

1. Testis, epididymis and spermatic cord :

(II) Female genital system

Testis: Definition, site, size, shape, surfaces and covering.

The arteries supplying and the veins draining the testis.

The autonomic nerves supplying the testis and the site of its referred pain

The group of lymph node draining the testis.

Epididymis: Definition, site, shape, parts, its arterial supply, venous and

lymphatic drainage.

Its autonomic nerves supply and the site of its referred pain.

Spermatic cord: Definition, beginning, termination, covering and contents.

The definition and the etiology of varicocele.

1. Vas deferens, seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct :

Vas deferens: Definition, beginning and termination, course, relation.

Its arterial supply, venous and lymphatic drainage.

Its autonomic nerves supply and the site of its referred pain

Seminal vesicle: Definition, site, shape, relation its arterial supply, venous and

lymphatic drainage.

Its autonomic nerves supply and the site of its referred pain.

Ejaculatory duct: Its site, beginning and termination.

2. Prostate gland :

Definition, site, size, shape, relation, fasciae covering and related to the prostate.

Its arterial supply, venous and lymphatic drainage.

Its autonomic nerves supply and the site of its referred pain.

Lobes affected in senile prostatic hyperplasia and cancer prostate.

Overall goal:

This unit provides the students with a core of anatomical information for the female

genital system.

(A) Internal female genital organs

Goal

This unit provides the students with the core of anatomical information for the internal female

genital organs.

Learning modalities

Six lectures (6 hours) + 1 practical section (2 hours)

Learning Objectives

By the end of this unit the student would be able to:

1. Uterus (1 hour):

Identify the uterus, its normal site, shape, parts, size and position.

Discuss its peritoneal covering and relation.

Determine the factors supporting the uterus.

Discuss its blood, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage.

2. Fallopian tube, ovary and vagina (2 hours) :

Enumerate the parts of the fallopian tube.

Mention the ligaments related to the tube.

Discuss its blood, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage.

Discuss the site, size, shape, peritoneal covering and relation of the ovary.

Enumerate the ligaments attaching to the ovary.

Mention its blood & nerve supply and lymphatic drainage.

Discuss the site, position, length, peritoneal covering and relation of the vagina.

Mention its blood & nerve supply and lymphatic drainage.

3. Development of the genital system (male and female) ( 3 hours):

Development and anomalies of gonads (1 hour):

Development and anomalies of duct system of male and female (1 hour)

Development and anomalies of male and female external genitalia (1 hour)

Contents

1. Uterus :

Definition, site, shape, parts, size, relation, peritoneal covering and relation.

Ligaments of the uterus and levator ani muscle (their disturbance leads to its prolapse).

Its arterial and nerve supply, venous and lymphatic drainage.

2. Fallopian tube, ovary and vagina :

The site and parts of the fallopian tube.

The peritoneal covering and relation of the tube, ovary and vagina.

The ligaments attached and related to the tube and ovary.

Vaginal fornices and their relation and clinical application.

Their arterial supply, venous and lymphatic drainage.

Their autonomic nerves supply and the site of their referred pain.

3. Development of the genital system (male and female) :

Anatomy Curriculum Design

Urinary system

Overall goal:

This unit provides the students with a core of anatomical information for the

urinary system and how to apply this information for solving clinical problems.

Learning modalities

Seven lectures (7 hours) + 2 practical sections (4 hours).

Learning Objectives

By the end of this unit the student would be able to:

1. Kidney (2 hours):

Describe the normal site, size, shape & position of the kidney.

Delineate the borders, poles and surfaces of the kidney.

Delineate the surface anatomy of the kidney.

Discuss the structures passing through the hilum of the kidney in order.

Discuss the peritoneal covering and relations of the two kidneys.

Describe the fascia surrounding the kidney.

Discuss the blood and nerve supply of the kidney.

Describe the kidney segmentation.

Discuss the lymphatic drainage of the kidney.

Describe the anatomy of the renal angle.

2. Ureter (1 hour):

Describe the beginning, termination and parts of the ureter.

Compare between the course and relations of both ureters.

Delineate the surface anatomy of both ureters.

Discuss its blood and nerve supply.

Discuss its lymphatic drainage.

Discuss the normal sites of the ureteric constrictions.

3. Urinary bladder (1 hour):

Describe the normal site, size, shape & position of the urinary

bladder.

Delineate the borders and surfaces of the urinary bladder.

Discuss the peritoneal covering and relations of the urinary bladder.

Discuss the blood and nerve supply of the urinary bladder.

Discuss the lymphatic drainage of the urinary bladder.

Describe the normal interior surface of the urinary bladder.

4. Urethra (1 hour):

Describe the normal site, shape and length of both male and female urethra.

Discuss the relations of both male and female urethra.

Discuss the blood and nerve supply of both male and female urethra.

Discuss the lymphatic drainage of both male and female urethra.

Describe the sphincters of both male and female urethra.

5. Development of the urinary system (2 hours):

Contents

1. Kidney :

Site, size, shape, position, vertebral level, surfaces, poles and borders of the

kidney.

Surface anatomy of the kidney.

Structures passing through the hilum of the kidney.

The peritoneal covering and relations of the two kidneys.

The renal fascia and fat surrounding and supporting the kidney.

The arteries supplying and the veins draining the kidney.

The autonomic nerves supplying the kidney and the site of its referred pain.

The kidney segmentation.

The group of lymph node draining the kidney.

The site and boundaries of the renal angle.

2. Ureter

The beginning, termination and parts of the ureter (abdominal and pelvic).

The course, relations and surface anatomy of both ureters.

The blood and nerve supply of both ureters.

The lymphatic drainage of both ureters.

The normal sites of the ureteric constrictions.

3. Urinary bladder

The normal site, size, shape & position of the urinary bladder.

The borders and surfaces of the urinary bladder.

The peritoneal covering and relations of the urinary bladder.

The arteries supplying and veins draining the urinary bladder.

The nerve (autonomic and sensory) supply of the urinary bladder.

The group of lymph node draining the urinary bladder.

The normal appearance of the interior surface of the urinary bladder

(trigone and rough area).

4. Urethra

The normal site, shape and length of both male and female urethra.

The relations of both male and female urethra.

The name and site of sphincters of both male and female urethra.

The arteries supplying and veins draining both male and female urethra.

The nerves (autonomic and sensory) supplying of both male and female urethra

as well as the sphincters urethrae.

5. Development of the urinary system (2 hours):

*Kidney *UB ,ureter, urethra.

Goal: The course aims at providing the student with the knowledge of the histological architecture of the different organs of the endocrine system with emphasis on their structural adaptation for their specific hormone secretion.

Learning Objectives:By the end of this instructional unit, the student will be able to:1-recognize the endocrine system as a specialized structural and functional unit in the body with a characteristic pathway of secretion.2-list the different endocrine organs in the body, the specific hormonal secretion and the control function of each of them on the specific target sites.3-recognize the feedback control mechanisms between the hormones of the different endocrine glands and their target organs.4-describe the general histological organization of the endocrine glands (stroma, parenchyma, blood supply, nerve supply).5-identify the site, the lobes of the pituitary gland and the neural connections with the hypothalamus.6-describe the cells in each lobe of the pituitary gland, their percentage and specific hormonal secretion.7-recognize the specialized staining techniques and transmission electron microscopic features used to differentiate between the granules in each of the cells of the pituitary gland.8-recognize the mastering control function of the pituitary gland with short clinical hints on the hypo-and hyper-functional states.9-describe the histological units of the thyroid gland, the lining cells and the specific hormones released by each.10-state the mechanism of thyroid hormone production with reference to short clinical hints on the states of hypo-and hyperthyroidism on the effector targets.11-describe the cells of the parathyroid gland, their organization and functional importance of parathormone in relation to a short hint about the clinical disorders resulting from its low and high serum levels.12-describe the functional parts of the suprarenal glands (cortex and medulla).

Topic (1): Histology of the endocrine system

13-list the layers of the suprarenal cortex, the organization and structure of the cells in each layer and the specific hormone released by each of them.

14-recognize, in short, the metabolic and clinical disorders caused by disturbances in the release of the suprarenal hormones.15-describe the structural components and organization of the suprarenal medulla.16-recognize the role of the suprarenal medulla both as an endocrine gland and as a sympathetic ganglion.17-describe the cells and organization of the pineal body and their functional importance.18-identify the general characteristics of the diffuse neuroendocrine system and the common histological features of its cells.19-list the sites and distribution of the cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system in relation to their specific hormones and hormone-like substances.20-draw labelled histological diagrams of the pituitary, the thyroid, the parathyroid and suprarenal glands. 21-identify microscopically histological sections of the pituitary, the thyroid, the parathyroid and suprarenal glands.

Contents:1. General features of the endocrine system:

- Pathway of hormone secretion- Feedback control of hormone secretion- The general histological architecture of the endocrine glands (stroma ,

parenchyma and vasculature)- The main glands constituting the endocrine system

2. The pituitary gland : (the adenohypophysis, the intermediate lobe, the neurohypophysis)

- Types of cells in each lobe& their percentage- Hormones released by each cell type- Differentiation between the cells of the pituitary gland (special stains, electron microscopic features of secretory granules)- Connection of the neurohypophysis with the hypothalamus- Clinical hints on hypo- and hyperpituitrism

3. The thyroid gland:- The stroma (capsule, incomplete septa)

- The parenchyma: - The thyroid follicle (colloid, follicular cells, parafollicular cells)

- The interfollicular cells- Thyroxin hormone (mechanism of synthesis, functional target organs,

clinical hints on hypo-and hyperthyroid states)

Topic (2):Histology of the male reproductive system.

- Calcitonin hormone (clinical hints on the effect of low and high levels on serum calcium).

4. The parathyroid gland: - Cells of the parathyroid gland (structure, function, organization):

. The chief cells . The oxyphil cells

- The parathormone and control of calcium metabolism5. The suprarenal gland:

- The suprarenal cortex: (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata & reticularis): a- Structure and organization of cells

b- Hormone released from each layer and its target effect c- Clinical hints on the effect of disturbances in hormones released by each layer.

- The suprarenal medulla: (structure, function, blood supply) a-The chromaffin cells (adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones,

chromaffin reaction) b- Sympathetic ganglion cells

6. The pineal gland:- The stroma- The pinealocytes (structure and function)

7. The diffuse neuroendocrine system:- The general features of the diffuse neuroendocrine system- The characteristic common histological features of the cells of the

neuroendocrine cells- Mode of action of hormones and hormone-like substances released by

the neuroendocrine cells (endocrine, paracrine, autocrine)- Distribution and hormonal products of the neuroendocrine cells in the

body

Instructional Strategies:All the learning objectives will be covered by:* Theoretical Lecture : 5 hours Practical classes: (2 practical sections) each class is organized as such: - Tutorial: half an hour at the start (in the form of: quizzes, interactive presentation, etc…) -Practical demonstration: 1.5 hour covering learning objective № 20 &21

Goal : To provide the student with essential knowledge on the normal structure and function of the different parts of male genital system.

Learning ojectives:By the end of this instructional unit, the student will be able to:1-describe the structure and the function of the testes2-describe the morphology of the sperm.3-state the processes of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. 4-recognize the histological features of the male genital ducts.5-describe the structure and function of the male genital accessory glands6-explain the structure of the erectile tissue of penis and the dynamics of its blood supply. 7-identify and draw sections of testes, male genital ducts, glands and penis.Contents:I-Testes:-Capsule (tunica vaginalis, albuginea and vasculosa).-Seminiferous tubules (structure & function).-Spermatogenic cells.-Spermatogenesis. -Spermiogenesis.-Spermatozoa.-Blood testes barrier.-Interstitial cells of leydig.-Hormonal basis of testicular function.II-Male genital duct-Tubuli recti.-Rete testis.-Ductuli efferentes.-Ductus epididymis + spermatic cord.-Ejaculatory ducts.III-Accessory male genital glands-Seminal vesicles-Prostate-Bulbo-uretheral glands of Cowper.IV-Penis :-Structure and mechanism of erection.-Male urethra.

Instructional strategiesAll the learning objectives will be covered by:* Theoretical Lecture: 5 hours Practical classes: (2 practical sections) each class is organized as such:* - Tutorial: half an hour at the start (in the form of: quizzes, interactive presentation, etc…) -Practical demonstration: 1.5 hour covering learning objective № 7.

Topic (3): Histology of the female reproductive system.

Goal : To provide the student with essential knowledge about the structure and function of the different parts of the female reproductive system and the structural changes caused by the hormonal control.

Learning ojectives:By the end of this instructional unit the student will be able to:1-describe the structure and the function of the ovary and development of the different ovarian follicles under the hormonal control.2-recognize the development and maturation of the ova during fertile period.3-explain the process of ovulation, its mechanism and effects.4-describe the structure and function of the fallopian tube with its different parts.5-descibe the structure and function of the uterus and interpret the cyclic structural changes of endometrium (menstrual cycle).6-identify the structure of the cervix and vagina.7-describe the structure of the female external genitalia.8-interpret the process of fertilization followed by implantation and the development of the placenta.9-recognize the structural and functional role of plcenta during different stages of pregnancy, placental circulation and the blood placental barrier.10-discuss the structure of the mammary glands .11-recognize and differentiate between the different functional and structural stages of the mammary gland during the fertile period and after menopause.12-identify the histological slides provided in the practical classes.13-draw histological sections of the different parts of the female reproductive system.Contents:I-The ovary (structure and function)-Ovarian follicles:- types, structure, function and fate.-Ovulation: mechanism and effects.-Corpus luteim: structure, function, types and fate.-Ovarian cycle and hormones.-Oogenesis. II-The female reproductive tract:1-Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes or oviducts) structure and function.2- Uterus:-Structure, functon and blood supply.-Menstrual cycle (uterine cycle): cyclic changes of endometrium and hormonal control.-Uterine cervix (structure and function).3-Fertilization and preimplantation development.

4-Placenta:-Development, structure and function during different stages of pregnancy.-Placental circulations and blood placental barrier.5-Vagina (structure and function).6-External genitalia (structure and function).7-Mammary glands:-Changes during puberty.-Structure in adult non pregnant female (resting mammary glands).-Structure during lactation.-Mammary glands after menopause.

Instructional strategies:All the learning objectives will be covered by:* Theoretical Lectures: 5 hours * Practical classes: (3 practical sections) each class is organized as such:- Tutorial: half an hour at the start (in the form of: quizzes, interactive presentation, etc…)-Practical demonstration: 1.5 hour covering learning objective № 12 &13

Goal : To give the student the essential knowledge on the normal structure and organization of the kidney and the urinary passages in order to understand the role of the kidney in regulation of body internal environment.

Learning objectives:By the end of this instructional unit the student will be able to:1-describe the LM and EM structure of the cells lining the different parts of the nephron, the collecting tubules and the renal interstitium. 2-relate the histological structure of the the different renal components to their physiological function3-outline the renal vasculature. 4-recognize the histological structure of the urinary passages: ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

Contents: 1- The general structure of the kidney (cortex and medulla) and its functions.2- The nephron and its components:

- The renal corpuscle (Bowman's capsule, glomerulus &mesangium) and the glomerular filtration barrier

- The proximal convoluted tubules - The loop of Henle

Topic (4 ): Histology of the urinary system

- The distal convoluted tubules3-The collecting tubules.4-The renal interstitium.5-The juxtaglomerular complex6-The renal vasculature and microcirculation.7-The urinary passages: the ureters, the urinary bladder, the male and the female uretherae.Instructional strategies:All the learning objectives will be covered by*Theoretical Lectures: 5 hours *Practical classes: (1 practical section) each class is organized as such:-Tutorial: half an hour at the start (in the form of quizzes, interaction presentation, etc…)-Practical demonstration: 1.5 hour covering learning objectives № 1, 3& 4.