Endocrine System Health Science 1 Glands Gland- Hormones ENDOCRINE GLANDS
-any organ that produces a secretion Hormones Chemical messengers ENDOCRINE GLANDS Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream Ductless EXOCRINE GLANDS secrete substances through a duct (sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas) Pituitary Gland Tiny structure the size of a grape
Located at the base of the brain Posterior is connected to the hypothalamus (controls bp,beating of the heart, temp control, appetite,etc) Divided into anterior and posterior lobes The Master Gland Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
GROWTH HORMONE GH responsible for growth anddevelopment PROLACTIN develops breast tissue, stimulates productionof milk after childbirth THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE TSH -stimulatesthyroxine Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE FSH - stimulates growth of graafian follicle and production ofestrogen in females, sperm in males LUTEINIZING HORMONE LH stimulates ovulationand formation of corpus luteum, which producesprogesterone in females Pituitary Gland Posterior Pituitary Hormones:
VASOPRESSIN converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) inthe bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine andpreserve H2O in the body OXYTOCIN released during childbirth causing contractionsof the uterus Thyroid Gland Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue
On either side of larynx, over trachea H-shaped Main hormone THYROXINE is controlled by thesecretion ofTSH Thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism CALCITONIN controls calcium ion concentration in thebody, prevents hypercalcemia Parathyroid Gland Four glands, each the size of a grain of rice
Attached to posterior thyroid Produce PARATHORMONE which helps control bloodcalcium level, prevents hypocalcemia Thymus Gland Posterior to the sternum
Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ Located behind the sternum, above and in front of the heart Begins to disappear at puberty Important for immunity Adrenal Glands Located above the kidney & divided into cortex and medulla. Adrenal cortex secretes hormones known at corticoids they are anti-inflammatory ANDROGENS are male sex hormones Adrenal medulla(inside) secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) andnorepinephrine ADRENALIN is a powerful cardiac stimulant fight orflight hormones that prepare the body for an emergencysituation Gonads Ovary in female Testes in male
Estrogen development of female reproductive organs,secondary sex characteristics (may have underdevelopedbreast, no menstrual cycle) Progesterone plays a part in the menstrual cycle Testosterone male reproductive organs and secondary sexcharacteristics Pancreas Located behind the stomach Also organ of digestive system.
Endocrine and exocrinefunctions Involved in production ofINSULIN by special cells-ISLETS OF LANGERHANS Insulin promotes utilizationof glucose by the cells, fattyacid and amino acidtransport, and facilitatesprotein synthesis Hormones Prostaglandins- tissue hormones that can cause constrictionof the blood vessels and muscle contractions Steroid abuse-liver changes, dec.spleen prod., atrophy oftesticles, breast enlargement and increase cardiovasculardisease. Endocrine Disorders GIGANTISM
Hyperfunction of pituitary too much growthhormone In preadolescent overgrowth of long bonesleads to excessive tallness Cx- usually pituitary tumor Rx- remove tumor ormedication to stop releaseof GH Endocrine Disorders ACROMEGALY
Hyperfunction of pituitary too much growthhormone in adulthood Overdevelopment of bonesin face, hands and feet Attacks cartilage so thechin protrudes, lips noseand extremities enlarge Rx drugs to inhibitgrowth hormone, radiation Endocrine Disorders Growth Hormone Deficiency
S/S- much shorter than most or all children of the same age andgender, puberty may come late or may not come at all Cx- may be unknown, poorly developed pituitary glands Rx- growth hormone injections given at home, side effects areheadache fluid retention muscle and joint aches slipped bones at thehip Endocrine Disorders DWARFISM Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
Small size, but bodyproportions and intellectare normal Sexual immaturity Rx early diagnosis,injection of growthhormone Endocrine Disorders Addisons Disease
Cause- adrenal glands not working properly, decrease inandrogens or corticosteroids s/s- Weight loss, muscle weakness ,fatigue that gets worse overtime, low blood pressure, patchy or dark skin Rx- corticosteroid or androgen replacement Endocrine Disorders Cushings Syndrome
Cx- body tissues exposed over time to too much of thehormone cortisol (stress hormone), usually from a medicationor tumor s/s-Upper body obesity, thin arms and legs, severe fatigue andmuscle weakness, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, easybruising Rx- wean medication or remove tumor Endocrine Disorders Diabetes Mellitus
Caused by secretion of insulin Can be insulin dependent (juvenile/Type I) or non-insulindependent (Type II) Symps polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurredvision, and possible diabetic coma Since glucose not available for cellular oxidation, body startsto burn up protein and fat If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) andglucose secreted in urine (glycosuria) Endocrine Disorders If too much insulin is given, blood sugar may go too low(hypoglycemia insulin shock) If blood sugar gets too high hyperglycemia diabeticcoma Type II (non-insulin dependent) is most common, usuallyfamilial, occurs later in life, control with oral hypoglycemicdrugs and diet Tests for Diabetes blood sample measured in glucometer done by patient in home normal blood sugar mg Endocrine Disorders Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid, thyroid releases too much of its hormones Cx- Graves Disease, too much iodine, thyroiditis, tumors, largeamounts of thyroid hormone S/S- Difficulty concentrating, fatigue, Goiter, thyroid nodules,Heat intolerance, increased appetite, sweating, irregularperiods, nervousness, weight loss Rx- Antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine (which destroysthe thyroid gland and stops the excess production ofhormones), or surgery to remove the thyroid Endocrine Disorders Hypothyroidism
underactive thyroid, usually in women over 50 Cx- medications, congenital, radiation, radioactive iodine, S/S- fatigue, sensitivity to cold, heavier periods, brittle hair andnails, paleness, depression, weight gain, decreased taste andsmell Rx- medication to raise blood levels Endocrine Disorders Tetany
In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect functionof nerves S/S- Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms inthe respiratory muscles Rx Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone