Function of endocrine system Endocrine glands - Secrete
chemicals, hormones, directly into bloodstream. - Ductless glands
Exocrine glands - Secrete substance through a duct i.e.Sweat,
salivary, lacrimal and pancreas. Hormones = chemical substances
that coordinate and direct target cells and organs.
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Negative Feedback Drop in hormone level triggers chain
reaction: 1. Blood level of hormone falls 2. Brain gets message and
sends out hormone to stimulate gland 3. Gland secretes more hormone
4. When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones
stop
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Nervous Control In some cases, sympathetic nervous system
causes direct release of hormone from gland i.e. stress may cause
the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline
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What is a gland? Any organ that produces a secretion called
hormones It is ductless Only acts on Target cells
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Question Hormone release provides immediate body responses
because the hormones are directed toward: A. cardiac cells. B.
cyclic AMP cells. C. synaptic junctions. D. target organ cells
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Answer Target organ cells
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Pituitary Gland Tiny size of a grape Base of brain Connected to
hypothalamus Anterior / Posterior lobes Cranial cavity Master
Gland
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Anterior Pituitary Lobe GH Growth hormone (somatotropin)
responsible for growth and development Prolactin develops breast
tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth TSH Thyroid
stimulating hormone stimulates thyroid cells to produce thyroid
hormone = thyroxine (low TSH treated with synthroid) ACTH
Adrenocortiocotropic hormone stimulates adrenal cortex
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Question Jackie complained to his/her doctor about nervousness,
and weight loss even though he/she has had increased food intake.
Laboratory tests revealed that Jackie had an elevated level of
which hormone? A. Adrenaline B. Glucagon C. Parathormone D.
Thyroxin
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Answer Thyroxin
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Anterior Pituitary contd FSH Follicle stimulating hormone
stimulates growth of follicle and production of estrogen in females
and sperm in males LH Luteinizing hormone stimulates ovulation and
formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in
females
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Posterior Pituitary Lobe Vasopressin converts to ADH
(antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to
concentrate urine and preserve water in the body Oxytocin released
during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus
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Question The pituitary gland is located: A. at the base of the
brain. B. atop the kidney. C. in the chest. D. in the pelvic
cavity.
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answer At the base of the brain
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Question Which gland is divided into anterior and posterior
lobes? A. Gonads B. Pituitary C. Thymus D. Thyroid
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Answer Pituitary
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Question The pregnant woman began to have contractions of the
uterus in preparation for childbirth. What is the name of the
hormone that initiated her contractions? A. Follicle stimulating
hormone B. Luteinizing hormone C. Oxytocin D. Prolactin
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Answer oxytocin
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Thyroid Gland 1. Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue. 2. On either
side of larynx, in front of the trachea. 3. H-shaped.
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (stimulates cellular metabolism)
Main hormone Thyroxine controlled by secretion of TSH controls rate
of metabolism Calcitonin controls calcium ion concentration in the
body prevents hypercalcemia
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Question Which gland is butterfly-shaped and located in the
anterior neck on either side of the larynx? A. Gonads B. Pituitary
C. Thymus D. Thyroid
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Answer Thyroid
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Parathyroid Glands 4 glands size of a grain of rice Attached to
posterior thyroid Produce parathormone which helps control blood
calcium, prevents hypocalcemia.
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Thymus Gland Endocrine and lymphatic organ Behind sternum,
above and in front of heart Begins to disappear at puberty Produces
Thymosin reacts upon lymphoid tissue to produce T-lymphocytes
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Question Which gland is posterior to the sternum A. Parathyroid
B. Pituitary C. Thymus D. Thyroid
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answer thymus
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Adrenal Glands Adrenal Glands above kidneys Adrenal cortex
secretes corticoids (anti-inflammatory hormones) and sex hormones
Androgens Male sex hormones Adrenalin hormone from adrenal medulla,
powerful cardiac stimulant, fight or flight hormone response to
stress Adrenal Medulla also secretes nor epinephrine increases BP
and heart rate and constricts blood vessels.
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Question In an emergency situation, the "fight or flight"
hormone will increase the heart rate and blood pressure. This
hormone is: A. ADH. B. adrenalin. C. insulin. D. thyroxin.
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Answer adrenalin
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Question The adrenal glands are located directly above the
kidneys and are: A. composed of only a few cells. B. divided into
the cortex and medulla. C. exocrine glands. D. pine-shaped.
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Answer B
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Question A small child was being chased by a large dog. Out of
fear, the child ran really fast. Which hormone enabled the child to
get away from the dog? A. Adrenal B. Parathyroid C. Pineal D.
Thymus
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Answer adrenal
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Question On his way to work, the student witnessed a traffic
accident. His heart rate increased and his mental alertness
improved as he assisted the victims. The students response result
from the release of: A. corticosteroids. B. epinephrine. C.
parathromone. D. thyroxin.
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Answer epinepherine
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Gonads Gonads ovaries in female and testes in male Estrogen
Development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex
characteristics Progesterone Plays a part in the menstrual cycle
Testosterone Male reproductive organs and secondary sex
characteristics
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Question A 19 year old male that has not begun to develop chest
hair, a deep voice, or increased muscle mass may be deficient in
which hormone? A. Estrogen B. Insulin C. Progesterone D.
Testosterone
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Answer Testosterone
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Question A teenage girl that has undeveloped breasts and has
not started her menstrual cycle indicates that a hormone deficiency
exists. What hormone is deficient? A. Estrogen B. Insulin C.
Oxytocin D. Testosterone
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Answer estrogen
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Steroid Abuse-has side effects
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Steroid testing
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question Liver damage, heart disease, testicular changes, and
breast growth in males are symptoms of A. Addisons disease. B.
Cushings syndrome. C. hyperthyroidism. D. steroid abuse.
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Answer steroids
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Pancreas Pancreas abdominal cavity behind the stomach Endocrine
and exocrine functions Islets of Langerhans Insulin production.
Insulin promotes utilization of glucose by the cells lowers blood
sugar levels
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Question Which endocrine gland contains the Islets of
Langerhans? A. Brain stem B. Liver C. Pancreas D. Thymus
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Answer pancreas
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Question Janie has hyperglycemia and is being treated with
insulin. Which of Janies endocrine glands is functioning
inefficiently? A. Adrenal B. Pancreas C. Pituitary D. Thyroid
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Answer pancreas
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The breast feeding hormone Prolactin
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Question The obstetrician instructs a new mother about the
changes in her body He/she explains that her breast milk production
is the result of A. growth hormone. B. oxytocin. C. prolactin. D.
vasopressin
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Answer prolactin
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Question The pancreas is also an organ of the: A. circulatory
system. B. digestive system. C. lymphatic system. D. respiratory
system.
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Answer Digestive
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Endocrine Disorders - Dwarfism Hypofunction of pituitary in
childhood Small size, but body proportions and intellect normal
Sexual immaturity Rx Early diagnosis, injection of growth
hormone
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Gigantism Gigantism Hyperfunction of pituitary Too much growth
hormone In preadolescence Overgrowth of long bones leads to
excessive tallness
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Question The endocrinologist saw a patient whose parents were
concerned about their 8 year old childs short stature. The
physician suspects that the child may have a deficiency in: A.
growth hormone. B. oxytocin. C. prolactin. D. vasopressin
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Answer Growth hormone
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Acromegaly Hyperfunction of pituitary too much growth hormone
in adulthood Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet
Attacks cartilage so the chin protrudes - lips, nose and
extremities enlarge Rx drugs to inhibit growth hormone
radiation
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Question A 47 year old man went to see his doctor. When
reviewing family pictures, the patients wife noted that her husband
had developed enlarged hands, lips and nose, and that his chin
protrudes more than it used to. Following some laboratory studies,
the doctor diagnosed the patient with: A. acromegaly. B. Graves
disease. C. hypothyroidism. D. toxic goiter
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Answer Acromegaly
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Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid gland Too much thyroxine
leads to enlargement of gland Symptoms Consuming large quantities
of food but lose weight nervous irritability Goiter Enlargement of
gland Exophthalmos Bulging of eyeballs Trt Partial or total removal
of gland, drugs to reduce include thyroxine radiation
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Hypothyroidism Not enough thyroxine May be due to lack of
iodine (simple goiter) Other cause inflammation of thyroid which
destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine Symptoms Dry,
itchy skin; dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at
night.
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Exopthalmus-bulging eyes
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Did you know?
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Question The endocrine disorder that could be prevented by
using iodized salt is: A. acromegaly. B. gigantism. C.
hyperthyroidism. D. hypothyroidism
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Answer hypothyroidism
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question Terri has an excessive appetite but has trouble
gaining weight. She also has exophthalmos. What disorder might she
have? A. Addisons disease B. Cushings syndrome C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Steroid abuse
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Answer Hyperthyroidism
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Tetany In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect
functions of nerves Symptoms Convulsive twitching develops, person
dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles Rx Vitamin D, calcium and
parathormone.
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Diabetes Mellitus Cause Decreased secretion of insulin Symptoms
Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and
possible diabetic muscles. If not treated, excess glucose in blood
(hyperglycemia) and secreted in urine (glycosuria) If too much
insulin given, blood sugar can get too low (hypoglycemia) and
person can develop insulin shock. Type II diabetes is not
insulin-dependent Most common, usually familial, occurs later in
life, usually treated with diet. Test for diabetes Blood sample at
home, normal blood sugar is 80-100 mg. screening=urinalysis
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Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose) Causes: Too much food, too
little insulin or diabetes medicine, illness or stress. Onset:
Gradual, may progress to diabetic coma. Symptoms: Extreme thirst,
frequent urination, dry skin, hunger, blurred vision, drowsiness,
and nausea. What can you do? Take blood glucose tests, and if over
250 mg/dL for several tests, call your doctor.
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Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Glucose) Causes: Too little food, too
much insulin or diabetes medicine, or extra exercise. Onset:
Sudden, may progress to insulin shock. Symptoms: Shaking, fast
heartbeat, sweating, anxious, dizziness, hunger, impaired vision,
weakness fatigue, headache, and irritablility. What can you do?
Drink glass of orange juice or skim milk, or eat several hard
candies, test your blood glucose; if symptoms dont stop call your
doctor, within 30 minutes after symptoms go away, eat a light snack
(a peanut butter or meat sandwich and a glass of mik.
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Question Janie has hyperglycemia and is being treated with
insulin. Which of Janies endocrine glands is functioning
inefficiently? A. Adrenal B. Pancreas C. Pituitary D. Thyroid
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Answer pancreas
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Endocrine Terminology 1. Thyroxine Regulates body metabolism 2.
Adrenalin Stimulates the heart to beat faster 3. Parathyroid
Regulates use of calcium 4. Parathormone Control use of calcium
phosphorus 5. Insulin Secreted by pancreas 6. Calcitonin Affects
neuromuscular functioing, blood clotting, and holds cells together
7. Estrogen Governs reproduction and fertility 8. Oxytocin Causes
the uterus to contract during labor 9. Gonad Sex gland 10. ATCH
Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland
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Endocrine Terminology Cont. 11. Acromegaly Enlargement of bones
of the extremities. 12. Adenectomy Removal of any gland. 13.
Adenoidectomy Removal of the adenoids. 14. Adrenogenic Originating
in the adrenals. 15. Dwarfism Condition of being abnormally small.
16. Endocrine Ductless; to secrete within. 17. Endocrinotherapy
Treatment with endocrine preparation. 18. Exocrine To secrete
through a duct. 19.Goiter Enlarged thyroid gland.
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Endocrine Terminology Cont. 20. Goitrogens Any substance that
causes a goiter. 21. Lymphycytopenia Deficiency of lymph cells. 22.
Pancreatolysis Breakdown of the pancreas. 23. Parathyrotoxicosis
Poisonous condition of the parathyroid. 24. Pinealoma Tumor of the
pineal gland. 25. Pituitarigenic Originating in the pituitary. 26.
Thyroadenitis Inflammation of the thyroid gland.
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Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Cortex Addison's
disease- Addison's disease- adrenal glands produce too little
cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well. What
is the cause of Addisons disease? What are the most common symptoms
of Addisons disease? How is Addisons disease treated? 4.04
Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system
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Hyperpigmented skin
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Treatment-Addisons
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Question Trey has the appearance of a tan even during the
winter months. During a physical exam, he had a low blood pressure
and low blood sugar. These symptoms are indicative of: A. Addisons
disease. B. Cushings syndrome. C. hyperthyroidism. D. steroid
abuse.
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Answer Addisons Disease
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Question In an emergency situation, the "fight or flight"
hormone will increase the heart rate and blood pressure. This
hormone is: A. ADH. B. adrenalin. C. insulin. D. thyroxin
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Answer Adrenalin
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Question The 76 year old female was transported to the hospital
following a fall. Upon examination, it was determined that she
sustained a fracture of the head of her femur. This injury was
likely related to: A. acromegaly. B. bone deformity. C. myxedema.
D. osteoporosis.
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Answer osteoporosis
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Cushings Disease high levels of the hormone cortisol Symptoms-
Women-Thicker or more visible body and facial hair (hirsutism),
irregular or absent menstrual periods Men-Decreased libido,
decreased fertility, erectile dysfunction
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Common Signs Weight gain and fatty tissue deposits,
particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face
(moon face), and between the shoulders (buffalo hump) Pink or
purple stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs,
breasts and arms Thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily Slow
healing of cuts, insect bites and infections Acne