Endocrine System

Trent DaubenmireMichelle Johnson

Basics

• System of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body

Animals Lacking an Endocrine System

• Sponges• Cnidarians• Flatworms

• Roundworms have a hormone pathway but lack any hormone secreting glands

• Neurosecretions by cells outside the nerve cell bodies (ganglia) have been described in gastropods and cephalopods (mollusks), the released hormones diffusing through the tissues rather than being concentrated in special organs

• reproduction is controlled by some sort of endocrine system in annelids

• neuropeptide called the gonad-stimulating substance which induces oocyte maturation is released from the radial nerves into the body cavity about one hour before spawning.

Sorta Have an Endocrine System

They Finally Got an Endocrine System

• arthropods have a system of glands like the prothoracic and corpus allatum that are uses during molting, mate recognition, etc

 •  All vertebrate animals have the same endocrine

glands and release similar hormones to control development, growth, reproduction and other responses

Hypothalamus

• Located in the lower central part of the brain•  It releases hormones to supress or stimulate the release of

hormones in the pituitary gland. • It also releases a hormone called somatostatin, which stops

the release of growth hormone. • These hormones control body temperature, hunger, moods,

sleep, and thirst.

Pituitary Gland

•  Considered most important part because of hormones that control many other parts of the endocrine system.

• Divided into two parts, the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe.

• Anterior lobe produces these hormones:          1.  Growth hormone, which stimulates bone and tissue growth.          2. Thyroid stimulating hormone          3. Adrenocorticotropin hormone, stimulates the adrenal                gland and releases steroid hormones.          4. Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone               which controls the hormones of sexual function and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. 

Pituitary Gland continued

• The posterior lobe produces these hormones:             1. Antidiuretic hormone, controls water loss by the                 kidneys.             2. Oxytocin, contracts the uterus during childbirth                  and stimulates milk production.•  The pituitary gland is the container for these hormones, as

they are produced in the brain and carried through nerves to the gland and are stored there.

• Video:         Pituitary Gland  

Thyroid Gland

• The thyroid is located in the lower front of the neck.•  It produces hormones that control metabolism, • Also helps in the development of the brain and nervous

system in children.• They also help keep a normal blood pressure, heart rate,

digestion, muscle tone, and reproductive functions.

Parathyroid Glands

• They are 4 small glands located behind the thyroid which are the size and shape of a grain of rice.

•  These regulate the calcium level for the nervous and muscular system to function properly to be within a very small margin. 

  

Adrenal Glands

• They are triangular shaped glands on top of the kidneys and made of two parts, the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.

• The outer part, or the adrenal cortex, produces hormones called corticosteroids, which regulate the metabolism, balance the salt and water levels in the body, the immune system, and sexual function. 

• The inner part, or adrenal medulla, produces hormones called catecholamines, which help the body cope with physical and emotional stress by increasing heart rate and blood pressure. 

Pineal Body

• The last of the endocrine system to be discovered, with its full purpose yet to be discovered. 

• Originally known as the "third eye" because of its location deep inside the brain.

•  This gland secretes melatonin, which helps control the sleep cycle, and also regulate certain reproductive hormones. 

Reproductive Glands

• Main source of sex hormones.•  Males have the testes, located in the scrotum, which secret

hormones called androgens, and the most important one is testosterone. 

• The male hormones control sexual development,growth of facial and pubic hair,and sperm count. 

• Females have ovaries, which produce estrogen and progesterone, and also eggs. 

• The female hormones control sexual development also. • The hormones are also a part of helping the reproductive

functions in females. 

Pancreas

• The pancreas is an organ that is located behind the stomach.

• It is used for digestive and hormonal functions. • One part excretes digestive enzymes, while the other part

secretes insulin and glucagon. • This controls the amount of glucose in the blood. 

 

 

 

 

Homeostasis

• The endocrine system plays a large part in homeostasis, as the different hormones the body secretes keeps many components balanced so as to obtain homeostasis. 

• The different hormones keep all components of the body stable, and help to regulate cycles to maintain normal function.

• The system is one of self correction, as if the thyroid was not producing enough hormone, the hypothalamus will correct this by sending signals to the thyroid to make more hormones. 

Communication in the system

• The hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream and transported to all parts of the body, to benefit the body as a whole.

•  The chemical responses sent out can last as an affect on a person for hours, days, or weeks. They have a slower rate on releasing the chemicals, and the time is taken for the correct hormone to be distributed throughout the body.

Connection to other systems

• The endocrine system is closely related to the nervous system by the need for communication and function for the body. 

• The hormones released affect all parts of the body, keeping a balance for a livable body of elements needed to survive. 

• It helps with signaling the brain for certain responses to the environment, such as the release of adrenaline. 

Disorders

• Hyperthyroidismo  thyroid releases too much of its hormones over a short

(acute) or long (chronic) period of time which can cause weight loss, nervousness, frequent bowel movements, etc

• Diabeteso  pancreas makes too little or too much insulin to keep

glucose levels normal• Osteoporosis

o  lack of hormones and nutrients that result in weak bones• Cushing's Syndrome

o  result of excess produciton of cortisol by the adrenal glands causing central obesity, excess hiar growth, emotional liability, etc

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http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/388398/mollusk.•  Villarreal, Mariana R. "Endocrine System." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 20 Sept. 2010. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system.• "MedlinePlus - Health Information from the National Library of Medicine." National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of

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http://www.emedicinehealth.com/anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system/article_em.htm.• Norman, James. "Parathyroid Disease: Calcium, Osteoporosis, Tumors, and Surgery." Endocrine Diseases: Thyroid,

Parathyroid Adrenal and Diabetes - EndocrineWeb. 29 Mar. 2009. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. <http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/parathyroid/your-parathyroid-glands>.

• Rehan, Kelly M. "An Overview of the Pineal Gland - Maintaining Circadian Rhythym." Endocrine Diseases: Thyroid, Parathyroid Adrenal and Diabetes - EndocrineWeb. 06 Aug. 2009. Web. 12 Apr. 2011. http://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-pineal-gland.

• "Answers.com - All about Nervous and Endocrine System." WikiAnswers - The Q&A Wiki. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/All_about_nervous_and_endocrine_system.

• Thompson, Tess. "Endocrine System and Homeostasis." Herbal & Natural Remedies - Information on ADD, ADHD, Anxiety & More. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. http://www.nativeremedies.com/articles/endocrine-system-and-homeostasis.html.

• "Endocrine System: Matching | Discovery Education." Welcome to Discovery Education | Discovery Education. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. http://www.discoveryeducation.com/free-worksheets/endocrine-system-matching.cfm.