ENDOCRINOLOGY“Pituitary hormone regulation
and presentation of pituitary disease”
Richard Ross
Lecture outline
1.Review the anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary
2.Describe the regulation of pituitary hormones
3.Describe presentation of pituitary disease
Pituitary Anatomy
Pituitary
Pituitary Anatomy
Pituitary
Pituitary Coronal Section
The anterior pituitary has no arterial blood supply but receives blood through a portal venous circulation from the hypothalamus
Anatomy: Portal Circulation
Discovery of hypothalamic hormones
One Million pig & 50 tons of sheep
hypothalami
Two humans
TRH 1969
GnRH 1971
SMS 1973
CRH 1981
GHRH 1982
Pituitary – thyroid axis
TRH
TSHT4 & T3
-
-Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
SPERMTESTOSTERONE
PITUITARY
HYPOTHALAMUS
TESTOSTERONE+
FSHLH
SHBG
GnRH
Pituitary Gonadal Axis
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal
ACTHCortisol
GH / IGF-I AXIS
GHRH
GHIGF-I
+
-Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Liver
SMS-
- ve
SUMMARYRegulation of pituitary hormones
Hypothalamus
• GHRH & SMS• GnRH• CRH• TRH• Dopamine
Pituitary
• GH• LH & FSH• ACTH• TSH• Prolactin
Presentation of pituitary disease
Diseases of the pituitary
• Benign pituitary adenoma• Craniopharygioma• Trauma• Apoplexy / Sheehans• Sarcoid / TB
Large pituitary tumour
Craniopharygioma
Tumours cause:1. Pressure on local structure e.g. optic nerves
– Bitemporal hemianopia
2. Pressure on normal pituitary– hypopituitarism
3. Functioning tumour – Prolactinoma– Acromegaly– Cushing’s disease
Presentation: 3 vital points
1. Pressure on local structures
Measuring the visual fields with a red pin
Bitemporal hemianopia
Functioning Pituitary Tumour
• Prolactinoma• Acromegaly and Gigantism• Cushing’s Disease
Prolactin microadenoma
Tumour
Carotid
Pituitarystalk
OpticChiasm
Galactorrhoea in a prolactinoma
Prolactinomas
• More common in women• Present with galactorrhoea / amenorrhoea
/ infertility• Loss of libido• Visual field defect
• Treatment dopamine agonist eg Cabergoline or bromocriptine.
Harvey Cushing
Causes of Cushing’s syndrome
Patients with a pituitary tumour:1.Is it pressing on optic chiasm2.Are they hypopituitary3.Do they have a functioning tumour
Summary