Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric Research Clinical Implications
Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric Research Clinical Implications
Edited by NANDKUMAR S. SHAH, Ph.D. Chief of Research Services, William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute Research Professor, Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Adjunct Professor, Department of Pharmacology University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina
and ALEXANDER G. DONALD, M.D. Director, William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute Professor and Chairman, Department oj Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University oj South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina
PLENUM MEDICAL BOOK COMPANY New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Endorphins and opiate antagonists in psychiatric research.
Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Mental illness-physiological aspects. 2. Endorphins-Physiological effect. 3.
Narcotic antagonists. I. Shah, Nandkumar S. II. Donald, Alexander G., 1928-RC455.4.B5E53 1982 616.89'071 82-11237 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1121-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-14684-1119-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1119-5
© 1982 Plenum Publishing Corporation
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1982
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
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Contributors
B. G. L. ALMAY • Department of Neurology, University of Umea, Umea, Sweden
JAMBUR ANANTH • McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Present address: Department of Psychiatry, HarborlUCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
N. BARDEN • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada
ALiCA BARTOVA • Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
M. BERGMANN • Max-Planck-Institut fOr Psychiatrie, Munich, FRG
G. BESEV • Psychiatric Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden
MONTE S. BUCHSBAUM • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
WILLIAM E. BUNNEY JR. • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
J. ROBERT CADE • Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
KENNETH E. CALLEN • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
DANIEL E. CASEY • Department H, Set. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark, and Departments of Medical Research, Psychiatry, and Neurology, Veterans Administration Medical Center and University of Oregon Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon
DON H. CATLIN • Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
THUY T. CHAU • Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
DORIS H. CLOUET • New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services Research Laboratory, and Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
E. COSTA • Laboratory of Preclinical Pharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, Saint Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D.C.
DAVID H. COY • Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
L. CUSAN • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada
DAVID DAVIS • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
GLENN C. DAVIS • Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine and Cleveland V AMC, Cleveland, Ohio
LEONARD G. DAVIS • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
HIROSHIDEMURA • Department of Medicine , Tokyo Women's Medical College, Tokyo, Japan
REIKO DEMURA • Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Tokyo, Japan
D. DIETERLE • Psychiatrische Klinik der Universitat, Munich, FRG
CONTRIBUTORS vii
ALEXANDER G. DONALD • Ensor Research Laboratory, William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute and Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
A. DUPONT • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada
H. M. EMRICH • Max-Planck-Institut fUr Psychiatrie, Munich, FRG
FRANK R. ERVIN • Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
IRL EXTEIN • Fair Oaks Hospital, Summit, New Jersey, and Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
HENRY G. FRIESEN • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
JES GERLACH • Department H, Sct. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
ROBERT H. GERNER • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
MARK S. GOLD • Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, and Psychiatric Diagnostic Laboratories of America, Summit, New Jersey
PHILIP W. GOLD • Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
FREDERICK K. GOODWIN • Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
DAVID A. GORELICK • Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
L.-M. GUNNE • Psychiatric Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden
H. J. GURLAND • Medizinische Klinik I, Klinikum Grosshadern der UniversiHit, Munich, FRG
viii CONTRIBUTORS
VIKTOR HAVLICEK • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
A. HERZ • Max-Planck-Institut fUr Psychiatrie, Munich FRG
JACOB M. HillER • Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
V. HOll T • Max-Planck-Institut fUr Psychiatrie, Munich, FRG
DAVID F. HORROBIN • Nuns' Island, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
ALEXANDER JAKUBOVIC • Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
DAVID S. JANOWSKY • Departments of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, and San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, California
S. JEGOU • Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie, Universite de Rouen, Mont Saint-Aignan, France
F. JOHANSSON • Department of Neurology, University of Umea, U mea, Sweden
lEWIS L. JUDD • Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
ABBA J. KASTIN • Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
NOBUMASA KATO • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
HERBERT D. KLEBER • Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
S0REN KORSGAARD • Department H, Set. Hans Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
CONTRIBUTORS ix
DOROTHY T. KRIEGER • Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
ALBERT A. KURLAND • Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
A. LEMAY • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada
J. LEPINE • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada
CHO HAO LI • The Hormone Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
L. H. LINDSTROM • Psychiatric Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden
ANTHONY S. LIOTTA • Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
ALEXANDER M. C. MACGREGOR • Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
PARVIZ MALEK-AHMADI • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
Y. MERAND • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada
DAVID H. MIELKE • Department of Psychiatry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
DIETER NABER • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
VASVAN NAI R • Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
N. NEDOPIL • Psychiatrische Klinik der UniversiUit, Munich, FRG
L. NUSSELT • Bezirksklinik Uhlandstrasse, Munich, FRG
x CONTRIBUTORS
GAYLE A. OLSON • Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
RICHARD D. OLSON • Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
ROBERTA M. PALMOUR • Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
DAVID PICKAR • Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
A. CARTER POTTASH • Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, and Psychiatric Diagnostic Laboratories of America, Summit, New Jersey
DONALD A. POWELL • Neuroscience Laboratory, William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veteran's Administration Hospital, Columbia, South Carolina
RAM RASTOGI • Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
D. EUGENE REDMOND JR. • Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
CLARICE A. RI ESER • Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
D. ROULEAU • Departement d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, CHUL, Quebec, Canada
ARUNKUMAR B. SHAH • Ensor Research Laboratory, William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute and Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
NANDKUMAR S. SHAH • Ensor Research Laboratory, William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute and Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
KAZUO SHIZUME • Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Tokyo, Japan
CONTRIBUTORS xi
R. SJOSTROM • Psychiatric Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden
MICHAEL I. SORKIN • Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
TOSHIHIRO SUDA • Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Tokyo, Japan
RICHARD SUMMERS • Clinical Psychobiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
L. TERENIUS • Department of Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
H. M. VAN PRAAG • Department of Psychiatry, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
H. VAUDRY • Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie, Universite de Rouen, Mont Saint-Aignan, France
W. M. A. VERHOEVEN • Department of Psychiatry, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
L. VON KNORRING • Department of Psychiatry, University ofUmea, U mea, Sweden
D. VON ZERSSEN • Max-Planck-Institut fUr Psychiatrie, Munich, FRG
HERBERT WAGEMAKER • Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
A. WAHLSTROM • Department of Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
MICHAEL WEST • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
B. WISTEDT • Psychiatric Clinic at Vasteras Hospital, Vasteras, Sweden
Foreword
The discovery of new molecules that function in neuronal communication can be viewed as a progression of steps beginning with the identification of the molecular structure, moving to the understanding of the mechanisms mediating the synaptic action, and to the appraisal of the involvement of the new molecules in various neuronal mechanisms, and finally reaching the evaluation of this molecule's role in brain function and the consequences that are triggered by its abnormalities. Enkephalins have followed such a pattern, and the present publication expresses the salient points of the last two phases in this succession.
Enkephalins were discovered in December 1975; in addition to pain threshold regulation, their participation in other brain functions was soon ascertained. Perhaps, there are multiple recognition sites for multiple molecular forms of endogenous enkephalins; similarly to other transmitter recognition sites, these are coupled with ionic and nucleotide amplifying systems; thus, when activated, they can modify membrane funtion and ionic permeability of membranes. The present publication probes the current status of our knowledge concerning the consequences related to abnormalities in enkephalin storage, release, and synthesis. However, since our basic understanding of enkephalins is incomplete, the views reported should be considered to be in a state of flux. While our understanding of the neurobiological role of enkephalins is proceeding along a traditional pattern, the theories on the basic mechanisms of neurochemical transmission of nerve impulses were thrown into a state of turmoil by recent reports invalidating Dale's principle, an axiom of neurochemical transmission theory. This principle upholds the molecular uniformity of the transmitter stored in each neuron. Thus, it is no longer believed that each neuron stores one and only one transmitter. In fact,
xiii
xiv FOREWORD
several neuronal types in central and peripheral nervous systems were shown to contain at least two species of chemicals that could be considered a neurochemical transmitter. Of particular interest to the topic of this publication were the observations that frequently enkephalins and catecholamines coexist in the same neurons. Hence, if there is a catecholamine hypothesis of the affective disorders, we must concede that perhaps there is a catecholamine/enkephalin hypothesis of the affective disorders. In order to consider the recent theory on various molecular species of transmitters stored in a given neuron in the context of their impact on the etiology of affective disorders, we must have some idea of how the interaction of catecholamines and enkephalins could trigger mental disorders.
Historically, the participation of two molecules into the regulation of a synaptic event was considered for the first time in 1959 by Burn and Rand. They proposed that acetylcholine is stored in sympathetic terminals with norepinephrine, both amines could be released by nerve impulses, but not simultaneously. According to Burn and Rand, acetylcholine could be released by nerve impulses and then by acting on autoreceptors located in the same terminals where acetylcholine is stored, it would trigger the release of catecholamines. A similar mechanism could be invoked as a model to study the interactions between catecholamines and enkephalins as they may be involved in the etiology of mental diseases. Alternatively, one could surmise that each transmitter is released by a characteristic frequency threshold: for instance, with low frequency, only catecholamines would be released; by increasing the frequencies, enkephalins or another modulator could also be released. The latter would act on the postsynaptic membrane and modify the characteristics of the catecholamine receptor or that of the receptor for primary transmitters. One could imagine that a deficient release of enkephalins or of another cotransmitter eould cause an inappropriate response to the catecholamines and this discrepancy could trigger a disease state. This type of relationship between a primary transmitter and a cotransmitter appears to be operative in GABAergic synapses. Here, a receptor, to which benzodiazepines bind with high affinity, is present which modulates the affinity characteristics of the GABA receptor for GABA. Whether a similar cotransmitter hypothesis applies to catecholamines and enkephalins is still open to speculation. But it is a working hypothesis that can be used as a model to adapt the catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders to the changes in the doctrine of chemical mediation of nerve impulses. Somehow we must cope with the additional complications determined by the mUltiple molecular forms of neuromodulators stored in many eNS neurons; the
FOREWORD xv
solution enkephalins/catecholamines or neuropeptide cotransmitters/catecholamines certainly warrants further testing.
E. Costa Washington, D.C.
Contents
INTRODUCTION
Current Status of Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatry: An Overview ............................................................... .
NANDKUMAR S. SHAH and ALEXANDER G. DONALD
CHAPTER 1
The Opiate Receptor and its Endogenous Ligands: An Overview ......................................................................................... 15
JACOB M. HILLER
CHAPTER 2
The Endorphins and Analgesia: A Minireview 41
THUY T. CHAU
CHAPTER 3
Central Nervous System Effects after Systemic Injection of Opiate Peptides .............................................................................. 61
RICHARD D. OLSON, ABBA J. KASTIN, GAYLE A. OLSON, and DAVID H. COY
xvii
xviii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4
Possible Roles of Prostaglandins in Mediating Opioid Actions 75
DAVID F. HORROBIN
CHAPTER 5
Psychoactive Agents and Enkephalin Degradation 89
ALEXANDER JAKUBOVIC
CHAPTER 6
Relationship of Opiate Peptides to Neuroendocrine Functions 99
A. DUPONT, Y. MERAND, D. ROULEAU, L. CUSAN, A. LEMAY, H. VAUDRY, S. JEGOU, J. LEPINE, and N. BARDEN
CHAPTER 7
[3-Endorphin and Central Nervous System
VIKTOR HAVLICEK, MICHAEL WEST, NOBUMASA KATO, and HENRY G. FRIESEN
CHAPTER 8
Biochemical Evidence for a Role for Endorphins in Mental
127
Illness .............................................................................................. 161
DORIS H. CLOUET
CHAPTER 9
Opiate Receptors and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric and Related Research: A Review............ ............ ........ .......... ............... 179
JAMBUR ANANTH, VASVAN NAIR, and RAM RASTOGI
CONTENTS xix
CHAPTER 10
Endorphins in Psychiatric Research and Treatment .................. 213
W. M. A. VERHOEVEN and H. M. VAN PRAAG
CHAPTER 11
j3-Endorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in CSF and Plasma of Neuropsychiatric Patients ............................................................. 231
V. HOLLT, H. M. EMRICH, M. BERGMANN, N. NEDOPIL, D. DIETERLE, H. J. GURLAND, L. NUSSELT, D. VON ZERSSEN, and A. HERZ
CHAPTER 12
Cerebrospinal Fluid Content of Endorphins in Schizophrenia 245
L. H. LINDSTROM, G. BESEV, L.-M. GUNNE, R. SJOSTROM, L. TERENIUS, A. WAHLSTROM, and B. WISTEDT
CHAPTER 13
Behavioral Effects of j3-Endorphin in Depression and Schizophrenia ................................................................................ 257
ROBERT H. GERNER, DAVID A. GORELICK, DON H. CATLIN, and CHO HAO LI
CHAPTER 14
Effects of Opiate Antagonists and Agonists on Behavioral and Neuoroendocrine Variables ........................................................... 271
DAVID S. JANOWSKY and LEWIS L. JUDD
CHAPTER 15
The Narcotic Antagonists: Implications for Psychiatric Research ........................................... ......... ..... ..... ...... ..................... 291
ALBERT A. KURLAND
xx CONTENTS
CHAPTER 16
The Use of an Oral Opiate Antagonist in Schizophrenia ........... 305
DAVID H. MIELKE
CHAPTER 17
Peptides and Amino Acids in Human Hemodialysate ................. 311
ROBERTA M. PALMOUR and FRANK R. ERVIN
CHAPTER 18
Dialysis of Schizophrenia
J. ROBERT CADE, HERBERT WAGEMAKER, and ALEXANDER M. C. MACGREGOR
CHAPTER 19
333
Hemodialyses and Schizophrenia: Effects of Hemodialyses on Schizophrenic Symptoms and Dialysate Endorphin Levels ...... 347
PARVIZ MALEK-AHMADI, MICHAEL I. SORKIN, LEONARD G. DAVIS, KENNETH E. CALLEN, DAVID DAVIS, and CLARICE A. RIESER
CHAPTER 20
Endorphin Dysfunction in Panic Anxiety and Primary Affective Illness .............................................................................................. 355
MARK S. GOLD, A. CARTER POTTASH, IRL EXTEIN, FREDERICK K. GOODWIN, D. EUGENE REDMOND, JR., and HERBERT D. KLEBER
CHAPTER 21
Endorphins and Affective Illness
DAVID PICKAR, IRL EXTEIN, PHILIP W. GOLD, RICHARD SUMMERS, DIETER NABER, and FREDERICK K. GOODWIN
375
CONTENTS xxi
CHAPTER 22
Enkephalin, Naloxone, and [DES-TYR1 j--y-Endorphin in Tardive Dyskinesia ......................................................................... 399
JES GERLACH, DANIEL E. CASEY, and SQ)REN KORSGAARD
CHAPTER 23
The Importance of the Endorphin Systems in Chronic Pain Patients ........................................................................................... 407
L. VON KNORRING, F. JOHANSSON, and B. G. L. ALMAY
CHAPTER 24
Endorphins and ACTH: Normal Values; Circadian Rhythms ..... 427
JAM BUR ANANTH, ALICIA BARTOVA, and RAM RASTOGI
CHAPTER 25
[3-Endorphin in Human Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Pituitary, and ACTH-Producing Tumor ......................................................... 439
TOSHIHIRO SUDA, HiROSHI DEMURA, REIKO DEMURA, KAZUO SHIZUME, ANTHONY S. LIOTTA, and DOROTHY T. KRIEGER
CHAPTER 26
A Role for Opioid Peptides in Attentional Functioning: Clinical Implications .................................................................................... 451
GLENN C. DAVIS, MONTE S. BUCHSBAUM, and WILLIAM E. BUNNEY, JR.
CHAPTER 27
Future Scope for Endorphin Research
NANDKUMAR S. SHAH, DONALD A. POWELL, and ARUNKUMAR B. SHAH
459
Index ................................................................................................ 477