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Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke

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McGill Neurology Academic half-day Wednesday, May 8 th , 2013 Alexandre Y. Poppe MD CM, FRCPC Stroke neurologist Notre-Dame Hospital, CHUM [email protected]. Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Disclosures. CHUM PI for IMS-3 Honoraria - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke McGill Neurology Academic half-day Wednesday, May 8 th , 2013 Alexandre Y. Poppe MD CM, FRCPC Stroke neurologist Notre-Dame Hospital, CHUM [email protected]
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Page 1: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal

Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke

McGill Neurology Academic half-dayWednesday, May 8th, 2013

Alexandre Y. Poppe MD CM, FRCPCStroke neurologist

Notre-Dame Hospital, [email protected]

Page 2: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Disclosures

CHUM PI for IMS-3 Honoraria

• Conferences: Boehringer-Ingelheim, Sanofi-BMS

• Advisory boards: Octapharma, Pfizer-BMS

Page 3: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Plan

Evidence for endovascular stroke therapy• Before 2013• In 2013

CHUM experience The future

Page 4: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Time is Brain!During an acute ischemic stroke

1.9 million neurons, 14 billion synapses,

12 km of myelinated fibres

Are lost PER MINUTEStroke. 2006 Jan;37(1):263-6

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La pénombre ischémiqueOcclusion artérielle Baisse de

CBF

“Coeur” de l’infarcissement: CBF trop bas pour maintenir

l’intégrité membranaire des cellules (échec des pompes ioniques)

<10ml/100g/minMort cellulaire en qq minutes

Pénombre ischémique:CBF trop bas pour soutenir

activite électrique, mais intégrité membranaire intacte

10-20ml/100g/minTissu pouvant être “sauvé”

Page 6: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Basic principle of acute ischemic stroke therapy:

rapid and complete recanalisation of the arterial

occlusive lesion!

Page 7: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Courtesy A. Demchuk

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Neurology. 2009 September 29; 73(13): 1066–1072

Page 9: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Traitement standard: Thrombolyse IV

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AVC aigu: Thrombolyse 0-6 hrs

Lancet 2012 Jun 23;379(9834):2352-63

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IST-3

RCT ouvert 156 hôpitaux dans 12 pays européens

3035 patients traités avec placebo vs tPA-IV

1515 tPA, 1520 placebo

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IST-3

OTTT médian: 4.2 heures Issue favorable: 37% vs 35%

(p=0.181) HIC à 7 jours: 3% vs 1%

(p<0.0001) Mortalite à 6 mois: 27% vs 27%

(p=0.672)

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Negative study, but supports IV tPA use• In patients >80 years-old• Within < 3 heures

Page 14: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

tPA IV: Méta-analyse 2010 NINDS, ATLANTIS, ECASS (1, 2, et 3) et

EPITHET (n=3670) “Outcome” favorable (mRS 0-1)

Delai de Tx (min) OR (95% CI) NNT

0-90 2.6 (1.4-4.5) 4.5

91-180 1.6 (1.1-2.4) 9

181-270 1.3 (1.1-1.7) 14.1

271-360 1.2 (0.9-1.6) 21.4

Lees KR et al. Lancet. 2010;375(9727):1695.

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Meretoja et al. Neurology 2012; 79: 306-313

YD

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Neurol.; 79: 306-313

YD

Page 19: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Courtesy A. Demchuk

Page 20: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

tPA IVAvantages

Disponibilité Acces rapide Facilité

d’administration Bénéfice clinique

documenté dans plusieurs études et registres

Inconvénients Faible taux de

recanalisation (TIMI 2-3)1

• CI 10%• ACM M1 25%• M2-M3 40%

Hémorragie intracérébrale

Hémorragie systémique

1 Wolpert AJNR 1993, Yamaguchi Cerebrovasc Dis 1993, Mori, Neurology 1992

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Endovascular therapy

Page 22: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Endovascular therapy(tPA +/- mechanical thrombectomy)

Avantages Meilleurs taux de

recanalisation:• 40-85%

Plus longue fenêtre de Tx ?

Visualisation en temps réel de la recanalisation

Inconvénients Delai entre AVC et

angio Centres spécialisés

seulement Complications

(dissection, perforation etc.)

Embolies distales Anesthésie/

intubation?

Page 23: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Intra-arterial thrombolysisPROACT II RCT de patients avec occlusion ACM traités en

<6 heures NIHSS médian = 17 Pro-urokinase IA + héparine IV (n=121) vs

héparine IV (n=59) Recanalisation (par angio): 66 vs 18%

(p<0.001) mRS 0-2 a 90 jours: 40% vs 25% (p=0.04) HIC symptomatique: 10% vs 2% (p=0.06)

Furlan A et al. JAMA. 1999;282(21):2003.

Page 24: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Mechanical thrombectomy 3 appareils

approuvés par le FDA• MERCI• Penumbra• Solitaire

Registres, séries mono-centriques, contrôles historiques

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Mechanical thrombectomy

MERCI

Page 26: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

MERCI Study N=151 Contre-indication au tPA-IV <3hrs ou Tx 3-8 hrs Occlusion CI, ACM, AB, AV NIHSS médian = 19 Comparaison avec groupe témoin de PROACT-II

• Recanalisation 46% vs 18%• sICH 8% vs 2%• Mortalité 44% vs 27% • mRS 0-2 à 90jrs 27.7% vs 25%

Recanalisation associée avec meilleur outcome• mRS 0-2: 46% vs 10%

Smith WS et al. Stroke. 2005;36(7):1432.

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Multi MERCI trial N=164 NIHSS médian = 19 Tx IA ad 8 hrs avec CI au tPA-IV ou

après «echec» de tPA-IV• Recanalisation 57.3%• mRS 0-2 à 90jrs 36%• sICH 9.8%• Mortalité 34%

Smith WS et al. Stroke. 2008 Apr;39(4):1205-12.

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Multi MERCI trial

Smith WS et al. Stroke. 2008 Apr;39(4):1205-12.

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Mechanical thrombectomyPENUMBRA

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Penumbra pivotal stroke trial

N=125 Tx IA ad 8 hrs avec CI au tPA-IV ou

après «echec» de tPA-IV• Recanalisation 81.6%• mRS 0-2 à 90jrs 25%• sICH 11.2%• Mortalité 32.8%

Stroke. 2009 Aug;40(8):2761-8.

Page 31: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Mechanical thrombectomy“Stentrievers”SOLITAIRE

TREVO

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Lancet. 2012 Oct 6;380(9849):1241-9.

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Lancet 2012 Oct 6;380(9849):1231-40

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Combined therapy or “bridging”

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IV-IA “bridging”: l’evidence

Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS)

tPA IV/IA (n=17) versus placebo IV/tPA IA (n=18)

Meilleure recanalisation (TIMI 2-3) pour IV/IA (81% versus 50%)

Pour occlusions M1-M2: 100% recanalisation

Lewandowksi CA et al. Stroke. 1999 Dec;30(12):2598-605.

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IV-IA “bridging”: l’évidenceIMS I Jan-Oct 2001 IV-IA < 3 heures avec NIHSSS ≥ 10 (median 18) “Open-label” sans groupe contrôle n=80 Pour NIHSS ≥ 20

• mRS 0-2 a 3 mois: IMS I 42% NINDS tPA 21%

Comparaison avec cohort NINDS

Stroke. 2004;35(4):904.

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IV-IA “bridging”: l’évidence

IMS II Prolongation de IMS I avec ajout du

système EKOS MicroLysus n=73 NIHSSS médian = 19 IMS II versus NINDS tPA

• mRS 0-2 a 3 mois: 48% versus 36%

Stroke. 2007;38(7):2127.

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Combined IV-IA therapy: the evidence

RECANALISE

Registre prospectif “before and after”

tPA IV versus tPA IV + endovasculaire

IV (n=107)

IV-IA (n=53)

P value

Recanalisation

52% 87% <0.0001

Early neurological improvement

39% 60% 0.07

mRS 0-2 at 90 days

44% 57% 0.13

Death at 90 days

17% 17% 0.98

sICH 11% 9% 0.73

Mazighi M et al. Lancet Neurol. 2009 Sep;8(9):802-9.

Page 39: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

IV-IA “bridging”: l’évidence

Étude retrospective comparant 2 groupes: tPA IV-IA (n=42) vs tPA IV sans amélioration

à 1 heure (n=84)• Equilibrés pour occlusion, NIHSS et temps de Tx

avec tPA-IV NIHSS médian = 20 Occlusion documentée par TCD

Rubiera M et al. Stroke. 2011;42:993-997.

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Should we call our INRs?

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Thrombolyse au CHUMAnnée Nombre de

cas IV-IANombre de

cas IVNombre de cas IA seul

2003 0 31 32004 1 24 72005 0 31 92006 2 32 92007 3 34 72008 5 36 112009 13 48 102010 17 43 122011 26 60 92012 22 62 29

Données colligées par R. Cournoyer

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YD

Données colligées par Y. Deschaintre et R. Cournoyer

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

CombinéIA seulIV seul

105

Années 2001 à 2012

Thrombolyse au CHUM

Page 44: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

CHUM experience N=39 (nov 2009 – janv 2011) NIHSS moyen = 18.7

• MERCI: 4 (+ Penumbra ou ballon) (10%)

• Penumbra: 33 (85%) • Solitaire: 1 (2%)

Recanalisation 66% mRS 0-2 à 90jrs 33% Mortalité 10%

Courtesy Dr. F. Bing, unpublished data

Page 45: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

NEJM February 7th 2013

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Phase 3 RCT, open-label with blinded outcome

N=656 (IV only=222, IV-IA=434) Tx within 3 hours IA Tx within 5 hours and not

beyond 7 hours• MERCI, Ekos, Penumbra, Solitaire

N Engl J Med 2013;368:893-903

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mRS 0-2: 40.8% vs 38.7% (95% CI -6.1-9.1%)

N Engl J Med 2013;368:893-903

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IMS-3

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IMS-3

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IMS-3: Recanalisation* rates at 24hrs

IV only IV-IA

ICA 35% 81%

M1 68% 86%

M2 77% 88%

*Partial or complete on follow-up CTA

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IMS-3: post-mortem

IV tPA better than we assumed? Patients treated too late? Ischemic changes too extensive?

(>40% ASPECTS <8) Less effective first-generation

devices?

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SYNTHESIS ExpansionN Engl J Med 2013;368:904-913

Pragmatic open-treatment RCT with blinded endpoint

N= 362 (IV=181, IA=181) Median time to treatment

(p<0.001)• IV: 2.75 hrs• IA: 3.75 hrs

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mRS 0-1: 30.4% vs 34.8% (95%CI 0.44-1.14)

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SYNTHESIS Expansion

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MR Rescue N Engl J Med 2013;368:914-923

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IV tPA remains the only proven recanalisation therapy for stroke within 4.5hrs

Patients receiving IV tPA within 2 hours and endovascular Tx within 90 minutes of IV tPA may benefit

Extension of the treatment time window using penumbral imaging remains unproven

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Can guidelines help?

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Endovasclar therapyCanadian Best Practise Recommendations 2010

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Endovasclar therapy AHA Guidelines 2013

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Endovasclar therapy ACCP Guidelines 2012

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When to consider endovascular therapy...Clinical Age? Stroke severity (NIHSS

>20?) Ultra-rapid door-to-clot

time possible

Imaging Small core volume Occlusion site “Clot burden/length”

(>2cm) Significant mismatch? Good collaterals

Page 65: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Courtesy A. Demchuk

Stroke 2011 Jan;42(1):93-7

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Algorithm for acute recanalisation therapy <4.5hrs

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Case 1ID: Homme 71 ans,

droitier

HMA: Hémiplégie gauche et

dysarthrie à 8h00

ATCD: Insuffisance cardiaque

(FEVG 25%) FAP Néo vessie

E/P: SVS Hemiparesie G Hemianesthesie G

avec heminegligence G

Dysarthrie

NIHSS 15

Labos: OK

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CT C- à 9h47

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Bolus tPA-IV à 10h15

CTA-Source Images

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Recanalisation TICI 3 à 11h25

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CT C- à 48 heuresCongé jour 5 avec NIHSS 1

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CaseID: Femme 68 ans,

droitiere

HMA: Plegie hemicorps D

avec mutisme a 13h50

ATCD: Anemie severe

(rectorragie) Tabagisme

E/P: SVS Hemiplegie B-F D Aphasie globale

severe

NIHSS 18

Labos: Hb 60

ECG: FA

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CT C- 14h00

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Echec de Tx endovasculaire – angioplastie, MERCI, tPA-IA

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Jour 1NIHSS 20

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Case 23 year-old woman, no PMH Sudden onset nausea, vomiting Altered level of consciousness Brought to peripheral hospital Rapidly progressive bilateral facial

weakness, tetraparesis, dysarthria and dysconjugate gaze

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Baseline NCCT (<2hrs after onset)

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CTA 4 hrs post-onset

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Angio 5 hrs post-onset

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Recanalization 5h45min post-onset

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NCCT Day 4NIHSS 0, mRS 0 at 3 years

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Conclusions Degree of recanalisation and time to

recanalisation are associated with better outcomes

Recanalisation rates are modest with IV tPA

Recanalisation rates are higher with endovascular therapy

Newer generation stentrievers are superior to MERCI for opening arteries (and possible improving outcomes)

Page 86: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Conclusions The discordance between better

angiographic results and clinical outcomes despite comparable safety, suggests that patient selection may be the problem

Endovascular therapy has a similar safety profile as IV tPA

After IMS-3, endovascular therapy remains unproven...

Page 87: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

ENROLL PATIENT IN A STUDY

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Ongoing or planned studies

EASI ESCAPE SWIFT prime REVASCAT BASICS-2 THRACE …

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Merci

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Algorithme pour l’approche IV vs IV-IA vs IA

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Algorithme pour l’approche IV vs IV-IA vs IA

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Case 2 – Mr. RD 75 year-old RHD male

• Lives with wife, baseline mRS 0

PMH:• HTN• Never-smoker

Meds:• Acebutalol 400 mg qd

Page 93: Endovascular treatment  of acute  ischemic  stroke

Case 2 – Mr. RD

HPI: 19h17: witnessed sudden onset R

hemiplegia, speech arrest and fall. 911 called.

19h27: ambulance arrival on site 20h04: arrival at HND 20h13: NCCT 20h30: stroke team assessment

• Dysarthria, expressive aphasia, R hemiplegia

• NIHSS 13

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NCCT 1 hour

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Case 2 – Mr. RD

NCCT L eye deviation, L HMCA ASPECTS 10

CTA not done… Obvious HMCA Disabling NIHSS Avoid delays to Angio (NCCT already

done)

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Case 2 – Mr. RD

20h55: IV t-PA bolus, 2/3 dose 21h05: Angio suite. No sedation.

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Angio 2 hours

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22h40: M1 recanalization

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NCCT day 1

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Case 2 – Mr. RD

Favourable in-hospital course Discharged on ASA + Clopidogrel

+ atorvastatin NIHSS 1 at discharge At 6 months and 1 year:

• NIHSS 0• mRS 2 (no longer drives car)

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M. N.

Homme de 62 ans, droitier• DLP• Db2 de novo

AVC ACM gauche• Déficit fluctuant; NIHSS 16 10• Famille indécise re. tPA

CT…

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ASPECTS 10

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M. N.

tPA-IV• OTTT: 3h15

Hyperglycémie malgré insuline IV Aucune amélioration clinique

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CT: 18 hres

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CTA: 18 hres

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CTA: 18 hres

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M. N.

Jour 3• Plus somnolent, mutique• Parésie jambe gauche

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Angio-IRM: jour 3

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IRM: jour 3

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M. N.

Jour 5• Comateux• Mydriase fixe OS• Consult NeuroChx aucune

intervention

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CT: jour 5

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M. N.

Jour 6:• Comateux, tetraplégique• Mydriase bilatérale• Soins de confort• Décès le même jour

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CT: jour 6

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M. A.: un autre exemple...

Homme de 50 ans, droitier• Aucuns antecedents

AVC ACM gauche• NIHSS 9 (aphasie)

CT: pas de changements precoces tPA-IV

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CT: 18 hres

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CTA: 18 hres

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M. A.

24 hres post-tPA• Deterioration subite• NIHSS 23

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CTA: 24 hres

IA = echec

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M. A. NIHSS ~ 20 au conge


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