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Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem
Hendriksen, Peter Vang
Publication date:2012
Link back to DTU Orbit
Citation (APA):Hendriksen, P. V. (Forfatter). (2012). Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem. Lyd og/eller billedproduktion (digital)
Energikonvertering i fremtidens effektive energisystem
Peter V. Hendriksen, DTU Energikonvertering
Ændringer i Energisystemet, drivende faktorer
•Hensyn til klima, minimering af emissioner.
• Forsyningssikkerhed
•Økonomi, Pris på konventionelle fossile brændsler
•Erhvervspolitik
•Accept/manglende accept af atomkraft
•Geopolitiske, strategiske hensyn
•Forøget forbrug, befolkningstilvækst
• ..
•Ressourceknaphed• store fossile ressourcer• store vind/sol ressourcer
DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark2
• store vind/sol ressourcer
Dansk Målsætning•2020: 50 % El forbrug dækket af VE •2035: 0 % Fossil energi i el og varme -produktion•2050: 100 % VE2050: 100 % VE
Udfordringer
Ø d l f fl k d d k1. Øget andel af fluktuerende produktion2. Biomasse er en begrænset ressource !3. Flydende brændstoffer (Fly, tung transport) hvorfra ?
3000
3500
4000
4500
3000
3500
4000
4500
”Breaking the Biomass bottleneck of the fossil freesociety”. H. Wenzel, CONCITO 22/9 2010.
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
• 4 times more crops needed to replace fossil fuelsAt maximum we can double croplandOnly a 30 % increase would be sustainable
DK West January 2008 Demand and Wind power January 2008 + 3,000 MW
0
500
Wind power Demand
0
500
Wind power Demand
Source: Energinet.dk
Only a 30 % increase would be sustainable
• Biomass residues < 20% of energy consumption
“The role of fuel cells and electrolysers in future efficient energy systems”Peter Vang Hendriksen, DTU Energy Conversion, Brian Vad Mathiesen, Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Allan S. Pedersen and Søren Linderoth, DTU Energy Conversion; Ch13 DTU Energy Report. Enabling technologies
Brændselsceller og Elektrolyse kan bidrage til løsning !
Ch13 DTU Energy Report. Enabling technologies
0.8 V 1.4 V
Chemical energy Electricity + Heat
Brug af brændselsceller i fremtidens energisystem
•Hvorfor ? •Høj el-virkningsgrad•God del-last karakteristik (virkningsgrad)•God del-last karakteristik (virkningsgrad)• Fleksible
åL k l CHP h b d l ll ~6 % i DK på el-siden (Ref 1)
~20% på fjernvarme (Ref 2)
• Lokal CHP vha. brændselsceller• Minimerer transmissionstab
Større indpasning af varmepumper mulig (=brændselsbesparelse) , Ref 3:
•Systemstudier viser at decentral FC-CHP er mere fordelagtigt
• Transport; FC-vehicles
DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark
Ref.3 B. V. Mathiesen, “Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems”, Ph.D. Thesis, Aalborg University, 2008Ref. 2 http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/denmark/electric-power-transmission-and-distribution-losses Ref. 1 http://www.skfj.dk/showpage.php?pageid=847
Typer af Brændselsceller/(Elektrolyseceller)
AFC PEMFC SOFC
ElectrolytePotassium h d id
Polymer b
Solid oxide yhydroxide membrane
Catalyst Nickel Platinum Perovskites/Ni
Operating temp. 40–100°C 60–200°C 600 – 900 °C
Fuel(s) H2 H2 or CH3OHH2, CO, NH3,Hydrocarbons
I t l t t CO CO CO S NH SIntolerant to CO, CO2 CO, S, NH3 S
Electric efficiency ~ 45 % 40 – 55 % 50 – 60 %
Mobile units Mobile units CHP from micro-Applications
Mobile units, space, military
Mobile units, micro-CHP
CHP from microto large-scale
• R&D fokus: PEMFC, HT-PEM og SOFC F d l l f ll
DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark6
• Fordele og ulemper for alle• Forskning og udvikling på alle spor på DTU (AEC elektrolyse)
SOFC Ni-YSZ supporteret celle
Ni/YSZ support
Ni/YSZ electrode
LSM-YSZ electrode
• Skalerbare fremstillingsmetoder
DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark7 5 March 2012
Samarbejde; DTU - Haldor Topsøe indenfor SOFC siden1989
HTASDTU, RISØ
Datterselskab af Haldor Topsøe A/S Dannet 2004Dannet 2004
75
100
15000
20000x1
2 (%
) -lin
e
d -
TOFC
0
25
50
0
5000
10000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Succ
ess
rate
for 1
2x
m2
cells
pro
duce
d
DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark8
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Year
# 1
2x12
cm
Teknologioverførsel fra DTU til TOFC
Stack test status
II
2004
Stack with 2.5G cellsDegradation:
< 8 mV/ 1000 hr
2011
2 5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
olt
I II III
ife
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
tage
[V]
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Vo
end
of l
Fuel: H2 + H2O
0 2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Ave
rage
cel
l vol
t
Fuel: Pre-reformed NG, O/C = 2725 oC
Hours
0
0.1
0.2
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000Time (hr)
0.220 A/cm2
3% H2O in airTest status:14.000 hours20 thermal cycles ( )20 thermal cyclesDegradation steady/leveling off
Source: Niels Christiansen, TOFC, Presented at 10 SOFC Forum 2012, Lucerne
μ-CHP PowerCore
Pre-reformer PowerCorePowerCore Gen 2 Gen 3DC power 1.4 kW 1.5kWDC eff. (LHV) 52%
(80V, 18A)61%
(59V, 25A)
Water evaporator
internal external
HEX Burner Stack module
evaporatorStart-up burner
internal external
Volumen 148 L 40L
62
63
64
[A] 20
25
30 Weight 90 kg 30 kg
60
61
Volta
ge [V
] or C
urre
nt
10
15
58
59
19:12:00 00:00:00 04:48:00 09:36:00 14:24:00 19:12:00 00:00:00 04:48:00StartTime : 05-03-2012 23:59:00 EndTime : 06-03-2012 23:59:00
0
5
PowerCore load cyclesPowerCore®
Source: Niels Christiansen, TOFC, Presented at 10 SOFC Forum 2012, Lucerne
Keramiske brændselsceller på markedet
• Japan: Kyocera, Osaka Gas, Toyota, mfl.– system til mikrokraftvarme introduceret april 2012– 700 W el, 42% virkningsgrad– pris ¥ 2.751.000 (ca. 200.000 kr.);
offentligt tilskud ¥ 1.000.000
• USA: Bloom Energy– decentral kraftproduktion til fx datacentre– 100 kW eller 200 kW el, ca. 50% virkningsgrad– alternative forretningsmodeller: købe strømmen,
men ikke anlægget
DTU Energikonvertering, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet11
Brug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystem, SNG
CH4
2050; (100 % VE)
Metanisering
CH4
Energi 2050, Vindsporet, Energinet.dk
2050; (100 % VE)+17GW Vind, +5 GW sol/bølge, BM; 200 PJ/år
Lagring; • Gas: 11TWh, behov; 3.5 TWh
å• EV. : 50 GWh, 1.5 mill EV, få timer
round_trip = electrolyse brændselscelle = 95 * 55 ~ 50 % (Via metan ~ 40-45 %)
Brug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystemSyntetiske brændstof til transporty p
Brug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystemSyntetiske brændstof til transporty p
Syntetiske brændstof til transportBrug af elektrolyse i fremtidens energisystem
y pOpgradering af biomasse
El+Varme
Økonomisk analyse
SOEC t t 0 3 €/ 210
Andre antagelserElektricitetspris100$/kW*
SOEC system cost 0.3 €/cm2
Heat 0.23 ¢/kWh Cell voltage (H2O) 1.3 V (Vtn)C ll lt (CO ) 1 5 V (Vt )6
8
(¢/k
Wh)
Cell voltage (CO2) 1.5 V (Vtn)Current density 1.5 A/cm2
Expected life time 10 yearsI t t t 5%
4
6
Ele
ctric
itypr
ice DK Electricity Price in 2010
Average PriceInterest rate 5% Expected CO2 cost 23€/tonExpected H2O cost 2.3 €/ton0
2
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
E
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Hours
Source; S. H. Jensen, S. Ebbesen, K. V. Hansen, A. H. Pedersen#
and M. Mogensen, ”Cost Estimation of H2 and CO Produced by
Steam and CO2 Electrolysis”, 2011, (Unpublished).
*J. Thijssen, U.S. DOE/NETL 2007
Økonomisk analyse
2
(€/k
g) 0.3 €/cm2
0 15 €/cm2
18
¢/N
m3 )
barre
l)
86
1
duct
ion
cost
( 0.15 €/cm2
9
uctio
nco
st(¢
1%
12%2%
Heat
I t tWater
43
crud
e oi
l(€/
b
00 2000 4000 6000 8000
H2
prod
H2
prod
u
0
85%
12%
Electricity
Investment
Equi
v.
0
Electrolysis activity (hours) Source; S. H. Jensen, S. Ebbesen, K. V. Hansen, A. H. Pedersen#
and M. Mogensen, ”Cost Estimation of H2 and CO Produced by
Steam and CO2 Electrolysis”, 2011, (Unpublished).
• Dagens oliepris ~ 85 $/barrel
• 1.5 A/cm2
• 10 års levetid, kræver fortsat udvikling !• 0.3 €/cm2
Økonomisk analyse, Metanol fra træ“G S F l ” Fi l P j t R t EUDP 64010 0011• “Green SynFuels”, Final Project Report, EUDP 64010-0011.
CO + 2H2 = CH3OH + 91 kJ/mol CO2 + 3H2 = CH3OH+H2O + 41 kJ/molCO2 + 3H2 CH3OH+H2O + 41 kJ/mol
DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark18
Direkte fra BM SOEC assisteret (hydrogenering)
Økonomisk analyse, Metanol fra træ
Direkte + SOECTræ 207 MW 207 MWEl 141 MW
Synergi• Justering af C/H-forhold• Termisk integration
Metanol 121 MW 243 MWEffektivitet 59,2 % 70,8 %
• Termisk integration, Eksoterm+Endoterm proces
Kap. 6 John Bøgild Hansen, Haldor Topsøe A/SKap. 6 John Bøgild Hansen, Haldor Topsøe A/S
Økonomisk vurdering• Break even:
120 US$/barrel
Kap 3 Anders Korsgaard Serenergy A/S
Source: Green SynFuels”, Final Project Report, EUDP 64010-0011John Bøgild Hansen, Mogens Mogensen, Allan Schrøder Petersen, Aksel Hauge Pedersen, Ivan Loncarevic, Martin Wittrup Hansen, Claus Torbensen, Jacob Bonde, Per Sune Koustrup, Anders Korsgaard, Jesper Lebæk, Svend Lykkemark Christensen, Project manager: Hans Over Hansen, Danish Technological Institute
Kap. 3. Anders Korsgaard, Serenergy A/S
Biomasse opgradering, Hydrogenering, CCR
• Biomasse er en begrænset ressource (~20% of behov)
• 100 PJ Biomass 20 PJ Solid fuel + 50 PJ Liquid fuel,
• 100 PJ Biomass100 PJ Solid fuel + 130 PJ Liquid fuel
Fermentering
CCR
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske UniversitetRisø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet20
+ 150 PJ Hydrogen 100 PJ Solid fuel + 130 PJ Liquid fuel CCR
Source; H. Wenzel; “Breaking the biomass Bottleneck of the fossil free society”, CONCITO, 2010
Olah G.A. “Beyond Oil and Gas: The methanol Economy”, Angw. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2636
SOEC, Teknologistatus!World record ! S. H. Jensen et al. , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
Volume 32, Issue 15, 2007, P. 3253
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske UniversitetRisø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Status på stak niveau
13.0 0 50 A/cm2 0 75 A/cm2
12.5
ge (V
)
-0.50 A/cm2 -0.75 A/cm
11.5
12.0
Stac
k vo
ltag
11.00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Electrolysis time (h)
• Ydelsen er stabil ved moderat strømtæthed (I ~ -0.75 A/cm2 at 850 ºC)
• Standard TOFC stack , H2O og co-electrolyse
• Reversible moduler (?), Produktionskapacitet eksisterer i DK,
The Danish National Advanced Technology Foundation’s advanced technology platform“Development of 2nd generation bioethanol process and technology”,S. Ebbesen et al. Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy 36, 2011
Elektrolyse, AEC, PEMEC, SOEC
Type Largestsystem
Commercialsuppliers Danish companies
Norsk Hydro Green HydrogenAEC 3.5 MW HydrogenicsIht,….
Green HydrogenSiemens Corp. Tech. (DK)
LT-PEM 45 kW H-TEC systemsHydro,… IRDHydro,…
SOEC 15 kW Haldor Topsøe A/STOFC
HT-PEM WHT-PEM W
Første fuld skala Power2Gas anlæg (2MW, Hydrogenics) er under opførsel(E.ON.) i Falgkenhagen, Tyskland (Lagring i naturgasnettet, 2013).
Risø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske UniversitetRisø DTU, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet23
Resultater af systemanalyse, CEESA
Hvornår bliver der behov for elektrolyse ?
•25 % Vindenergi kan indpasses uden forandringer•25 % Vindenergi kan indpasses uden forandringer
•> 25 % Varmepumper, varmelagre [1]
• 40 – 45 % El til transport, EV [2]
• >50 – 60 % Syntetisk brændstof (transport) [1]
Referencer[1] B. V. Mathiesen, “Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems”,
Ph.D. Thesis, Aalborg University, 2008.
DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark
g y
[2] Henrik Lund, Anders N. Andersen, Poul Alberg Østergaard, Brian Vad Mathiesen, David Connolly, Energy, 42, June 2012, P. 96
Resultater af systemanalyse, CEESAKilde: B.V. Mathiesen et al. “CEESA 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios towards 2050”. Aalborg University, 2011. http://www.ceesa.plan.aau.dk. (to be published 2012).g y, p // p ( p )
• 100 % Fossilfrit 2050 system, eksempel:• 70 PJ Produceres ved elektrolyse
2 l
DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark
• ~240 PJ Biomasse ialt• “Lager”: 1 uges brint
Resumé, brændselsceller og elektrolyse i energisystemet
1. Øget andel af fluktuerende produktion2. Biomasse er en begrænset ressource !3 Flydende brændstoffer (Fly tung transport) hvorfra ? 3. Flydende brændstoffer (Fly, tung transport) hvorfra ?
Brændselsceller:
•Høj virkningsgrad (også del-last) mere effektivt system
El kt l S t ti k b d l (Vi d t t) Elektrolyse, Syntetiske brændsler (Vind transport) • Bedre udnyttelse af biomasse syn-fuel syntese, CCR• Infrastruktur eksisterende
• Nærmere økonomisk anlyse
Elektrolyse, (Power2Gas) Syntese gas, SNG
DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark
• Lagring af store mængder energi• Infrastruktur eksisterende, flytning af store mængder energi
Acknowledgements
SSponsorsDanish Energy Authority• Energinet dkEnerginet.dk• EU• Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S• Danish Programme Committee for Energy and Environment• Danish Programme Committee for Nano Science
and Technology, Biotechnology and ITand Technology, Biotechnology and IT
Colleagues:M. Mogensen, A. Smith, S. Højgaard Jensen, S. Ebbesen
DTU Energy Conversion, Technical University of Denmark
Thermodynamics
250
300
ol) 1.30
1.55
(Vol
t)
H2O H2 + ½O2
Total energy demand (Hf) Ecell = Etn
150
200
man
d (K
J/m
o
0.78
1.04
rgy
dem
and
(
Liqu
id
Gas
Electrical energy demand (Gf)
50
100
Ener
gy d
em
0.26
0.52
/(2·n
·F) ·
Ene
rL
Heat demand (TSf)
00 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Temperature (ºC)
0.00
1/
Temperature ( C)
Energy (“volt”) = Energy (kJ/mol)/2F
E = H/2F
i Ecell - G/2F
Price 1/i [A/cm2]Etn = H/2F Price 1/i [A/cm2] ,
H/G > 1 , at E = Etn (no heat loss)