Energy Access, Household Energy

and Development

Daniel Kammen

Chief Technical Specialist for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

The World Bank

Green Household Energy Solutions Expo, African Energy Ministers Conference

Road to Durban, Promoting Sustainable Energy Access for Africa

Johannesburg, South Africa, September 16, 2011

2.7 billion people still rely on solid fuels for cooking and

heating in the 21st Century

Energy for cooking accounts for a high proportion of primary

energy in most of the least developed countries, particularly in

Sub-Saharan Africa

Source: IEA 2010

Reliance on solid fuels for cooking

People without access to electricity (millions)

There are 1.4 billion people lacking access to electricity today

Based on current trends, 1.2 billion people will still lack access in 2030

Another 1+ billion have intermittent/unreliable access

International Energy Agency

2010

Available online:

http://rael.berkeley.edu/node/775

http://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange

/blogs/daniel-kammen

The Costs of Cooking

Monthly Cooking Cost: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: 1990

2004

2004 2004

2004

2004

lowest cost option

Data Source: Hosier, R.H. and W. Kipondya, Urban household energy use in Tanzania. Energy Policy, 1993. May: p. 454-473. (1990)

Rebecca Ghanadan, PhD Candidate, Energy and Resources Group, University of California Berkeley, field research, (2004)

and 2004

1990 1990

1990

1990

1990

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

Charcoal

(improved)

Charcoal

(unimproved)

Electricity LPG Kerosene

Mo

nth

ly C

oo

kin

g C

ost

(19

94

TS

h/m

on

th)

Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) is a significant

public health hazard:

respiratory and cardiopulmonary infections,

premature deaths, lung cancer,…

Almost 2 million people die prematurely each year,

from IAP, women and children are disproportionately affected (WHO, 2006)

Unsustainable production of wood fuels a serious

threat to forest cover in SSA

2 tons of biomass energy burned per year by

average family in developing country – about

one billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted

into the atmosphere

Use of biomass has negative health and

environment impacts

Copyright © 2008 The World Bank – International Finance Corporation / Dalberg Development Advisors

Current spending on lighting by off-grid

households 100% =

Off-grid households spend US$8.2 billion annually

on inferior lighting fuels…

Fuel Spent : 2010 – 2015

27%

54%53%

32%

13%

10%

Biofuels

Kerosene

Candles

Other

% of lighting

spent

per household

$8.2 billion

4%

Primary light-

source

for household1

110 million

7%

Household lighting use surveys in 8 African geographies based on Lighting Africa and GTZ market research, extrapolated for other geographies and kerosene use triangulated with country-level data on kerosene consumption

Source: Lighting Africa, GTZ, country census data, Dalberg analysis.

$8.2 Bn

$1.2 Bn

Off-grid Households

On-grid Households

SMEs $1 Bn

$10 Bn

$9.7 Bn

$1.4 Bn

$1.2 Bn

$12.5B

n

2010 2015

Total

Fuel Based Lighting is Expensive, Unhealthy, and

Inefficient

Kerosene and other fuels for

Lighting is a $10+ billion per

year industry in Africa

Photo by Evan Mills Photo by Peter Alstone

Photo by Peter Alstone

Photos by Kristen Radecsky and Peter Alstone

Better value than fuel based lighting

Safer: less fire risk

Extra services: charge phone, etc.

Health benefits: reduced exposure to indoor air pollution

Versatile: Good for home use and small enterprises

Photos from Johnstone et al. (2009) Lumina Project Research Note #2

Access to high quality modern lighting improves lives …

and can be brought into the market

Source: IEA Universal Access Scenario, 2010

Investment requirements – Clean cooking (US$ billions)

Reliance on traditional use of biomass (population in millions)

Universal energy access in SSA by 2030:

Cooking

2009 2015 2030 2009 2015 2030

Rural Urban Total Total Total % % %

477 176 653 741 918 80 77 70

2010-15 2016-30 Total

4 9 14

On-grid Mini-grid Off-grid Total

195 187 80 462

Source: IEA Universal Access Scenario, 2010

Investment requirements (US$ billions)

Generation requirements (TWh)

2010-15 2016-30 Total

80 262 342

Population lacking electricity access (millions)

2009 2030

Urban Rural Urban Rural

120 465 108 544

Universal energy access in SSA by 2030:

Electricity

COOKING:

Green Household energy solutions to accelerate access

New technology developments in cookstoves facilitating

reduction in time to cook, fuel use, and emissions

Combustion and heat transfer efficiency can decreases fuel use by 30-50%

and emissions by 50-90%

Variety of improved cookstoves are available in the market meeting varied

needs and preferences: Rocket stoves, Fan Stoves, Gassifierstoves

Health, gender, and environment impacts of savings in fuel use and time

reduced emissions

World Bank Initiatives for household Energy

Solutions: Africa Clean Cooking Initiative (ACCI)

A market-transformation program with the objective to facilitate scale-up of private sector investments in clean cooking solutions in Africa…

Anchored in a strategic

partnership with the

Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves

Strengthen and support private sector

(international and local stakeholders)

along the value chain.

Scale-up of sales builds the green job

sector, provides a platform for innovation

and provides an outlet for

African entrepreneurs

Shared experience in household energy:

Leverage Lighting Africa experience: Address market barriers

Green Household energy solutions to accelerate access

New technology development in LEDs, PV and batteries create a

new market niche for lighting

Variety of off-grid lighting products designed for the needs of the “base of

the pyramid” consumers

Fast technology development improves performance and affordability of

modern off-grid lighting products.

People can get better lighting and save money on kerosene

Additional features, such as cell phone chargers, have become a standard.

Solar Panel: ~2.5 watt (0.3-8 watt range)

Battery: Small, low power lithium-ion; mid-

range NiMH; or large, powerful SLA

Light: Low intensity LED clusters; or CFL

Cost: ~$40

Battery Life: 4-6 hours

LED Lumens: 30-60

2015

2015: Holding performance constant….

$16-25

2015

$40

2010

$5-10

2015

$20

Median SPL Low-cost LED lantern

Solar Panel: 4 -6 watt

Battery: 2X lithium-ion battery power or

20-30% more NiMH power

Light: LED that is 3X intensity of today’s

attery Life: 6-10 hours

LED Lumens: >100

2015: Holding price constant…

Today’s Typical Solar Lantern

2010

Evolving household energy solutions further accelerate access…

Tomorrow: Better and cheaper

World Bank Initiatives for household Energy

Solutions: Expansion of the Lighting Africa Program

Joint World Bank/IFC Initiative, launched in September 2007, to facilitate

Rapid scale-up of access to clean, reliable and affordablelighting & basic

energy services for 250 million people across Africa, starting with 2.5 million

people (500,000 lights) by 2012

Piloted in Kenya and Ghana, expanding activities to East Africa, Nigeria and

Francophone West Africa

Addressing market barriers through five components:

Quality Assurance

Market Intelligence

Business Support and Access to Finance

Consumer Education

Policy and Regulation

Solar Advertising in Kenyan papers

www.lightingafrica.org www.cleancookstoves.org

Partner organizations

Extra

High reliance on solid fuels is an indicator of

poverty…

Source: WHO and UNDP, 2009

Pro

babili

ty (

AR

I)

Average Daily Exposure ( g / m3)

Illness Reduction Observed in Kenya (ARI = acute respiratory infection), Source: Ezzati& Kammen, The Lancet, 2001)

All ARI

ALRI,

Lower respiratory

Infections only

1.4B total DALYS: 10% of DALYS lost to ARI x 50% potential reduction

Greenhouse Gas Marginal Abatement Curves:

Communities of Orinoco & Marshall Point, Nicaragua

23 Casillas and Kammen (2010) “The energy-poverty-climate nexus,” Science, 330, 1182 - 1182