Energy and BiochemistryUnit 4 cont.

Chemistry Composition of matter and how it

changes

As living things, we require 20 elements› Most of which are oxygen, carbon, nitrogen,

and hydrogen

Biochemistry: study of chemical processes related to living things

A little chemistry Atom: individual unit of an element

that still has the element’s properties› Atoms of different elements are different

from one another› Protons (+), neutrons, electrons (-)

Bonds: attractions between atoms; due to sharing or donating of electrons› Covalent: shared electrons› Ionic: transfer of electrons

Covalent vs. Ionic

A little chemistry Molecules: more than one atom Compounds: more than one type of

atom

Examples:› Na› O2

› H2O

Macromolecules Macromolecules: large molecules made

of repeating subunits (AKA polymers)

Made of monomers (smaller molecules, repeating subunits)

There are different monomers depending on which atoms are arranged and how they are arranged

Digestion We consume the macromolecule, but

it is later broken down into these smaller monomers to be used in our body.

Carbohydrates Elements: C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio

Monomer: monosaccharides

Build a glucose molecule with the molymods!

Polymers Disaccharides (2 mono’s)

Polysaccharides (3/more mono’s)

Carbohydrates Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose,

maltose, starch Functions: energy storage, structural

support in plants Foods: sugars, syrups, pasta, candy

cane, candy corn, fruits, vegetables, bread

Bozeman - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zm_DyD6FJ0Sulfuric acid and sugar - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOedJgqTT9E

Lipids (fats) Elements: C, H, O, sometimes P

Monomer: fatty acids, glycerol

Lipids cont. Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids,

steroids (cholesterol, hormones)

Functions: energy storage (2x as much as carbs), insulation, shock absorber, cell membranes

Foods: oils, butter, cheese, meat

Fats Unsaturated: has double bonds

› Liquid at room temperature

Saturated: no double bonds, completely saturated with Hydrogen› Solid at room temperature

Which of these is healthier?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=HgH6C1itI08 – supersize me

Proteins Elements: C, H, O and N Monomer: amino acids (20 types) Functions: energy, enzymes, cell

transport, muscular structure, receptors, antibodies

Foods: meat, fish, grains, nuts

Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration synthesis: building a

bigger molecule; water is removed

Organic Molecules Contain chains or rings of carbon

Everything we’ve discussed› Carbs› Lipids› Proteins› Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

Amino acids Structure:

central carbon amino group carboxyl group (acid) R group (side chain)

variable group unique chemical properties of the amino acid

Proteins Amino acids are joined by a peptide

bond

Protein Folding The structure/folding of a protein

determines its function.

Primary Protein Structure Amino acid linear sequence

› “Beads on a string”

Secondary Protein Structure First stage of folding

› Alpha Helix

› Beta pleated sheet

Tertiary Protein Structure More folding

› Protein folds in on itself

Quaternary Protein Structure

2 or more units folded together

Protein folding

- Randomly put 15 pins on the tuber (primary -1)

- Arrange your protein chain into an alpha helix or beta sheet

(secondary -2)- Touch red pins with the blue pins

and white pins with the yellow pins (tertiary - 3)- tertiary structures bind with one

another (quaternary- 4)