1

Energy and Material Consumption in relation to

Environmental Problems in Mega Cities

The United Nations University

Itaru YASUIhttp://www.yasuienv.net

2

YlabCREST

Quantity

Development

Decoupling and Stage of Development

Material/Energy

Carbon Dioxide

Waste Generation2nd Destructive Use Ecosystem

Casualties by Natural Disaster

Damage By Pollution

1

2

3

4Stages

1st Destructive Use Ecosystem

3

YlabCREST

Million tonBasic Plan for Circulating Type Soc.(2003)

products

resource import

domestic

natural resource

circulation

accumulation

total use energyfood

export

Landfillwaste volume reduction

Naturalreduction

4

YlabCREST

TargetIn 2010

Weight of Waste for Final DisposalMinistry of Environment

Million Tons / year

Peaked in 1991

Circulating Type Soc. Basic Plan in 2003

5

YlabCREST

LCA for Chemical Recycling:PET Bottle 1kg

Feed Stock

Energy

34.6MJ/kgCrude Oil:0.9L

Oil Acquisition; Transport;Oil Refining; Transport;

PET Resin

Blow Forming;Labeling;PET Bottle

27.9MJ/kg

Collection; Transport;Depolymerization;

Purification; PET Resin;

28.3MJ/kg

27MJ/kg??20MJ/kg??

6

YlabCREST

Quantity

Development

Decoupling for Mega Cities

Material/Energy

Carbon Dioxide

Waste Generation2nd Destructive Use Ecosystem

Casualties by Natural Disaster

Damage By Pollution

1

2

3

4

Stages1st Destructive Use Ecosystem

Heat Island Phenomena

Waste Management

Water Supply &Sanitation

7

YlabCREST Temperature of Cities in Kanto Area

TokyoKumagayaUtsunomiyaYokohamaChoshi

8

YlabCREST Temperature Change in Tokyo and other Cities

Tokyo New York Paris World Ave.

9

YlabCREST Factors for Heat Island Phenomena

Artificial Waste Heat EmissionBuildings 50%, Industries 10% Automobiles 40%

Loss of Grass Field and Forest within CitiesIncrease in Heat Capacity: BuildingsReduction in Wind Speed: BuildingsGreenhouse Effect by Gases from Cities

Ozone, Aerosol, etc., : Traffic and IndustryIncrease in Efficiency of Solar Heat Absorption

Tall Buildings, Reflective Glasses : Buildings

10

YlabCREST

One of Solutions :Traffic Modal Change

Automobile -> Public TransportationCentral Part of Tokyo : Already Done

Automobile -> High Gas Mileage Hybrid Cars by Toyota and Honda

Automobile -> Electric Commuter CarUltimate SolutionSeparation of Waste Heat and Energy for Driving

Social Systems such as Road Pricing will be Effective.

11

YlabCRESTCO2 Emission by Several Kinds of

TransportationAutomobileBus PublicBus RentalFerryAirplaneRailwayBullet TrainSubwayTramNew Type

CO2(g-C) / person / km

12

YlabCREST

Hybrid AutomobilesAn Example

= New Prius

Hybrid Car by TOYOTAEngine

Ni-H BatteryGenerator

Inverter

Motor Transmission for Hybrid

Power Splitter

13

YlabCREST Comparison of CO2 Emission

New Prius and Equivalent

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Gasoline

New Prius

Materials

Assemble

Gasoline

Maintenance

Waste

tons

Assumptions: 100,000km Driven in TokyoFuel Consumption: 18km/L for Prius, 8km/L for Others

14

YlabCREST

Energy Efficiency of New Prius

Gasoline

Prius 1

Prius 1MC

New PriusFCHV Now

FCHV F

Fuel E Car EOverall EE in %

15

YlabCREST

COMS by TOYOTA-BODY Co.Ltd.Running Cost ¥2 for 1km

Electric Commuter Car: COMS– Ultimate Solution for Heat Island

16

YlabCREST

CO2 Emission & Waste Heat

0 200 400 600 800

Car 2000cc

Car 660cc

ThreeWheeler

COMS

W-Heat(kcal/km)

CO2(g.km)

17

YlabCREST

0 20 40 60 80 100

Car 2000cc

Car 660cc

ThreeWheeler

COMS

W-Heat(kcal/km)

CO2(g/km)

CO2 Emission & Waste HeatAfter Normalization

18

YlabCREST

Electricity in terms of Waste Heat

Use Only Electricity in Cities

To Minimize Heat Island Phenomena

60-70%

19

YlabCREST

Contribution of Waste Heat

Heat = Solar (170W/m2 ave. in Summer) + Waste Heat

In Central TokyoWaste Heat in Ave. = 31W/m2 ( 50% from buildings, 40% from Automobiles, 10% from Industries)200W/m2 in Peak Areas such as Shinjuku, Shibuya

20

YlabCREST Positive Feedback Loop

in Electricity Use in Tokyo

+ 1℃ in the afternoon, Summer→ 1.6 MW Increase

in Peak Energy Supply by TEPCO*= Supply Capacity 60MW

(*Service Area: Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama, Gunma, Tochigi, Ibaragi, Yamanashi, part of Shizuoka)

21

YlabCREST Waste Heat from Air Conditioning

To Change to Latent Heat

To Utilize Water for Flushing Toilet as Heat Sink

Air Conditioner for ToiletWater Spray SystemTo Reduce Power ConsumptionAnd Emission of Waste Heat

22

YlabCREST Future Issues to Mitigate Heat Island

PhenomenaInevitable:

To develop more Effective Electric & Hybrid Technologies for AutomobilesTo develop more Effective Heat Pump Technologies & Waste Heat Management

Social Systems To Promote Technological Development & To Expand Usage of Good Products????:

Distributed Energy System by Fuel Cells: Worse for Heat Island PhenomenaGood for Energy Efficiency