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Renewable and Renewable and Nonrenewable ResourcesNonrenewable Resources
A A renewable resourcerenewable resource can be can be replenished over fairly short time spans replenished over fairly short time spans such as months, years, or decadessuch as months, years, or decades
Common examples are plants and Common examples are plants and animals for food, natural fibers for animals for food, natural fibers for clothing, and trees for lumber and paperclothing, and trees for lumber and paper
Energy from flowing water, wind, and Energy from flowing water, wind, and the sun are also renewable resourcesthe sun are also renewable resources
A A nonrenewable resourcenonrenewable resource takes takes millions of years to form and accumulatemillions of years to form and accumulate
When the present supply of When the present supply of nonrenewable resources run out, there nonrenewable resources run out, there won’t be any morewon’t be any more
Common examples are coal, oil, natural Common examples are coal, oil, natural gas, iron, copper, uranium, and goldgas, iron, copper, uranium, and gold
Concept CheckConcept Check
What is the difference between a What is the difference between a renewable and a non-renewable renewable and a non-renewable resource?resource?
Renewable are replenished within Renewable are replenished within years, while non-renewable take years, while non-renewable take millions of years to accumulatemillions of years to accumulate..
Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels Fossil Fuel – general term for any
hydrocarbon that may be used for fuel Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas Coal forms when heat and pressure transform
plant material over millions of years Power plants primarily use coal to generate
electricity (using 70% of the coal mined) Burning coal—much of which is high in sulfur
—creates air pollution problems Petroleum (oil) and natural gas form from the
remains of plants and animals that were buried in ancient seas
Over millions of years and continual sediment build up, chemical reactions slowly transform some of the organic remains into the liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons we call petroleum and natural gas
Concept CheckConcept Check
What two features must an oil What two features must an oil trap have?trap have?
Permeable reservoir rock to allow Permeable reservoir rock to allow oil and gas to collect and a cap oil and gas to collect and a cap rock that keeps oil and gas from rock that keeps oil and gas from escaping.escaping.
Tar Sands and Oil Tar Sands and Oil ShaleShale Some energy experts believe that fuels
derived from tar sands and oil shales could become good substitutes for dwindling petroleum supplies
Tar sands are usually mixtures of clay and sand combined with water and varying amounts of a black, thick tar called bitumen
The oil in tar sands is much more resistant to flow and cannot be pumped out easily
Oil shale is a rock that contains a waxy mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen
Oil shale can be mined and heated to vaporize the kerogen
The kerogen vapor is processed to remove impurities, and then refined
Formation of Mineral DepositsFormation of Mineral Deposits Ore – a material from which a useful mineral or
minerals can be mined at a profit Geologists have established that the occurrences
of valuable mineral resources are closely related to Earth’s rock cycle
Some of the most important mineral deposits form through igneous processes and from hydrothermal solutions
Igneous processes produce important deposits of metallic minerals (gold, silver, copper, mercury, lead, platinum, and nickel)
Most hydrothermal deposits form from hot, metal-rich fluids that are left during the late stages of movement and cooling of magma
Placer deposits are formed when eroded heavy minerals settle quickly from moving water while less dense particles remain suspended and continue to move
Concept CheckConcept Check
What are mineral resources?What are mineral resources? Earth materials that are extracted Earth materials that are extracted
and processed for either the and processed for either the metals or the elements they metals or the elements they contain.contain.
Nonmetallic Mineral ResourcesNonmetallic Mineral Resources Nonmetallic mineral resources are extracted Nonmetallic mineral resources are extracted
and processed either for the nonmetallic and processed either for the nonmetallic elements they contain or for their physical elements they contain or for their physical and chemical propertiesand chemical properties
Nonmetallic mineral resources are divided Nonmetallic mineral resources are divided into two broad groups—building materials and into two broad groups—building materials and industrial materialsindustrial materials
Natural aggregate (crushed stone, sand, and Natural aggregate (crushed stone, sand, and gravel), is an important material used in gravel), is an important material used in nearly all building constructionnearly all building construction
Some substances, like limestone, have many Some substances, like limestone, have many uses in both construction and industry uses in both construction and industry (cement, steel, neutralizing acidic soils…)(cement, steel, neutralizing acidic soils…)
Most industrial minerals are not nearly as Most industrial minerals are not nearly as abundant as building materials, requiring abundant as building materials, requiring considerable processing to extract the desired considerable processing to extract the desired substance at the proper degree of puritysubstance at the proper degree of purity
U.S. per U.S. per Capita Capita use of use of Mineral Mineral and and Energy Energy ResourceResourcess