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““EnergyEnergyandand
Sustainable Development” Sustainable Development”
Kiyotaka AKASAKAConsul-General of Japan in Sao Paulo
JICA / ABJICA Forum on EnergyJICA / ABJICA Forum on Energyat Japan Foundationat Japan FoundationFebruary 20, 2003February 20, 2003
The Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10) The Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10) from 2 to 4 September 2002from 2 to 4 September 2002
-The Political Declaration-The Plan of Implementation Poverty eradication Changing unsustainable patterns of consumption
and production (Energy, Transport, Waste, Chemicals)
Protecting and managing the natural base of economic and social development (Water, sanitation, Oceans, Disaster, Climate, Agriculture, Desertification, Mountain, Tourism, Biodiversity, Forests, Mining)
Health and sustainable Development
WEHABWEHAB
Water Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water
Energy Improve access to reliable, affordable energy services and resources
Health Reduce infant and child mortality rates; reduce maternal mortality ratios; halt the spread of HIV/AIDS
Agriculture Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Biodiversity Achieve, by 2010, a significant reduction in the current rate of loss of biological diversity
Energy issues at the Johannesburg SummitEnergy issues at the Johannesburg Summit
1.1. Access to energy (poverty eradication)Access to energy (poverty eradication)
2.2. Increase in the use of renewable energyIncrease in the use of renewable energy
3.3. Kyoto Protocol (climate change)Kyoto Protocol (climate change)
Key Statistics about EnergyKey Statistics about Energy About 2.5 billion people lack access to modern
energy services. World energy consumption is expected to grow at
the rate of 2% a year until 2020. In South and Southeast Asia, about 2 billion
people use wood or other biomass for energy. Global consumption of fossil fuels increased by
10% from 1992 to 1999. Fossil fuels provide about 80% of total global energy production and consumption.
CO2s from the burning of fossil fuels account for 75% of greenhouse gas emissions.
The Summit agreed to take action to:The Summit agreed to take action to:
Improve access to reliable, affordable, economically via
ble, socially acceptable and environmentally sound ene
rgy services and resources.
Improve access to modern biomass technologies and fu
elwood sources and supplies.
Develop national energy policies and regulatory framew
ork.
Assist, with the financial and technical assistance, the a
ccess of the poor to reliable, affordable … energy servic
es.
Japan’s Energy Literacy InitiativeJapan’s Energy Literacy Initiative to promote energy education and to improve to promote energy education and to improve people’s understanding on energy efficiency and people’s understanding on energy efficiency and recyclingrecycling
Energy-related programme for children
Energy-related courses for adults
Dispatch of energy experts
Development of an international network
Partners include Japan, UK, Australia, Republic of Korea,
Thailand, the Philippines, World Bank, UNEP and UNDP
Renewable energyRenewable energy EU Proposal:EU Proposal: industrialized countries should incre
ase the share of renewables by at least 2% by 2010, to achieve the global share of 15% by 2010.
Brazil’s Proposal:Brazil’s Proposal: increase the share of renewables to 10% of total energy use in all countries by 2010.
The share of renewable energy sources (1999)
World total 13.9%
Developed countries 6.2%
Developing countries 23.0%
The share of renewable energyThe share of renewable energyin the total primary energy supplyin the total primary energy supply
1999 2010 targets
JapanUSACanadaEU
UKGermany
FranceAustria
Sweden
4.9% 5.4 16.8 5.5
1.2 1.9 7.0
23.9 29.7
6.6% 6.9 - 12.0 - - -
Source: For 1999, OECD. For 2010 targets, Japan’s Energy Advisory Body.
Plan of ImplementationPlan of ImplementationFinal agreement on renewable energy
“With a sense of urgency, substantially increase the
global share of renewable energy sources with the
objective of increasing its contribution to total energy
supply, recognizing the role of national and voluntary
regional targets as well as initiatives, where they
exist, ….”
The Kyoto ProtocolThe Kyoto ProtocolReduction of the greenhouse gases from the 1990 level by 2008-12
Japan -6%
US -7%
EU -8%
Russia 0%
Australia+8%
CO2 emissions (1997)CO2 emissions (1997)6.3 billion carbon tons6.3 billion carbon tons
India4%
USA24%
EU14%
China14%
Latin Am.5%
Others15%
Africa3%
Middle East4%
ASEAN+NIES6%
Russia6%
Japan5%
CO2 Emissions/Population (1997CO2 Emissions/Population (1997))(t-C/capita)(t-C/capita)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
WorldOECD Total
OthersAfrica
Middle EastLatin Am.
ASEAN+NIESIndia
JapanRussiaChina
EUUSA
CO2 Emissions/GDP (1997CO2 Emissions/GDP (1997))(kg-C/US$ using 1990 prices and exchange rates)(kg-C/US$ using 1990 prices and exchange rates)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
WorldOECD Total
OthersAfrica
Middle EastLatin Am.
ASEAN+NIESIndia
JapanRussiaChina
EUUSA
Japan’s Greenhouse Gas EmissionsJapan’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Ratio of ImportRatio of Import
-80-60-40-20
020406080
100
Japa
n
Italy
Ger
man
y
Fra
nce
US
A
UK
Can
ada
All energy Oil
OECD “Energy balances (1998-1999)
Transition of Japan’s Primary EnergyTransition of Japan’s Primary Energy
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1955 1965 1975 1985 1990 1995
Water Nuclear Coal Oil Natural Gas Others
Source: Japan’s Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (Enecho)
Japan’s Sources of Primary Energy Supply (%)Japan’s Sources of Primary Energy Supply (%)
Sources FY1973 FY2000
Oil
Coal
Natural gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Geothermal
New energies
77%
15
2
1
4
0
1
52%
18
13
12
3
0.2
1
Source: Japan’s Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (Enecho)
The Energy Policy of the Government of JapanThe Energy Policy of the Government of Japan
FY1999 FY2010 target
New EnergiesHydroGeothermal
7 21 1
19 20 1
Total 29 40
Source: Japan’s Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (Enecho)
•Energy saving•Increase the share of renewable energies
current 4.9% 7% in FY2010
(million KL)
International comparison, 2000International comparison, 2000
Photovoltaic applications
Wind power
Japan
USA
Germany
Spain
UK
317
139
114
9
1
144
2,555
6,113
2,402
409
World 712 17,706
Source: IEA, NEDO
(1,000KW)
Demand for the use of new energiesDemand for the use of new energies
FY1999 FY2010 target
Green energy automobiles
65,000 units 3,480,000 units
Natural gas co-generation
1.5 million KW 4.6 million KW
Fuel cells 12,000 KW 2.2 million KW
Source: Japan’s Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (Enecho)
Nuclear energyNuclear energy1/3 of Japan’s electric power supply comes from nuclear1/3 of Japan’s electric power supply comes from nuclear
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Nuclear Oil Coal LNG Hydro Others
Sources of Japan’s electric power supply
Sources of Japan’s Primary Energy Supply (%)Sources of Japan’s Primary Energy Supply (%)
Sources FY1999 FY2010 Target
OilCoalNatural gasNuclearHydroGeothermalNew energies
52.0% 17.4 12.7 13.0 3.6 0.2 1.1
About 45% About 19 About 14 About 15 About 3 About 0.2 About 3
Renewable energies 4.9 About 7
Source: Japan’s Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (Enecho)
Future agendaFuture agenda
•Plan of Implementation for Johannesburg SummitPlan of Implementation for Johannesburg Summit
•Dialogue between oil producing and consuming Dialogue between oil producing and consuming countriescountries
•Post-Kyoto climate change negotiationsPost-Kyoto climate change negotiations-Targets-Targets-Developing countries-Developing countries-Sinks and renewable energies-Sinks and renewable energies
Energy for sustainable developmentEnergy for sustainable development
•Economic growth
•Energy security
•Environmental protection