This article was downloaded by: [Laurentian University]On: 08 September 2013, At: 14:13Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street,London W1T 3JH, UK

Energy SourcesPublication details, including instructions forauthors and subscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ueso19

Energy and Water Potentialof the SoutheasternAnatolia Project (GAP)Kamil KaygusuzPublished online: 29 Oct 2010.

To cite this article: Kamil Kaygusuz (1999) Energy and Water Potential of theSoutheastern Anatolia Project (GAP), Energy Sources, 21:10, 913-922, DOI:10.1080/00908319950014281

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908319950014281

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of allthe information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on ourplatform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensorsmake no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy,completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Anyopinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions andviews of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor& Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon andshould be independently verified with primary sources of information.Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims,proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilitieswhatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly inconnection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private studypurposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution,reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in anyform to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access

and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13

Energy and Water Potential of th e( )Southeastern An atolia Project GAP

ÇKAMIL KAYGUSUZ

Department of Chemistry

Karadeniz Technical Unive rsity

Trabzon, Turkey

This article gives an overview of energy and water potential of the Southeastern( )Anatolia Project G AP in Turkey. This integrated socioeconom ic developm ent

project is one of the largest of its kind in the world. The G AP region is rich in water

and soil resources. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers represent over 28% of the

n ation’ s water supply by rivers, and the econom ically irrigatable areas in the region

m ake up 20% of those for the en tire country. On the other hand, the G AP region is

the richest region of the country in term s of its hydroelectric potential as well as its

oil and asphalt reserves. The G AP region has a 22% share of the country’ s total

hydroelectric potential, with plans for 22 dam s and 19 hydropower plants. Once

completed, 27 billion kWh of electricity will be generated. In addition to this

hydropower and oil potential, the G AP region is also the richest region of Turkey as

far as solar energy production is concerned. In meeting the energy requ irem ents of

the developing regions worldwide and in Turkey, solar energy is being taken into

account as an important renewable source of energy.

s .Keywords ene rgy and water potential, Southe astern Anatolia Project GAP

Energy cannot be separate from matte r, and all mate rial phenomena are associ-

ated with energy. Energy is the re fore e ssential to life , and the quantity of energy

consumed per capita can be used as one indicator of a country’ s leve l of deve lop-

ment. The major incre ase in the pre sent century in ene rgy consumption is due to

the use of fossil fuels, which also have an impact on the environment. No thought

was given to this in the past, but today it is being included in ene rgy planning

s .activitie s Kle inpete r, 1995 .

Turkey is an ene rgy-importing country; more than half of the ene rgy require -

ment has been supplied by imports. Oil has the bigge st share in total primary

energy consumption. Because of the dive rsification e fforts of energy sources, use of

natural gas, which was newly introduced into the Turkish economy, has been

growing rapidly. Therefore the Turkish ene rgy policy is mainly concentrated on

assurance of energy supply that is re liable , sufficient, time ly, economical, environ-

mentally sound, and supporting and oriented toward targe ted growth and social

deve lopments. The government focused its e fforts on improvement in domestic

production by utilizing public, private, and fore ign utilitie s and incre asing e fficiency

by rehabilitation and acce le ration of existing construction programs to initiate new

inve stments.

Received 7 May 1998; accepted 16 June 1998.ÇAddress correspondence to Dr. Kamil Kaygusuz, Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz

Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey. E-mail: kaygusuz@ osf01.ktu.edu.tr

913

Energy Sources, 21:913 ] 922, 1999

Copyright Q 1999 Taylor & Francis

0090-8312 r 99 $12.00 q .00

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13

K. Kaygu suz914

The planet may be largely cove red with wate r, but ove r 1000 million people

we re e stimated to be without safe drinking water in 1994, and almost 3000 million

we re without adequate sanitation in deve loping countries. This situation is not

surprising; almost half of the world population still suffe red from dise ases associ-

ated with insufficient water at the beginning of the 1990s. In many case s, water

re source deve lopment frequently requires large inve stments and long time hori-

zons, which cannot always be e asily afforded by poorer countrie s with scarce

financial re source s. In addition, high rate s of population growth will continue to

put seve re pressure on the ability of many deve loping countrie s to provide water

s .supply and sanitation to the ir unserved population United Nations, 1996 .

s .The Southe astern Anatolia Proje ct GAP will play an important role in the

deve lopment of Turkey’s energy and agriculture sector in the ne ar future . For this

re ason, it is suitable to examine the gene ral structure of this proje ct and its e ffects.

The GAP proje ct is one of the large st powe r gene rating, irrigation, and deve lop-

ment proje cts of its kind in the world, covering 3 million ha of agricultural land.

This is ove r 10% of the cultivatable land in Turkey; the land to be irrigated is more

than half of the presently irrigated are a in Turkey. The GAP proje ct on the

Euphrates and Tigris Rivers encompasse s 20 dams and 17 hydroe lectric plants.

O nce comple ted, 55 billion kWh of ele ctricity will be gene rated annually, which is

s .45% of the total economically exploitable hydroe le ctric potential Kaygusuz, 1997 .

In this paper, the ge neral structure of the proje ct, the natural resource s, and

the hydroe le ctric ene rgy gene ration potential of the GAP are evaluated and the

physical characteristics of the wate r source systems of the region in re lation to

planning-application problems are inve stigated.

Region al Plan n ing an d Admin istration

Regional planning is a complex process that involve s policy making, collecting

information, gathering problems toge the r and resolving them, while taking eco-

nomic and sociopolitical considerations into account. It involves the e stablishment

of organizations and appropriate processe s for planning, including the formulation,

implementation, evaluation, and modification of plans. Regional planning is the

joint re sponsibility of many inte racting organizations and individual agents, includ-

ing political and operational organizations and othe r groups made up of expe rts

from various discipline s. In this sense , regional planning is a complex process

s .involving many steps, some of which are as follows. 1 The planning system is an

inte rorganizational system involving policy making, m anagement, operations, re -

s .view, and evaluation, and in this sense , it is usually rather complex. 2 A succe ssful

plan require s the participation and support of politicians, civil se rvants, private

sector organizations, the community, and its citizens, e ach of which plays a distinct

s .role . 3 The gove rnment plays a vital role in undertaking basic planning functions

such as policy making, preparation, execution, monitoring, and evaluation

s .Polatoglu, 1995 .ÆSince e ach region in Turkey has different possibilities, characte ristics, and

problems, it is indispensable to have a new planning approach in which sectoral

pre fe rences and spatial analysis are handled toge the r. In the Seve nth Plan period,

studies for regional deve lopment will be bene fited from in orde r to minimize

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13

Energy and Water Potential of Southeastern Anatolia Project 915

inte rregional deve lopment disparitie s, to increase the leve l of welfare of the

population living in underdeve loped regions, and to stabilize the structure of

migration of people.

The succe ssful preparation of the regional plans in line with the needs of the

region and the ir implementation is possible only with the active participation of all

s .organizations public and private located at the region and affe cted by the

regional plan. Within this framework, the public sector has a le ading role to play in

the preparation and implementation of regional plans. The plan will be prepared

under the le ade rship of the public sector, and a substantial part of the inve stments

that are foreseen by the regional plan will be undertaken by public organizations.

For the successful implementation of the plan, the active participation of the

private sector has to be ensured, and the public sector has to play an active role in

spromoting the participation of private sector organizations State Planning O rgani-

.zation, 1989 and 1995 .

General Structu re of th e Project

The GAP initially commenced in 1936 with the hydrological surveys conducted on

the Euphrate s Rive r and Keban Strait and deve loped toward 1960. Efforts we re

intensified in preparation of the fe asibility of the Lowe r Euphrate s, pre sently

consisting of 12 subprojects with the addition of the Euphrates and Tigris projects

in 1970. At present, the GAP has continued to be implemented as a multiface ted,

integrated deve lopment project. Within this framework, Ataturk Dam has beenÈcompleted, and water has been brought to the Harran Plain.

sThe region consists of e ight provinces Adõ yaman, B atman, D õ yarbakõ r,

.Gaziantep, Mardin, SË õ rnak, Siirt, and SË anlõ urfa in southe astern Turkey, bordering

Iraq and Syria, and covers 73,863 km2, which corre sponds to about 10% of the total

s .area of Turkey Figure 1 . All six provinces in the GAP region are ne t out-migrat-

ing are as, with the exception of Gaziantep. In spite of this, the ave rage annual

growth of the region’s population has been 3.0% in the last 20 ye ars, much highe r

than the national average of 2.5% . The total population in the GAP region at the

1997 census was about 5.7 million, which accounts for 9.1% of the national total of

63 million. The GAP region is one of the le ss deve loped regions in Turkey, and its

pe r capita gross regional product was 47% of the per capita gross domestic product

s .of Turkey in 1985 Tekine l, 1992 .

The GAP proje ct originally planned by the State Hydraulic Works is a

combination of 12 major proje cts primarily for irrigation and hydroe le ctric gene ra-

tion. The project includes the construction of 22 dams and 19 hydroe le ctric powe r

plants on the Euphrate s and Tigris Rive rs and their tributarie s. It is planned that,

upon comple tion, over 1.8 million ha will be irrigated and 27 billion kWh of

hydroe le ctric energy will be ge nerated annually.

As a result of care ful planning and implementation, the construction of the

above efforts will be comple ted within the next 30 ye ars. It is assumed that in

addition to ene rgy production and improvement in agricultural sectors, the e ffe cts

of this proje ct on the social structure of the region will be considerable . The m ain

obje ctive s of the GAP proje ct are to incre ase the economic conditions and

we ll-being of the people of the are a as we ll as to utilizate potential re sources. The

project seeks an integrated purpose for deve lopment.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13

Fig

ure

1.

Lo

cati

on

map

of

wate

rre

sou

rces

develo

pm

en

tsc

hem

es

inth

ere

gio

n.

916

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13

Energy and Water Potential of Southeastern Anatolia Project 917

Clim ate of th e Region

Clim atic data of the region are given in Table 1. As can be seen from the table , the

GAP region has a dry inland climate . The annual average temperatures vary from

14 to 18 8 C, annual ave rage high temperature s from 19.4 to 24.3 8 C, highe st air

temperatures from 42 to 46 8 C, average re lative humiditie s from 48% to 60% , and

annual ave rage precipitation from 474 to 836 mm. These temperature and other

climatic data show that there is not much difference between climatic value s for all

provinces and the re fore the se value s can be conside red the same climatic values. In

othe r words, the GAP region has a homoge neous climate.

Energy Poten tial of th e GAP

The GAP region is the richest region of the country in te rms of its hydroelectric

potential as well as its oil and asphalt re serve s. Hydroe lectricity will be the faste st

growing source of ene rgy in the region. Also, the rate of growth of asphalt and

ve ge tation waste will be above the country ave rages. Total asphalt rese rves of this

region are about 80 million tons.

In Turkey, ne arly all extractable oil rese rves are in the GAP region. This

region is the large st energy store of the country in te rms of oil re serve s. Extensive

e fforts are be ing exe rted in oil fie lds, by incre asing the oil-producing capacity of

some oil rich fie lds and new drilling. In 1995 the Turkish Petroleum Corporation

s .TPAO produced 2.6 million tons of crude oil from its own fie lds in the GAP

region. Sixte en new wells we re put into production during 1995, and 1 million

Table 1

Climatic data of the southe aste rn Anatolia region

Adõ yaman Dõ yarbakõ r Gaziantep Mardin Siirt SË anlõ urfa

Annual average 18.0 15.2 14.0 15.8 16.1 18.2

s .temperature 8 CAnnual average high 22.6 22.7 21.2 19.4 21.2 24.3

s .temperature 8 CAnnual average low 11.8 8.8 8.9 11.9 10.5 12.0

s .temperature C 8s .Highest temperature C 8 42.4 46.6 43.1 42.0 42.8 46.6

s .Lowest temperature C 8 y 9.2 y 23.8 y 18.1 y 14.1 y 19.4 y 12.5

Highest daily temper- 22.6 32.2 27.2 28.0 21.5 22.3

s .ature diffe rence 8 CAverage relative 50 54 60 52 53 48

s .humidity %

Lowest relative 1 1 2 0 3 1

s .humidity %

Annual average 836 496 559 714 757 474

s .precipitation mm

Annual average 7 13.2 12.1 20.0 18.3 3.0

number of

snowy days

s .Source: State Meteorological Institute 1989 .

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13

K. Kaygu suz918

barrels of oil, 6.0% of total production, we re produced from those wells. The

production shares of wells completed in 1995 and we lls completed before 1995

s .we re 0.8% and 93.25% , re spective ly Turkish Petroleum Corporation, 1996 .

At the end of 1995, cumulative oil production of the West Raman Fie ld was

62.8 million barre ls. During 1995, the daily ave rage gas inje ction rate was 935,863

m 3, back production was 602,010 m 3, and recycle was 320,827 m 3. The fie ld’ s

average oil production rate was 11,078 barre ls. O n the othe r hand, in the Garzan

reservoir, daily production of 800 barre ls of oil from 17 production wells continues.

Solar and Wind Energy Potential in the GAP Region

In determining a re alistic potential for solar energy conve rting systems, it is quite

evident that we have to take into account the availability of solar energy associated

with time , such as daily variation due to day and night cycle s, seasonal change due

to the earth’ s orbit around the sun, and variation due to local we athe r conditions.

Because of the dilute nature of solar ene rgy fluxes at the e arth’ s surface, large

collecting e fforts are required in many applications. This makes it necessary to look

at land use patte rns in the GAP region and at land available for harne ssing solar

energy.

Southeaste rn Anatolia is the richest region of Turkey in te rms of solar energy

production. Table s 2 and 3 give the monthly ave raged daily total solar energy

s 2 .values in kWh r m d and monthly ave raged daily bright sunshine hours in the

GAP region, re spective ly. This region is formed by a low-altitude dese rt plateau

extending to the Arabian peninsula. Because of the semiarid climatic fe atures

Table 22s .Monthly ave raged daily total solar radiation value s in GAP region kWh rm

Station Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Adõ yaman 1.87 2.34 3.32 4.20 5.35 5.67 6.09 5.55 4.50 3.03 2.26 1.75

Dõ yarbakõ r 1.85 2.58 3.40 4.43 5.58 6.40 6.27 5.74 4.64 3.25 2.20 1.83

Gaziantep 1.87 2.62 3.60 4.50 5.40 6.07 5.98 5.62 4.58 3.34 2.38 1.73

Mardin 1.98 2.57 3.48 4.32 5.57 6.18 6.12 5.60 4.71 3.30 2.34 1.84

Siirt 1.88 2.48 3.42 4.25 5.36 6.07 6.08 5.52 4.51 3.16 2.23 1.73

SË anl õ urfa 1.90 2.54 3.48 4.47 5.49 6.13 6.09 5.50 4.52 3.28 2.36 1.78

Table 3

s .Monthly ave raged daily bright sunshine hours in GAP region hours

Station Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Siirt 3.33 4.08 5.30 6.35 9.23 12.48 12.32 12.08 10.15 7.13 5.39 3.36

SË anl õ urfa 4.24 5.33 6.35 8.35 10.45 12.58 13.26 12.16 10.43 8.45 6.31 4.19

Dõ yarbakõ r 3.49 4.59 5.34 7.24 9.47 12.39 12.52 12.09 10.32 7.57 5.49 3.54

Mardin 3.58 5.08 5.30 7.00 9.13 11.31 11.38 10.56 9.43 7.43 5.49 3.59

Adõ yaman 3.08 4.27 5.35 8.11 10.10 12.40 13.13 12.37 10.32 7.38 5.40 3.45

Gaziantep 3.18 4.03 6.09 8.24 10.34 12.59 13.20 12.17 10.20 9.05 5.58 3.31

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13

Energy and Water Potential of Southeastern Anatolia Project 919

prevailing in this region, contour lines have the form of concentric circle s from

June to September. For July, 13 hours and 26 min of m aximum bright sunshine was

s 2 .obse rved. About 6.4 kWh r m d of m aximum total solar radiation is also obse rved

in June. These solar radiation value s are sufficient for he ating and hot water

purpose s in the region.

In order to estim ate of total solar radiation from bright sunshine hours given

by the State Meteorological Station for the GAP region, we used the following

È s .equation given by O ge lm an e t al. 1984 , and obtained results are given in Table 4:

2s . s . s .H r H s 0 .195 q 0 .676 n rN y 0 .142 n r N 10

where H r H is the ratio of the monthly ave rage daily te rrestrial radiation to that0

of extrate rre strial radiation and n rN is the ratio of the monthly average daily

bright sunshine hours to the monthly average day length.

Southeaste rn Anatolia is also one of the richest regions of Turkey as far as

s .theoretical wind energy potential Table 5 . Ye arly average wind ene rgy potential

of the GAP region is 29.33 W rm2.

Water Potential of the GAP

The GAP are a is rich in wate r resource s. The Euphrates and Tigris Rive rs

represent ove r 28% of the country’ s river wate r supply and the economically

irrigatable are as in the region make up 20% of those for all of Turkey. The

deve lopment of the region was originally planned as re lating to its wate r resource s,

which were later combined in a comprehensive water and land resource s deve lop-

Ès .ment package Unver, 1997 . For this purpose , 12 groups of projects were planned

on the Euphrate s and Tigris Rive rs and the ir branche s by the General Dire ctorate

s .of State Hydraulic Works 1997 , as given in Table 6.

The package included the construction of 22 dams, 19 hydroe lectric powe r

plants, and irrigation facilitie s to se rve 1.7 million ha. The total installed capacity of

the powe r plants is 7500 MW , with an annual production of ove r 27 billion kWh.

Table 4

Solar energy potential of the regions in Turkey

Total solar Total bright

energy sunshine hours2s . s .Region kWh r m yr hour ryr

Southe astern Anatolia 1460 2993

Medite rrane an 1390 2956

Aege an 1304 2738

Inner Anatolia 1314 2628

E ast Anatolia 1365 2664

Marmara 1168 2409

Black Se a 1120 1971

Ave rage for Turkey 1311 2640

s .Source: WECTNC 1997 .

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13

K. Kaygu suz920

Table 5

Wind energy potential of the regions in Turkey

Yearly ave rage Yearly average wind

wind ve locity ene rgy potential

s . s .Region m r s W r m

Southeaste rn Anatolia 2.69 29.33

Mediterranean 2.45 21.36

Aege an 2.65 23.47

Inner Anatolia 2.46 20.14

E ast Anatolia 2.12 13.19

Marmara 3.29 51.91

Black Se a 2.38 21.31

s .Source: WECTNC 1997 .

There are two main basin proje cts: the Euphrate s and the Tigris basin projects.

The Euphrates basin project has 5304 MW installed capacity, will ge nerate 20

billion kWh of ene rgy, and will irrigate 1 million ha. Fourte en dams and 11

hydroe le ctric powe r plants are planned for this basin. The Tigris basin proje cts

have 2172 MW installed capacity, will gene rate 7 billion kWh of electric energy,

and will irrigate 700,000 ha. Eight dams and e ight hydroe le ctric power plants are

planned for this basin.

The Lower Euphrates Proje ct is one of the GAP schemes on the Euphrate s

s .River and consists of Ataturk Dam and a hydroe le ctric power plant HEPP ,ÈSË anlõ urfa tunnels and hydroelectric power plant, SË anlõ urfa-Harran irrigation,

Mardin-Ceylanpõ nar irrigation, and Sive rek-Hilvan pumped irrigation. The m ain

public inve stments in this proje ct have been completed. Ataturk Dam was com-Ès 3.ple ted in 1990 and is the sixth largest volume dam 48.7 billion m in the world.

The dam is rock packed 169 m high from the river bed and with a 1664 m long

cre st. The body-packed volume of the dam is 84.5 million m3. W ate r re aches from

Ataturk Dam to the SË anlõ urfa-H arran plains via the SË anlõ urfa tunne l system, whichÈconsists of two paralle l tunne ls e ach 26.4 km long and 7.62 m in diameter. This

irrigation tunne l system is the largest of its kind and has numerous irrigation

ne tworks; canal systems constitute the physical groundwork in wate r resource s.

Tunne ls we re comple ted in 1997, and irrigation is now practiced ove r 250,000 ha

s .total is 476,000 ha .

Con clus ions

Powe r has become an essential part of our eve ryday lifestyle . The liability lies on

everyone who consumes energy. Turkish energy policy is mainly concerned with

assurance of energy supply that is re liable , sufficient, time ly, economical, environ-

mentally sound, and supporting of and oriented to target growth and social

deve lopment.

W ate r power has been utilized since the dawn of history, but only its transfor-

s .mation into e le ctrical energy e stablished the basis for its expansion today in 1997

to around 37% of the country’ s potential. Hydroelectricity will continue to be one

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13

Energy and Water Potential of Southeastern Anatolia Project 921

Table 6

W ater and land resources deve lopment proje cts in the GAP region

Capacity Production Irrigation Present

s . s . s .Project MW GW are a ha stage

Karakaya Dam and HEPP 1,800 7,354 OP

Lower Euphrates Project

Ataturk Dam and HEPP 2,400 8,900 OPÈSË anlõ urfa HEPP 50 124 UC

SË anlõ urfa irrigation tunne ls 476,000 UC

Siverek-Hilvan pumped irrigation 160,000 E

Bozova pumped irrigation 70,000 E

Border Euphrates Project

Birecik Dam and HEPP 852 3,168 UC

KarkamisË Dam and HEPP 180 652 DD

SurucË -Baziki plain irrigation 146,500 E

Adõ yaman-Kahta Project

Adõ yaman-Goksu Dam and irrigation 7 43 71,600 FSÈCË amgazi Dam and irrigation 7,430 UC

KocË alõ Dam and HEPP 40 120 21,605 MPBuyukcË ay Dam, HEPP, and irrigation 30 84 12,322 MPÈ ÈKahta Dam and HEPP 75 171 MP

Pumped irrigation from Ataturk Dam 29,599 MPÈGaziantep Project

Hancagõ z Dam and irrigation 7,330 OPÆKayacõ k Dam and irrigation 14,740 UC

Pumped Irrigation from Birecik Dam 66,000 FS

Dicle -Kralkõ zõ Project

Kralkõ z õ Dam and HEPP 94 146 UC

Dicle Dam and HEPP 110 298 UC

Dicle Right Bank gravity irrigation 54,280 UC

Dicle Right Bank pumped irrigation 75,870 UC

Batman Project

Batman Dam and HEPP 198 483 UC

Batman Left Bank gravity irrigation 9,570 UC

Batman Left Bank pumped irrigation 9,180 FS

Batman Right Bank gravity irrigation 18,600 DD

Batman-Silvan Project

Silvan Dam and HEPP 150 623 E

Kayser Dam and HEPP 90 341 E

Dicle Left Bank gravity irrigation 250,000 E

Garzan Project

Garzan Dam and HEPP 90 315 E

Garzan Irrigation 60,000 E

Ilõ su Dam and HEPP 1,200 3,830 DD

Cizre Project

Cizre Dam and HEPP 240 1,208 DD

Nusaybin Cizre Irrigation 89,000 E

s .Source: State Hydraulic Works 1997 .

OP, in operation; UC, under construction; E, exploration; DD, detailed design comple ted;FS, fe asibility study; MP, master plan; HEPP, hydroelectric power plant.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13

K. Kaygu suz922

of the most e ffe ctive options because of the ze ro emissions involved and because it

is a domestic ene rgy source . O n the othe r hand, wate r is one of the most valuable

re sources and a limiting factor for crop production. Agricultural crops are major

consumers of wate r. Agriculture , with its social and economic aspects, has a

dominant role in the nation’ s life in Turkey. It accounts for about 20% of gross

domestic product, 10% of exports, and 47% of civilian employment.

The GAP proje ct is one of the largest powe r ge nerating, irrigation, and

deve lopment projects of its kind in the world, cove ring 3 million ha of agricultural

land. This is over 10% of the cultivatable land in Turkey; the land to be irrigated is

more than half of the presently irrigated area in Turkey. The GAP project on the

Euphrates and Tigris Rive rs encompasse s 20 dams and 17 hydroele ctric powe r

plants. When all proje cts are comple ted, 55 billion kWh of e le ctricity will be

gene rated annually, which is 45% of the total e conomically exploitable hydroelec-

tric potential.

As a multipurpose regional deve lopment project, the implementation of the

GAP will be carried out as scheduled. The environmental impact asse ssment

studies for the GAP will be put into e ffe ct. Similar studie s for other regions will be

carried out when required. In the GAP region, on farms, deve lopment work will be

completed before the irrigation projects. Me anwhile , the farmers of the region will

be imparted extension service s, especially training and land consolidation, together

with irrigation activities, which will be handled on a faster pace. The urban

infrastructure in the GAP region, e specially the issue s of municipal water and

sewage, will be worked out.

Referen ces

Kaygusuz, K. 1997. Energy, water and environment in Turkey. Energy Sources 19: 917 ] 930.

Kle inpe ter, M. 1995. Energy planning and policy. New York: John Wiley.ÈO gelman, H., A. Ecevit, and E. TasË demiroglu. 1984. A new method for estimating solarÆ

radiation from bright sunshine data. Solar Energy 33: 619 ] 625.

Polatoglu, A. 1995. Southeaste rn Anatolia Project and administrative organization. METUÆs .Studies in Development 22 2 : 191 ] 206.

State Hydraulic Works. 1996. Statistical Bulle tin with Map, 1997. Ankara, Turkey.

State Meteorological Institute. 1989. Meteorological bu lletin . Ankara, Turkey.

State Planning O rganization. 1989. Sixth five-year developm ent plan 1990 ] 1994. Ankara,

Turke y.

State Planning O rganization. 1995. Seventh five-year development plan 1996 ] 2000 . Ankara,

Turke y.

s .Tekinel, O . 1992. Southeastern Anatolia Project G AP and its possible effects on Turkish

agriculture, 1 ] 11. Adana, Turkey: University of CË ukurova.

Turkish Pe troleum Corporation. 1996. Annu al report. Ankara, Turkey.È s . s .Unver, O . 1997. Southeaste rn Anatolia Project GAP . Water Resources Developm ent 13 4 :

453 ] 483.

United Nations. 1996. World econom ic and social survey. New York.

s .World Energy Council Turkish National Committee WECTNC . 1997. Energy statistics 1996

s .in Turkish . November. Ankara, Turkey.

Dow

nloa

ded

by [

Lau

rent

ian

Uni

vers

ity]

at 1

4:13

08

Sept

embe

r 20

13