Energy Conservation in TEMFEnergy Conservation in TEMF

Dr. Alexander Zhivov

USACE Engineer Research and Development CenterFt. Lee

September 19, 2009

Briefing Outline

• Issues with Existing TEMFs

• Technology Suites Tailored for Climate

• Windshield Tour of Selected Technologies

Issue: Building Air Pollution Issue: Building Air Pollution with Diesel Exhausts with Diesel Exhausts –– Poor VentilationPoor Ventilation

Issue: Vehicle Exhaust Systems Don’t Fit Tail Pipes/ Grilles and Can’t Withstand Exhaust Gas Temperatures

Issue: Poor Make-up / Ventilation Air Design

Issue: Poor Heating with Warm Air Heating SystemsIssue: Poor Heating with Warm Air Heating Systems

Issue: Dark Internal Surfaces Result in (1) Increased Electrical Energy Consumption for Lighting and (2) Increased Heat Radiation/Discomfort to Workers in Summer

Design Energy Targets for New Construction (Assess Tech’s for Multiple Temp/Humidity Zones)

Candidate Suite of Energy Conservation MeasuresECM Description

Envelope

Wall and roof insulation for metal buildings and fenestration from the ASHRAE Small Office AEDG (ASHRAE 2004b); insulated overhead doors (R-4), high roof reflectivity for climate zones 1-5 (0.65)

Lower lighting power density (LPD) and daylighting

Lower LPD in office (0.9 W ft2) and consolidated bench (1.3 W/ft2), daylighting in repair bays, office, and vehicle corridor

High efficiency office HVAC equip increased efficiency of the baseline HVAC system to 3.5 COP and efficient fans

Radiant floor heating Radiant floor heating for the first floor using >90% efficient boiler. R-10 (R-15 for climate zone 8) insulation under slab.

Transpired Solar Collector Transpired solar collector on repair bays

Energy recovery energy recovery on repair bay, vehicle corridor, and consolidated bench exhaust systems. Assumed on sensible heat recovery at 70% to 75% effectiveness.

Improved vehicle exhaust system in repair bays, vehicle corridor, and consolidated bench

Close exhaust capture from moving and stationary vehicles results in reduced ventilation requirements (from 1.5 to 0.75 cfm/ft2 )

Recommended Energy Conservation Measures for TEMF by Climate Zones

Zone CityImprovedEnvelope

Lighting &Daylighting High EffHVAC

Rad FloorHeating

TranspiredSolarCollector

Energy Recovery

1A Miami, FL2A Houston, TX2B Phoenix, AZ3A Memphis, TN VC & CB

3B El Paso, TX VC & CB

3C San Francisco, CA VC & CB4A Baltimore, MD VC & CB4B Albuquerque, NM VC & CB4C Seattle, WA VC & CB5A Chicago, IL VC & CB5B Col Springs, CO VC & CB6A Burlington, VT VC & CB6B Helena, MT VC & CB7A Duluth, MN RP, VC, CB8A Fairbanks, AK RP, VC, CB

Include Include but low savings Not IncludedVC= Vehicle CorridorCB = Consolidated Bench RB = Repair Bay

But What About the Ventilation Issues?

Close Capture Exhaust System for Moving and Stationary Vehicles

Estimated payback for a rail (a) and boom (b) system shown for high, medium, and low energy rates;(c) schematic of the rail system, (d) commercial application with boom-based system

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Paybackin Years

ZN 1:

FL

ZN 2-

Hum:

TX

ZN 2-

Dry:

AZ

ZN 3-

Hum:

TN

ZN 3-

Dry:

TX

ZN 4-

Hum:

MD

ZN 4:

Dry:

NM

ZN 5:

Hum

: IL

ZN 6:

Dry:

ID

ZN 7:

Hum

: VT

ZN 7:

Dry

MN

ZN 8:

AK

Min

Max

Avg

d

c

a

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Paybackin Years

ZN 1:

FL

ZN 2-

Hum:

TX

ZN 2-

Dry:

AZ

ZN 3-

Hum:

TN

ZN 3-

Dry:

TX

ZN 4-

Hum:

MD

ZN 4:

Dry:

NM

ZN 5:

Hum

: IL

ZN 6:

Dry:

ID

ZN 7:

Hum

: VT

ZN 7:

Dry

MN

ZN 8:

AK

Min

Max

Avg

b

Mobile Vehicle Exhausts Examples

Temperature Resistant Hoses

EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURES UP TO +1200°F

EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURES UP TO +570°F

Example of a 10” (250mm), 2500cfm, Texh < 1200°F Boom- based Vehicle Exhaust with a Temperature Resistant Hose

Windshield Tour of Selected Tech’s

Mandatory?• Vehicle Exhaust Close Capture Yes• Cascading Air Flows Yes• Transpired Solar Collecting “Wall” Yes• Radiant Floor Heating Yes• Hybrid Lighting Yes• Vehicle Entry Vestibule Preference

Cascading Air from Offices into the Maintenance Bays

• Pressurizes office areas and prevents odors/contaminants from the bay area to office spaces

• Provides heated or cooled air for the repair bay area • Energy conservation

Treated air supply

Cascading air

Polluted air

Transpired Solar Wall

$0

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

$40,000

ElectricitySavings [$]

Fairb

anks,

AK

Phoe

nix, A

Z

Miam

i, FL

Boise

, ID

Chica

go, IL

Baltim

ore, M

D

Dulut

h, MN

Albuq

uerqu

e, NM

Memp

his, T

N

El Pa

so, T

X

Hous

ton, T

X

Burlin

gton,

VT

Max

Min

Avg

Ft. Drum maintenancefacility retrofitted with solar wall (FY06)

Ft. Lewis DOL facility retrofitted with solar wall (FY05)

Radiant Floor Heating at Army TEMFs and Hangars

Hybrid Lighting

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Paybackin Years

Fairb

anks

, AK

Phoe

nix, A

Z

Miam

i, FL

Boise

, ID

Chica

go, IL

Baltim

ore, M

D

Dulut

h, MN

Albuq

uerqu

e, NM

Memp

his, T

N

El Pa

so, T

X

Hous

ton, T

X

Burlin

gton,

VT

Min

Max

Avg

C

The building is protected from outdoor air by two sequentially installed doors with an enclosed space (“air lock”). There is only one door open at a time to let a vehicle in or out the building. After the vehicle enters the “air lock” the first door closes and the second one opens.

Vestibule with an Air Lock Prevents Cold Air Drafts into the Building and Allow to Heat the Vehicle Prior to Bringing it in

0.02.04.06.08.0

10.012.014.016.018.020.0

Paybackin Years

ZN 1:

FL

ZN 2-

Hum:

TX

ZN 2-

Dry:

AZ

ZN 3-

Hum:

TN

ZN 3-

Dry:

TX

ZN 4-

Hum:

MD

ZN 4:

Dry:

NM

ZN 5:

Hum

: IL

ZN 6:

Dry:

ID

ZN 7:

Hum

: VT

ZN 7:

Dry

MN

ZN 8:

AK

Min

Max

Avg

Comfort and Productivity!!!

Why do we need TEMF???

Mission, Productivity, Soldiers’ wellbeing!!!

Loss of Productivity in Shops due to High WBGT without Cooling

Acclimatized Employee Unacclimatized Employee

Work Demands Light(WBGToF)

Moderate (WBGT,oF)

Light(WBGT,oF)

Moderate (WBGT,oF)

100% Work 85.1 81.5 81.5 77

75% Work25% Rest

86.9 83.3 84.2 79.7

50% Work50% Rest

88.7 85.1 86 82.4

25% Work75% Rest

90.5 87.8 87.8 84.2

“Swamp Coolers” for Air Tempering are not Effective, Specially in Humid Climates

Productivity Improvement with Energy Efficient Technologies

‘Cool roofs' and indirect evaporative cooling:•

Improve thermal comfort conditions,

•

Reduce “rest time” and •

Result in increased productivity

Indirect Evaporative Cooling

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

Years

Fairb

anks

, AK

Phoe

nix, A

Z

Miam

i, FL

Boise

, ID

Chica

go, IL

Baltim

ore, M

D

Dulut

h, MN

Albuq

uerqu

e, NM

Memp

his, T

N

El Pa

so, T

X

Hous

ton, T

X

Burlin

gton,

VT

Min

Max

Avg

Cool Roofing Materials Availability Low-Sloped Roofs (no added cost)

– Coating (white)– Single-ply membrane (white)– Painted metal (white, cool colored)

Questions or Comments ?Questions or Comments ?Contact Information

Alexander Zhivov: (217) 373 4519Dale Herron: (217) 373 7278US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development CenterConstruction Engineering Research LaboratoryEnergy BranchAlexander.M.Zhivov@erdc.usace.army.milDale.L.Herron@erdc.usace.army.mil

Slide Number 1Briefing OutlineIssue: Building Air Pollution �with Diesel Exhausts – Poor Ventilation�Issue: Vehicle Exhaust Systems Don’t Fit Tail Pipes/ Grilles and Can’t Withstand Exhaust Gas TemperaturesSlide Number 5Issue: Poor Heating with Warm Air Heating Systems �Issue: Dark Internal Surfaces Result in �(1) Increased Electrical Energy Consumption for Lighting and �(2) Increased Heat Radiation/Discomfort to Workers in Summer Slide Number 8Candidate Suite of Energy Conservation Measures Recommended Energy Conservation �Measures for TEMF by Climate ZonesBut What About the Ventilation Issues?Close Capture Exhaust System for Moving and Stationary Vehicles Mobile Vehicle Exhausts ExamplesTemperature Resistant HosesExample of a 10” (250mm), 2500cfm, Texh < 1200°F Boom-based Vehicle Exhaust with a Temperature Resistant Hose Windshield Tour of Selected Tech’sCascading Air from Offices into the Maintenance Bays Transpired Solar WallRadiant Floor Heating at Army TEMFs and HangarsHybrid LightingVestibule with an Air Lock Prevents Cold Air Drafts into the Building and Allow to Heat the Vehicle Prior to Bringing it in Comfort and Productivity!!! ���Why do we need TEMF???���Mission, Productivity, Soldiers’ wellbeing!!! Loss of Productivity in Shops due to High WBGT without Cooling“Swamp Coolers” for Air Tempering are not Effective, Specially in Humid Climates Productivity Improvement with Energy Efficient TechnologiesIndirect Evaporative CoolingCool Roofing Materials Availability Low-Sloped Roofs (no added cost)Questions or Comments ?